WO2013065743A1 - 内燃機関用のスパークプラグ及びその取付構造 - Google Patents
内燃機関用のスパークプラグ及びその取付構造 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013065743A1 WO2013065743A1 PCT/JP2012/078181 JP2012078181W WO2013065743A1 WO 2013065743 A1 WO2013065743 A1 WO 2013065743A1 JP 2012078181 W JP2012078181 W JP 2012078181W WO 2013065743 A1 WO2013065743 A1 WO 2013065743A1
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- ground electrode
- sub
- spark plug
- internal combustion
- combustion engine
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02P—IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
- F02P15/00—Electric spark ignition having characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F02P1/00 - F02P13/00 and combined with layout of ignition circuits
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02P—IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
- F02P13/00—Sparking plugs structurally combined with other parts of internal-combustion engines
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
- H01T13/00—Sparking plugs
- H01T13/02—Details
- H01T13/14—Means for self-cleaning
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
- H01T13/00—Sparking plugs
- H01T13/20—Sparking plugs characterised by features of the electrodes or insulation
- H01T13/32—Sparking plugs characterised by features of the electrodes or insulation characterised by features of the earthed electrode
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
- H01T13/00—Sparking plugs
- H01T13/46—Sparking plugs having two or more spark gaps
- H01T13/467—Sparking plugs having two or more spark gaps in parallel connection
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a spark plug for an internal combustion engine used for an automobile, a motorcycle, a cogeneration, a gas pressure pump, and the like, and a mounting structure thereof.
- FIG. 1 there is a spark plug 9 for an internal combustion engine used as an ignition means for an air-fuel mixture introduced into a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine such as an automobile.
- the spark plug 9 has a center electrode 94 and a ground electrode 95.
- One end of the ground electrode 95 is fixed to the housing 92 and bent, and the other end is disposed at a position facing the center electrode 94, thereby forming a spark discharge gap 911 with the center electrode 94.
- the ground electrode 95 is provided with a protruding portion 96 protruding toward the spark discharge gap 911 (see Patent Document 1). And as shown to FIG.
- a so-called in-cylinder direct injection system that directly injects an air-fuel mixture into a combustion chamber may be employed.
- the air-fuel mixture in the vicinity of the spark discharge gap in the spark plug is concentrated to ensure ignitability. Therefore, the carbon contamination of the spark plug due to incomplete combustion, that is, the problem is that the carbon adheres to the insulator tip of the spark plug and becomes conductive, and it becomes impossible to properly discharge from the ground electrode. ing.
- a spark plug 90 which is intended to improve the carbon fouling resistance comprising the main ground electrode 951 forming the main gap 912 and the sub-ground electrode 952 forming the sub gap 913. has been proposed (see Patent Documents 3 and 4).
- JP 2003-317896 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-324878 Japanese Patent No. 3272615 Japanese Patent No. 3140006
- the discharge spark E is continuously flowed in a certain direction, that is, the downstream side by the air flow F, so that the re-discharge is performed between the corner portion of the center electrode 94 (projection portion 941) and the corner portion of the projection portion 96. Is repeated, and this portion is biased and easily consumed (hereinafter referred to as uneven consumption). As a result, there has been a problem that the life of the spark plug 9 is reduced.
- the main ground electrode 951 is located upstream of the airflow F of the air-fuel mixture so as not to inhibit the airflow F toward the main gap 912. It is necessary not to be arranged on the side or downstream side. However, when the main ground electrode 951 is disposed at such a position, the sub-ground electrode 952 is positioned upstream and downstream of the airflow F as shown in FIG. There is a risk that. Therefore, when the spark plug 90 is used, no matter which posture the spark plug 90 is attached to the internal combustion engine, either the main ground electrode 951 or the sub-ground electrode 952 inhibits the air flow F, and the ignitability is improved. There is a risk of lowering.
- the present invention has been made in view of such a background, and intends to provide a spark plug for an internal combustion engine and its mounting structure capable of improving ignitability and life while maintaining carbon fouling resistance. Is.
- One embodiment of the present invention includes a cylindrical housing, a cylindrical insulator held inside the housing such that a distal end portion of the insulator protrudes from the housing, and the insulating insulator such that the distal end portion protrudes.
- a first sub-ground electrode connected to the housing and forming a first sub-gap between the outer peripheral corner portion of the insulator tip portion, and an outer peripheral corner portion of the insulator tip portion connected to the housing;
- a spark plug for an internal combustion engine comprising a second sub-ground electrode that forms a second sub-gap between the first sub-ground electrode and the second sub-ground electrode.
- the main ground electrode is disposed opposite to the opposite portion, the protruding length of the center electrode from the housing is Hc, the main gap is Gm, and the first sub-electrode is The protruding length of the ground electrode from the tip of the housing is Hs1, the protruding length of the second sub-ground electrode from the tip of the housing is Hs2, the length of the first subgap in the plug radial direction is Gs1, and the first When the plug radial direction length of the two sub-gap is expressed as Gs2, and the plug radial direction distance between the outer peripheral side corner and the inner peripheral side corner of the insulator tip is expressed as Gg, Hs1 ⁇ Hc + Gm, Gm ⁇ Gs1 + Gg, Gm ⁇ Gs2 + Gg, Hs2 ⁇ Hs1, Hc ⁇ Hs2
- the spark plug for an internal combustion engine is characterized by satisfying the following condition.
- a spark plug mounting structure in which the spark plug is mounted on an internal combustion engine, wherein the first sub-ground electrode disposed in the combustion chamber is more combustible than the second sub-ground electrode.
- the spark plug mounting structure for an internal combustion engine is arranged so as to be upstream of the airflow of the air-fuel mixture supplied to the chamber.
- the first sub-ground electrode and the second sub-ground electrode are disposed so as to face each other across the facing portion of the main ground electrode as viewed from the plug axial direction. Accordingly, the first sub-ground electrode is disposed on the upstream side of the air flow, and the second sub-ground electrode is disposed on the downstream side of the air flow while the main ground electrode is not disposed on the upstream side or the downstream side of the air flow of the air-fuel mixture.
- the spark plug can be attached to the internal combustion engine in a state of being disposed on the side.
- the protruding length Hs1 of the first sub-ground electrode from the front end of the housing satisfies Hs1 ⁇ Hc + Gm.
- the spark plug satisfies Gm ⁇ Gs1 + Gg and Gm ⁇ Gs2 + Gg.
- Gm ⁇ Gs1 + Gg and Gm ⁇ Gs2 + Gg As a result, in the spark plug before carbon fouling occurs, a discharge spark occurs between the center electrode and the first sub-ground electrode or between the center electrode and the second sub-ground electrode. In the main gap, a discharge spark can be obtained normally. As a result, the air-fuel mixture can be easily ignited in the main gap, and the flame can be easily grown. Therefore, the ignitability of the spark plug can be improved.
- the spark plug has a protrusion length Hs1 of the first sub ground electrode from the front end of the housing, a protrusion length Hs2 of the second sub ground electrode from the front end of the housing, and the protrusion from the housing.
- Hs2 ⁇ Hs1 and Hc ⁇ Hs2 are satisfied.
- tip part of the spark plug in background art It is explanatory drawing of the front-end
- (A) of the spark plug in the first embodiment explanatory diagram of a state in which the discharge spark is stretched between the center electrode and the main ground electrode
- FIG. The diagram which shows the re-discharge frequency ratio in Experimental example 2.
- FIG. Explanatory drawing by the partial cross section of the front-end
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA in FIG. 13. Explanatory drawing by the partial cross section of the front-end
- spark plug for an internal combustion engine can be used as an ignition means for the internal combustion engine in, for example, an automobile, a motorcycle, a cogeneration, a gas pressure pump, and the like. Further, in the present specification, the spark plug will be described with the side where the spark plug is inserted into the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine as the front end side and the opposite side as the base end side.
- the spark plug 1 of the present example includes a cylindrical housing 2, a cylindrical insulator 3 held inside the housing 2 so that the insulator tip 31 protrudes from the housing 2, and a tip A center electrode 4 held inside the insulator 3 so that the portion protrudes, and a main ground electrode 51, a first sub-ground electrode 52, and a second sub-ground electrode 53 connected to the housing 2, respectively. .
- the main ground electrode 51 has a main gap between the center electrode 4 and the center electrode 4 having a facing portion 511 facing the center electrode 4 from the plug axial direction (longitudinal direction of the spark plug 1: see FIG. 5). 61 is formed.
- the first sub-ground electrode 52 forms a first sub-gap 62 between the outer peripheral side corner 311 at the insulator tip 31.
- the second sub-ground electrode 53 forms a second sub-gap 63 with the outer peripheral corner 311 at the insulator tip 31.
- the first sub-ground electrode 52 and the second sub-ground electrode 53 are arranged to face each other across the facing portion 511 of the main ground electrode 51 when viewed from the plug axis direction.
- the spark plug 1 is formed so as to satisfy the following conditions. That is, as shown in FIG. 6, the spark plug 1 has a protruding length of the center electrode 4 from the housing 2 of Hc, a size of the main gap 61 of Gm, and a protruding of the first sub-ground electrode 52 from the tip of the housing 2.
- the length is Hs1
- the protrusion length of the second sub-ground electrode 53 from the tip of the housing 2 is Hs2
- the plug radial direction length of the first subgap 62 is Gs1
- the plug radial direction length of the second subgap 63 is Gs2
- the plug radial direction distance between the outer peripheral side corner 311 and the inner peripheral side corner 312 of the insulator tip 31 is expressed as Gg, Hs1 ⁇ Hc + Gm, Gm ⁇ Gs1 + Gg, Gm ⁇ Gs2 + Gg, Hs2 ⁇ Hs1, Hc ⁇ Hs2
- the spark plug 1 satisfies Gs1 ⁇ Gs2.
- the diameter of the housing 2 is 10 mm, and the thickness at the front end of the housing 2 is 1.4 mm.
- the main ground electrode 51 has one end fixed to the distal end portion of the housing 2 and a standing portion 512 standing on the distal end side, and bent from the other end of the standing portion 512.
- the center electrode 4 has a facing portion 511 facing the plug electrode from the plug axis direction.
- a protrusion 513 is disposed on the surface of the facing portion 511 facing the center electrode 4 (not shown in FIG. 7).
- the projection part 513 of this example is embed
- the tip portion of the center electrode 4 of this example constitutes a protruding portion 41 having a substantially cylindrical shape.
- the protruding portion 513 and the protruding portion 41 are constituted by a noble metal tip.
- the protrusion 513 disposed on the facing portion 511 of the main ground electrode 51 of this example is made of, for example, a platinum alloy.
- the protrusion 41 disposed at the tip of the center electrode 4 is made of, for example, an iridium alloy.
- a noble metal tip is joined to the facing portion 511 of the main ground electrode 51 by welding, and a projection 513 is configured by the noble metal tip.
- the first sub-ground electrode 52 and the second sub-ground electrode 53 have one end fixed to the distal end portion of the housing 2 and are erected on the distal end side, and the standing portions 522 and 532 Opposite portions 521 and 531 which are bent from the other end and face the central electrode 4 from a direction orthogonal to the plug axis direction are provided.
- the base material of the housing 2, the main ground electrode 51 (parts other than the protrusions 513), and the base materials of the first sub-ground electrode 52 and the second sub-ground electrode 53 are made of a nickel alloy.
- the spark plug 1 of this example is used for internal combustion engines for vehicles such as automobiles.
- the attachment structure of the spark plug 1 of this example to the internal combustion engine 8 will be described with reference to FIG.
- the spark plug 1 is attached to the internal combustion engine 8 for example, mixing in the combustion chamber 80 is performed using a known technique (for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 11-324878 and 11-351115) as shown in FIG.
- the spark plug 1 is attached to the internal combustion engine 8 by adjusting the position of the main ground electrode 51 with respect to the direction of the air flow F.
- the spark plug is adjusted so that the extending direction of the facing portion 511 of the main ground electrode 51 (broken line L5 shown in FIG. 7) is orthogonal to the direction of the air flow F. 1 is attached to the internal combustion engine 8. That is, the spark plug 1 is attached to the internal combustion engine 8 so that the standing portion 512 of the main ground electrode 51 does not shield the airflow F.
- the first sub-grounded electrode 52 disposed in the combustion chamber 80 is disposed on the upstream side of the airflow F of the air-fuel mixture supplied to the combustion chamber 80 with respect to the second sub-grounded electrode 53. Like that.
- This arrangement is also realized by using a known technique (for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 11-324878 and 11-351115).
- the discharge spark E is obtained in the main gap 61, the discharge spark E is caused to flow downstream by the airflow F of the air-fuel mixture, and as shown in FIG.
- the discharge spark E is stretched on the downstream side between this portion and the corner portion of the protrusion 513 of the main ground electrode 51.
- the air-fuel mixture is ignited by the discharge spark E during this period.
- the spark plug 1 of the present example discharges downstream between the corner of the projection 41 of the center electrode 4 and the corner of the projection 513 of the main ground electrode 51.
- the spark E is stretched, one end of the discharge spark E moves to the second sub-ground electrode 53. Therefore, the discharge spark E can be maintained between the protrusion 41 of the center electrode 4 and the second sub-ground electrode 53.
- the air-fuel mixture is ignited by the discharge spark E.
- a first sub-ground electrode 52 and a second sub-ground electrode 53 are disposed so as to face each other across the facing portion 511 of the main ground electrode 51 when viewed from the plug axial direction.
- the first sub-ground electrode 52 is arranged on the upstream side of the air flow F while the main ground electrode 51 is not arranged on the upstream side or downstream side of the air flow F of the air-fuel mixture.
- the spark plug 1 can be attached to the internal combustion engine 8 with the sub-ground electrode 53 disposed on the downstream side of the air flow F.
- the protruding length Hs1 of the first sub-ground electrode 52 from the front end of the housing 2 satisfies Hs1 ⁇ Hc + Gm.
- the spark plug 1 satisfies Gm ⁇ Gs1 + Gg and Gm ⁇ Gs2 + Gg.
- Gm ⁇ Gs1 + Gg and Gm ⁇ Gs2 + Gg As a result, in the spark plug 1 before the carbon fouling occurs, a discharge spark E is generated between the center electrode 4 and the first sub-ground electrode 52 or between the center electrode 4 and the second sub-ground electrode 53. This can be prevented, and the discharge spark E can be normally obtained in the main gap 61.
- the air-fuel mixture can be easily ignited in the main gap 61, and the flame can be easily grown. Therefore, the ignitability of the spark plug 1 can be improved.
- the spark plug 1 has a protruding length of the first sub-ground electrode 52 from the tip of the housing 2 as Hs1, a protruding length of the second sub-ground electrode 53 from the tip of the housing 2 as Hs2, and a center from the housing 2.
- Hs1 a protruding length of the electrode 4
- Hs2 a protruding length of the electrode 4
- Hs2 ⁇ Hs1 and Hc ⁇ Hs2 are satisfied.
- the discharge spark E generated in the main gap 61 is greatly stretched by the air flow F in the arrangement state
- the discharge spark E is received by the second sub-ground electrode 53 as shown in FIG. Can do.
- the spark plug 1 satisfies Gs1 ⁇ Gm.
- Gs1 ⁇ Gm As a result, as shown in FIG. 9B, when carbon contamination occurs in the spark plug 1, it is easy to discharge in the first sub gap 62, and a discharge spark is generated between the first sub ground electrode 52 and the center electrode 4. E can be easily obtained. Therefore, it is possible to easily ensure the carbon fouling resistance.
- the spark plug 1 satisfies Hs1 ⁇ Hc.
- Hs1 ⁇ Hc the airflow F toward the main gap 61
- the airflow F toward the main gap 61 can be reliably prevented from being blocked by the first sub-ground electrode 52, and the airflow F can easily enter the main gap 61. Therefore, a flame can be obtained by igniting the air-fuel mixture of the discharge spark E in the main gap 61, and the flame can be easily grown. As a result, the ignitability of the spark plug 1 can be improved effectively.
- the spark plug 1 satisfies Hs2 ⁇ Hc + Gm.
- the airflow F that has entered the main gap 61 from the first sub gap 62 side can be easily passed to the second sub gap 63 side. Therefore, the air-fuel mixture can be easily ignited in the main gap 61, and a flame can be easily grown. As a result, the ignitability of the spark plug 1 can be improved effectively.
- the spark plug 1 satisfies Gs1 ⁇ Gs2. Accordingly, when carbon contamination occurs in the spark plug 1 in the above arrangement state, the spark plug 1 can reliably discharge in the first sub gap 62 in the first sub ground electrode 52 on the upstream side. The carbon-stained portion can be burned out and eliminated by the spark E (this is hereinafter referred to as a carbon removal function). On the other hand, the spark plug 1 can also reliably move the discharge spark E generated in the main gap 61 to the second sub-ground electrode 53 on the downstream side, and suppress re-discharge due to the discharge spark E being out of discharge. (Hereinafter, this is referred to as a re-discharge suppression function).
- the spark plug 1 can reliably maintain the carbon fouling resistance, the consumption of the main ground electrode 51 can be reliably suppressed, and the life of the spark plug 1 can be effectively improved. In addition, sufficient ignition opportunities can be secured, and the ignitability of the spark plug 1 can be effectively improved.
- Example 1 In this example, as shown in FIG. 11, the ignitability of the spark plug was examined by comparing the A / F limit values.
- the maximum diameter of the base material of the center electrode 4 is 2.3 mm, and the electrode tip of the center electrode 4 is used.
- the cross section in the plug axis direction of the opposed portion 511 of the main ground electrode 51 is a substantially rectangular shape of 1.4 mm ⁇ 2.6 mm, and the opposed portions 521 of the first sub-ground electrode 52 and the second sub-ground electrode 53.
- the cross section in the plug axial direction at 531 was a substantially rectangular shape of 1.2 mm ⁇ 2.2 mm.
- Hc was set to 4.0 mm, Gm to 0.8 mm, Gs1 and Gs2 to 0.5 mm, and Gg to 1.0 mm.
- the spark plug 1 was set to satisfy Gm ⁇ Gs1 + Gg and Gm ⁇ Gs2 + Gg.
- the spark plugs of Samples 1 to 17 were attached to an in-line 4-cylinder 1.8L engine (hereinafter referred to as an ignition test apparatus), and the A / F value of the air-fuel mixture in the ignition test apparatus was changed.
- an ignition test apparatus it was evaluated whether the spark plugs of Samples 1 to 17 could be ignited even with a thin air-fuel mixture, that is, an air-fuel mixture with a high A / F value.
- This evaluation method uses the A / F limit value when the spark plug 9 (see FIG. 1) having no first sub-ground electrode 52 and second sub-ground electrode 53 as shown in the first embodiment is used.
- a / F limit value ratio the ratio of the A / F limit value to this (hereinafter referred to as “A / F limit value ratio”) is evaluated. That is, in samples 1 to 17, when the A / F limit value ratio exceeds 1.0, it is determined that the ignitability is improved, and when the A / F limit value ratio is less than 1.0, ignition is performed. It was judged that the sex decreased.
- the A / F limit value is determined by using the combustion fluctuation ratio, and is the limit A / F value that can be suppressed to a combustion fluctuation ratio that can be said to be normal combustion.
- the spark plug was attached to the ignition test apparatus with the first sub-ground electrode disposed on the upstream side of the airflow and the second sub-ground electrode disposed on the downstream side of the airflow (see FIG. 6).
- each bar graph represents the A / F limit value ratio of each measurement result of samples 1 to 17.
- the evaluation of the ignitability of each sample was shown in the column below the bar graph. Specifically, when the A / F limit value ratio exceeds 1.0, ⁇ is indicated, and when the A / F limit value ratio is less than 1.0, ⁇ is indicated.
- Samples 1 to 9 have an A / F limit value ratio exceeding 1.0 and excellent ignitability (evaluation is good). On the other hand, for samples 10 to 17, the A / F limit value ratio is less than 1.0, and the ignitability is lowered (evaluation is x).
- the samples 1 to 9 satisfy Hs1 ⁇ Hc + Gm, and the samples 10 to 17 do not satisfy Hs1 ⁇ Hc + Gm.
- Example 2 In this example, as shown in FIG. 12, the durability of the spark plug was examined by comparing the number of re-discharges. That is, in this example, the number of re-discharges of the spark plugs of Samples 1 to 17 shown in Experimental Example 1 (Table 1) was measured in the durability test shown below, and the number of re-discharges was shown in Experimental Example 1 above. It was confirmed whether the spark plug 9 (see FIG. 1) was suppressed as compared with the number of re-discharges. Each condition of the evaluation target (samples 1 to 17) in this example is the same as that in Experimental example 1 above. Three spark plugs of Samples 1 to 17 were prepared as samples.
- the spark plugs of Samples 1 to 17 were attached to a test apparatus simulating the combustion chamber 80, the inside of the apparatus was set to a nitrogen atmosphere, and the pressure was set to 0.6 MPa.
- an air-fuel mixture was sent into the apparatus so that an air flow having a flow rate of 30 m / second was formed near the tip of the spark plug, and a voltage was applied to the spark plug at a discharge period of 30 Hz.
- the ignition energy at this time was 70 mJ.
- the spark plug was attached to the test apparatus with the first sub-ground electrode disposed on the upstream side of the airflow and the second sub-ground electrode disposed on the downstream side of the airflow (see FIG. 6).
- the waveform of the discharge voltage of 10 spark discharges was measured using the high frequency probe for every division
- the result shown in FIG. 12 represents what was based on the average value of the number of times of re-discharge among three samples in each sample.
- the evaluation method of the durability test is that the number of re-discharges when the spark plug 9 (see FIG. 1) used also in Experimental Example 1 is attached to the test apparatus is 1.0 (hereinafter referred to as “re-discharge number ratio” Comparative evaluation. That is, in samples 1 to 17, it was determined that the durability was improved when the number of re-discharges was less than 1.0, and the durability was determined to be decreased when the number of re-discharges exceeded 1.0. .
- each bar graph represents the ratio of the number of redischarges of each measurement result of samples 1 to 17.
- the durability of each sample was evaluated. Specifically, when the re-discharge frequency ratio is less than 1.0, it is indicated by a circle, and when the re-discharge frequency ratio is 1.0, ⁇ is indicated, and the re-discharge frequency ratio exceeds 1.0. In the case, it is indicated by a cross.
- Samples 3, 6, 8, and 9 in which the durability improvement effect was observed also satisfy Hs2 ⁇ Hs1 and Hc ⁇ Hs2.
- Samples 1, 2, and 5 do not satisfy Hc ⁇ Hs2
- Samples 4 and 7 do not satisfy either Hs2 ⁇ Hs1 or Hc ⁇ Hs2.
- the re-discharge frequency ratio of Samples 10 to 17 is less than 1.0, and the re-discharge frequency can be suppressed.
- the re-discharge frequency ratio of Samples 10 to 17 is less than 1.0, and the re-discharge frequency can be suppressed.
- no improvement in ignitability was observed for Samples 10 to 17.
- the cross-sectional shape of the protrusion 513 of the facing portion 511 of the main ground electrode 51 is formed in a specific shape described below.
- the protrusion 513 in this example has a cross-sectional shape perpendicular to the plug axis direction having a minimum curvature radius portion 515 having the smallest curvature radius in the contour 514 and a specific shape satisfying the following conditions: It is.
- the conditions are determined as follows. That is, as shown in FIG. 14, first, a first straight line L1 connecting the minimum curvature radius portion 515 and the geometric gravity center P1 in the cross-sectional shape is assumed. Next, a first line segment M connecting the two intersection points P2 where the first straight line L1 intersects the cross-sectional outline 514 is assumed. Next, a second straight line L2 orthogonal to the first line segment M at the midpoint P3 of the first line segment M is assumed.
- the cross-sectional shape is divided into a first region B including the minimum curvature radius portion 515 and a second region C not including the minimum curvature radius portion 515 by the second straight line L2.
- the condition is that the area of the second region C is larger than the area of the first region B.
- the protrusion 513 in this example is arranged so that the first straight line L ⁇ b> 1 is orthogonal to the extending direction of the opposing portion 511 of the main ground electrode 51 (broken line L ⁇ b> 5 shown in FIG. 7). Yes.
- the protrusion 513 is formed such that the entire length W1 in the same direction as the first straight line L1 is smaller than the width W2 in the direction orthogonal to the extending direction of the facing portion 511.
- the protrusion part 513 is arrange
- the protrusion 513 has a cross-sectional outline 514 that is line-symmetric with respect to the first straight line L1.
- the contour 514 gradually increases in width in the second straight line L2 direction from the minimum curvature radius portion 515 (intersection P2 on the first region B side) of the first region B toward the second region C, and the second A maximum width portion 516 is formed in the region C, and the shape is constricted toward the intersection P2 on the second region C side with the maximum width portion 516 as a base point.
- the maximum width portion 516 is a portion having the smallest curvature radius in the contour 514 in the second region C.
- the protrusion 513 in this example is provided on the main ground electrode 51 so that the first region B is disposed on the first sub-ground electrode 52 side and the second region C is disposed on the second sub-ground electrode 53 side. It is fixed. Others are the same as in the first embodiment.
- the cross-sectional shape orthogonal to the plug axis direction of the protrusion 513 is formed in the specific shape. That is, as shown in FIG. 14, the area of the second region C in the cross-sectional shape is formed to be larger than the area of the first region B.
- the first region B is fixed to the main ground electrode 51 so that the first region B is disposed on the first sub-ground electrode 52 side and the second region C is disposed on the second sub-ground electrode 53 side.
- the spark plug 1 is arranged such that the first sub-ground electrode 52 is disposed on the upstream side of the air flow F and the second sub-ground electrode 53 is disposed on the downstream side of the air flow F.
- the first region B is disposed on the upstream side of the air flow F
- the second region C is disposed on the downstream side of the air flow F. Therefore, even if the re-discharge is repeated at the corner on the downstream side of the protrusion 513, the consumption of the protrusion 6 due to the re-discharge can be suppressed due to the large area. Therefore, uneven consumption of the protrusions 513 can be suppressed, and wear resistance can be further improved. As a result, the life of the spark plug 1 can be improved more effectively.
- the minimum curvature radius portion 515 in the first region B is arranged on the upstream side.
- the electric field is most easily concentrated, and the minimum radius of curvature 515 is likely to be the starting point of discharge. Therefore, by arranging the minimum radius of curvature portion 515 on the upstream side, the initial discharge spark E can be obtained on the upstream side of the protrusion 513. And it is possible to earn time until the discharge spark E is caused to flow downstream by the air-fuel mixture and blown off. Therefore, it is possible to ensure a sufficient ignition opportunity by the flame. As a result, the ignitability of the spark plug 1 can be improved more effectively.
- the said structure is implement
- the central electrode 4 is provided with the substantially cylindrical protrusion 41 and the main ground electrode 51 is provided with the protrusion 513 having the specific shape.
- the present invention is not limited to this. That is, the protrusion 41 may have the specific shape (see FIG. 14) similar to the protrusion 513 in this example.
- the protrusion 513 of the facing portion 511 of the main ground electrode 51 is formed in a specific shape shown in FIG. 15, and a narrow gap 611 and a wide gap 612 are formed in the main gap 61. Is an example of forming.
- “narrow” and “wide” of the gap express a relative magnitude relationship with respect to the size of the gap length in the plug axis direction.
- the protrusion 513 in this example is a substantially columnar body whose cross-sectional shape perpendicular to the plug axis direction satisfies the specific shape shown in the second embodiment (see FIG. 14). Further, the protrusion 513 has a maximum height T1 in the plug axis direction on one end side in a direction orthogonal to the plug axis direction, and a minimum height T2 in the plug axis direction on the other end side. In other words, as shown in FIG. 15, the protruding portion 513 is inclined with respect to the surface orthogonal to the plug axis direction, with the facing surface 517 facing the main gap 61.
- the center electrode 4 is provided with a substantially cylindrical protrusion 41, and the height in the plug axis direction is constant.
- the main gap 61 is configured to gradually expand from a narrow gap 611 on one end side toward a wide gap 612 on the other end side in one direction orthogonal to the plug axis direction. Yes. Further, in this example, the main gap 61 is configured to gradually expand along the direction orthogonal to the extending direction of the facing portion 511 of the main ground electrode 51 (broken line L5 shown in FIG. 7). .
- the protrusion 513 is fixed to the main ground electrode 51 such that the narrow gap 611 is disposed on the first sub-ground electrode 52 side and the wide gap 612 is disposed on the second sub-ground electrode 53 side. Others are the same as in the second embodiment.
- the projecting portion 513 has an opposing surface 517 that faces the main gap 61 inclined with respect to a surface orthogonal to the plug axis direction.
- the main gap 61 extends from one end side to the other end side so that a narrow gap 611 is formed on one end side and a wide gap 612 is formed on the other end side in one direction orthogonal to the plug axis direction. It is configured to gradually expand toward.
- the narrow gap 611 is fixed to the main ground electrode 51 so that the narrow gap 611 is disposed on the first sub-ground electrode 52 side and the wide gap 612 is disposed on the second sub-ground electrode 53 side.
- the spark plug 1 is arranged such that the first sub-ground electrode 52 is disposed on the upstream side of the air flow F and the second sub-ground electrode 53 is disposed on the downstream side of the air flow F.
- the narrow gap 611 is arranged on the upstream side of the air flow F, and the wide gap 612 is arranged on the downstream side of the air flow F. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the discharge voltage of the spark plug 1 and improve wear resistance and ignitability.
- the narrow gap 611 is arranged on the upstream side. In the vicinity of the narrow gap 611, the electric field is most easily concentrated, and one end side of the protrusion 513 is likely to be the starting point of discharge. As a result, the discharge voltage can be suppressed.
- the initial discharge spark E can be obtained on the upstream side of the protrusion 513, and the discharge spark E flows to the downstream side by the air-fuel mixture. You can earn time until it is blown out.
- a wide gap 612 is arranged on the downstream side of the airflow in the protrusion 513. Therefore, as described above, when the discharge spark E flows on the downstream side of the protrusion 513, the discharge distance of the discharge spark E between the center electrode 4 and the main ground electrode 51 can be increased. Therefore, it is easy to ensure a long discharge distance of the discharge spark E, and a sufficient opportunity to ignite the air-fuel mixture can be obtained. As a result, the ignitability of the spark plug 1 can be improved.
- the protruding portion 513 is inclined with respect to a surface in which the facing surface 517 facing the main gap 61 is orthogonal to the plug axis direction, and the main gap 61 is in one direction orthogonal to the plug axis direction.
- This is realized by gradually expanding from the narrow gap 611 on the side toward the wide gap 612 on the other end side.
- the wear resistance can be improved without particularly increasing the diameter of the protrusion itself. Therefore, the life of the spark plug 1 can be improved while suppressing the flame-extinguishing action.
- it has the same effects as those of the second embodiment.
- the protrusion part 41 may also incline the opposing surface which opposes the main gap 61 in the protrusion part 41 with respect to the surface orthogonal to a plug axial direction similarly to the protrusion part 513 in this example.
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Abstract
Description
上記スパークプラグ9は、中心電極94と接地電極95とを有する。該接地電極95はその一端がハウジング92に固定されると共に屈曲して、他端を中心電極94に対向する位置に配置されることで、中心電極94との間に火花放電ギャップ911を形成している。また、上記接地電極95には、火花放電ギャップ911へ向かって突出した突起部96が配されている(特許文献1参照)。そして、図2(A)、(B)に示すごとく、火花放電ギャップ911において放電がなされ、この放電により混合気に着火する。なお、図中の符号Eは放電により形成される放電火花を示し、符号Fは混合気の気流を示し、符号Iは火炎を示す。
接地電極とを備えた内燃機関用のスパークプラグであって、上記第1副接地電極と上記第2副接地電極とは、上記プラグ軸方向からみて、上記主接地電極の上記対向部を挟んで対向して配されており、上記ハウジングからの上記中心電極の突出長さをHc、上記メインギャップの大きさをGm、上記第1副接地電極の上記ハウジングの先端からの突出長さをHs1、上記第2副接地電極の上記ハウジングの先端からの突出長さをHs2、上記第1サブギャップのプラグ径方向長さをGs1、上記第2サブギャップのプラグ径方向長さをGs2、及び、上記碍子先端部の外周側角部と内周側角部との間のプラグ径方向距離をGgとそれぞれ表したとき、
Hs1<Hc+Gm、
Gm<Gs1+Gg、
Gm<Gs2+Gg、
Hs2≧Hs1、Hc<Hs2
という条件を満たすことを特徴とする内燃機関用のスパークプラグにある。
上記内燃機関用のスパークプラグは、例えば、自動車、自動二輪、コージェネレーション、ガス圧送用ポンプ等における内燃機関の着火手段として用いることができる。
また、本明細書においては、上記スパークプラグを、内燃機関の燃焼室内に挿入する側を先端側、その反対側を基端側として説明する。
実施例にかかるスパークプラグにつき、図5~図10を用いて説明する。
本例のスパークプラグ1は、図5に示すごとく、筒状のハウジング2と、碍子先端部31がハウジング2から突出するようにハウジング2の内側に保持された筒状の絶縁碍子3と、先端部が突出するように絶縁碍子3の内側に保持された中心電極4と、ハウジング2にそれぞれ接続された主接地電極51、第1副接地電極52及び第2副接地電極53とを備えている。
第1副接地電極52は、碍子先端部31における外周側角部311との間に第1サブギャップ62を形成している。
第2副接地電極53は、碍子先端部31における外周側角部311との間に第2サブギャップ63を形成している。
また、図7に示すごとく、第1副接地電極52と第2副接地電極53とは、プラグ軸方向からみて、主接地電極51の対向部511を挟んで対向して配されている。
Hs1<Hc+Gm、
Gm<Gs1+Gg、
Gm<Gs2+Gg、
Hs2≧Hs1、
Hc<Hs2
という条件を満たす。
また、スパークプラグ1は、Gs1<Gs2を満たす。
また、本例では、この対向部511における中心電極4に対向する面において、突起部513が配されている(図7においては図示略)。なお、本例の突起部513は、対向部511の内部に埋設されて配置されているが、これに限定されるものではない。
また、本例の中心電極4の先端部は、略円柱状をなす突起部41を構成している。
また、中心電極4の先端部に配されている突起部41は、例えば、イリジウム合金から構成されている。しかし、これらに限定されものではなく、例えば、ロジウム合金、タングステン合金等の高融点部材を用いて突起部41を構成してもよい。
そして、本例では、主接地電極51の対向部511に貴金属チップが溶接によって接合され、この貴金属チップによって、突起部513が構成されている。
なお、本例のスパークプラグ1は、自動車等の車両用の内燃機関に用いられる。
スパークプラグ1の内燃機関8への取付に際して、例えば、周知技術(例えば、特開平11-324878号公報、特開平11-351115号公報)を用いて、図8に示すごとく、燃焼室80における混合気の気流Fの方向に対して主接地電極51の位置を調節して、スパークプラグ1を内燃機関8へ取付ける。
また、図8に示すごとく、燃焼室80に配された第1副接地電極52は、第2副接地電極53よりも燃焼室80に供給される混合気の気流Fの上流側に配置されるようにする。この配置も、周知技術(例えば、特開平11-324878号公報、特開平11-351115号公報)を用いることで実現される。
中心電極4と主接地電極51との間に所定の電圧を印加することにより、メインギャップ61に放電させる際には、図9(A)に示すごとく、中心電極4と主接地電極51との間のメインギャップに61において初期の放電火花Eを得ることができる。つまり、メインギャップ61の大きさGmが最も小さく電界強度が高くなりやすいため、メインギャップ61において、初期の放電火花Eが生じる。
そして、本例のスパークプラグ1は、図10(B)に示すごとく、中心電極4の突起部41の角部と主接地電極51の突起部513の角部との間において、下流側に放電火花Eが引き伸ばされた際、放電火花Eの一端は、第2副接地電極53に移動する。そのため、中心電極4の突起部41と第2副接地電極53との間において、放電火花Eを維持できることとなる。そして、この間に放電火花Eによって混合気は着火される。
上記スパークプラグ1は、第1副接地電極52と第2副接地電極53とが、プラグ軸方向からみて、主接地電極51の対向部511を挟んで対向して配されている。これによって、図8に示すごとく、主接地電極51が混合気の気流Fの上流側或いは下流側に配されないようにしつつ、第1副接地電極52を気流Fの上流側に配し、第2副接地電極53を気流Fの下流側に配した状態でスパークプラグ1を内燃機関8に取付けることができる。
本例は、図11に示すごとく、スパークプラグの着火性について、A/F限界値の比較によって調べた例である。
そして、これらの試料を用いて以下の着火試験を行った。
また、第1副接地電極を気流の上流側に配し、第2副接地電極を気流の下流側に配した状態でスパークプラグを着火試験装置に取付けた(図6参照)。
本例は、図12に示すごとく、スパークプラグの耐久性を、再放電回数の比較によって調べた例である。
すなわち、本例では、以下に示す耐久試験において、上記実験例1(表1)で示した試料1~17のスパークプラグの再放電回数をそれぞれ計測し、再放電回数が上記実験例1で示したスパークプラグ9(図1参照)の再放電回数に比べて抑制されているか確認を行った。
本例における評価対象(試料1~17)の各条件は、それぞれ上記実験例1と同様である。また、試料1~17のスパークプラグは、それぞれ3個ずつサンプルとして用意した。
耐久試験にあたっては、試料1~17のスパークプラグを、燃焼室80を模した試験装置に装着し、装置内を窒素雰囲気とすると共に、圧力を0.6MPaとした。
また、スパークプラグの先端部付近に流速30m/秒の気流が形成されるように、装置内に混合気を送りこみ、放電周期30Hzにて、スパークプラグに電圧を印加した。このときの点火エネルギは70mJとした。
また、第1副接地電極を気流の上流側に配し、第2副接地電極を気流の下流側に配した状態でスパークプラグを試験装置に取付けた(図6参照)。
なお、図12に示す結果は、各試料における3個のサンプルのうちの再放電回数の平均値に基づくものを表したものである。
本例は、図13、図14に示すごとく、主接地電極51の対向部511の突起部513の断面形状を、以下において説明する特定形状に形成した例である。
その条件は、以下のように定められる。すなわち、図14に示すごとく、まず、上記断面形状における最小曲率半径部515と幾何学的重心P1とを結ぶ第一直線L1を想定する。次いで、第一直線L1が上記断面形状の輪郭514と交差する2つの交点P2間を結ぶ第一線分Mを想定する。次いで、第一線分Mの中点P3において第一線分Mと直交する第二直線L2を想定する。次いで、上記断面形状を第二直線L2によって、最小曲率半径部515を含む第1領域Bと最小曲率半径部515を含まない第2領域Cとに分割する。このとき、第2領域Cの面積は第1領域Bの面積よりも大きいという条件である。
その他は、第1の実施例と同様である。
その他、第1の実施例と同様の作用効果を有する。
本例は、図14、図15に示すごとく、主接地電極51の対向部511の突起部513を、図15に示す特定形状に形成すると共に、メインギャップ61において、狭いギャップ611と広いギャップ612を形成した例である。なお、このギャップの「狭い」、「広い」はプラグ軸方向のギャップ長の大きさに関する、互いの相対的な大小関係を言い表している。
また、突起部513は、プラグ軸方向に直交する方向の一端側において、プラグ軸方向の最大高さT1を有すると共に、他端側においてプラグ軸方向の最小高さT2を有する。つまり、突起部513は、図15に示すごとく、メインギャップ61に対向する対向面517がプラグ軸方向に直交する面に対して傾斜している。
中心電極4には、略円柱形状の突起部41が配されており、プラグ軸方向の高さが一定に形成されている。
また、本例では、メインギャップ61は、主接地電極51の対向部511の延設方向(図7に示す破線L5)に対して直交する方向に沿って徐々に拡大するように構成されている。
その他は、第2の実施例と同様である。
上記のような配置とすれば、狭いギャップ611が上流側に配置される。狭いギャップ611の付近は、最も電界集中させやすく突起部513における一端側が放電の起点となりやすい。その結果、放電電圧を抑制することもできる。そして、狭いギャップ611を形成する一端側を上流側に配置することにより、突起部513の中でもその上流側において初期の放電火花Eを得ることができ、放電火花Eが混合気によって下流側まで流されて吹き消されるまでの時間を稼ぐことができる。そのため、火炎による着火機会を充分確保することができると共に、これによって、再放電回数を抑制して、突起部513の消耗の促進も抑制し易くすることができる。その結果、スパークプラグ1の耐消耗性及び着火性を向上させることができる。
その他、第2の実施例と同様の作用効果を有する。
2 ハウジング
3 絶縁碍子
311 外周側角部
312 内周側角部
4 中心電極
51 主接地電極
52 第1副接地電極
53 第2副接地電極
61 メインギャップ
62 第1サブギャップ
63 第2サブギャップ
Claims (5)
- 筒状のハウジングと、碍子先端部が上記ハウジングから突出するように上記ハウジングの内側に保持された筒状の絶縁碍子と、先端部が突出するように上記絶縁碍子の内側に保持された中心電極と、上記ハウジングに接続されると共に上記中心電極にプラグ軸方向から対向する対向部を有して上記中心電極との間にメインギャップを形成する主接地電極と、上記ハウジングに接続されると共に上記碍子先端部における外周側角部との間に第1サブギャップを形成する第1副接地電極と、上記ハウジングに接続されると共に上記碍子先端部における外周側角部との間に第2サブギャップを形成する第2副接地電極とを備えた内燃機関用のスパークプラグであって、
上記第1副接地電極と上記第2副接地電極は、上記プラグ軸方向からみて、上記主接地電極の上記対向部を挟んで対向して配されており、
上記ハウジングからの上記中心電極の突出長さをHc、上記メインギャップの大きさをGm、上記第1副接地電極の上記ハウジングの先端からの突出長さをHs1、上記第2副接地電極の上記ハウジングの先端からの突出長さをHs2、上記第1サブギャップのプラグ径方向長さをGs1、上記第2サブギャップのプラグ径方向長さをGs2、上記碍子先端部の外周側角部と内周側角部との間のプラグ径方向距離をGgとそれぞれ表すとき、
Hs1<Hc+Gm、
Gm<Gs1+Gg、
Gm<Gs2+Gg、
Hs2≧Hs1、
Hc<Hs2
という条件を満たすことを特徴とする内燃機関用のスパークプラグ。 - 請求項1に記載の内燃機関用のスパークプラグにおいて、
Gs1<Gmを満たすことを特徴とする内燃機関用のスパークプラグ。 - 請求項1又は2に記載の内燃機関用のスパークプラグにおいて、
Hs1<Hcを満たすことを特徴とする内燃機関用のスパークプラグ。 - 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の内燃機関用のスパークプラグにおいて、
Hs2<Hc+Gmを満たすことを特徴とする内燃機関用のスパークプラグ。 - 請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の内燃機関用のスパークプラグを内燃機関に取付けてなるスパークプラグの取付構造であって、燃焼室に配された上記第1副接地電極は、上記第2副接地電極よりも上記燃焼室に供給される混合気の気流の上流側となるように配置されていることを特徴とする内燃機関用のスパークプラグの取付構造。
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JP3500664B2 (ja) * | 1993-08-19 | 2004-02-23 | 株式会社デンソー | 内燃機関用スパークプラグ |
JP3368635B2 (ja) * | 1993-11-05 | 2003-01-20 | 株式会社デンソー | スパ−クプラグ |
JP3272615B2 (ja) | 1995-11-16 | 2002-04-08 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | 内燃機関のスパークプラグ |
JP3780098B2 (ja) | 1998-05-07 | 2006-05-31 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | 内燃機関、内燃機関用点火プラグ、内燃機関用シリンダーヘッドおよび内燃機関用点火プラグの製造方法 |
JPH11351115A (ja) | 1998-06-12 | 1999-12-21 | Ngk Spark Plug Co Ltd | 内燃機関、点火プラグ組立体、シリンダーヘッド、点火プラグ、およびプラグ固定具 |
JP3721877B2 (ja) * | 1999-08-25 | 2005-11-30 | 株式会社デンソー | 内燃機関用スパークプラグ |
JP3941473B2 (ja) * | 2001-02-13 | 2007-07-04 | 株式会社デンソー | スパークプラグの製造方法 |
JP2003317896A (ja) | 2002-02-19 | 2003-11-07 | Denso Corp | スパークプラグ |
DE10340043B4 (de) * | 2003-08-28 | 2014-10-30 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Zündkerze |
DE602004006478T2 (de) * | 2003-12-19 | 2008-01-24 | Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd. | Zündkerze |
US7230370B2 (en) * | 2003-12-19 | 2007-06-12 | Ngk Spark Plug Co, Ltd. | Spark plug |
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JP4360271B2 (ja) * | 2004-05-31 | 2009-11-11 | 株式会社デンソー | スパークプラグ |
JP2006049206A (ja) * | 2004-08-06 | 2006-02-16 | Denso Corp | 内燃機関用スパークプラグ |
JP2008287917A (ja) * | 2007-05-15 | 2008-11-27 | Nippon Soken Inc | 内燃機関用のスパークプラグ |
DE102007053428A1 (de) * | 2007-11-09 | 2009-05-14 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Zündkerze mit langer Lebensdauer |
JP4908549B2 (ja) * | 2008-06-12 | 2012-04-04 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | スパークプラグ |
JP4864065B2 (ja) * | 2008-11-05 | 2012-01-25 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | スパークプラグ |
WO2011083583A1 (ja) * | 2010-01-08 | 2011-07-14 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の点火制御システム |
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2011
- 2011-11-02 JP JP2011241456A patent/JP5870629B2/ja active Active
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2012
- 2012-10-31 WO PCT/JP2012/078181 patent/WO2013065743A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2012-10-31 CN CN201280053790.9A patent/CN104025400B/zh active Active
- 2012-10-31 US US14/355,967 patent/US9482203B2/en active Active
- 2012-10-31 DE DE112012004585.8T patent/DE112012004585B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
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JP2000068032A (ja) * | 1998-06-11 | 2000-03-03 | Ngk Spark Plug Co Ltd | スパ―クプラグ |
JP2002231414A (ja) * | 2001-02-05 | 2002-08-16 | Nippon Soken Inc | 内燃機関用スパークプラグ |
JP2006073205A (ja) * | 2004-08-31 | 2006-03-16 | Ngk Spark Plug Co Ltd | スパークプラグ |
JP2008171646A (ja) * | 2007-01-10 | 2008-07-24 | Denso Corp | 内燃機関用のスパークプラグ |
JP2010073313A (ja) * | 2008-09-16 | 2010-04-02 | Denso Corp | スパークプラグ |
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JP2017147087A (ja) * | 2016-02-16 | 2017-08-24 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | 内燃機関 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN104025400A (zh) | 2014-09-03 |
JP2013098086A (ja) | 2013-05-20 |
US9482203B2 (en) | 2016-11-01 |
US20140299087A1 (en) | 2014-10-09 |
DE112012004585T5 (de) | 2014-08-21 |
DE112012004585B4 (de) | 2023-03-16 |
JP5870629B2 (ja) | 2016-03-01 |
CN104025400B (zh) | 2016-08-24 |
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