WO2013172174A1 - 燃料電池用ガス拡散電極基材 - Google Patents
燃料電池用ガス拡散電極基材 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013172174A1 WO2013172174A1 PCT/JP2013/062228 JP2013062228W WO2013172174A1 WO 2013172174 A1 WO2013172174 A1 WO 2013172174A1 JP 2013062228 W JP2013062228 W JP 2013062228W WO 2013172174 A1 WO2013172174 A1 WO 2013172174A1
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- gas diffusion
- electrode substrate
- base material
- diffusion electrode
- microporous
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
- H01M4/8626—Porous electrodes characterised by the form
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8657—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0082—Organic polymers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a gas diffusion electrode base material suitably used for a fuel cell, particularly a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. More specifically, it has excellent flooding resistance and plugging resistance, and also has excellent dry-up resistance, and can exhibit high power generation performance over a wide temperature range from low temperature to high temperature. In addition, it has mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity.
- the present invention relates to a gas diffusion electrode substrate having excellent properties.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell that supplies a fuel gas containing hydrogen to the anode and an oxidizing gas containing oxygen to the cathode to obtain an electromotive force by an electrochemical reaction occurring at both electrodes is generally a separator, gas diffusion An electrode base material, a catalyst layer, an electrolyte membrane, a catalyst layer, a gas diffusion electrode base material, and a separator are laminated in order.
- the gas diffusion electrode base material has high gas diffusibility for diffusing the gas supplied from the separator to the catalyst, high drainage for discharging liquid water generated by electrochemical reaction to the separator, and the generated current High electrical conductivity is required to extract the carbon, and electrode base materials made of carbon fiber or the like are widely used.
- the problem is that the gas flow path (hereinafter referred to as the flow path) of the separator is blocked by water and the supply of fuel gas is insufficient, resulting in a momentary decrease in power generation performance (hereinafter referred to as plugging), (3) 80 ° C.
- plugging a momentary decrease in power generation performance
- plugging a momentary decrease in power generation performance
- the electrolyte membrane is dried by water vapor diffusion and proton conductivity is reduced, resulting in a problem that power generation performance is reduced (hereinafter referred to as dry-up). It is, they (1) are a number of efforts to solve the problems to (3) have been made.
- Patent Document 1 proposes a gas diffusion electrode base material in which a microporous portion made of carbon black and a water repellent resin is formed on the catalyst layer side of the electrode base material.
- the microporous part forms a small pore structure having water repellency, so that the discharge of liquid water to the cathode side is promoted and flooding tends to be suppressed. It is in. Further, since the generated water is pushed back to the electrolyte membrane side (hereinafter referred to as reverse diffusion), the electrolyte membrane tends to be wet and dry-up tends to be suppressed.
- Patent Document 2 proposes a gas diffusion electrode base material in which a microporous portion made of flaky graphite, carbon black, and a water-repellent resin is formed on the catalyst layer side of the electrode base material. According to the fuel cell using this gas diffusion electrode substrate, drainage and water repellency can be adjusted by scaly graphite, and therefore flooding and dry-up tend to be suppressed.
- Patent Document 3 and Patent Document 4 propose a fuel cell using a gas diffusion electrode base material in which microporous portions made of carbon black and hydrophobic resin are formed on both surfaces of the electrode base material.
- the microporous portion on the separator side is smooth and has high water repellency, so that liquid water is less likely to stay in the flow path, and plugging tends to be suppressed. is there.
- the reverse diffusion of moisture to the electrolyte membrane is promoted by the microporous portion on the catalyst layer side, and in addition, the diffusion of water vapor is suppressed by the microporous portion on the separator side, so that the electrolyte membrane is wetted and dry-up is suppressed. There is a tendency.
- JP 2000-123842 A JP 2008-059917 A JP-A-9-245800 JP 2008-293937 A
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 have a problem that the suppression of flooding and dry-up is still insufficient and the plugging is not improved at all.
- Patent Documents 3 and 4 have a problem that flooding becomes remarkable because drainage from the electrode base material to the separator is inhibited by the microporous portion on the separator side.
- the object of the present invention is to have excellent flooding resistance and plugging resistance, and also has excellent dry-up resistance, and can exhibit high power generation performance over a wide temperature range from low temperature to high temperature. It is to provide a gas diffusion electrode substrate having excellent properties and thermal conductivity.
- the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention employs the following means in order to solve such problems. That is, a gas diffusion electrode base material for a fuel cell, characterized in that a microporous portion is disposed on at least one surface of the electrode base material, and the microporous portion contains flake graphite having an aspect ratio in the range of 50 to 5000. It is.
- a preferred embodiment of the present invention is that microporous portions are disposed on both surfaces of the electrode base material.
- a preferred embodiment of the present invention is that the average thickness of the flake graphite is in the range of 0.001 to 0.5 ⁇ m.
- a preferred aspect of the present invention is that the surface oxygen concentration ⁇ O / C ⁇ of the flake graphite measured by X-ray electron spectroscopy is in the range of 0.01 to 0.1.
- the microporous portion containing the flake graphite further contains acetylene black, and the mixing mass ratio of the acetylene black to the flake graphite is in the range of 0.1 to 4.
- the gas permeability in the in-plane direction of the gas diffusion electrode substrate can be reduced. As a result, it is possible to secure a sufficient gas amount to push away the liquid water in the separator flow path, and it is difficult for liquid water to stay in the flow path, thereby preventing plugging.
- the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention by promoting the discharge of liquid water at the electrode substrate, flooding can be suppressed, and further, by suppressing water vapor diffusion, dry-up can be suppressed. For this reason, when the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention is used, high power generation performance can be expressed over a wide temperature range from low temperature to high temperature.
- the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention also has good mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity.
- the gas diffusion electrode base material of the present invention includes flake graphite having a microporous portion disposed on at least one surface of the electrode base material and an aspect ratio in the range of 50 to 5000 in the microporous portion.
- flake graphite having a microporous portion disposed on at least one surface of the electrode base material and an aspect ratio in the range of 50 to 5000 in the microporous portion.
- the electrode base material in the present invention has a high gas diffusibility for diffusing the gas supplied from the separator to the catalyst, and a high drainage property for discharging the liquid water generated along with the electrochemical reaction to the separator. High conductivity is required to extract current.
- a porous metal body such as carbon fiber woven fabric, carbon fiber nonwoven fabric, carbon fiber papermaking body, and the like, a porous metal body such as a fired sintered metal, a metal mesh, and an expanded metal as the electrode base material.
- a porous body containing carbon fiber because of its excellent corrosion resistance.
- a substrate formed by binding a carbon fiber papermaking body with a carbide that is, “carbon” It is preferable to use “paper”.
- a substrate formed by binding a carbon fiber papermaking body with a carbide is usually obtained by impregnating a carbon fiber papermaking body with a resin and carbonizing it, as will be described later.
- Examples of the carbon fiber include polyacrylonitrile (PAN), pitch, and rayon carbon fibers.
- PAN polyacrylonitrile
- pitch rayon carbon fibers.
- PAN-based and pitch-based carbon fibers are preferably used in the present invention because of excellent mechanical strength.
- the average diameter of single fibers is preferably in the range of 3 to 20 ⁇ m, and more preferably in the range of 5 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the average diameter is 3 ⁇ m or more, the pore diameter is increased, drainage is improved, and flooding can be further suppressed.
- the average diameter is 20 ⁇ m or less, the water vapor diffusibility becomes small, and dry-up can be further suppressed.
- the average diameter of the single fiber in the carbon fiber is taken with a microscope such as a scanning electron microscope, the carbon fiber is magnified 1000 times or more, and 30 different single fibers are randomly selected. The diameter was measured and the average value was obtained.
- a microscope such as a scanning electron microscope
- S-4800 manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd. or an equivalent thereof can be used.
- the average length of single fibers is preferably in the range of 3 to 20 mm, and more preferably in the range of 5 to 15 mm.
- the electrode base material is preferable because it has excellent mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity.
- the average length is 20 mm or less, the dispersibility of carbon fibers during papermaking is excellent, and a homogeneous electrode substrate is obtained, which is preferable.
- Carbon fibers having such an average length can be obtained by a method of cutting continuous carbon fibers into a desired length.
- the average length of the carbon fiber is taken with a microscope such as a scanning electron microscope, the carbon fiber is magnified 50 times or more, and 30 different single fibers are selected at random. Is measured and the average value is obtained.
- a microscope such as a scanning electron microscope
- S-4800 manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd. or an equivalent thereof can be used.
- the average diameter and average length of the single fiber in carbon fiber are usually measured by directly observing the carbon fiber as a raw material, it may be measured by observing the electrode substrate.
- the density of the electrode substrate is preferably in the range of 0.2 to 0.4 g / cm 3 , more preferably in the range of 0.22 to 0.35 g / cm 3 , Is preferably in the range of 0.24 to 0.3 g / cm 3 .
- the density is 0.2 g / cm 3 or more, water vapor diffusibility is small, and dry-up can be further suppressed.
- the mechanical properties of the electrode substrate are improved, and the electrolyte membrane and the catalyst layer can be sufficiently supported.
- the conductivity is high, and the power generation performance is improved at both high and low temperatures.
- the density is 0.4 g / cm 3 or less, drainage is improved and flooding can be further suppressed.
- the electrode base material having such a density can be obtained by controlling the carbon fiber basis weight in the pre-impregnated body, the blending amount of the resin component with respect to the carbon fiber, and the thickness of the electrode base material in the production method described later.
- a paper body containing carbon fibers impregnated with a resin composition is referred to as a “preliminarily impregnated body”.
- a preliminarily impregnated body it is effective to control the carbon fiber basis weight in the pre-impregnated body and the blending amount of the resin component with respect to the carbon fiber.
- a low-density substrate is obtained by reducing the carbon fiber basis weight of the pre-impregnated body
- a high-density substrate is obtained by increasing the carbon fiber basis weight.
- a low density base material is obtained by reducing the compounding quantity of the resin component with respect to carbon fiber
- a high density base material is obtained by increasing the compounding quantity of the resin component.
- a low density base material is obtained by increasing the thickness of the electrode base material, and a high density base material is obtained by reducing the thickness.
- the density of the electrode base material is obtained by dividing the basis weight (mass per unit area) of the electrode base material weighed using an electronic balance by the thickness of the electrode base material when pressed with a surface pressure of 0.15 MPa. Can be obtained.
- the electrode substrate preferably has a pore diameter in the range of 30 to 80 ⁇ m, more preferably in the range of 40 to 75 ⁇ m, and further preferably in the range of 50 to 70 ⁇ m.
- the pore diameter is 30 ⁇ m or more, drainage is improved, and flooding can be further suppressed.
- the pore diameter is 80 ⁇ m or less, the conductivity is high, and the power generation performance is improved at both high and low temperatures.
- it is effective to include both carbon fibers having an average single fiber diameter of 3 ⁇ m to 8 ⁇ m and carbon fibers having an average single fiber diameter exceeding 8 ⁇ m.
- the pore diameter of the electrode base material is obtained by determining the peak diameter of the pore diameter distribution obtained by measurement in the measurement pressure range of 6 kPa to 414 MPa (pore diameter 30 nm to 400 ⁇ m) by mercury porosimetry. When a plurality of peaks appear, the peak diameter of the highest peak is adopted.
- Autopore 9520 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation or an equivalent product thereof can be used as a measuring device.
- the thickness of the electrode substrate is preferably 60 to 200 ⁇ m. More preferably, it is 70 to 160 ⁇ m, and still more preferably 80 to 110 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the electrode substrate is 60 ⁇ m or more, the mechanical strength becomes high and handling becomes easy.
- it is 200 ⁇ m or less, the cross-sectional area of the electrode base material is reduced, so that the amount of gas that pushes liquid water in the separator channel can be increased, and liquid water is less likely to stay in the channel, and plugging can be further suppressed. .
- route for drainage becomes short and flooding can be suppressed more.
- the thickness of the electrode base material can be determined using a micrometer in a state of being pressurized at a surface pressure of 0.15 MPa.
- a microporous portion is disposed on at least one surface of the electrode substrate.
- the microporous part has high gas diffusibility for diffusing the gas supplied from the separator to the catalyst, high drainage for discharging liquid water generated by the electrochemical reaction to the separator, and taking out the generated current. Therefore, high conductivity is necessary. Furthermore, it has a function of promoting the reverse diffusion of moisture into the electrolyte membrane and moistening the electrolyte membrane. For this reason, it is preferable to use a porous body containing a conductive filler and a water repellent material.
- the microporous portion must contain a conductive filler, and it is necessary to use flake graphite having an aspect ratio of 50 to 5000 as the conductive filler.
- flake graphite can reduce the gas permeability in the in-plane direction of the gas diffusion electrode substrate. As a result, it is possible to secure a sufficient gas amount to push away the liquid water in the separator flow path, and it is difficult for liquid water to stay in the flow path, thereby preventing plugging.
- the gas By using flake graphite with a larger aspect ratio than normal graphite, the gas must bypass the flake graphite, so the gas permeability in the in-plane direction of the gas diffusion electrode substrate can be significantly reduced. It is considered possible. As a result, it is considered that the amount of gas that pushes liquid water in the separator channel can be increased, and plugging can be suppressed. In addition, by promoting the discharge of liquid water at the electrode substrate, flooding can be suppressed, and further, by suppressing water vapor diffusion, dry-up can be suppressed.
- the aspect ratio of the flake graphite is less than 50, the gas permeability in the in-plane direction cannot be reduced, and the effect of suppressing plugging cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if it is greater than 5000, the viscosity rises when kneading with a water repellent material to form a paste, and the microporous portion cannot be formed.
- the aspect ratio is more preferably 100 or more, and further preferably 200 or more. Further, the aspect ratio is more preferably 3000 or less, and further preferably 1000 or less.
- the aspect ratio in the flake graphite means average particle diameter ( ⁇ m) / average thickness ( ⁇ m).
- the average particle diameter is measured using a laser diffraction particle size distribution meter, and the 50% cumulative diameter in terms of volume is obtained.
- the average thickness is taken with a microscope such as a scanning electron microscope, a transmission electron microscope, etc., and the photograph is taken at a magnification of 1000 times or more, 10 different graphite flakes are selected at random, and the thickness is measured. The average value is obtained.
- S-4800 manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd. or an equivalent thereof can be used.
- the average thickness of the flake graphite is preferably in the range of 0.001 to 0.5 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.003 ⁇ m or more, and further preferably 0.005 ⁇ m or more. Further, it is more preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or less, and further preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or less.
- the average thickness is 0.001 ⁇ m or more, the increase in viscosity when forming a paste by kneading with a water repellent material or the like is small, and the formation of the microporous portion is facilitated.
- the thickness is 0.5 ⁇ m or less, the gas permeability in the in-plane direction of the gas diffusion electrode substrate can be reduced even with a small amount of flake graphite. As a result, it is possible to secure a gas amount sufficient to flush the liquid water in the separator flow path, and it is difficult for liquid water to stay in the flow path, and plugging can be further suppressed.
- the surface oxygen concentration ⁇ O / C ⁇ which is the ratio of the number of oxygen (O) and carbon (C) atoms measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in flake graphite, is 0.01 to 0.1. It is preferably within the range, more preferably 0.02 or more, more preferably 0.03 or more, and further preferably 0.04 or more. Moreover, it is preferable that it is 0.08 or less, and it is more preferable that it is 0.06 or less.
- the surface oxygen concentration ⁇ O / C ⁇ is 0.01 or more, the dispersibility of the flake graphite is excellent, and the gas permeability in the in-plane direction of the gas diffusion electrode substrate can be reduced.
- the surface oxygen concentration ⁇ O / C ⁇ of the flake graphite is determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy according to the following procedure. After the flake graphite is fixed to a copper sample support, A1K ⁇ 1,2 is used as an X-ray source, and the inside of the sample chamber is maintained at 1 ⁇ 10 8 Torr.
- the kinetic energy value (KE) of the main peak of C 1s is set to 1202 eV as a correction value for the peak accompanying charging during measurement.
- O 1s peak area E. Is obtained by drawing a straight base line in the range of 947 to 959 eV.
- the surface oxygen concentration ⁇ O / C ⁇ is calculated as an atomic ratio by using a sensitivity correction value unique to the apparatus from the ratio of the O 1s peak area to the C 1s peak area.
- a model ES-200 manufactured by Kokusai Electric Inc. was used as the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy apparatus, and the sensitivity correction value was set to 1.74.
- the microporous portion containing flake graphite can further contain various conductive fillers other than the flake graphite.
- various conductive fillers other than the flake graphite.
- Carbon-based conductive fillers include carbon black such as furnace black, acetylene black, lamp black, and thermal black, graphite such as scaly graphite, scaly graphite, earthy graphite, artificial graphite, and expanded graphite, carbon nanotube, and carbon nano Examples thereof include linear carbon such as fiber, vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF), and carbon fiber milled fiber.
- VGCF vapor grown carbon fiber
- acetylene black from the ease of handling.
- the mixing mass ratio of acetylene black to flake graphite is preferably within a range of 0.1 to 4, more preferably within a range of 0.2 to 2, and further within a range of 0.3 to 1. Preferably there is.
- the mixing mass ratio is 0.1 or more, the strength of the microporous portion containing flake graphite and acetylene black is improved, and the durability can be improved.
- it is 4 or less, the gas permeability in the in-plane direction of the gas diffusion electrode substrate can be reduced. As a result, it is possible to secure a sufficient gas amount to push away the liquid water in the separator flow path, and it is difficult for liquid water to stay in the flow path, thereby preventing plugging.
- a water repellent material in combination with a conductive filler in the microporous portion.
- a fluorine-based polymer as the water repellent material because of its excellent corrosion resistance.
- Fluoropolymers include polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin (PCTFE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride resin (PVDF), a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene (FEP), tetrafluoro Examples thereof include a copolymer of ethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether (PFA) and a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and ethylene (ETFE).
- PCTFE polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride resin
- FEP hexafluoropropylene
- FEP tetrafluoro Examples thereof include a copolymer of ethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether (PFA) and a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and ethylene (ETFE).
- 1 to 60 parts by mass of the water repellent material is preferably added to 100 parts by mass of the conductive filler containing flake graphite, more preferably 3 to 50 parts by mass, and even more preferably 5 to 40 parts by mass. It is preferable to blend in parts by mass.
- the blending amount of the water repellent material is 1 part by mass or more, the microporous part is preferable because it has excellent mechanical strength.
- the microporous part is preferable because it has excellent conductivity and thermal conductivity.
- various materials can be used in combination with a conductive filler in the microporous portion from the viewpoint of promoting the discharge of liquid water and suppressing water vapor diffusion.
- a disappearing material can be used for the purpose of increasing the pore diameter of the microporous portion and promoting drainage of liquid water.
- the disappearing material means a material that is heated to 200 to 400 ° C. to melt the water-repellent material and exhibit water repellency, which disappears by burning and forms voids.
- Specific examples include particles such as polymethyl methacrylate and polystyrene, and fibers.
- the porosity of the microporous portion is preferably in the range of 60 to 85%, more preferably in the range of 65 to 80%, and further in the range of 70 to 75%. Is preferred.
- the porosity is 60% or more, drainage is improved and flooding can be suppressed.
- the porosity is 85% or less, water vapor diffusibility is small, and dry-up can be suppressed.
- the conductivity is high, and the power generation performance is improved at both high and low temperatures.
- the electrode base material having such a porosity is obtained by adjusting the basis weight of the microporous portion, the water repellent material, the blending amount of the conductive filler with respect to other materials, the type of the conductive filler, and the thickness of the microporous portion in the manufacturing method described later. It is obtained by controlling. In particular, it is effective to control the blending amount of the conductive filler with respect to the water repellent material and other materials and the type of the conductive filler.
- a high porosity microporous portion can be obtained, and the blending amount of the conductive filler with respect to the water repellent material and other materials should be increased.
- a microporous portion having a low porosity can be obtained.
- a microporous part with a high porosity can be obtained by selecting acetylene black, VGCF or the like as the conductive filler, and a microporous part with a low porosity can be obtained by selecting furnace black or the like as the conductive filler. It is done.
- the porosity of the microporous portion is measured by using a sample for cross-sectional observation using an ion beam cross-section processing apparatus, and taking a photograph with a microscope such as a scanning electron microscope with a cross-section enlarged by 1000 times or more. The area of the portion was measured, and the ratio of the area of the void portion to the observation area was obtained.
- a microscope such as a scanning electron microscope with a cross-section enlarged by 1000 times or more.
- the area of the portion was measured, and the ratio of the area of the void portion to the observation area was obtained.
- S-4800 manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd. or an equivalent thereof can be used.
- the thickness of the microporous portion is preferably 5 to 50 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 to 40 ⁇ m, and further preferably 15 to 30 ⁇ m.
- the thickness is 5 ⁇ m or more, the reverse diffusion of generated water can be promoted, and furthermore, the surface of the microporous portion becomes smooth, and when the microporous portion is used as the gas diffusion electrode base material of the fuel cell toward the catalyst layer side. The contact electrical resistance between the catalyst layer and the gas diffusion electrode substrate is reduced.
- the thickness is 50 ⁇ m or less, the conductivity of the microporous portion is high, and the power generation performance is improved at both high and low temperatures.
- the microporous portion is disposed on at least one surface of the electrode base material.
- the gas permeability in the in-plane direction of the gas diffusion electrode base material is reduced, and the liquid water in the separator channel is used.
- a part of the microporous portion is impregnated in the electrode base material from the viewpoint that a sufficient gas amount can be secured to push away and plugging can be further suppressed.
- the microporous portions are disposed on both surfaces of the electrode substrate.
- the microporous portions are disposed on both surfaces of the electrode substrate, only one side of the microporous portion may include flake graphite having an aspect ratio of 50 to 5000, or both sides of the microporous portions may have an aspect ratio of 50 to 5000. Some flake graphite may be included.
- the area ratio of the microporous portion on one side is preferably in the range of 5 to 70%, more preferably 10 to 60%, Further, it is preferably 20 to 40%.
- the area ratio of the microporous portion is 5% or more, liquid water is less likely to stay in the flow path, plugging can be further suppressed, water vapor diffusibility is small, and dry-up is further suppressed.
- the area ratio of the microporous portion is 70% or less, the ratio of the microporous portion covering the surface of the electrode base material is not too high, drainage is improved, and flooding can be further suppressed.
- the area ratio refers to the ratio (%) of the area covered with the microporous portion to the area of the electrode base material on one surface of the gas diffusion electrode base material, and is calculated by the following equation.
- Area ratio (%) area covered with microporous portion / area of electrode substrate ⁇ 100
- the area ratio can be obtained, for example, according to the following procedure.
- the gas diffusion electrode substrate Take a picture of one surface of the gas diffusion electrode substrate with a digital camera, digital microscope, etc. to obtain an image.
- a digital microscope a digital HD microscope VH-7000 manufactured by Keyence Corporation or an equivalent thereof can be used. It is preferable to select 10 different places from the gas diffusion electrode base material at random, and take a photograph in a range of about 3 cm ⁇ 3 cm.
- the obtained image is binarized into a portion covered with the microporous portion and a portion not covered with the microporous portion.
- the present invention there are various methods of binarization, and when the part covered with the microporous part and the part not covered with the microporous part can be clearly discriminated, a method of visually discriminating may be adopted, In the present invention, it is preferable to employ a method using image processing software or the like.
- image processing software Adobe Photoshop (registered trademark) manufactured by Adobe System can be used. In each image, the ratio (%) of the area covered with the microporous portion to the area of the electrode substrate (the sum of the areas covered with the microporous portion and the portion not covered with the microporous portion) Is calculated and the average value is obtained.
- the area ratio can be obtained according to the following procedure.
- a microscope such as a scanning electron microscope
- 100 different locations are selected at random from the cross section of the gas diffusion electrode substrate, and each image is magnified at a magnification of about 40 times to obtain an image.
- S-4800 manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd. or an equivalent product can be used as a scanning electron microscope.
- the ratio (%) of the area where the surface of the electrode substrate is covered with the microporous portion is measured with respect to the microporous portion, and the average value is obtained. .
- the gas permeability in the in-plane direction of the gas diffusion electrode base material is reduced, a sufficient gas amount can be secured to push away the liquid water in the separator channel, and drainage is improved while suppressing plugging. From the viewpoint that flooding can be suppressed, it is preferable to arrange a microporous portion having an area ratio of 5 to 70% on the separator side.
- the microporous part preferably forms a pattern of the microporous part on the electrode substrate.
- a pattern or pattern is a pattern that is repeated at a constant period. It is preferable that there is a repetition period in an area of 100 cm 2 or less, and it is more preferable that there is a repetition period in an area of 10 cm 2 or less. Since the period is small, in-plane performance variations such as conductivity and drainage can be reduced.
- the presence or absence of a period may be confirmed by comparing between sheets. Examples of patterns include lattices, stripes, concentric circles, and island shapes.
- the gas permeability in the in-plane direction of the gas diffusion electrode base material is reduced, a sufficient gas amount can be secured to push away the liquid water in the separator channel, and drainage is improved while suppressing plugging.
- the side on which the pattern of the microporous portion is formed is preferably disposed on the separator side.
- a wet papermaking method in which carbon fibers are dispersed in a liquid and a dry yarn making method in which the fibers are dispersed in air are used.
- the wet papermaking method is preferably used because of its excellent productivity.
- paper for the purpose of improving the drainage and gas diffusibility of the electrode base material, paper can be made by mixing carbon fibers with organic fibers.
- organic fiber polyethylene fiber, vinylon fiber, polyacetal fiber, polyester fiber, polyamide fiber, rayon fiber, acetate fiber, or the like can be used.
- an organic polymer can be included as a binder for the purpose of improving the shape retention and handling properties of the papermaking body.
- the organic polymer polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylonitrile, cellulose or the like can be used.
- the paper body in the present invention is preferably in the form of a sheet in which carbon fibers are randomly dispersed in a two-dimensional plane for the purpose of isotropic in-plane conductivity and thermal conductivity.
- the pore size distribution obtained from the paper body can be formed to a size of about 20 to 500 ⁇ m, although it is affected by the carbon fiber content and dispersion state.
- the paper body preferably has a carbon fiber basis weight in the range of 10 to 60 g / m 2 , and more preferably in the range of 20 to 50 g / m 2 .
- the basis weight of the carbon fiber is 10 g / m 2 or more because the electrode base material has excellent mechanical strength. It is preferable that it is 60 g / m 2 or less because the electrode base material has excellent gas diffusibility and drainage.
- the basis weight of the carbon fibers after the bonding is in the above range.
- the weight per unit area of the carbon fiber in the electrode base material is the weight of the residue obtained by removing the organic matter by holding the paper body cut to 10 cm square in an electric furnace at a temperature of 450 ° C. for 15 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere. , Divided by the area of the paper body (0.1 m 2 ).
- a method of impregnating a paper composition containing carbon fibers with a resin composition a method of immersing a papermaking article in a solution containing a resin composition, a method of applying a solution containing a resin composition to a papermaking article, a resin
- a method of transferring a film made of the composition on a paper body is used.
- productivity is excellent, the method of immersing a papermaking body in the solution containing a resin composition is used preferably.
- the resin composition used in the present invention is preferably one that is carbonized upon firing to become a conductive carbide.
- a resin composition means what added the solvent etc. to the resin component as needed.
- the resin component includes a resin such as a thermosetting resin, and further includes additives such as a carbon-based filler and a surfactant as necessary.
- the carbonization yield of the resin component contained in the resin composition is preferably 40% by mass or more. It is preferable that the carbonization yield is 40% by mass or more because the electrode base material has excellent mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity.
- examples of the resin constituting the resin component include thermosetting resins such as phenol resin, epoxy resin, melamine resin, and furan resin. Of these, a phenol resin is preferably used because of its high carbonization yield.
- a carbon-type filler can be included in order to improve the mechanical characteristics, electroconductivity, and thermal conductivity of an electrode base material.
- carbon-based filler carbon black, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, milled fiber of carbon fiber, graphite, or the like can be used.
- the resin composition used in the present invention can use the resin component obtained by the above-described configuration as it is, and can contain various solvents as needed for the purpose of improving the impregnation property to the papermaking body.
- various solvents as needed for the purpose of improving the impregnation property to the papermaking body.
- methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or the like can be used as the solvent.
- the resin composition in the present invention is preferably in a liquid state at 25 ° C. and 0.1 MPa.
- it is liquid, it is preferable because the paper body has excellent impregnation properties and the electrode base material has excellent mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity.
- the resin component is preferably impregnated with 30 to 400 parts by mass, more preferably 50 to 300 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carbon fiber.
- the electrode base material is preferable because it has excellent mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity.
- the electrode base material is preferable because it has excellent gas diffusibility.
- the pre-impregnated body after a pre-impregnated body impregnated with a resin composition is formed on a papermaking body containing carbon fibers, prior to carbonization, the pre-impregnated body can be bonded or heat-treated.
- a plurality of pre-impregnated bodies can be bonded together for the purpose of setting the electrode substrate to a predetermined thickness.
- a plurality of pre-impregnated bodies having the same properties can be bonded together, or a plurality of pre-impregnated bodies having different properties can be bonded together.
- a plurality of pre-impregnated bodies having different average diameters and average lengths of carbon fibers, carbon fiber basis weight of the papermaking body, impregnation amount of the resin component, and the like can be bonded together.
- the pre-impregnated body can be heat-treated for the purpose of thickening and partially cross-linking the resin composition.
- a heat treatment method a method of blowing hot air, a method of heating with a hot plate such as a press device, a method of heating with a continuous belt, or the like can be used.
- ⁇ Carbonization> after impregnating the paper composition containing carbon fibers with the resin composition, firing is performed in an inert atmosphere in order to carbonize the paper composition.
- a batch type heating furnace can be used, or a continuous type heating furnace can be used.
- the inert atmosphere can be obtained by flowing an inert gas such as nitrogen gas or argon gas in the furnace.
- the maximum temperature of firing is preferably in the range of 1300 to 3000 ° C, more preferably in the range of 1700 to 3000 ° C, and further in the range of 1900 to 3000 ° C. preferable.
- the maximum temperature is 1300 ° C. or higher, the carbonization of the resin component proceeds, and the electrode base material is preferably excellent in conductivity and thermal conductivity.
- the maximum temperature of 3000 ° C. or lower is preferable because the operating cost of the heating furnace is reduced.
- the rate of temperature rise be in the range of 80 to 5000 ° C./min for firing.
- a temperature increase rate of 80 ° C. or higher is preferable because productivity is excellent.
- the electrode base material is preferably excellent in conductivity and thermal conductivity.
- a carbonized paper body impregnated with a resin composition and then carbonized is referred to as a “carbon fiber fired body”.
- Water repellent finish> it is preferable to subject the carbon fiber fired body to water repellent treatment for the purpose of improving drainage.
- the water-repellent processing can be performed by applying a water-repellent material to the carbon fiber fired body and heat-treating it.
- the water repellent material it is preferable to use a fluorine-based polymer because of its excellent corrosion resistance.
- Fluoropolymers include polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin (PCTFE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride resin (PVDF), a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene (FEP), tetrafluoro Examples thereof include a copolymer of ethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether (PFA) and a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and ethylene (ETFE).
- the application amount of the water repellent material is preferably 1 to 50 parts by mass, more preferably 2 to 40 parts by mass, and further preferably 3 to 30 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carbon fiber fired body. It is preferable. When the application amount of the water repellent material is 1 part by mass or more, the electrode base material is preferably excellent in drainage. On the other hand, when the amount is 50 parts by mass or less, the electrode base material is preferably excellent in conductivity.
- a carbon fiber fired body that has been subjected to water repellent treatment as necessary is referred to as an “electrode substrate”.
- the carbon fiber fired body and the “electrode substrate” are the same.
- the microporous portion can be formed by applying a carbon coating liquid containing flake graphite having an aspect ratio in the range of 50 to 5000 on at least one surface of the electrode substrate.
- the carbon coating liquid may contain a dispersion medium such as water or an organic solvent, or may contain a dispersion aid such as a surfactant.
- a dispersion medium such as water or an organic solvent
- a dispersion aid such as a surfactant.
- Water is preferable as the dispersion medium, and a nonionic surfactant is more preferably used as the dispersion aid.
- the coating of the carbon coating liquid on the electrode substrate can be performed using various commercially available coating apparatuses.
- As the coating method screen printing, rotary screen printing, spray spraying, intaglio printing, gravure printing, die coater coating, bar coating, blade coating, etc. can be used, but to form a microporous pattern
- the pattern coating is preferably screen printing (including rotary screen printing) or gravure printing.
- the coating methods exemplified above are only for illustrative purposes, and are not necessarily limited thereto.
- the coated material is put into a dryer set at a temperature of 80 to 120 ° C. and dried in a range of 5 to 30 minutes.
- the amount of drying air may be determined as appropriate, but rapid drying is undesirable because it may induce micro cracks on the surface.
- the dried coating is put into a muffle furnace, a baking furnace or a high-temperature dryer, heated at 300 to 400 ° C. for 5 to 20 minutes to melt the water repellent material, and the binder between the conductive fillers.
- a membrane electrode assembly can be comprised by joining the above-mentioned gas diffusion electrode base material to at least one side of a solid polymer electrolyte membrane having a catalyst layer on both sides.
- a fuel cell is configured by having separators on both sides of the membrane electrode assembly.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell is constructed by laminating a plurality of sandwiched electrode separators on both sides of such a membrane electrode assembly.
- the catalyst layer is composed of a layer containing a solid polymer electrolyte and catalyst-supporting carbon.
- platinum is usually used.
- a fuel cell in which a reformed gas containing carbon monoxide is supplied to the anode side it is preferable to use platinum and ruthenium as the catalyst on the anode side.
- the solid polymer electrolyte it is preferable to use a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer material having high proton conductivity, oxidation resistance, and heat resistance.
- Such a fuel cell unit and the configuration of the fuel cell itself are well known.
- ⁇ Material> A Conductive filler (flaky graphite having an aspect ratio in the range of 50 to 5000) “XGnP” (registered trademark) grade M (flake graphite, manufactured by XG Science, average particle size: 5 ⁇ m, average thickness: 0.006 ⁇ m, aspect ratio: 830, surface oxygen concentration ⁇ O / C ⁇ : 0.04 ) UP-5N (flake graphite, manufactured by Nippon Graphite Industry Co., Ltd., average particle size: 7 ⁇ m, average thickness: 0.05 ⁇ m, aspect ratio: 140, surface oxygen concentration ⁇ O / C ⁇ : 0.03) BSP-5AK (flake graphite, manufactured by Chuetsu Graphite Co., Ltd., average particle size: 5 ⁇ m, average thickness: 0.1 ⁇ m, aspect ratio: 50, surface oxygen concentration ⁇ O / C ⁇ : 0.02) Heat treatment BSP-5AK ((BSP-5AK heat-treated in a nitrogen atmosphere using a muffle furnace
- Water repellent material "Polyfluorocarbon” (registered trademark) D-1E (PTFE resin, manufactured by Daikin Industries, Ltd.) D.
- Surfactant "TRITON” (registered trademark) X-100 (nonionic surfactant, manufactured by Nacalai Tesque) ⁇ Preparation of electrode substrate>
- a 10% by mass aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol as a binder was applied and dried to prepare a paper body having a carbon fiber basis weight of 15.5 g / m 2 .
- the coating amount of polyvinyl alcohol was 22 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the papermaking body.
- thermosetting resin using a resin in which a resol type phenolic resin and a novolac type phenolic resin are mixed at a weight ratio of 1: 1 as a thermosetting resin, scaly graphite (average particle size 5 ⁇ m) as a carbon filler, and methanol as a solvent.
- Carbon-based filler / solvent 10 parts by mass / 5 parts by mass / 85 parts by mass
- the paper body cut into 15 cm ⁇ 12.5 cm is immersed in a resin composition filled with aluminum bat, and the resin component (thermosetting resin + carbon filler) becomes 130 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carbon fibers. After impregnating in this manner, it was dried by heating at 100 ° C. for 5 minutes to prepare a pre-impregnated body. Next, it heat-processed for 5 minutes at 180 degreeC, pressing with a flat plate press. In addition, a spacer was disposed on the flat plate press during the pressurization, and the interval between the upper and lower press face plates was adjusted so that the thickness of the pre-impregnated body after the heat treatment was 130 ⁇ m.
- the base material obtained by heat-treating the pre-impregnated body was introduced into a heating furnace having a maximum temperature of 2400 ° C. maintained in a nitrogen gas atmosphere in a heating furnace to obtain a carbon fiber fired body.
- a carbon coating solution was applied in a planar shape to the catalyst side of the electrode substrate using a die coater, and then heated at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes and 380 ° C. for 20 minutes to form a planar microporous portion.
- the carbon coating liquid used here was such that the conductive filler and the water repellent material had the composition ratios shown in Tables 1 to 3, and 200 parts by weight of a surfactant was added to 100 parts by weight of the conductive filler. What was adjusted with purified water so that a density
- a lattice-like pattern-like carbon coating liquid is applied to the separator side of the electrode substrate. After coating, it was heated at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes and 380 ° C. for 20 minutes to form a microporous portion.
- the conductive filler and the water repellent material were made to have the composition ratios shown in Tables 1 to 3, and 200 parts by weight of a surfactant was added to 100 parts by weight of the conductive filler.
- composition ratio of the microporous portion is as shown in Tables 1 to 3. The composition ratio was described in parts by weight.
- ⁇ Evaluation of power generation performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cells > 1.00 g of platinum-supported carbon (manufactured by Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Co., Ltd., platinum support: 50% by mass), 1.00 g of purified water, “Nafion” (registered trademark) solution (“Nafion” (registered trademark) 5 manufactured by Aldrich) (0.0 mass%) 8.00 g and isopropyl alcohol (manufactured by Nacalai Tesque) 18.00 g were sequentially added to prepare a catalyst solution.
- a catalyst solution was applied to 9001 (manufactured by NICHIAS Corporation) by spraying and dried at room temperature to prepare a PTFE sheet with a catalyst layer having a platinum amount of 0.3 mg / cm 2 .
- a solid polymer electrolyte membrane “Nafion” (registered trademark) NRE-211CS (manufactured by DuPont) cut to 10 cm ⁇ 10 cm is sandwiched between two PTFE sheets with a catalyst layer, and pressed to 5 MPa with a flat plate press. Pressing at 5 ° C. for 5 minutes transferred the catalyst layer to the solid polymer electrolyte membrane. After pressing, the PTFE sheet was peeled off to produce a solid polymer electrolyte membrane with a catalyst layer.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane with a catalyst layer is sandwiched between two gas diffusion electrode substrates cut to 7 cm ⁇ 7 cm, and pressed at 130 ° C. for 5 minutes while being pressurized to 3 MPa with a flat plate press, and a membrane electrode assembly was made.
- the gas diffusion electrode base material was arranged so that the surface having a planar microporous portion was in contact with the catalyst layer side.
- the obtained membrane electrode assembly was incorporated into a single cell for fuel cell evaluation, and the voltage when the current density was changed was measured.
- a serpentine type single groove having a groove width of 1.5 mm, a groove depth of 1.0 mm, and a rib width of 1.1 mm was used.
- evaluation was performed by supplying hydrogen pressurized to 210 kPa to the anode side and air pressurized to 140 kPa to the cathode side. Both hydrogen and air were humidified using a humidification pot set at 70 ° C. The utilization rates of hydrogen and oxygen in the air were 80% and 67%, respectively.
- the humidifying temperature was set to 70 ° C., and the current density was set to 2.2 A / cm 2 , the output voltage was measured and used as an indicator of flooding resistance (low temperature performance).
- the humidifying temperature was set to 70 ° C.
- the current density was set to 2.2 A / cm 2 and held for 30 minutes, the number of output voltage drops was counted and used as an index of plugging resistance. That is, the number of times that the output voltage becomes 0.2V or less in 30 minutes is counted, C for 7 times or more, B for 5-6 times, A for 3-4 times, A, 2 times or less.
- the thing was set to S.
- Examples 1 and 2 According to the methods described in ⁇ Preparation of Electrode Base> and ⁇ Formation of Microporous Portion>, as shown in Table 1, a planar microscopic structure containing high aspect ratio flake graphite and acetylene black on the catalyst side of the electrode base A gas diffusion electrode substrate having a porous part was obtained. As a result of evaluating the power generation performance using this gas diffusion electrode base material, both Examples 1 and 2 had good plugging resistance.
- the output voltages of Examples 1 and 2 are 0.36 V and 0.35 V (operation temperature 65 ° C., humidification temperature 70 ° C., current density 2.2 A / cm 2 ), respectively, and the limit temperatures of Examples 1 and 2 are 91 ° C., respectively. 92 ° C. (humidification temperature 70 ° C., current density 1.2 A / cm 2 ), and as shown in Table 1, both flooding resistance and dry-up resistance were good.
- Examples 3 to 5 In accordance with the methods described in ⁇ Preparation of Electrode Base> and ⁇ Formation of Microporous Part>, a planar microporous part containing acetylene black on the catalyst side of the electrode base as shown in Table 1 is provided on the separator side. A gas diffusion electrode substrate having a lattice-like pattern-like microporous portion containing high-aspect ratio flake graphite and acetylene black was obtained. As a result of evaluating the power generation performance using this gas diffusion electrode substrate, all of Examples 3 to 5 had very good plugging resistance.
- the output voltages of Examples 3, 4, and 5 were 0.35 V, 0.34 V, and 0.35 V (operation temperature 65 ° C., humidification temperature 70 ° C., current density 2.2 A / cm 2 ), respectively, 5 are 92 ° C., 92 ° C. and 91 ° C. (humidification temperature 70 ° C., current density 1.2 A / cm 2 ), respectively, and as shown in Table 1, both flooding resistance and dry-up resistance are good. there were.
- Example 6 According to the methods described in ⁇ Preparation of Electrode Base> and ⁇ Formation of Microporous Portion>, as shown in Table 1, a planar microscopic structure containing high aspect ratio flake graphite and acetylene black on the catalyst side of the electrode base A gas diffusion electrode substrate having a porous part and a lattice-like pattern-like microporous part containing high-aspect ratio flake graphite and acetylene black on the separator side was obtained. As a result of evaluating the power generation performance using this gas diffusion electrode substrate, the plugging resistance was extremely good.
- the output voltage is 0.33 V (operation temperature 65 ° C., humidification temperature 70 ° C., current density 2.2 A / cm 2 ), the limit temperature is 92 ° C. (humidification temperature 70 ° C., current density 1.2 A / cm 2 ), As shown in Table 1, both flooding resistance and dry-up resistance were good.
- Example 7 According to the methods described in ⁇ Preparation of Electrode Base> and ⁇ Formation of Microporous Portion>, planar micro-particles containing high aspect ratio flake graphite and acetylene black on the catalyst side of the electrode base as shown in Table 2 A gas diffusion electrode substrate having a porous part was obtained. As a result of evaluating the power generation performance using this gas diffusion electrode substrate, the resistance to plugging was good.
- the output voltage is 0.36 V (operation temperature 65 ° C., humidification temperature 70 ° C., current density 2.2 A / cm 2 ), limit temperature 90 ° C. (humidification temperature 70 ° C., current density 1.2 A / cm 2 ), As shown in Table 2, both flooding resistance and dry-up resistance were good.
- Example 8 Except for using heat-treated BSP-5AK (flaky graphite) heat-treated at 500 ° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere using a muffle furnace, in the same manner as in Example 7, high aspect ratio flake graphite and acetylene were formed on the catalyst side of the electrode substrate. A gas diffusion electrode substrate having a planar microporous portion containing black was obtained. The surface oxygen concentration ⁇ O / C ⁇ of the flake graphite was less than 0.01. As a result of evaluating the power generation performance using this gas diffusion electrode substrate, the resistance to plugging was relatively good.
- the output voltage is 0.35 V (operation temperature 65 ° C., humidification temperature 70 ° C., current density 2.2 A / cm 2 ), limit temperature 90 ° C. (humidification temperature 70 ° C., current density 1.2 A / cm 2 ), As shown in Table 2, both flooding resistance and dry-up resistance were good.
- Example 9 In accordance with the methods described in ⁇ Preparation of electrode substrate> and ⁇ Formation of microporous portion>, a planar microporous portion containing acetylene black on the catalyst side of the electrode substrate, as shown in Table 2, is provided on the separator side.
- a gas diffusion electrode substrate having a lattice-like pattern-like microporous portion containing high-aspect ratio flake graphite and acetylene black was obtained.
- the output voltage is 0.35 V (operating temperature 65 ° C., humidification temperature 70 ° C., current density 2.2 A / cm 2 ), and the limit temperatures are 91 ° C. (humidification temperature 70 ° C., current density 1.2 A / cm 2 ).
- both flooding resistance and dry-up resistance were good.
- Example 10 A planar microplate containing acetylene black on the catalyst side of the electrode substrate in the same manner as in Example 9, except that heat-treated BSP-5AK (flaky graphite) heat-treated at 500 ° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere using a muffle furnace was used.
- a gas diffusion electrode substrate having a porous part and a lattice-like pattern-like microporous part containing high-aspect ratio flake graphite and acetylene black on the separator side was obtained. As a result of evaluating the power generation performance using this gas diffusion electrode substrate, the resistance to plugging was good.
- the output voltage is 0.35 V (operating temperature 65 ° C., humidification temperature 70 ° C., current density 2.2 A / cm 2 ), and the limit temperatures are 91 ° C. (humidification temperature 70 ° C., current density 1.2 A / cm 2 ). As shown in Table 2, both flooding resistance and dry-up resistance were good.
- Comparative Examples 2 and 3 According to the methods described in ⁇ Preparation of electrode substrate> and ⁇ Formation of microporous portion>, a planar microporous portion containing scaly graphite and acetylene black is provided on the catalyst side of the electrode substrate as shown in Table 3. A gas diffusion electrode substrate having was obtained. As a result of evaluating the power generation performance of the gas diffusion electrode base material, the resistance to plugging was poor in both Comparative Examples 2 and 3.
- the output voltages of Comparative Examples 2 and 3 were 0.34 V and 0.34 V (operation temperature 65 ° C., humidification temperature 70 ° C., current density 2.2 A / cm 2 ), respectively, and the flooding resistance was good.
- the limit temperatures of Examples 2 and 3 were 88 ° C. and 89 ° C. (humidification temperature 70 ° C., current density 1.2 A / cm 2 ), respectively, and the dry-up resistance was poor.
- the output voltages of Comparative Examples 5 and 6 were 0.33 V and 0.33 V (operation temperature 65 ° C., humidification temperature 70 ° C., current density 2.2 A / cm 2 ), respectively, and the flooding resistance was good.
- the limit temperatures of Examples 5 and 6 were 89 ° C. and 89 ° C. (humidification temperature 70 ° C., current density 1.2 A / cm 2 ), respectively, and the dry-up resistance was poor.
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Abstract
Description
面積率(%)=マイクロポーラス部で覆われている面積/電極基材の面積×100
ここで面積率は、例えば、次の手順にしたがって求めることができる。
本発明において、炭素繊維を含む抄紙体を得るためには、炭素繊維を液中に分散させて製造する湿式抄紙法や、空気中に分散させて製造する乾式抄糸法などが用いられる。なかでも、生産性が優れることから、湿式抄紙法が好ましく用いられる。
本発明において、炭素繊維を含む抄紙体に樹脂組成物を含浸する方法として、樹脂組成物を含む溶液中に抄紙体を浸漬する方法、樹脂組成物を含む溶液を抄紙体に塗布する方法、樹脂組成物からなるフィルムを抄紙体に重ねて転写する方法などが用いられる。なかでも、生産性が優れることから、樹脂組成物を含む溶液中に抄紙体を浸漬する方法が好ましく用いられる。
本発明においては、炭素繊維を含む抄紙体に樹脂組成物を含浸した予備含浸体を形成した後、炭素化を行うに先立って、予備含浸体の張り合わせや、熱処理を行うことができる。
本発明において、炭素繊維を含む抄紙体に樹脂組成物を含浸した後、炭素化するために、不活性雰囲気下で焼成を行う。かかる焼成は、バッチ式の加熱炉を用いることもできるし、連続式の加熱炉を用いることもできる。また、不活性雰囲気は、炉内に窒素ガス、アルゴンガスなどの不活性ガスを流すことにより得ることができる。
本発明において、排水性を向上する目的で、炭素繊維焼成体に撥水加工を施すことが好ましい。撥水加工は、炭素繊維焼成体に撥水材を塗布、熱処理することにより行うことができる。ここで、撥水材としては、耐腐食性が優れることから、フッ素系のポリマーを用いることが好ましい。フッ素系のポリマーとしては、ポリクロロトリフルオロエチレン樹脂(PCTFE)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、ポリフッ化ビニリデン樹脂(PVDF)、テトラフルオロエチレンとヘキサフルオロプロピレンの共重合体(FEP)、テトラフルオロエチレンとパーフルオロアルキルビニルエーテルの共重合体(PFA)、テトラフルオロエチレンとエチレンの共重合体(ETFE)などが挙げられる。撥水材の塗布量は、炭素繊維焼成体100質量部に対して1~50質量部であることが好ましく、2~40質量部であることがより好ましく、さらには3~30質量部であることが好ましい。撥水材の塗布量が1質量部以上であると、電極基材が排水性に優れたものとなり好ましい。一方、50質量部以下であると、電極基材が導電性の優れたものとなり好ましい。
マイクロポーラス部は、電極基材の少なくとも片面に、少なくともアスペクト比が50~5000の範囲内である薄片グラファイトを含むカーボン塗液を塗布することによって形成することができる。
本発明において、前記したガス拡散電極基材を、両面に触媒層を有する固体高分子電解質膜の少なくとも片面に接合することで膜電極接合体を構成することができる。
A:導電性フィラー(アスペクト比が50~5000の範囲内である薄片グラファイト)
・“xGnP”(登録商標)グレードM(薄片グラファイト、XG サイエンス社製、平均粒子径:5μm、平均厚さ:0.006μm、アスペクト比:830、表面酸素濃度{O/C}:0.04)
・UP-5N(薄片グラファイト、日本黒鉛工業(株)製、平均粒子径:7μm、平均厚さ:0.05μm、アスペクト比:140、表面酸素濃度{O/C}:0.03)
・BSP-5AK(薄片グラファイト、(株)中越黒鉛工業所製、平均粒子径:5μm、平均厚さ:0.1μm、アスペクト比:50、表面酸素濃度{O/C}:0.02)
・熱処理BSP-5AK((BSP-5AKをマッフル炉を用いて窒素雰囲気下で500度1時間熱処理したもの)平均粒子径:5μm、平均厚さ:0.1μm、アスペクト比:50、表面酸素濃度{O/C}:0.01未満)
B.その他の導電性フィラー
・“デンカブラック”(登録商標)(アセチレンブラック、電気化学工業(株)製、平均粒子径:0.035μm、アスペクト比:1)
・BF-5A(鱗片状黒鉛、(株)中越黒鉛工業所製、平均粒子径:5μm、平均厚さ:0.25μm、アスペクト比:20、表面酸素濃度{O/C}:0.01未満)
・BF-18A(鱗片状黒鉛、(株)中越黒鉛工業所製、平均粒子径:18μm、平均厚さ:0.45μm、アスペクト比:40、表面酸素濃度{O/C}:0.01未満)
C.撥水材
・“ポリフロン”(登録商標)D-1E(PTFE樹脂、ダイキン工業株式会社製)
D.界面活性剤
・“TRITON”(登録商標)X-100(ノニオン系界面活性剤、ナカライテスク株式会社製)
<電極基材の作製>
東レ(株)製ポリアクリルニトリル系炭素繊維“トレカ(登録商標)”T300(平均炭素繊維径:7μm)を平均長さ12mmにカットし、水中に分散させて湿式抄紙法により連続的に抄紙した。さらに、バインダーとしてポリビニルアルコールの10質量%水溶液を塗布、乾燥させ、炭素繊維目付15.5g/m2の抄紙体を作製した。ポリビニルアルコールの塗布量は、抄紙体100質量部に対して、22質量部であった。
(触媒側)
ダイコーターを用いて電極基材の触媒側にカーボン塗液を面状に塗工後、120℃で10分、380℃で20分加熱し、面状のマイクロポーラス部を形成した。ここで用いたカーボン塗液は、導電性フィラー、撥水材を表1~3に示す組成比となるようにし、界面活性剤を導電性フィラー100重量部に対して200重量部加え、固形分濃度が25重量部となるように精製水で調整したものを用いた。界面活性剤及び精製水は加熱により除去されるため、マイクロポーラス部の組成比は表1~3に示す組成比となる。組成比は重量部で記載した。
線幅0.5mm、線間隔2mmの直線で構成される格子状のパターン部分以外を樹脂でマスクしたスクリーン印刷版を用いて、電極基材のセパレータ側に格子状のパターン様のカーボン塗液を塗工後、120℃で10分、380℃で20分加熱し、マイクロポーラス部を形成した。ここで用いたカーボン塗液には、導電性フィラー、撥水材を表1~3に示す組成比となるようにし、界面活性剤を導電性フィラー100重量部に対して200重量部加え、固形分濃度が25重量部となるように精製水で調整したものを用いた。界面活性剤及び精製水は加熱により除去されるため、マイクロポーラス部の組成比は表1~3に示す組成比となる。組成比は重量部で記載した。
白金担持炭素(田中貴金属工業(株)製、白金担持量:50質量%)1.00g、精製水 1.00g、“Nafion”(登録商標)溶液(Aldrich社製 “Nafion”(登録商標)5.0質量%)8.00g、イソプロピルアルコール(ナカライテスク社製)18.00gを順に加えることにより、触媒液を作成した。
<電極基材の作製>および<マイクロポーラス部の形成>に記載した方法に従って、表1に示すような、電極基材の触媒側に高アスペクト比の薄片グラファイト、アセチレンブラックを含む面状のマイクロポーラス部を有するガス拡散電極基材を得た。このガス拡散電極基材を用いて発電性能を評価した結果、実施例1、2ともに、耐プラッギング性は良好であった。実施例1、2の出力電圧はそれぞれ0.36V、0.35V(運転温度65℃、加湿温度70℃、電流密度2.2A/cm2)、実施例1、2の限界温度はそれぞれ91℃、92℃(加湿温度70℃、電流密度1.2A/cm2)であり、表1に示すように、耐フラッディング性、耐ドライアップ性ともに良好であった。
<電極基材の作製>および<マイクロポーラス部の形成>に記載した方法に従って、表1に示すような、電極基材の触媒側にアセチレンブラックを含む面状のマイクロポーラス部を、セパレータ側に高アスペクト比の薄片グラファイト、アセチレンブラックを含む格子状のパターン様のマイクロポーラス部を有するガス拡散電極基材を得た。このガス拡散電極基材を用いて発電性能を評価した結果、実施例3~5のいずれも、耐プラッギング性は極めて良好であった。実施例3、4、5の出力電圧はそれぞれ0.35V、0.34V、0.35V(運転温度65℃、加湿温度70℃、電流密度2.2A/cm2)、実施例3、4、5の限界温度はそれぞれ92℃、92℃、91℃(加湿温度70℃、電流密度1.2A/cm2)であり、表1に示すように、耐フラッディング性、耐ドライアップ性ともに良好であった。
<電極基材の作製>および<マイクロポーラス部の形成>に記載した方法に従って、表1に示すような、電極基材の触媒側に高アスペクト比の薄片グラファイト、アセチレンブラックを含む面状のマイクロポーラス部を、セパレータ側に高アスペクト比の薄片グラファイト、アセチレンブラックを含む格子状のパターン様のマイクロポーラス部を有するガス拡散電極基材を得た。このガス拡散電極基材を用いて発電性能を評価した結果、耐プラッギング性は極めて良好であった。出力電圧は0.33V(運転温度65℃、加湿温度70℃、電流密度2.2A/cm2)、限界温度は92℃(加湿温度70℃、電流密度1.2A/cm2)であり、表1に示すように、耐フラッディング性、耐ドライアップ性ともに良好であった。
<電極基材の作製>および<マイクロポーラス部の形成>に記載した方法に従って、表2に示すような、電極基材の触媒側に高アスペクト比の薄片グラファイト、アセチレンブラックを含む面状のマイクロポーラス部を有するガス拡散電極基材を得た。このガス拡散電極基材を用いて発電性能を評価した結果、耐プラッギング性は良好であった。出力電圧は0.36V(運転温度65℃、加湿温度70℃、電流密度2.2A/cm2)、限界温度は90℃(加湿温度70℃、電流密度1.2A/cm2)であり、表2に示すように、耐フラッディング性、耐ドライアップ性ともに良好であった。
マッフル炉を用いて窒素雰囲気下で500度1時間熱処理した熱処理BSP-5AK(薄片グラファイト)を用いた以外は実施例7と同様により、電極基材の触媒側に高アスペクト比の薄片グラファイト、アセチレンブラックを含む面状のマイクロポーラス部を有するガス拡散電極基材を得た。この薄片グラファイトの表面酸素濃度{O/C}は0.01未満であった。このガス拡散電極基材を用いて発電性能を評価した結果、耐プラッギング性は比較的良好であった。出力電圧は0.35V(運転温度65℃、加湿温度70℃、電流密度2.2A/cm2)、限界温度は90℃(加湿温度70℃、電流密度1.2A/cm2)であり、表2に示すように、耐フラッディング性、耐ドライアップ性ともに良好であった。
<電極基材の作製>および<マイクロポーラス部の形成>に記載した方法に従って、表2に示すような、電極基材の触媒側にアセチレンブラックを含む面状のマイクロポーラス部を、セパレータ側に高アスペクト比の薄片グラファイト、アセチレンブラックを含む格子状のパターン様のマイクロポーラス部を有するガス拡散電極基材を得た。このガス拡散電極基材を用いて発電性能を評価した結果、耐プラッギング性は極めて良好であった。出力電圧は0.35V(運転温度65℃、加湿温度70℃、電流密度2.2A/cm2)、限界温度はそれぞれ91℃(加湿温度70℃、電流密度1.2A/cm2)であり、表2に示すように、耐フラッディング性、耐ドライアップ性ともに良好であった。
マッフル炉を用いて窒素雰囲気下で500度1時間熱処理した熱処理BSP-5AK(薄片グラファイト)を用いた以外は実施例9と同様により、電極基材の触媒側にアセチレンブラックを含む面状のマイクロポーラス部を、セパレータ側に高アスペクト比の薄片グラファイト、アセチレンブラックを含む格子状のパターン様のマイクロポーラス部を有するガス拡散電極基材を得た。このガス拡散電極基材を用いて発電性能を評価した結果、耐プラッギング性は良好であった。出力電圧は0.35V(運転温度65℃、加湿温度70℃、電流密度2.2A/cm2)、限界温度はそれぞれ91℃(加湿温度70℃、電流密度1.2A/cm2)であり、表2に示すように、耐フラッディング性、耐ドライアップ性ともに良好であった。
<電極基材の作製>および<マイクロポーラス部の形成>に記載した方法に従って、表3に示すような、電極基材の触媒側にアセチレンブラックを含む面状のマイクロポーラス部を有するガス拡散電極基材を得た。このガス拡散電極基材の発電性能を評価した結果、耐プラッギング性は不良であった。出力電圧は0.35V(運転温度65℃、加湿温度70℃、電流密度2.2A/cm2)であり耐フラッディング性は良好であったが、限界温度は88℃(加湿温度70℃、電流密度1.2A/cm2)であり、耐ドライアップ性は不良であった。
<電極基材の作製>および<マイクロポーラス部の形成>に記載した方法に従って、表3に示すような、電極基材の触媒側に鱗片状黒鉛、アセチレンブラックを含む面状のマイクロポーラス部を有するガス拡散電極基材を得た。このガス拡散電極基材の発電性能を評価した結果、比較例2、3ともに、耐プラッギング性は不良であった。比較例2、3の出力電圧はそれぞれ0.34V、0.34V(運転温度65℃、加湿温度70℃、電流密度2.2A/cm2)であり耐フラッディング性は良好であったが、比較例2、3の限界温度はそれぞれ88℃、89℃(加湿温度70℃、電流密度1.2A/cm2)であり、耐ドライアップ性は不良であった。
<電極基材の作製>および<マイクロポーラス部の形成>に記載した方法に従って、表3に示すような、電極基材の触媒側にアセチレンブラックを含む面状のマイクロポーラス部を、セパレータ側にアセチレンブラックを含む格子状のパターン様のマイクロポーラス部を有するガス拡散電極基材を得た。このガス拡散電極基材の発電性能を評価した結果、耐プラッギング性は比較的良好であった。出力電圧は0.34V(運転温度65℃、加湿温度70℃、電流密度2.2A/cm2)であり耐フラッディング性は良好であったが、限界温度は88℃(加湿温度70℃、電流密度1.2A/cm2)であり、耐ドライアップ性は不良であった。
<電極基材の作製>および<マイクロポーラス部の形成>に記載した方法に従って、表3に示すような、電極基材の触媒側にアセチレンブラックを含む面状のマイクロポーラス部を、セパレータ側に鱗片状黒鉛、アセチレンブラックを含む格子状のパターン様のマイクロポーラス部を有するガス拡散電極基材を得た。このガス拡散電極基材の発電性能を評価した結果、比較例5、6ともに、耐プラッギング性は比較的良好であった。比較例5、6の出力電圧はそれぞれ0.33V、0.33V(運転温度65℃、加湿温度70℃、電流密度2.2A/cm2)であり耐フラッディング性は良好であったが、比較例5、6の限界温度はそれぞれ89℃、89℃(加湿温度70℃、電流密度1.2A/cm2)であり、耐ドライアップ性は不良であった。
Claims (5)
- 電極基材の少なくとも片面にマイクロポーラス部が配置されてなり、マイクロポーラス部にアスペクト比が50~5000の範囲内である薄片グラファイトを含むことを特徴とする燃料電池用ガス拡散電極基材。
- 電極基材の両面にマイクロポーラス部が配置されており、少なくとも片面のマイクロポーラス部にアスペクト比が50~5000の範囲内である薄片グラファイトを含む請求項1記載の燃料電池用ガス拡散電極基材。
- 薄片グラファイトの平均厚さが0.001~0.5μmの範囲内である、請求項1記載の燃料電池用ガス拡散電極基材。
- 薄片グラファイトのX線電子分光法により測定される表面酸素濃度{O/C}が0.01~0.1の範囲内である、請求項1記載の燃料電池用ガス拡散電極基材。
- 薄片グラファイトを含むマイクロポーラス部は、さらにアセチレンブラックを含み、かつ、薄片グラファイトに対するアセチレンブラックの混合質量比が0.1~4の範囲内である、請求項1記載の燃料電池用ガス拡散電極基材。
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WO2015125750A1 (ja) * | 2014-02-24 | 2015-08-27 | 東レ株式会社 | ガス拡散電極基材 |
WO2015145406A2 (en) | 2014-03-28 | 2015-10-01 | University Of Cape Town | Fuel cell mea with combined metal gas diffusion layer and microporous layer |
JP2016015216A (ja) * | 2014-07-01 | 2016-01-28 | 東レ株式会社 | ガス拡散電極、その製造方法および製造装置 |
JP2016152094A (ja) * | 2015-02-17 | 2016-08-22 | 三菱レイヨン株式会社 | 多孔質炭素電極とその製造方法 |
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WO2023190153A1 (ja) * | 2022-03-30 | 2023-10-05 | 東レ株式会社 | ガス拡散電極、燃料電池および輸送用機器 |
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Also Published As
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CN104285324B (zh) | 2017-10-10 |
KR20150015486A (ko) | 2015-02-10 |
JPWO2013172174A1 (ja) | 2016-01-12 |
EP2851983A4 (en) | 2015-12-23 |
KR102066305B1 (ko) | 2020-01-14 |
CN104285324A (zh) | 2015-01-14 |
US10003079B2 (en) | 2018-06-19 |
TWI574453B (zh) | 2017-03-11 |
EP2851983A1 (en) | 2015-03-25 |
US20150118596A1 (en) | 2015-04-30 |
TW201407869A (zh) | 2014-02-16 |
JP6115467B2 (ja) | 2017-04-19 |
CA2868720C (en) | 2020-07-07 |
CA2868720A1 (en) | 2013-11-21 |
EP2851983B1 (en) | 2018-03-28 |
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