WO2013001105A1 - Transition structure and construction method - Google Patents
Transition structure and construction method Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013001105A1 WO2013001105A1 PCT/ES2011/070475 ES2011070475W WO2013001105A1 WO 2013001105 A1 WO2013001105 A1 WO 2013001105A1 ES 2011070475 W ES2011070475 W ES 2011070475W WO 2013001105 A1 WO2013001105 A1 WO 2013001105A1
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D31/00—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
- E02D31/002—Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B2/00—General structure of permanent way
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a transition structure consisting of prefabricated elements of reinforced concrete arranged in areas where there is a transition of rigidity in the road, whether it is rail or road traffic, as well as the procedure necessary for its construction; manufacturing, transportation, storage and placement.
- the main objective of this solution is to obtain a transition that allows the variation of rigidities (vertical) to occur gradually between the earthworks and the factory works (viaduct, underpass, drainage elements, etc.), minimizing the seats and maintenance work suffered by current transition designs, actions framed within the civil works construction sector.
- the present invention is applicable both in the construction and repair of railway tracks and on highways and roads.
- the vertical rigidity of the track, rail or road is understood as the resistance provided by the whole of the built structure, railway or road, to deform under the force / load applied in the vehicle-infrastructure contact area (by a wheel of a railway vehicle), this value being one of the most relevant indicators of the quality and safety of the infrastructure (railway), said value being intimately related to the dimensioning of the infrastructure elements.
- the present invention aims at a transition structure or wedge for the materialization of the vertical stiffness transition constituted by precast concrete modules whereby the effects of deformations produced in the superstructure (of the track) are reduced as a result of variations Large-scale discontinuous throughout a land work as a result of the presence of transverse factory works, of the junction with an overpass or viaduct, etc.
- the transition structure proposed by the present invention is composed of at least two precast reinforced concrete slabs or plates, placed one above the other determining two heights and two rows, the width of the slabs being equal between them and preferably in turn, at least, the width of the sleeper in the case of railway tracks because the maximum tensions are concentrated in the central part, an area that must be covered with the solution and, at least, the width of the road in the case of Roads of traffic. Also, in those cases in If the width of the track is greater than the widest possible width of the slabs for their construction or transport reasons, slabs may be arranged in parallel increasing their width, whether or not they can be mechanically joined or coupled.
- the structure is formed by solid slabs stacked on each other properly, the structure or wedge being composed of prefabricated pieces with at least one of its different dimensions, preferably the length, being conveniently aligned next to the face of the factory work.
- This type of solution allows an important variability, being able to increase the number of heights formed by slabs or prefabricated plates to adapt, in each specific case, to the difference of rigidities of the work in question.
- the slabs are arranged in rows and in height in such a way that the length of the row of lower slabs is greater than the length of the row of upper slabs, determining the transition structure at the opposite end of the factory wall. a succession of steps. Each height will be formed by at least one row of equal length.
- these slabs in principle, are placed without any connection element, provided that at least one of the surfaces of the slab has a rough surface, so that its behavior as a continuous joint structure is due exclusively to the friction mobilized between the contact surfaces between the slabs.
- a basic solution of a transition structure according to the present invention consists of a wedge formed by at least two precast reinforced concrete slabs, with the same width and preferably the same thickness, but the first slab having a length of approximately twice as long as the second slab, and the first slab being arranged as a base and the second slab on it, thus defining two rows.
- Said first slab can be supported on the stratum where the factory work is supported (viaduct, underpass, drainage element, among others ...) or on at least one pillar or improved ground with sufficient bearing capacity, in turn supported on the stratum where said factory work is supported, depending on one alternative or another depending on the height of the factory work and the quality of the support layer.
- these slabs will be arranged in such a way that the contact areas of the slabs of a row do not coincide with the contact areas of the upper or lower row slabs, taking advantage of the slabs with at least two different lengths for this construction. This will prevent the creation of a continuous vertical joint along the entire wedge.
- the method for the installation of these elements for the formation of the transition structures or wedges object of the present invention does not require construction procedures that differ significantly from those already known, hence their advantages in terms of time reduction and greater control in both manufacturing and execution.
- Said installation method comprises the following stages: ⁇ Manufacture of the necessary prefabricated concrete modules (in prefabricated plants) destined to the configuration of the complete structure (wedge), with an adequate quality control of materials, process and finished product , under seal of quality. These elements will be available prior to the start of the work carried out in the construction of the work. ⁇ Transport and placement of said concrete elements in the construction plan, according to the final disposition adopted for them, and according to what is described in terms of the arrangement of the slabs.
- the invention object of the present patent application responds to the problems caused by the stiffness transitions existing in the Currently, by incorporating transition wedges that incorporate prefabricated concrete elements that replace the current transition wedges made with granular materials.
- Figure 1 shows the solution of the invention to a general case of transition wedge object of the invention with a height of land H on it.
- Figure 2 shows a perspective view of an alternative structure isolated from the environment.
- Figure 3 shows a side view of an alternative structure to that shown in Figure 1 without pillars.
- Figure 1 represents an example of embodiment of a structure or wedge 10 object of the present invention in which a set of slabs 1, 2 of two lengths, prefabricated reinforced concrete, stacked on top of each other in this example determining three heights is observed with three rows of slabs per height. On one of its longitudinal ends a set of slabs are aligned with the face of the factory 3 and on the opposite longitudinal end, other slabs determine three steps, one per height, the length of the lower height being greater than the height higher.
- said structure comprises slabs of two types 1, 2, in this case having a first slab 1 of a length that is approximately double the second slab 2.
- the width of the slabs is identical and the thickness of the same is preferably identical also, the width of the slabs being at least equal to the width of the crossbar in the case of railway tracks and at least equal to the width of the road or road in the case of circulation tracks rolled.
- the slabs 1, 2 are arranged in such a way that the joint created, by the contact of two of the slabs of a row, does not coincide with the one created by the slabs of the upper or lower row, taking advantage of to achieve said construction the slabs 1, 2 with two different lengths.
- the lower height of the structure has a lower row with three aligned slabs of greater length 1, on which a second row of slabs are arranged, as described above, with two slabs of greater length 1 in the center and two slabs of smaller length 2 on the sides, and on this second row three slabs are again arranged with the same configuration as the first (of greater length 1).
- a second intermediate height is provided comprising a first lower row with a slab of a longer length 1 flanked by two slabs of smaller length 2, on which a second row with two slabs of greater length 1 is provided, and a third row is disposed on this second row with the same constitution as the first lower row of this second height.
- the last height also composed of three rows of slabs, has three rows each formed by a slab of greater length 1.
- the different rows constituted by the slabs are aligned at one of their ends with the factory work 3, determining the different heights of the structure by the opposite end.
- the slabs of the lower row are supported on pillars 5, in turn supported on the substrate 4 where the factory work is supported 3.
- a layer of land 6 with a variable height is arranged and that depends on the specific application, on which a layer of form 7 is applied on which a protective sheet 8 is arranged.
- the track is arranged, be it rail or road.
- the dimensions of the slabs are variable, but because they are precast reinforced concrete slabs the thickness must be at least 0.2 meters.
- the width of the slab depends on the length of the crossbar in railroad applications and the width of the roadway in road or road traffic applications. In those cases in which the road is of greater width than the maximum possible width of the slab, for constructive or transport reasons, mainly in the case of application to roadways of traffic, the greater dimension of the slab can be arranged transversely to the track, this width being the largest dimension and the smallest dimension being the length, unlike what has been described so far in this document where the length dimension of the slab in the direction of the track has been considered. It is also possible to arrange slabs in parallel to achieve the width of the track.
- the length of the slabs that make up the structure can also be variable, but there must be at least two types of slabs with different lengths, and preferably two types of slabs where the length of one of the types 1 is approximately the double that of another type 2, in order to be able to build the structure object of the invention.
- the length ratio between the different types of slabs may not be 2 to 1 and there may also be more than two types of slabs with different lengths.
- slab dimensions for application on a railroad track is of a first type 1 with a length of 7.2 meters, a width of 2.5 meters and a thickness of 0.2 meters, while the second type of slab 2, it would have a length of 3.6 meters, width of 2.5 meters and thickness of 0.2 meters.
- slabs with other lengths and dimensions in the structure depending on their application although it is convenient that said slabs have the greatest possible dimensions since the larger these dimensions are, the better the slabs that make up the structure will behave as a single set, that is, as a whole one, and when presenting the larger slabs, a greater friction between slabs is guaranteed due to their greater weight.
- the width of the slabs would be determined by the need to cover the area where stresses are concentrated, and in order that the smaller the number of slabs, the better the structure's behavior as a single element or set .
- the minimum thickness of the slabs will be mainly determined also by the constructive conditions or requirements thereof.
- the maximum dimensions of the slabs will be limited by the maximum weight of the slab and the length of the slab since they must be transportable by land, and in particular by road.
- the preferable transport is through non-special vehicles that do not need transport permits for simplicity and ease, but if necessary, depending on the case, the slabs could be transported in special vehicles.
- the dimensions of the transition structure will be delimited in regards to their width by the width of the slabs, but in regards to their length and height, these will be variable so that it adapts to the necessary height that requires each work in question, being conveniently arranged next to the face of the factory work. Due to the ease of manufacturing and commissioning, adaptation to the height of stirrup or step work is simple and does not require any special calculation.
- Figure 2 shows another construction of a structure 10 according to the present invention, also with three heights and three rows stacked by height, in which the lower height of the structure is formed by a lower row that has only two slabs, one of greater length 1 and one of shorter length 2, on which a second row is also arranged with two slabs 1, 2 but alternated with respect to the first lower row so that the contact areas of the slabs of the second row do not coincide with the contact areas of the slabs of the lower row, and a third row with the same arrangement as the lower row.
- On this first height a second height of three stacked rows is arranged, each row being formed by a slab of greater length 1.
- the last height is formed by three rows stacked each row formed by a slab of smaller length 2.
- the third example of construction of a structure according to the present invention is a structure like the one shown in Figure 1, but instead of being placed on pillars 5, it rests directly on the support layer 4 of the structure of work 3.
- An alternative to the previous solutions, not shown in the figures, is the possibility of arranging slabs that have the same width and the same length, not having to be said dimensions equal to each other. In this way, when creating the different rows and heights, placing one slab over another, vertical joints that separate columns of slabs will be created.
- different solutions have been devised to ensure friction between the slabs. These solutions do not condition the operation of the slab as a whole so any of those that will be named below They may be valid and will be applied depending on the availability or construction processes of the company responsible for their manufacture:
- the transition structure described above can have several rows and several heights, such that the rows can have more than one slab in longitudinal contact with at least one other slab at least one of the two longitudinal ends , in order that the longitudinal contact areas of the slabs of a row do not coincide with the longitudinal contact areas of the slabs of an upper or lower row.
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Abstract
Transition structure and construction method, relating to a transition structure comprising prefabricated reinforced concrete elements arranged in areas where there is a transition in rigidity of a railway or highway, and also to the method necessary for the construction thereof.
Description
ESTRUCTURA DE TRANSICIÓN Y PROCEDIMIENTO DE CONSTRUCCION TRANSITION STRUCTURE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
OBJETO DE LA INVENCION OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
La presente invención se refiere a una estructura de transición consistente en elementos prefabricados de hormigón armado dispuestos en zonas donde existe una transición de rigidez en la vía, bien sea esta de ferrocarril o de tráfico rodado, así como al procedimiento necesario para su construcción; fabricación, trasporte, acopio y colocación. The present invention relates to a transition structure consisting of prefabricated elements of reinforced concrete arranged in areas where there is a transition of rigidity in the road, whether it is rail or road traffic, as well as the procedure necessary for its construction; manufacturing, transportation, storage and placement.
Dada la problemática existente en las transiciones de rigidez, el objetivo principal de esta solución es el de obtener una transición que permita que la variación de rigideces (verticales) se produzca de forma gradual entre las obras de tierra y las obras de fábrica (viaducto, paso inferior, elementos de drenaje, etc.), minimizando los asientos y labores de mantenimiento que sufren los actuales diseños de transiciones, actuaciones enmarcadas dentro del sector de la construcción de obra civil. Given the problem in stiffness transitions, the main objective of this solution is to obtain a transition that allows the variation of rigidities (vertical) to occur gradually between the earthworks and the factory works (viaduct, underpass, drainage elements, etc.), minimizing the seats and maintenance work suffered by current transition designs, actions framed within the civil works construction sector.
La presente invención es de aplicación tanto en la construcción y reparación de vías de ferrocarril como en autopistas y carreteras. The present invention is applicable both in the construction and repair of railway tracks and on highways and roads.
ESTADO DE LA TECNICA STATE OF THE TECHNIQUE
En el estado de la técnica son conocidos distintos métodos y dispositivos diseñados para minimizar la variación de rigideces, principalmente verticales, existentes entre las obras de tierra y las obras de fábrica. In the state of the art, different methods and devices designed to minimize the variation of rigidities, mainly vertical, existing between the land works and the factory works are known.
La rigidez vertical de la vía, férrea o carretera, se entiende como la resistencia que proporciona el conjunto de la estructura construida, ferroviaria o carretera, a deformarse bajo la fuerza/carga aplicada en la zona de contacto vehículo- infraestructura (por una rueda de un vehículo ferroviario), siendo este valor uno de los indicadores más relevantes de la calidad y la seguridad de la infraestructura (ferroviaria), estando dicho valor íntimamente relacionado con el dimensionamiento de los elementos de la infraestructura. The vertical rigidity of the track, rail or road, is understood as the resistance provided by the whole of the built structure, railway or road, to deform under the force / load applied in the vehicle-infrastructure contact area (by a wheel of a railway vehicle), this value being one of the most relevant indicators of the quality and safety of the infrastructure (railway), said value being intimately related to the dimensioning of the infrastructure elements.
Si tomamos la infraestructura ferroviaria, como bien es sabido por parte de los técnicos encargados de la construcción de plataformas ferroviarias ha de garantizarse, en la medida de lo posible, un valor de la rigidez vertical de la vía lo más homogéneo posible, evitando cambios significativos. Las obras de paso transversal y las
estructuras que salvan accidentes geográficos o infraestructuras ya existentes, en particular sus estribos, suelen presentar una rigidez elevada, con movimientos verticales nulos o muy reducidos. Por el contrario, los terraplenes de acceso a dichas obras presentan unos desplazamientos muy superiores y, por tanto, una menor rigidez vertical. Este hecho provoca que, en una zona de reducida longitud, se produzca una variación importante de la rigidez vertical. If we take the railway infrastructure, as is well known by the technicians in charge of the construction of railway platforms, it should be guaranteed, as far as possible, a value of the vertical stiffness of the road as homogeneous as possible, avoiding significant changes . Transversal works and structures that save existing geographical accidents or infrastructures, in particular their stirrups, tend to have a high rigidity, with zero or very small vertical movements. On the contrary, the embankments of access to these works have much higher displacements and, therefore, lower vertical stiffness. This fact causes that, in an area of reduced length, an important variation of the vertical stiffness occurs.
Para evitar los efectos perjudiciales (reducción del confort, menor velocidad de circulación, mayor desgaste del material móvil y de la vía, mayores costes de mantenimiento, etc.) que este cambio brusco genera debe disponerse sobre la vía un elemento que distribuya lo más homogéneamente posible el cambio de rigidez siendo, las denominadas, "estructuras o cuñas de transición" sobre las que recae dicha función. In order to avoid the harmful effects (reduction of comfort, lower speed of movement, greater wear of the moving material and the road, higher maintenance costs, etc.) that this sudden change generates, an element that distributes the most homogeneously must be arranged on the track possible the change of rigidity being, the denominated ones, "structures or wedges of transition" on which this function falls.
Actualmente en España, la tipología de las cuñas, su forma constructiva y la metodología de ejecución y ensayo vienen tipificadas por el Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias (ADIF) en el Pliego de Prescripciones Técnicas Tipo para los Proyectos de Plataforma (PGP 2008), así como en las Instrucciones y Recomendaciones para la Redacción de Proyectos de Plataforma (IGP 2008) elaborado también por ADIF, discretizando las transiciones de rigidez en 4 casos principales, estando formadas dichas soluciones por diversos materiales granulares dispuestos en forma de "cuña". De forma análoga, el resto de las principales administraciones ferroviarias han elaborado unas fichas en las que se recogen las características principales para construir las transiciones, variando el tipo de material en cada una de ellas y su disposición. Currently in Spain, the wedge typology, its constructive form and the execution and test methodology are typified by the Railway Infrastructure Manager (ADIF) in the Technical Specifications Sheet for the Platform Projects (PGP 2008), as well as In the Instructions and Recommendations for the Drafting of Platform Projects (IGP 2008) also prepared by ADIF, discretizing the stiffness transitions in 4 main cases, said solutions being formed by various granular materials arranged in the form of "wedge". In a similar way, the rest of the main railway administrations have prepared some sheets in which the main characteristics to construct the transitions are collected, varying the type of material in each of them and their disposition.
El funcionamiento de dichas cuñas granulares, desde el punto de vista teórico, cumple su función, permitiendo alcanzar la rigidez de la obra de fábrica de forma gradual, adaptando la deformabilidad de la vía a la que posee sobre la obra en cuestión. The operation of these granular wedges, from the theoretical point of view, fulfills its function, allowing to reach the rigidity of the factory work gradually, adapting the deformability of the road to which it has on the work in question.
Sin embargo, la experiencia ha revelado, probablemente debido a la dificultad de ejecutar correctamente estas unidades de obra (materiales y tiempos de ejecución) que pese a la adopción de las distintas soluciones planteadas, siguen existiendo importantes variaciones de rigidez que hacen, en muchos de los casos, que el problema no esté resuelto y provoque una serie de problemas tanto a la infraestructura como a los vehículos y viajeros que circulan sobre los mismos. Esto es debido, fundamentalmente, a que la construcción de las cuñas granulares tiene asociado una
serie de problemas que ocasionan, en la mayoría de los casos, que no se materialice correctamente la misma. However, experience has revealed, probably due to the difficulty of correctly executing these work units (materials and execution times) that despite the adoption of the different solutions proposed, there are still important variations of rigidity that do, in many of the cases, that the problem is not solved and causes a series of problems both to the infrastructure and to the vehicles and travelers that circulate on them. This is mainly due to the fact that the construction of granular wedges has an associated series of problems that cause, in most cases, that it does not materialize correctly.
En el estado de la técnica no es conocida ninguna solución como la planteada en la presente solicitud, pese a que si son conocidas soluciones que emplean sistemas de cuñas granulares para la materialización de una transición gradual en la rigidez vertical de las vías de ferrocarril, que comprenden un sistema de ejecución del terraplén contiguo al punto de máxima rigidez (obra de fábrica) mediante la debida colocación y compactacion de materiales granulares con características concretas tratados o no con cemento. Este sistema de cuñas granulares presenta, sin embargo, determinados problemas tales como: In the state of the art, no solution is known as the one proposed in the present application, although if solutions are known that employ granular wedge systems for the materialization of a gradual transition in the vertical stiffness of railway tracks, which they comprise a system of execution of the embankment adjacent to the point of maximum rigidity (factory work) through the proper placement and compaction of granular materials with concrete characteristics treated or not with cement. However, this system of granular wedges presents certain problems such as:
• Elevados costes económicos (extracción, adquisición y transporte de materiales, personal cualificado, maquinaria, mantenimiento frecuente). • High economic costs (extraction, acquisition and transport of materials, qualified personnel, machinery, frequent maintenance).
• Plazos de ejecución elevados, que exponen los materiales a la acción de factores climatológicos (causantes de plazos de ejecución excesivos y frecuentes retrasos). • High execution deadlines, which expose the materials to the action of climatic factors (causing excessive execution times and frequent delays).
• Elevada susceptibilidad a ataques climatológicos, principalmente agua. • High susceptibility to weather attacks, mainly water.
• Dificultad del control de calidad del producto final y del proceso de ejecución. • Difficulty in the quality control of the final product and the execution process.
• Disminución en el confort y seguridad de los usuarios. · Incertidumbre en su comportamiento durante la explotación. • Decrease in user comfort and safety. · Uncertainty in their behavior during exploitation.
• Grandes costes ambientales ante la dificultad de obtención del material granular, que conlleva la apertura de nuevas canteras y prohibitivos costes de transporte y con sus elevadas emisiones de C02. • Major environmental costs due to the difficulty of obtaining the granular material, which involves opening new quarries and prohibitive transportation costs and with high C0 2 emissions.
• Necesidad de fabricación del material tratado con cemento en plantas, lo que conlleva la nueva construcción de éstas si la infraestructura está alejada de los centros de producción de hormigón. • Need to manufacture cement-treated material in plants, which entails their new construction if the infrastructure is far from the concrete production centers.
Con el objetivo fundamental de potenciar la rentabilidad económica, tanto de las líneas convencionales como las nuevas líneas de alta velocidad que se están desarrollando a lo largo del mundo, así como para asegurar y mantener el éxito de las mismas en un escenario futuro y, puesto de manifiesto que las transiciones terraplén-
estructura son fuente de grandes necesidades de mantenimiento, provocando un elevado aumento de los costes, se plantea la presente invención como solución a la problemática existente. Esta solución no es de aplicación exclusiva para vías de ferrocarril sino que tal y como también se ha mencionado es de aplicación también a vías de tráfico rodado tal como carreteras y autopistas. With the fundamental objective of boosting economic profitability, both of the conventional lines and the new high-speed lines that are being developed throughout the world, as well as to ensure and maintain their success in a future scenario and, put manifest that embankment transitions- structure are a source of great maintenance needs, causing a high increase in costs, the present invention is proposed as a solution to the existing problem. This solution is not exclusively applicable to railroad tracks, but as it has also been mentioned, it is also applicable to road traffic routes such as roads and highways.
DESCRIPCION DE LA INVENCION DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
La presente invención tiene por objeto una estructura o cuña de transición para la materialización de la transición de la rigidez vertical constituida por módulos de hormigón prefabricado mediante la cual se logra disminuir los efectos de deformaciones producidas en la superestructura (de la vía) consecuencia de variaciones discontinuas de gran orden a lo largo de una obra de tierra como resultado de la presencia de obras de fábrica transversales, del entronque con un paso superior o viaducto, etc. The present invention aims at a transition structure or wedge for the materialization of the vertical stiffness transition constituted by precast concrete modules whereby the effects of deformations produced in the superstructure (of the track) are reduced as a result of variations Large-scale discontinuous throughout a land work as a result of the presence of transverse factory works, of the junction with an overpass or viaduct, etc.
Las premisas que marcan el diseño de las cuñas de transición objeto de esta solicitud, así como sus dimensiones, son las de crear una estructura estable en su conjunto, capaz de resistir y transmitir de forma correcta los esfuerzos, realizable con la tecnología actual bajo una eficiencia estructural y económica. La elección de la cuña más apropiada se ha planteado a través de un problema de toma de decisiones con criterios múltiples o multicriterio. Los resultados del cálculo están basados en la normativa referente a los materiales empleados: The premises that mark the design of the transition wedges object of this application, as well as their dimensions, are those of creating a stable structure as a whole, capable of resisting and transmitting the efforts correctly, achievable with current technology under a structural and economic efficiency. The choice of the most appropriate wedge has been raised through a decision-making problem with multiple or multi-criteria criteria. The calculation results are based on the regulations regarding the materials used:
• EHE-08. Instrucción de hormigón estructural EHE. • EHE-08. EHE structural concrete instruction.
• EC-2. Eurocódigo 2, "Proyecto de Estructuras de Hormigón". • EC-2. Eurocode 2, "Concrete Structures Project".
• IGP-2008. Instrucciones y Recomendaciones para la redacción de proyectos de plataforma. • IGP-2008. Instructions and Recommendations for writing platform projects.
La estructura de transición propuesta por la presente invención está compuesta por al menos dos losas o placas prefabricadas de hormigón armado, situadas una sobre otra determinando dos alturas y dos hileras, siendo la anchura de las losas igual entre ellas y preferiblemente a su vez de, al menos, el ancho de la traviesa en el supuesto de vías de ferrocarril debido a que las tensiones máximas se concentran en la parte central, zona que se debe cubrir con la solución y, al menos, el ancho de la calzada en el supuesto de vías de circulación rodada. Asimismo, en aquellos casos en
los que el ancho de la vía sea superior al mayor ancho posible de las losas por razones constructivas o de transporte de estas, se podrán disponer losas en paralelo aumentando su anchura, pudiendo estar o no mecánicamente unidas o acopladas. The transition structure proposed by the present invention is composed of at least two precast reinforced concrete slabs or plates, placed one above the other determining two heights and two rows, the width of the slabs being equal between them and preferably in turn, at least, the width of the sleeper in the case of railway tracks because the maximum tensions are concentrated in the central part, an area that must be covered with the solution and, at least, the width of the road in the case of Roads of traffic. Also, in those cases in If the width of the track is greater than the widest possible width of the slabs for their construction or transport reasons, slabs may be arranged in parallel increasing their width, whether or not they can be mechanically joined or coupled.
La estructura está formada por losas macizas apiladas unas sobre otras adecuadamente, estando la estructura o cuña compuesta por piezas prefabricadas con, al menos, una de sus dimensiones diferentes, preferiblemente el largo, estando convenientemente alineadas junto al paramento de la obra de fábrica. Este tipo de solución permite una variabilidad importante, pudiéndose aumentar el número de alturas formadas por losas o placas prefabricadas para adaptarse, en cada caso concreto, a la diferencia de rigideces de la obra en cuestión. Las losas se disponen en hileras y en altura de tal manera que la longitud de la hilera de losas inferior es mayor que la longitud de la hilera de losas superior, determinando la estructura de transición en el extremo opuesto al del paramento de la obra de fábrica una sucesión de escalones. Cada altura estará formada por al menos una hilera de igual longitud. En el caso de que la disposición de la vía, ferrocarril o carretera, respecto de la transición fuera esviada (ángulo de esviaje entre 0 y 455), la solución es igualmente válida ya que, cambiaría la forma de las primeras losas, losas externas de la cuña o estructura, de forma que se ajustara al ángulo de esviaje requerido y por tanto a la disposición de la vía. El sistema de colocación de las losas sucesivas sería el mismo. En el caso de que se necesite construir la estructura en un terreno de insuficiente capacidad portante, previamente habrá que realizar una mejora de la plataforma (sustitución del mismo por otro más adecuado, añadir cemento, etc.) e, incluso pilotar la solución, si se considerara necesario, de forma que se asegure en todos los casos que la transición cuenta con una adecuada capacidad portante. Hay que considerar que estas losas, en principio, están colocadas sin ningún tipo de elemento de conexión, teniendo previsto que al menos una de las superficies de la losa presente una superficie rugosa, de manera que su comportamiento como estructura conjunta continua se deba exclusivamente al rozamiento movilizado entre las superficies de contacto entre las losas. Asimismo, es posible introducir algún elemento o material entre las losas durante la fase de obra que aumente la capacidad de movilizar tensiones entre unas losas y otras, impidiendo el desplazamiento entre losas.
En el caso de que el rozamiento entre las losas no se pudiese garantizar, es posible dimensionar las losas con orificios pasantes que permitan posteriormente el cosido o unión de las losas mediante bulones metálicos, pasadores o cualquier otro dispositivo, así como el caso de construir las placas con una morfología que permita un sistema de machihembrado tanto en el plano horizontal como vertical tal que, al unir las losas, el conjunto funcione como un todo uno. Dicho machihembrado puede realizarse tanto en el plano vertical como en el plano horizontal, de manera que las losas puedan acoplarse con otras losas situadas por encima o por debajo de ellas así como con otras situadas en su mismo plano. Con esta configuración se pretende dar solución a los distintos tipos de transiciones definidas por el administrador de infraestructuras de cada país. En el caso del Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias (ADIF) en España, este define 4 prototipos de transiciones, siendo H la altura de tierras situada sobre la estructura de transición: · Caso 0 < H < 0,5. The structure is formed by solid slabs stacked on each other properly, the structure or wedge being composed of prefabricated pieces with at least one of its different dimensions, preferably the length, being conveniently aligned next to the face of the factory work. This type of solution allows an important variability, being able to increase the number of heights formed by slabs or prefabricated plates to adapt, in each specific case, to the difference of rigidities of the work in question. The slabs are arranged in rows and in height in such a way that the length of the row of lower slabs is greater than the length of the row of upper slabs, determining the transition structure at the opposite end of the factory wall. a succession of steps. Each height will be formed by at least one row of equal length. In the event that the arrangement of the track, rail or road, with respect to the transition was shifted (angle of deviation between 0 and 45 5 ), the solution is equally valid since, it would change the shape of the first slabs, external slabs of the wedge or structure, so that it will adjust to the required angle of deflection and therefore to the arrangement of the track. The placement system of the successive slabs would be the same. In the event that the structure needs to be built on a land of insufficient bearing capacity, an improvement of the platform (replacement of the same by a more suitable one, add cement, etc.) must be carried out and even pilot the solution, if It will be considered necessary, so as to ensure in all cases that the transition has an adequate bearing capacity. It must be considered that these slabs, in principle, are placed without any connection element, provided that at least one of the surfaces of the slab has a rough surface, so that its behavior as a continuous joint structure is due exclusively to the friction mobilized between the contact surfaces between the slabs. Likewise, it is possible to introduce some element or material between the slabs during the construction phase that increases the capacity to mobilize tensions between some slabs and others, preventing displacement between slabs. In the event that friction between the slabs could not be guaranteed, it is possible to size the slabs with through holes that subsequently allow the sewing or joining of the slabs by metal bolts, pins or any other device, as well as the case of building the plates with a morphology that allows a tongue and groove system in both the horizontal and vertical planes such that, when joining the slabs, the assembly functions as a whole one. Said tongue and groove can be performed both in the vertical plane and in the horizontal plane, so that the slabs can be coupled with other slabs located above or below them as well as with other slabs located in the same plane. This configuration is intended to solve the different types of transitions defined by the infrastructure manager of each country. In the case of the Railway Infrastructure Administrator (ADIF) in Spain, it defines 4 prototypes of transitions, where H is the height of land located on the transition structure: · Case 0 <H <0.5.
• Caso 0,5 < H < 2. • Case 0.5 <H <2.
• H≥ 2. • H≥ 2.
• Estribo. • Stapes.
Una solución básica de una estructura de transición según la presente invención consiste en una cuña formada por al menos dos losas prefabricadas de hormigón armado, con la misma anchura y preferiblemente mismo espesor, pero presentando la primera losa una longitud de, aproximadamente, el doble que la segunda losa, y disponiéndose la primera losa como base y la segunda losa sobre ella, definiéndose de esta manera dos hileras. Dicha primera losa se puede apoyar sobre el estrato donde se apoya la obra de fábrica (viaducto, paso inferior, elemento de drenaje, entre otros...) o bien sobre al menos un pilar o terreno mejorado con suficiente capacidad portante, a su vez apoyado sobre el estrato donde se apoya dicha obra de fábrica, dependiendo una alternativa u otra de la altura de la obra de fábrica y de la calidad del estrato de apoyo. Si es necesario construir una estructura de transición con un mayor número de losas prefabricadas, determinando más de dos hileras, dichas losas se dispondrán de tal manera que las zonas de contacto de las losas de una hilera no coincidan con las
zonas de contacto de las losas de la hilera superior o inferior, aprovechando para dicha construcción las losas con, al menos, dos longitudes distintas. De esta forma se evitará la creación de una junta vertical continua a lo largo de toda la cuña. A basic solution of a transition structure according to the present invention consists of a wedge formed by at least two precast reinforced concrete slabs, with the same width and preferably the same thickness, but the first slab having a length of approximately twice as long as the second slab, and the first slab being arranged as a base and the second slab on it, thus defining two rows. Said first slab can be supported on the stratum where the factory work is supported (viaduct, underpass, drainage element, among others ...) or on at least one pillar or improved ground with sufficient bearing capacity, in turn supported on the stratum where said factory work is supported, depending on one alternative or another depending on the height of the factory work and the quality of the support layer. If it is necessary to construct a transition structure with a greater number of prefabricated slabs, determining more than two rows, these slabs will be arranged in such a way that the contact areas of the slabs of a row do not coincide with the contact areas of the upper or lower row slabs, taking advantage of the slabs with at least two different lengths for this construction. This will prevent the creation of a continuous vertical joint along the entire wedge.
Una alternativa a la solución anterior, y que podría ser de utilidad en determinadas circunstancias, es la posibilidad de disponer losas que posean la misma anchura y la misma longitud, no teniendo por qué ser dichas dimensiones iguales entre si. De esta manera, al crear las distintas hileras y alturas, colocando una losa sobre otra, se crearán juntas verticales continuas que separan columnas de losas. An alternative to the previous solution, and that could be useful in certain circumstances, is the possibility of arranging slabs that have the same width and the same length, not having to be said dimensions equal to each other. In this way, by creating the different rows and heights, placing one slab over another, continuous vertical joints will be created that separate columns from slabs.
Asimismo, el método para la instalación de estos elementos para la formación de las estructuras o cuñas de transición objeto de la presente invención, no requiere procedimientos de construcción que difieran significativamente a los ya conocidos, de ahí sus ventajas en cuanto a disminución de tiempos y mayor control tanto en la fabricación como en la ejecución. Dicho método de instalación, comprende las siguientes etapas: · Fabricación de los módulos prefabricados de hormigón necesarios (en planta de prefabricados) destinados a la configuración de la estructura completa (cuña), con un adecuado control de calidad de materiales, proceso y producto acabado, bajo sello de calidad. Dichos elementos estarán disponibles previo comienzo de los trabajos realizados en la traza de la obra. · Transporte y colocación de dichos elementos de hormigón en la traza de la obra, según disposición final adoptada para los mismos, y de acuerdo a lo descrito en cuanto a la disposición de las losas. Likewise, the method for the installation of these elements for the formation of the transition structures or wedges object of the present invention does not require construction procedures that differ significantly from those already known, hence their advantages in terms of time reduction and greater control in both manufacturing and execution. Said installation method comprises the following stages: · Manufacture of the necessary prefabricated concrete modules (in prefabricated plants) destined to the configuration of the complete structure (wedge), with an adequate quality control of materials, process and finished product , under seal of quality. These elements will be available prior to the start of the work carried out in the construction of the work. · Transport and placement of said concrete elements in the construction plan, according to the final disposition adopted for them, and according to what is described in terms of the arrangement of the slabs.
• Extendido del material granular y compactación con útiles adecuados. • Extended granular material and compaction with suitable tools.
Las diferentes fases ponen de manifiesto la sencillez del sistema de fabricación, transporte y montaje así como las mejoras en cuanto a reducción de tiempos de ejecución y abaratamiento de los costes. Esto es debido a que las empresas de prefabricados de hormigón están muy familiarizadas con la fabricación de estas piezas y el transporte requiere la utilización de vehículos comunes al igual que la colocación y montaje. De todo ello, se puede crear un proceso "industrializado" lo que se traduce en una reducción en los tiempos de cada una de las fases y el abaratamiento de los costes.
Las principales ventajas derivadas de la solución descrita redundan principalmente en la minimización del riesgo de asientos diferenciales, que conseguirán: The different phases show the simplicity of the manufacturing, transport and assembly system as well as the improvements in terms of reduced execution times and lower costs. This is because the precast concrete companies are very familiar with the manufacture of these parts and transportation requires the use of common vehicles as well as placement and assembly. From all this, an "industrialized" process can be created which translates into a reduction in the times of each of the phases and the cost reduction. The main advantages derived from the described solution result mainly in the minimization of the risk of differential seats, which will achieve:
• Disminución de las vibraciones verticales en el material móvil. • Reduction of vertical vibrations in the moving material.
• Aumento de los niveles de confort y seguridad en los viajeros. • Increased levels of comfort and safety in travelers.
• Disminución de las necesidades de mantenimiento de la infraestructura y superestructura. • Reduction of infrastructure and superstructure maintenance needs.
• Mejor planificación de las operaciones de mantenimiento. • Better planning of maintenance operations.
• Disminución de los tiempos de ejecución y del coste de construcción. • Reduction of execution times and construction cost.
• Mayor control de la ejecución y del comportamiento a lo largo de la vida útil. Asimismo, y de manera más detallada, dichas ventajas se manifiestan en: • Greater control of execution and behavior throughout the life. Likewise, and in more detail, these advantages are manifested in:
• Competitividad en costes: o Las menores exigencias o posibilidades de pretratamiento y alternativas para la obtención de áridos de hormigón aumentan la disponibilidad de éstos y abarata su coste, disminuyendo la posibilidad de excesivos costes de transporte de determinados áridos de lejana procedencia. o La prefabricación de la solución supone optimizar los costes de ejecución de la solución, como fruto de todo proceso industrial. o El prefabricado reduce las necesidades de mantenimiento de la superestructura ferroviaria lo que influye directamente en una disminución de costes. Este aspecto tiene también una repercusión directa en el menor deterioro de los vehículos. • Cost competitiveness: o The lower demands or possibilities of pretreatment and alternatives to obtain concrete aggregates increase their availability and lower their cost, reducing the possibility of excessive transport costs of certain aggregates from far away origin. o The prefabrication of the solution means optimizing the costs of executing the solution, as a result of any industrial process. o Prefabrication reduces the maintenance needs of the railway superstructure, which directly influences a decrease in costs. This aspect also has a direct impact on the lower deterioration of vehicles.
• Competitividad en plazos: o La prefabricación de parte de los componentes de la solución ideada supone su disposición previo comienzo de los trabajos de la obra de tierra. o La sencilla y rápida colocación de los elementos facilita la ejecución de la puesta en obra y reduce los plazos de terminación de la unidad y, por tanto, de la actuación completa.
o Las composiciones prefabricadas suponen un mayor control de ejecución y una mejor planificación de los trabajos de mantenimiento con garantías de reducir imprevistos. • Competitiveness in terms of time: o The prefabrication of part of the components of the solution devised implies its prior arrangement of the work of the land work. o The simple and rapid placement of the elements facilitates the execution of the commissioning and reduces the deadlines for termination of the unit and, therefore, of the complete action. o The prefabricated compositions suppose a greater control of execution and a better planning of the works of maintenance with guarantees to reduce unforeseen.
Competitividad en las operaciones de control de calidad y seguridad: o La solución contempla la supresión de materiales tratados con cemento lo que supone la no necesidad de controlar el contenido del mismo, simplificando el control de calidad. o En sucesivas auscultaciones se podrá comprobar que, la mejora en el control de la rigidez en estas transiciones, provoca menores asientos diferenciales lo que se traduce en una reducción de las vibraciones y, por tanto, en una mejora del confort del viajero. Del mismo modo, se producirán menores defectos en nivelación vertical disminuyendo el riesgo de descarrilo. o Estos diseños basados en prefabricados permiten un mayor control del comportamiento de la vía durante su vida útil. Competitiveness in the operations of quality control and safety: o The solution contemplates the suppression of materials treated with cement, which means that there is no need to control its contents, simplifying quality control. o In successive auscultations it will be possible to verify that, the improvement in the control of the stiffness in these transitions, causes smaller differential seats which results in a reduction of the vibrations and, therefore, in an improvement of the comfort of the traveler. Similarly, lower defects will occur in vertical leveling reducing the risk of derailment. o These prefabricated designs allow greater control of the behavior of the road during its useful life.
Menores costes medioambientales: o El propio volumen de las transiciones exclusivamente granulares requiere gran cantidad de áridos que se deben cubicar. La presencia de elementos prefabricados en la nueva estructura reduce considerablemente ese volumen de material granular disminuyendo el grado de afección a la climatología y al medio ambiente. o La mayor disponibilidad de áridos para hormigón, junto con la eliminación de materiales tratados con cemento, supone la utilización de áridos de mayor accesibilidad reduciendo la demanda de transporte así como su nivel de ruido y emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (CO, C02, etc.). o La reducción de operaciones de mantenimiento reduce el transporte del material móvil necesario y asociado a estas actividades contribuyendo al descenso en las emisiones. Lower environmental costs: o The volume of exclusively granular transitions itself requires a large amount of aggregates that must be covered. The presence of prefabricated elements in the new structure considerably reduces this volume of granular material, reducing the degree of impact on the weather and the environment. o The greater availability of aggregates for concrete, together with the elimination of materials treated with cement, implies the use of aggregates with greater accessibility, reducing transport demand as well as its noise level and greenhouse gas emissions (CO, C02, etc.). o The reduction of maintenance operations reduces the transport of the necessary mobile material and associated with these activities contributing to the decrease in emissions.
A la vista de lo anterior, la invención objeto de la presente solicitud de patente, da respuesta a los problemas ocasionados por las transiciones de rigidez existentes en la
actualidad, mediante la incorporación de cuñas de transición que incorporan elementos prefabricados de hormigón que sustituyan a las actuales cuñas de transición realizadas con materiales granulares. In view of the above, the invention object of the present patent application, responds to the problems caused by the stiffness transitions existing in the Currently, by incorporating transition wedges that incorporate prefabricated concrete elements that replace the current transition wedges made with granular materials.
DESCRIPCION DE LAS FIGURAS Para complementar la descripción que se está realizando de la invención y para ayudar a una mejor comprensión de las características que la distinguen, se acompaña a la presente memoria descriptiva, como parte integrante de la misma, de un juego de figuras, en los que con carácter ilustrativo y no limitativo se ha representado lo siguiente: La figura 1 muestra la solución de la invención a un caso general de cuña de transición objeto de la invención con una altura de tierras H sobre la misma. DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES To complement the description that is being made of the invention and to help a better understanding of the characteristics that distinguish it, the present specification, as an integral part thereof, of a set of figures, is attached, in which the following has been represented by way of illustration and not limitation: Figure 1 shows the solution of the invention to a general case of transition wedge object of the invention with a height of land H on it.
La figura 2 muestra una vista en perspectiva de una estructura alternativa aislada del entorno. Figure 2 shows a perspective view of an alternative structure isolated from the environment.
La figura 3 muestra una vista lateral de una estructura alternativa a la mostrada en la figura 1 sin pilares. Figure 3 shows a side view of an alternative structure to that shown in Figure 1 without pillars.
REALIZACIÓN PREFERENTE DE LA INVENCIÓN PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
A la vista de las mencionadas figuras, y de acuerdo con la numeración adoptada, se puede observar en ellas un ejemplo de la invención descrita, la cual comprende las partes y elementos que se indican y describen en detalle a continuación. In view of the aforementioned figures, and in accordance with the numbering adopted, an example of the described invention can be observed therein, which comprises the parts and elements indicated and described in detail below.
La figura 1 representa un ejemplo de realización de una estructura o cuña 10 objeto de la presente invención en la que se observa un conjunto de losas 1 , 2 de dos longitudes, prefabricadas de hormigón armado, apiladas unas sobre otras determinando en este ejemplo tres alturas con tres hileras de losas por altura. Por uno de sus extremos longitudinales un conjunto de losas se encuentran alineadas con el paramento de la obra de fábrica 3 y por el extremo longitudinal opuesto, otras losas determinan tres escalones, uno por altura, siendo la longitud de la altura inferior mayor que la altura superior. Figure 1 represents an example of embodiment of a structure or wedge 10 object of the present invention in which a set of slabs 1, 2 of two lengths, prefabricated reinforced concrete, stacked on top of each other in this example determining three heights is observed with three rows of slabs per height. On one of its longitudinal ends a set of slabs are aligned with the face of the factory 3 and on the opposite longitudinal end, other slabs determine three steps, one per height, the length of the lower height being greater than the height higher.
Como se ha mencionado dicha estructura comprende losas de dos tipos 1 , 2, disponiendo en este caso una primera losa 1 de una longitud que es de aproximadamente el doble de la segunda losa 2. La anchura de las losas es idéntica y
el espesor de las mismas es preferiblemente idéntico también, siendo la anchura de las losas al menos igual que la anchura de la traviesa en el supuesto de vías de ferrocarril y al menos igual al ancho de la calzada o carretera en el supuesto de vías de circulación rodada. Las losas 1 , 2 están dispuestas de tal manera que la junta creada, por el contacto de dos de las losas de una hilera, no coinciden con creada por las losas de la hilera superior o inferior, aprovechando para conseguir dicha construcción las losas 1 , 2 con dos longitudes distintas. As mentioned, said structure comprises slabs of two types 1, 2, in this case having a first slab 1 of a length that is approximately double the second slab 2. The width of the slabs is identical and the thickness of the same is preferably identical also, the width of the slabs being at least equal to the width of the crossbar in the case of railway tracks and at least equal to the width of the road or road in the case of circulation tracks rolled. The slabs 1, 2 are arranged in such a way that the joint created, by the contact of two of the slabs of a row, does not coincide with the one created by the slabs of the upper or lower row, taking advantage of to achieve said construction the slabs 1, 2 with two different lengths.
De esta manera, la altura inferior de la estructura presenta una hilera inferior con tres losas alineadas de mayor longitud 1 , sobre las que se disponen una segunda hilera de losas, como se ha descrito anteriormente, con dos losas de mayor longitud 1 en el centro y dos losas de menor longitud 2 a los lados, y sobre esta segunda hilera se disponen otra vez tres losas con la misma configuración que la primera (de mayor longitud 1 ). Sobre esta altura inferior se dispone una segunda altura intermedia que comprende una primera hilera inferior con una losa de una longitud mayor 1 flanqueada por dos losas de menor longitud 2, sobre la que se dispone una segunda hilera con dos losas de mayor longitud 1 , y sobre esta segunda hilera se dispone una tercera hilera con la misma constitución que la primera hilera inferior de esta segunda altura. La última altura, también compuesta por tres hileras de losas, presenta tres hileras formadas cada una por una losa de mayor longitud 1 . Las diferentes hileras constituidas por las losas se encuentran alineadas en uno de sus extremos con la obra de fábrica 3, determinando las distintas alturas de la estructura por el extremo opuesto. Thus, the lower height of the structure has a lower row with three aligned slabs of greater length 1, on which a second row of slabs are arranged, as described above, with two slabs of greater length 1 in the center and two slabs of smaller length 2 on the sides, and on this second row three slabs are again arranged with the same configuration as the first (of greater length 1). On this lower height a second intermediate height is provided comprising a first lower row with a slab of a longer length 1 flanked by two slabs of smaller length 2, on which a second row with two slabs of greater length 1 is provided, and a third row is disposed on this second row with the same constitution as the first lower row of this second height. The last height, also composed of three rows of slabs, has three rows each formed by a slab of greater length 1. The different rows constituted by the slabs are aligned at one of their ends with the factory work 3, determining the different heights of the structure by the opposite end.
En este ejemplo, las losas de la hilera inferior se encuentran apoyadas sobre pilares 5, a su vez apoyados sobre el sustrato 4 donde se apoya la obra de fábrica 3. Asimismo, sobre la estructura se dispone una capa de tierras 6 con una altura variable y que depende de la aplicación concreta, sobre la que se aplica una capa de forma 7 sobre la que se dispone una lámina protectora 8. Sobre ésta última lámina 8 se dispone la vía, bien se de ferrocarril o carretera. In this example, the slabs of the lower row are supported on pillars 5, in turn supported on the substrate 4 where the factory work is supported 3. Also, on the structure a layer of land 6 with a variable height is arranged and that depends on the specific application, on which a layer of form 7 is applied on which a protective sheet 8 is arranged. On this last sheet 8 the track is arranged, be it rail or road.
Las dimensiones de las losas son variables, pero debido a que se trata de losas prefabricadas de hormigón armado el espesor debe ser de al menos 0,2 metros. La anchura de la losa depende de la longitud de la traviesa en aplicaciones en vía de ferrocarril y de la anchura de la calzada en aplicaciones en carreteras o vías de tráfico rodado.
En aquellos casos en que la vía sea de mayor anchura que la anchura máxima posible de la losa, por razones constructivas o de transporte, principalmente en el caso de aplicación a vías de tráfico rodado, la mayor dimensión de la losa se puede disponer transversalmente a la vía, pasado a ser esta mayor dimensión la anchura y la menor dimensión la longitud, a diferencia de lo descrito hasta ahora en el presente documento donde se ha considerado la dimensión de longitud de la losa en la dirección de la vía. Asimismo, es posible disponer losas en paralelo para lograr alcanzar la anchura de la vía. The dimensions of the slabs are variable, but because they are precast reinforced concrete slabs the thickness must be at least 0.2 meters. The width of the slab depends on the length of the crossbar in railroad applications and the width of the roadway in road or road traffic applications. In those cases in which the road is of greater width than the maximum possible width of the slab, for constructive or transport reasons, mainly in the case of application to roadways of traffic, the greater dimension of the slab can be arranged transversely to the track, this width being the largest dimension and the smallest dimension being the length, unlike what has been described so far in this document where the length dimension of the slab in the direction of the track has been considered. It is also possible to arrange slabs in parallel to achieve the width of the track.
En cuanto a la longitud de las losas que conforman la estructura, está también puede ser variable, pero debe existir al menos dos tipos de losas con longitudes diferentes, y preferiblemente dos tipos de losas donde la longitud de uno de los tipos 1 es aproximadamente el doble que el de otro tipo 2, con el fin de poder construir la estructura objeto de la invención. La relación de longitud entre los distintos tipos de losas puede no ser de 2 a 1 y también puede haber más de dos tipos de losas con longitudes distintas. As for the length of the slabs that make up the structure, it can also be variable, but there must be at least two types of slabs with different lengths, and preferably two types of slabs where the length of one of the types 1 is approximately the double that of another type 2, in order to be able to build the structure object of the invention. The length ratio between the different types of slabs may not be 2 to 1 and there may also be more than two types of slabs with different lengths.
Un ejemplo de dimensiones de losas para su aplicación en una vía de ferrocarril es de un primer tipo 1 con una longitud de 7,2 metros, una anchura de 2,5 metros y un espesor de 0,2 metros, mientras que el segundo tipo de losa 2, tendría una longitud de 3,6 metros, anchura de 2,5 metros y espesor de 0,2 metros. Asimismo, es posible incluir en la estructura losas con otras longitudes y dimensiones en función de su aplicación, si bien es conveniente que dichas losas presenten las mayores dimensiones posibles puesto que cuanto mayores sean dichas dimensiones mejor se comportarán las losas que conforman la estructura como un conjunto único, es decir, como un todo uno, y al presentar las losas mayores dimensiones se garantiza un mayor rozamiento entre losas debido al mayor peso de las mismas. An example of slab dimensions for application on a railroad track is of a first type 1 with a length of 7.2 meters, a width of 2.5 meters and a thickness of 0.2 meters, while the second type of slab 2, it would have a length of 3.6 meters, width of 2.5 meters and thickness of 0.2 meters. Likewise, it is possible to include slabs with other lengths and dimensions in the structure depending on their application, although it is convenient that said slabs have the greatest possible dimensions since the larger these dimensions are, the better the slabs that make up the structure will behave as a single set, that is, as a whole one, and when presenting the larger slabs, a greater friction between slabs is guaranteed due to their greater weight.
Asimismo, la anchura de las losas vendría determinada por la necesidad de que quede cubierta la zona donde se concentran las tensiones, y con el fin de que cuanto menor sea el número de losas mejor será el comportamiento de la estructura como un único elemento o conjunto. El espesor mínimo de las losas estará principalmente determinado también por las condiciones constructivas o requisitos de las mismas. Also, the width of the slabs would be determined by the need to cover the area where stresses are concentrated, and in order that the smaller the number of slabs, the better the structure's behavior as a single element or set . The minimum thickness of the slabs will be mainly determined also by the constructive conditions or requirements thereof.
Las dimensiones máximas de las losas quedarán limitadas por el peso máximo de la losa y la longitud de la misma ya que las mismas deben ser transportables por tierra, y en particular por carretera. El transporte preferible es por medio de vehículos no especiales que no necesiten permisos de transporte para mayor simplicidad y
facilidad, pero si fuera necesario, dependiendo del caso, se podrían transportar las losas en vehículos especiales. The maximum dimensions of the slabs will be limited by the maximum weight of the slab and the length of the slab since they must be transportable by land, and in particular by road. The preferable transport is through non-special vehicles that do not need transport permits for simplicity and ease, but if necessary, depending on the case, the slabs could be transported in special vehicles.
Por otro lado, las dimensiones de la estructura de transición quedarán delimitas en lo que respecta a su anchura por el ancho de las losas, pero en lo que respecta a su longitud y altura, estas serán variables de modo que se adapte a la altura necesaria que exija cada obra en cuestión, quedando convenientemente dispuesta junto al paramento de la obra de fábrica. Debido a la facilidad de fabricación y puesta en obra, la adaptación a la altura de estribo u obra de paso es sencilla y no requiere ningún cálculo especial. En la figura 2 se observa otra construcción de una estructura 10 según la presente invención, también con tres alturas y tres hileras apiladas por altura, en la que altura inferior de la estructura está formada por una hilera inferior que presenta únicamente dos losas, una de mayor longitud 1 y otra de menor longitud 2, sobre las que se dispone una segunda hilera también con dos losas 1 , 2 pero alternadas respecto a la primera hilera inferior de manera que las zonas de contacto de las losas de la segunda hilera no coinciden con las zonas de contacto de las losas de la hilera inferior, y una tercera hilera con la misma disposición que la hilera inferior. Sobre esta primera altura se dispone una segunda altura de tres hileras apiladas estando cada hilera formada por una losa de mayor longitud 1 . La última altura está formada por tres hileras apiladas cada hilera formada por una losa de menor longitud 2. On the other hand, the dimensions of the transition structure will be delimited in regards to their width by the width of the slabs, but in regards to their length and height, these will be variable so that it adapts to the necessary height that requires each work in question, being conveniently arranged next to the face of the factory work. Due to the ease of manufacturing and commissioning, adaptation to the height of stirrup or step work is simple and does not require any special calculation. Figure 2 shows another construction of a structure 10 according to the present invention, also with three heights and three rows stacked by height, in which the lower height of the structure is formed by a lower row that has only two slabs, one of greater length 1 and one of shorter length 2, on which a second row is also arranged with two slabs 1, 2 but alternated with respect to the first lower row so that the contact areas of the slabs of the second row do not coincide with the contact areas of the slabs of the lower row, and a third row with the same arrangement as the lower row. On this first height a second height of three stacked rows is arranged, each row being formed by a slab of greater length 1. The last height is formed by three rows stacked each row formed by a slab of smaller length 2.
El tercer ejemplo de construcción de una estructura según la presente invención, mostrado en la figura 3, es una estructura como la representada en la figura 1 , pero en lugar de situarse sobre pilares 5, se apoya directamente sobre el estrato 4 de apoyo de la estructura de obra 3. Una alternativa a las soluciones anteriores, no mostradas en las figuras, es la posibilidad de disponer losas que posean la misma anchura y la misma longitud, no teniendo por qué ser dichas dimensiones iguales entre si. De esta manera, al crear las distintas hileras y alturas, colocando una losa sobre otra, se crearán juntas verticales que separan columnas de losas. Para evitar que las losas de la estructura se desplacen o muevan una respecto a otras una vez instaladas, se han ideado diferentes soluciones para asegurar el rozamiento entre las losas. Estas soluciones no condicionan el funcionamiento de la losa en su conjunto por lo que cualquiera de las que se nombrarán a continuación
pueden ser válidas y se aplicarán en función de la disponibilidad o procesos constructivos de la empresa encargada de su fabricación: The third example of construction of a structure according to the present invention, shown in Figure 3, is a structure like the one shown in Figure 1, but instead of being placed on pillars 5, it rests directly on the support layer 4 of the structure of work 3. An alternative to the previous solutions, not shown in the figures, is the possibility of arranging slabs that have the same width and the same length, not having to be said dimensions equal to each other. In this way, when creating the different rows and heights, placing one slab over another, vertical joints that separate columns of slabs will be created. To prevent the structure slabs from moving or moving relative to each other once installed, different solutions have been devised to ensure friction between the slabs. These solutions do not condition the operation of the slab as a whole so any of those that will be named below They may be valid and will be applied depending on the availability or construction processes of the company responsible for their manufacture:
No incluir ningún material o elemento para aumentar el rozamiento, Do not include any material or element to increase friction,
Fabricar las losas con al menos una superficie de mayor rugosidad que otra o con la rugosidad suficiente para asegurar el rozamiento entre losas, Manufacture the slabs with at least one surface of greater roughness than another or with sufficient roughness to ensure friction between slabs,
Introducir algún elemento o material entre las losas durante la fase de obra que aumente la capacidad de movilizar tensiones entre unas losas y otras, Introduce some element or material between the slabs during the construction phase that increases the ability to mobilize tensions between some slabs and others,
- Dimensionar las losas con orificios pasantes que permitan posteriormente el cosido o unión de las losas mediante bulones metálicos, inyección u otro sistema, - Dimension the slabs with through holes that subsequently allow the sewing or joining of the slabs by metal bolts, injection or other system,
- Dar forma a las placas para permitir el machihembrado en el plano vertical y/ o en el plano horizontal, de manera que las losas puedan acoplarse con otras losas situadas por encima o por debajo de ellas así como con otras situadas en su mismo plano. El procedimiento de construcción de las estructuras de transición entre obras de tierra y obras de fábrica mostradas en las figuras y objeto de la presente invención, comprende al menos las siguientes etapas, - Shape the plates to allow the tongue and groove in the vertical plane and / or in the horizontal plane, so that the slabs can be coupled with other slabs located above or below them as well as with other slabs located in the same plane. The process of construction of the transition structures between land works and factory works shown in the figures and object of the present invention, comprises at least the following steps,
Fabricación de las losas prefabricadas de hormigón armado necesarias para la configuración de la estructura, - Transporte de dichas losas a la obra donde se construirá la estructura de transición, Manufacture of precast reinforced concrete slabs necessary for the configuration of the structure, - Transportation of said slabs to the site where the transition structure will be built,
- Colocación de al menos dos losas en la traza de la obra, según disposición final adoptada para las mismas, de tal manera que dichas al menos dos primeras losas tienen la misma anchura y diferente longitud, situando la losa de menor longitud sobre la losa de mayor longitud determinando al menos dos hileras de losas que determinan al menos dos alturas, con un extremo longitudinal de dichas dos losas alineado con la obra de fábrica, siendo la anchura de las losas al menos igual a la anchura de la vía, y centrando la losa longitudinalmente respecto a dicha vía, - Extendido de material granular sobre las losas, y - Placement of at least two slabs in the trace of the work, according to the final disposition adopted for them, in such a way that said at least two first slabs have the same width and different length, placing the slab of smaller length on the slab of greater length determining at least two rows of slabs that determine at least two heights, with a longitudinal end of said two slabs aligned with the factory work, the width of the slabs being at least equal to the width of the track, and centering the slab longitudinally with respect to said path, - Extended granular material on the slabs, and
- Compactación de la superficie.
Al igual que en la estructura de transición descrita anteriormente, la misma puede presentar varias hileras y varias alturas, de tal manera que las hileras pueden presentar más de una losa en contacto longitudinal con al menos otra losa por al menos uno de los dos extremos longitudinales, con el fin de que las zonas de contacto longitudinal de las losas de una hilera no coincidan con las zonas de contacto longitudinal de las losas de una hilera superior o inferior.
- Surface compaction. As in the transition structure described above, it can have several rows and several heights, such that the rows can have more than one slab in longitudinal contact with at least one other slab at least one of the two longitudinal ends , in order that the longitudinal contact areas of the slabs of a row do not coincide with the longitudinal contact areas of the slabs of an upper or lower row.
Claims
1 . Estructura de transición del tipo empleada en la construcción y reparación de vías para disminuir la variación de la rigidez vertical entre una obra de tierra y una obra de fábrica, caracterizada porque comprende: one . Transition structure of the type used in the construction and repair of roads to reduce the variation of the vertical stiffness between a land work and a factory work, characterized in that it comprises:
- Al menos dos primeras losas prefabricadas de hormigón armado que tienen la misma anchura, estando una losa situada sobre la otra losa determinando al menos dos hileras de losas que determinan al menos dos alturas, con un extremo longitudinal de dichas dos losas alineado con la obra de fábrica. - At least two first precast reinforced concrete slabs having the same width, one slab being located on the other slab determining at least two rows of slabs that determine at least two heights, with a longitudinal end of said two slabs aligned with the work of fabric.
2. Estructura, según reivindicación 1 , caracterizada porque las losas tienen diferente longitud, situándose la losa de menor longitud sobre la losa de mayor longitud. 2. Structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the slabs have different lengths, the slab of smaller length being placed on the slab of greater length.
3. Estructura, según reivindicación 1 , caracterizado porque las losas tienen la misma longitud. 3. Structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the slabs have the same length.
4. Estructura, según reivindicaciones anteriores, caracterizada porque las hileras pueden presentar más de una losa en contacto longitudinal con al menos otra losa por al menos uno de los dos extremos longitudinales. 4. Structure, according to previous claims, characterized in that the rows can have more than one slab in longitudinal contact with at least one other slab at least one of the two longitudinal ends.
5. Estructura, según reivindicaciones anteriores, caracterizada porque presenta al menos dos alturas comprendiendo cada altura al menos una hilera. 5. Structure, according to previous claims, characterized in that it has at least two heights each height comprising at least one row.
6. Estructura, según reivindicaciones 2 a 5, caracterizada porque cada altura tiene una longitud distinta a las demás alturas que están determinadas por la longitud de las hileras de cada altura, determinada a su vez esta longitud por el número de losas y la longitud de las mismas en cada hilera, siendo la altura inferior de mayor longitud que la altura inmediatamente superior. 6. Structure according to claims 2 to 5, characterized in that each height has a length different from the other heights that are determined by the length of the rows of each height, in turn determined this length by the number of slabs and the length of the same in each row, the lower height being longer than the immediately higher height.
7. Estructura, según reivindicaciones 1 , 2 y 4 a 6, caracterizada porque las zonas de contacto longitudinal de las losas de una hilera no coinciden con las zonas de contacto longitudinal de las losas de una hilera superior o inferior. 7. Structure according to claims 1, 2 and 4 to 6, characterized in that the longitudinal contact areas of the slabs of a row do not coincide with the longitudinal contact areas of the slabs of an upper or lower row.
8. Estructura, según reivindicación 1 , caracterizada porque las superficies opuestas de las losas tienen rugosidad diferente. 8. Structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the opposite surfaces of the slabs have different roughness.
9. Estructura, según reivindicación 1 , caracterizada porque las losas presentan al menos un orificio pasante para la introducción de un pasador o de un material de inyección. 9. Structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the slabs have at least one through hole for the introduction of a pin or an injection material.
10. Estructura, según reivindicación 4, caracterizada porque las losas presentan entrantes o salientes en sus extremos longitudinales que permiten el machihembrado de las mismas. 10. Structure according to claim 4, characterized in that the slabs have recesses or projections at their longitudinal ends that allow the tongue and groove thereof.
1 1 . Estructura, según reivindicación 1 , caracterizado porque las losas presentan entrantes o salientes en sus superficies que permiten el machihembrado de las losas. eleven . Structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the slabs have recesses or projections on their surfaces that allow the tongue and groove of the slabs.
12. Estructura, según reivindicación 1 , caracterizada porque la anchura de las losas es al menos igual a la anchura de la vía. 12. Structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the width of the slabs is at least equal to the width of the track.
13. Estructura, según reivindicación 1 , caracterizada porque el ancho de la losa es igual a la longitud de una traviesa de la vía de ferrocarril. 13. Structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the width of the slab is equal to the length of a railway track crossbar.
14. Estructura, según reivindicación 1 , caracterizada porque el ancho de la losa es igual al ancho de la calzada de la vía de tráfico rodado o carretera. 14. Structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the width of the slab is equal to the width of the roadway of the road or road traffic.
15. Procedimiento de construcción de estructura de transición del tipo empleada en la construcción y reparación de vías para disminuir la variación de la rigidez vertical entre obras de tierra y obras de fábrica, caracterizada porque comprende las etapas de: 15. Transition structure construction procedure of the type used in the construction and repair of roads to reduce the variation of vertical stiffness between land and factory works, characterized in that it comprises the stages of:
- Fabricación de las losas prefabricadas de hormigón armado necesarias para la configuración de la estructura, - Manufacture of precast reinforced concrete slabs necessary for the configuration of the structure,
- Transporte de dichas losas a la obra donde se construirá la estructura de transición, - Transportation of these slabs to the work where the transition structure will be built,
- Colocación de al menos dos losas en la traza de la obra, según disposición final adoptada para las mismas, de tal manera que dichas al menos dos primeras losas tienen la misma anchura, situando una losa sobre otra losa determinando al menos dos hileras de losas que determinan al menos dos alturas, con un extremo longitudinal de dichas dos losas alineado con la obra de fábrica, siendo la anchura de las losas al menos igual a la anchura de la vía, y centrando la losa longitudinalmente respecto a dicha vía, - Placement of at least two slabs in the trace of the work, according to the final disposition adopted for them, such that said at least two first slabs have the same width, placing one slab on another slab determining at least two rows of slabs which determine at least two heights, with a longitudinal end of said two slabs aligned with the factory work, the width of the slabs being at least equal to the width of the track, and centering the slab longitudinally with respect to said track,
- Extendido de material granular sobre las losas, y - Extended granular material on the slabs, and
- Compactación de la superficie. - Surface compaction.
16. Procedimiento, según reivindicación 12, caracterizado porque las hileras pueden presentar más de una losa en contacto longitudinal con al menos otra losa por al menos uno de los dos extremos longitudinales, de tal manera que las zonas de contacto longitudinal de las losas de una hilera no coinciden con las zonas de contacto longitudinal de las losas de una hilera superior o inferior. 16. Method according to claim 12, characterized in that the rows can have more than one slab in longitudinal contact with at least one other slab at the minus one of the two longitudinal ends, such that the longitudinal contact areas of the slabs of a row do not coincide with the longitudinal contact areas of the slabs of an upper or lower row.
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ES11868508.0T ES2580927T3 (en) | 2011-06-29 | 2011-06-29 | Transition structure and construction method |
PCT/ES2011/070475 WO2013001105A1 (en) | 2011-06-29 | 2011-06-29 | Transition structure and construction method |
EP11868508.0A EP2728069B1 (en) | 2011-06-29 | 2011-06-29 | Transition structure and construction method |
PL11868508.0T PL2728069T3 (en) | 2011-06-29 | 2011-06-29 | Transition structure and construction method |
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PCT/ES2011/070475 WO2013001105A1 (en) | 2011-06-29 | 2011-06-29 | Transition structure and construction method |
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JPH07300845A (en) * | 1994-05-10 | 1995-11-14 | Fujita Corp | Preventive method against liquefaction of underground linear structure |
JPH11293615A (en) * | 1998-04-06 | 1999-10-26 | Oyo Corp | Construction method for surface subbase course |
US20040109730A1 (en) * | 2000-08-19 | 2004-06-10 | Moss Robert Malcolm | Method of stabilizing particulates |
CN101509248A (en) * | 2009-02-26 | 2009-08-19 | 上海交通大学 | Control road and method for differential settlement at exchanging position of structure |
-
2011
- 2011-06-29 WO PCT/ES2011/070475 patent/WO2013001105A1/en active Application Filing
- 2011-06-29 EP EP11868508.0A patent/EP2728069B1/en active Active
- 2011-06-29 PL PL11868508.0T patent/PL2728069T3/en unknown
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Patent Citations (4)
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JPH07300845A (en) * | 1994-05-10 | 1995-11-14 | Fujita Corp | Preventive method against liquefaction of underground linear structure |
JPH11293615A (en) * | 1998-04-06 | 1999-10-26 | Oyo Corp | Construction method for surface subbase course |
US20040109730A1 (en) * | 2000-08-19 | 2004-06-10 | Moss Robert Malcolm | Method of stabilizing particulates |
CN101509248A (en) * | 2009-02-26 | 2009-08-19 | 上海交通大学 | Control road and method for differential settlement at exchanging position of structure |
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DATABASE WPI Derwent World Patents Index; AN 1996-099432, XP003030247, RETRIEVED * |
DATABASE WPI Derwent World Patents Index; AN 2000-065639, XP003030248, RETRIEVED * |
DATABASE WPI Derwent World Patents Index; AN 2009-N04570, XP003030246 * |
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EP2728069A4 (en) | 2015-04-01 |
EP2728069A1 (en) | 2014-05-07 |
EP2728069B1 (en) | 2016-04-06 |
ES2580927T3 (en) | 2016-08-30 |
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