WO2012053233A1 - 超純水製造方法 - Google Patents
超純水製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012053233A1 WO2012053233A1 PCT/JP2011/055782 JP2011055782W WO2012053233A1 WO 2012053233 A1 WO2012053233 A1 WO 2012053233A1 JP 2011055782 W JP2011055782 W JP 2011055782W WO 2012053233 A1 WO2012053233 A1 WO 2012053233A1
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- Prior art keywords
- biological treatment
- water
- treatment means
- raw water
- urea
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 229910021642 ultra pure water Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 239000012498 ultrapure water Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 181
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 163
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 53
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 abstract description 53
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 30
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 abstract description 17
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 16
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000000645 desinfectant Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 29
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 29
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 29
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 28
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 20
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 16
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 12
- -1 ammonium ions Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000001546 nitrifying effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 9
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 description 8
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003899 bactericide agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000003672 ureas Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000005708 Sodium hypochlorite Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000011001 backwashing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 5
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- QDHHCQZDFGDHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloramine Chemical compound ClN QDHHCQZDFGDHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxidochlorine(.) Chemical compound O=Cl=O OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000008235 industrial water Substances 0.000 description 4
- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia nh3 Chemical compound N.N XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004155 Chlorine dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019398 chlorine dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005339 levitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005374 membrane filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010525 oxidative degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000029058 respiratory gaseous exchange Effects 0.000 description 2
- GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium sulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])=O GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000008400 supply water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009897 systematic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bisulfite Chemical compound [Na+].OS([O-])=O DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RHZUVFJBSILHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracen-1-ylmethanolate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C3C(C[O-])=CC=CC3=CC2=C1 RHZUVFJBSILHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003830 anthracite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000031018 biological processes and functions Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- FSEUPUDHEBLWJY-HWKANZROSA-N diacetylmonoxime Chemical compound CC(=O)C(\C)=N\O FSEUPUDHEBLWJY-HWKANZROSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009296 electrodeionization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004299 exfoliation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorite Inorganic materials Cl[O-] WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002779 inactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008239 natural water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006864 oxidative decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007781 pre-processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010267 sodium hydrogen sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010265 sodium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfite Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F9/00—Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/30—Aerobic and anaerobic processes
- C02F3/302—Nitrification and denitrification treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/50—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition or application of a germicide or by oligodynamic treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
- C02F3/10—Packings; Fillings; Grids
- C02F3/105—Characterized by the chemical composition
- C02F3/106—Carbonaceous materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
- C02F1/32—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/42—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by ion-exchange
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/441—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by reverse osmosis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/16—Nitrogen compounds, e.g. ammonia
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/02—Non-contaminated water, e.g. for industrial water supply
- C02F2103/04—Non-contaminated water, e.g. for industrial water supply for obtaining ultra-pure water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/20—Prevention of biofouling
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2305/00—Use of specific compounds during water treatment
- C02F2305/06—Nutrients for stimulating the growth of microorganisms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/30—Aerobic and anaerobic processes
- C02F3/308—Biological phosphorus removal
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/10—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing ultrapure water in which treated water obtained by biological treatment of raw water containing organic matter is treated with a primary pure water device and a secondary pure water device, and in particular, highly removes urea in the raw water.
- the present invention relates to a method for producing ultrapure water.
- an ultrapure water production apparatus that produces ultrapure water from raw water such as city water, groundwater, and industrial water basically includes a pretreatment apparatus, a primary pure water production apparatus, and a secondary pure water production apparatus.
- the pretreatment device is composed of agglomeration, levitation, and filtration devices.
- the primary pure water production apparatus includes, for example, two reverse osmosis membrane separation devices and a mixed bed ion exchange device, or an ion exchange pure water device and a reverse osmosis membrane separation device.
- the secondary pure water production apparatus is composed of, for example, a low-pressure ultraviolet oxidizer, a mixed bed ion exchanger, and an ultrafiltration membrane separator.
- Patent Documents 1 to 3 describe that TOC in ultrapure water is sufficiently reduced by removing urea from the water supplied to the ultrapure water production apparatus.
- Patent Document 1 discloses that a biological treatment apparatus is incorporated in a pretreatment apparatus and urea is decomposed by this biological treatment apparatus. Further, in Patent Document 2, a biological treatment apparatus is incorporated into a pretreatment apparatus, and mixed water of treated water (industrial water) and semiconductor cleaning / collecting water is passed through. It is disclosed that an organic substance contained in the semiconductor cleaning / collecting water serves as a carbon source for a biological treatment reaction and improves the decomposition rate of urea. In addition, there are cases where a large amount of ammonium ions (NH4 +) are contained in the semiconductor cleaning / recovered water, which becomes a nitrogen source in the same manner as urea, and may inhibit the decomposition of urea.
- NH4 + ammonium ions
- Patent Document 3 in order to solve the above-mentioned problem of Patent Document 2, the water to be treated (industrial water) and the semiconductor cleaning / collecting water are mixed after being biologically treated separately, It is described that water is passed through a secondary pure water production apparatus.
- the present inventors have proposed a water treatment method and ultrapure water that can remove urea to a lower concentration in a short time by performing biological treatment after adding a nitrogen source to raw water. (Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-105151, etc.).
- the nitrogen source added as a nutrient source is used by BOD-assimilating bacteria, and other phosphorus and trace metals ( Due to the fact that nutrient sources such as mineral components are also used by BOD-assimilating bacteria, the growth and activity of the nitrifying bacteria group are reduced.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and is capable of highly decomposing and removing TOC, particularly urea, in raw water and capable of producing higher purity ultrapure water. It aims at providing the manufacturing method of.
- the present invention provides an ultrapure water production method in which treated water obtained by biologically treating raw water containing an organic substance is treated with a pure water production apparatus, wherein the biological treatment is a first treatment.
- a method for producing ultrapure water comprising a biological treatment means and a second biological treatment means, wherein a nutrient source of the second biological treatment means is added to the treated water of the first biological treatment means (Invention 1).
- invention 1 first, in the first biological treatment means, the organic matter in raw water, in particular, the readily degradable organic matter is removed, whereby the easy degradation supplied to the next second biological treatment means.
- the amount of organic substances can be reduced, and the growth of BOD-utilizing bacteria can be suppressed.
- nutrient sources such as the ammoniacal nitrogen source of the second biological treatment means
- biological treatment mainly composed of nitrifying bacteria can be performed, and high urea removal efficiency can be achieved.
- consumption of the nutrient source by BOD utilization bacteria in a 2nd biological treatment means can be suppressed, there exists an effect that a process can be performed with fewer nutrient sources.
- the first biological treatment is preferably a biological treatment means having a fixed bed of a biological carrier (Invention 2).
- said 2nd biological treatment is a biological treatment means which has a fixed bed of a biological support
- carrier invention 3).
- the biological treatment means is composed of a fixed bed of the biological support carrier, the outflow of bacterial cells from the biological treatment means can be suppressed more than in the case of a fluidized bed.
- the effect is high and the effect can be maintained for a long time.
- the nutrient source of the second biological treatment means is preferably a nitrogen source (Invention 4).
- an ammonium salt such as ammonium chloride is suitable for activating the nitrifying bacteria group, and its addition and control is easy, and it is suitable for maintaining a low urea concentration. It is.
- the ultrapure water production method of the present invention when producing the ultrapure water by treating the treated water obtained by biologically treating the raw water containing the organic matter with the pure water production apparatus, It comprises a single biological treatment means and a second biological treatment means, and since the nutrient source of the second biological treatment means is added to the treated water of the first biological treatment means, high urea removal efficiency Can produce ultrapure water. Moreover, since consumption of the nutrient source by BOD utilization bacteria in a 2nd biological treatment means can be suppressed, there exists an effect that a process can be performed with fewer nutrient sources.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a biological treatment apparatus for performing a water treatment method according to an embodiment of the ultrapure water production method of the present invention.
- reference numeral 1 denotes a pretreatment system for raw water W supplied from a raw water storage tank (not shown). After the raw water W treated by the pretreatment system 1 is adjusted to a predetermined temperature by the heat exchanger 2, It is supplied to the first biological treatment means 3 and further continues to the second biological treatment means 4. And this 2nd biological treatment means 4 is following the microbial cell separation apparatus 5, and after processing with these various apparatuses, it supplies to a primary pure water apparatus as the treated water W1.
- a first supply mechanism 6 for adding an easily decomposable organic substance, an oxidizing agent, and a bactericidal agent is provided in the previous stage of the first biological treatment means 3, and the previous stage of the second biological treatment means 4.
- a third supply mechanism 8 for supplying a reducing agent and a slime control agent is provided at the subsequent stage of the second biological treatment means 4.
- Reference numeral 9 denotes a pipe for feeding the raw water W or the like.
- raw water W to be treated ground water, river water, city water, other industrial water, recovered water from a semiconductor manufacturing process, or the like can be used.
- the urea concentration in the raw water (treatment target water) W is preferably about 5 to 200 ⁇ g / L, particularly about 5 to 100 ⁇ g / L.
- the pretreatment system 1 a general pretreatment system in the production process of ultrapure water or a treatment similar to this is suitable. Specifically, a treatment system comprising agglomeration, pressurized levitation, filtration, or the like can be used.
- the first biological treatment means 3 is a means for performing a treatment for decomposing and stabilizing pollutants in wastewater such as sewage by biological action, and is classified into an aerobic treatment and an anaerobic treatment.
- organic matter is decomposed by biological treatment through oxygen respiration, nitric acid respiration, fermentation processes, etc., and is gasified or taken into the body of microorganisms and removed as sludge.
- the removal process of nitrogen (nitrification denitrification method) and phosphorus (biological phosphorus removal method) can also be performed.
- a means for performing such biological treatment is generally called a biological reaction tank.
- the first biological treatment means 3 is not particularly limited, but preferably has a fixed bed of a biological carrier. In particular, a fixed bed of a downward flow type with less bacterial cell outflow is preferred.
- the first biological treatment means 3 When the first biological treatment means 3 is a fixed bed, it is preferable to wash the fixed bed as necessary. As a result, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of blockage of the fixed bed, mudballing, a decrease in the decomposition and removal efficiency of urea, and the like due to the growth of organisms (bacteria).
- this cleaning method There is no particular limitation on this cleaning method. For example, backwashing, that is, flowing the cleaning water in the direction opposite to the direction of passing raw water to fluidize the carrier, discharging sediment out of the system, It is preferable to perform pulverization, exfoliation of a part of the organism, and the like.
- the type of carrier for the fixed bed and activated carbon, anthracite, sand, zeolite, ion exchange resin, plastic molded product, etc. are used, but in order to carry out biological treatment in the presence of an oxidizing agent. It is preferable to use a carrier that consumes less oxidant. However, when there is a possibility that a high concentration of oxidant flows into the biological treatment means, it is preferable to use a carrier such as activated carbon that can decompose the oxidant. Thus, when activated carbon etc. are used, even if it is a case where the density
- Examples of readily decomposable organic substances added to the first biological treatment means 3 from the first supply mechanism 6 include organic acids such as acetic acid and citric acid, organic acid salts such as sodium acetate, alcohols such as methanol and ethanol, An organic solvent such as acetone and other general readily biodegradable organic substances can be preferably used. Among these, even if the added organic matter cannot be completely treated and remains in the biologically treated water, it can be removed in the reverse osmosis membrane treatment or ion exchange treatment with ion exchange resin that is performed as a subsequent treatment. An organic acid salt such as sodium acetate, which is a natural organic substance, can be used more suitably.
- a chlorine-based oxidizing agent such as sodium hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide can be used.
- a combined chlorine agent a combined chlorine agent having higher stability than chloramine
- a chlorine-based oxidizing agent and a sulfamic acid compound, hydrogen peroxide, and the like can be used.
- the same one as the first biological treatment means 3 described above can be used, and the one having the fixed bed of the biological support carrier is also preferable.
- a fixed bed of a downward flow type with less bacterial cell outflow is preferred.
- an ammonia nitrogen source As a nitrogen source as a nutrient source added from the second supply mechanism 7 in the first stage of the second biological treatment means 4, an ammonia nitrogen source is preferable, and both organic and inorganic ammonia nitrogen sources are used. It can be used suitably. Among these, even when the added ammoniacal nitrogen source cannot be completely treated and remains in the biologically treated water, it is an ionic ammoniacal nitrogen source from the viewpoint of easy removal in the subsequent treatment. Ammonium salts such as ammonium chloride and ammonium sulfate can be preferably used.
- urea and urea derivatives may be added as an ammoniacal nitrogen source. good.
- some urea and urea derivatives are not ionic and cannot be expected to be removed in subsequent treatments, when added in a large amount, they cannot be removed even in biological treatment and later treatment, and remain at the end. There is a high possibility that it will end. Therefore, when urea and urea derivatives are added, a method is preferred in which the addition concentration is minimized and the necessary amount as an ammoniacal nitrogen source is supplemented with an ammonium salt or the like.
- a chlorine-based oxidizing agent such as sodium hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide can be used.
- a combined chlorine agent a combined chlorine agent having higher stability than chloramine
- a chlorine-based oxidizing agent and a sulfamic acid compound, hydrogen peroxide, and the like can be used.
- the addition of the reducing agent and / or slime control agent from the third supply mechanism 8 in the subsequent stage of the second biological treatment means 4 to the pipe 9 and the bacterial cell separation device 5 are not necessarily required. Any one or more can be provided accordingly. Specifically, when an outflow of an oxidizing agent or the like is recognized at the subsequent stage of the second biological treatment means 4, or when an outflow of bacterial cells is observed, a reducing agent and a reductant from the third supply mechanism 8 as necessary. A slime control agent can be added to the pipe 9.
- the slime control agent is preferably a bactericide that does not adversely affect oxidative degradation due to RO membrane treatment, ion exchange treatment, etc., which will be described later.
- a combined chlorine agent chloramine
- Bonded chlorine agent having higher stability hydrogen peroxide, and the like can be used.
- This bacterial cell separation device 5 is an obstacle in subsequent processing such as a primary pure water device caused by bacterial cells contained in the treated water of the second biological treatment means 4 (microbial cells detached from the biological carrier) ( It is provided as needed to avoid clogging of piping, slime failure such as differential pressure increase, and biofouling of RO membrane. Specifically, membrane filtration (cartridge filter with a pore diameter of about 0.1 ⁇ m) Membrane filtration treatment), coagulation filtration, etc. can be used.
- the efficiency of decomposition and removal of organic substances in the first biological treatment means 3 in the subsequent stage is reduced by the turbid components. And the increase in the pressure loss of the first biological treatment means 3 is suppressed.
- the heat exchanger 2 adjusts the temperature of the pretreated raw water W as necessary so that the raw water W is heated when the water temperature of the raw water W is low, and is cooled to a predetermined water temperature when the water temperature is high. carry out. That is, the higher the water temperature of the raw water W, the higher the reaction rate and the higher the decomposition efficiency. On the other hand, when the water temperature is high, it is necessary to impart heat resistance to the treatment tank, the piping 9 and the like of the first biological treatment means 3, leading to an increase in equipment cost. Moreover, when the water temperature of the raw
- the treatment water temperature is preferably about 20 to 40 ° C. Therefore, if the initial temperature of the raw water W is within the above range, nothing needs to be done.
- the raw water W the temperature of which has been adjusted as necessary, is supplied to the first biological treatment means 3.
- organic substances particularly easily degradable organic substances are removed, and then supplied to the second biological treatment means 4 at the subsequent stage.
- the amount of readily degradable organic matter in the supplied water is reduced, and the increase in the growth and activity of BOD-utilizing bacteria is suppressed.
- an easily decomposable organic substance, an oxidizing agent and / or a bactericidal agent are added from the first supply mechanism 6 to the first biological treatment means 3 as necessary.
- the amount of the easily decomposable organic substance is less than 0.1 mg / L, the ability to ingest and decompose urea as a nitrogen source (N source) necessary for decomposing and assimilating this organic substance is not sufficient, but 2 mg Even if / L is exceeded, not only further decomposition of urea is not obtained, but also the amount of leak from the first biological treatment means 3 becomes too large, which is not preferable.
- the amount of oxidizer added varies depending on the type of oxidizer used. For example, when a chlorinated oxidizer is used, the free effective chlorine concentration is about 1 to 10 mg / L, and particularly about 1 to 5 mgmg / L. That's fine. When the addition amount of the oxidant is less than 1 mg / L, the oxidative decomposition of the organic component is not sufficient. On the other hand, when it exceeds 10 mg / L, no further improvement in the effect is obtained, and the remaining oxidant (free chlorine) The amount of reducing agent required to remove this free chlorine is too great.
- the bactericidal agent is a failure in the subsequent treatment caused by the bacteria contained in the treated water of the first biological treatment means 3 (slime trouble such as clogging of the pipe, increase in differential pressure, biofouling of the RO membrane, etc.). What is necessary is just to add suitably as needed for the purpose of avoidance.
- the raw water W treated by the first biological treatment means 3 is used as supply water, and further biological treatment is performed by the second biological treatment means 4.
- further biological treatment is performed by the second biological treatment means 4.
- a biological treatment mainly composed of nitrifying bacteria can be performed, and urea can be efficiently decomposed and removed.
- the addition amount of the nitrogen source may be 0.1 to 5 mg / L (converted to NH 4 +). If the ammonium ion concentration in the raw water W is less than 0.1 mg / L (NH4 + conversion), it will be difficult to maintain the activity of the nitrifying bacteria group, while if it exceeds 5 mg / L (NH4 + conversion), further nitrifying bacteria Not only the group activity is not obtained, but also the amount of leak from the second biological treatment means 4 becomes too large, which is not preferable.
- the TOC concentration of the raw water W containing a large amount of easily decomposable organic matter is 1. Even when the concentration is as high as 0.0 mg / L or more, particularly about 1.5 to 2.0 mg / L, the urea concentration can be maintained at 2 ⁇ g / L or less.
- the nitrogen source does not need to be added constantly.
- the second biological treatment means 4 may be added only during the start-up period when the biological carrier is replaced, or may be added at regular intervals. A method of repeating the addition can be used.
- the effect that the addition cost of a nitrogen source can also be reduced by not always adding a nitrogen source is also produced.
- the activity of the BOD-assimilating bacteria in the first biological treatment means 4 is suppressed by removing readily decomposable organic substances. Since the consumption of the nutrient source by the BOD assimilating bacteria can be suppressed, there is also an effect that the treatment can be performed with fewer nutrient sources.
- the disinfectant is a failure in the subsequent treatment caused by the bacteria contained in the treated water of the second biological treatment means 4 (slime trouble such as clogging of pipes, increase in differential pressure, biofouling of RO membrane, etc.) What is necessary is just to add suitably as needed for the purpose of avoidance.
- a reducing agent and / or a slime control agent is added to the raw water W treated by the second biological treatment means 4 from the third supply mechanism 8 as necessary.
- Bound chlorine is a component that is harder to remove even with activated carbon than free chlorine, and the bound chlorine leaks into biologically treated water. Bound chlorine is said to be a component with low oxidizing power compared to free chlorine, but it is also known that free chlorine is generated again from bound chlorine by an equilibrium reaction. May cause oxidative degradation.
- a reducing agent for example, when reducing residual chlorine using sodium sulfite, sulfite ions (SO 3 2 ⁇ ) and hypochlorite ions (ClO ⁇ ) are equimolar. It may be added so as to be, and in consideration of safety, it may be added in an amount of 1.2 to 3.0 times. Since there is a variation in the oxidizing agent concentration of the treated water, it is more preferable to monitor the oxidizing agent concentration of the treating water and to control the amount of reducing agent added according to the oxidizing agent concentration. For simplicity, a method may be used in which the oxidant concentration is measured periodically and the addition amount corresponding to the measured concentration is set appropriately.
- the slime control agent is a failure in the subsequent treatment (clogged pipe, increased differential pressure) caused by the microbial cells contained in the treated water of the second biological treatment means 4 (microbial cells detached from the biological carrier).
- Such as slime damage and biofouling of RO membrane may be added as needed for the purpose.
- the cells contained in the treated water of the second biological treatment means 4 are removed by the cell separation device 5 as necessary.
- the addition of the reducing agent and / or slime control agent and the treatment by the bacterial cell separation device 5 may be appropriately performed in accordance with the quality of the biologically treated water from the second biological treatment means 4. If it is good, it may not be performed.
- the raw water W is treated with the water treatment device 21 including the first biological treatment device 3 and the first biological treatment device 4 described above, and then the treated water W1 is treated with primary pure water. Further processing is performed by a pure water production apparatus provided with a water device 22 and a subsystem (secondary pure water device) 23.
- the primary pure water device 22 includes a first reverse osmosis membrane (RO) separation device 24, a mixed bed ion exchange device 25, and a second reverse osmosis membrane (RO) separation device 26 in this order.
- the device configuration of the primary pure water device 22 is not limited to such a configuration.
- the sub-system 23 includes a sub-tank 27, a heat exchanger 28, a low-pressure ultraviolet oxidizer 29, a membrane degasser 30, a mixed bed ion exchanger 31, and an ultrafiltration membrane device (fine particle removal) 32. Arranged in this order.
- the apparatus configuration of the subsystem 23 is not limited to such a configuration, and is configured by combining, for example, a UV oxidation processing apparatus, an ion exchange processing apparatus (non-regenerative type), a UF membrane separation apparatus, and the like. May be.
- the treated water W1 treated by the water treatment device 21 is converted into a primary pure water device 22, a first reverse osmosis membrane (RO) separation device 24, a mixed bed ion exchange device 25, a second reverse osmosis membrane ( RO) Separation device 26 removes ion components and the like remaining in treated water W1.
- RO reverse osmosis membrane
- the treated water of the primary pure water device 22 is introduced into the low-pressure ultraviolet oxidizer 29 through the sub-tank 27 and the heat exchanger 28, and the contained TOC component is ionized or decomposed. Further, oxygen and carbon dioxide gas are removed by the membrane deaerator 30, and then the ionized organic substance is removed by the mixed bed ion exchanger 31 at the subsequent stage.
- the treated water of the mixed bed type ion exchange device 31 is further subjected to membrane separation treatment by an ultrafiltration membrane device (fine particle removal) 32, and ultrapure water can be obtained.
- the biological treatment means 5 sufficiently decomposes and removes urea, and the TOC component, metal ions, and other inorganic substances in the primary pure water device 22 and the subsystem 23 in the subsequent stage. -By removing the organic ion component, highly pure ultrapure water can be efficiently produced.
- the first biological treatment means 3 may be a normal biological treatment apparatus
- the nutrient source added to the supply water of the second biological treatment means 4 is not limited to the ammoniacal nitrogen source, but other than that.
- the nitrogen source may be added, and in some cases, an easily decomposable organic substance may be added.
- Example 1 As simulated raw water 1, municipal water (Nogicho water: average urea concentration 10 ⁇ g / L, average TOC concentration 0.7 mg / L, ammoniacal nitrogen concentration less than 0.1 mg / L, average total residual chlorine concentration 0.6 mg / LasCl 2 ) And reagent urea (manufactured by Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd.) added in an appropriate amount as necessary.
- Municipal water Nogicho water: average urea concentration 10 ⁇ g / L, average TOC concentration 0.7 mg / L, ammoniacal nitrogen concentration less than 0.1 mg / L, average total residual chlorine concentration 0.6 mg / LasCl 2
- reagent urea manufactured by Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd.
- sodium acetate manufactured by Kishida Chemical was further added to simulated raw water 1 to adjust the TOC concentration to about 2 mg / L.
- the water temperature of the city water was 25 to 30 ° C., so the water temperature of the simulated raw water 1 and the simulated raw water 2 was not adjusted by the heat exchanger 2.
- sulfuric acid industrial dilute sulfuric acid, manufactured by Tsurumi Soda Co., Ltd.
- Tsurumi Soda Co., Ltd. sulfuric acid
- a first biological treatment means 3 granular activated carbon (“Crycol WG160, 10/32 mesh”, manufactured by Kurita Kogyo Co., Ltd.) as a biological carrier is filled in a cylindrical container with 2 L and fixed bed. What was used was used. In addition, as granular activated carbon of the 1st biological treatment means 3, what has already demonstrated the resolution
- the second biological treatment means 4 granular activated carbon (“Crycol WG160, 10/32 mesh”, manufactured by Kurita Kogyo Co., Ltd.) as a biological carrier was filled in a cylindrical container with 2 L to form a fixed bed. .
- the granular activated carbon of the second biological treatment means 4 one that has been acclimatized with the reagent urea and has already developed urea resolution is used.
- ammonium chloride manufactured by Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd.
- ammonia nitrogen NH 3 ⁇ N
- the concentration was about 0.2 mg / LasN.
- sodium hypochlorite (trade name: Sunrack, 12% sodium hypochlorite for industrial use, manufactured by Honmachi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) is added as an oxidizing agent, and the total residual chlorine concentration is about 0.5 mg / LasCl 2 . did.
- the treated water to which these were added was passed through the second biological treatment means 4 in a downward flow.
- the water flow rate SV was 20 / hr (water flow rate per hour ⁇ filled activated carbon amount).
- the addition of the reducing agent and the slime control agent was not performed from the third supply mechanism 8 subsequent to the second biological treatment means 4.
- Table 1 shows the results of measuring the urea concentration of the treated water W1 after the continuous flow of the simulated raw water 1 for 2 weeks under the water flow conditions as described above. Moreover, the treated water W1 was switched to the simulated raw water 2, and continuous water flow was further performed for two weeks under the same conditions. The results of measuring the urea concentration of the obtained treated water W1 are also shown in Table 1. At this time, the TOC concentration of the treated water of the first biological treatment means (the feed water of the second biological treatment means 4) was 0.3 to 0.5 mg / L.
- the procedure for analyzing the urea concentration is as follows. That is, first, the total residual chlorine concentration of the test water is measured by the DPD method and reduced with a considerable amount of sodium bisulfite (then, the total residual chlorine is measured by the DPD method, and less than 0.02 mg / L). Confirm that it is.) Next, this reduced test water was passed through an ion exchange resin (“KR-UM1”, Kurita Kogyo Co., Ltd.) at SV50 / hr, deionized and concentrated 10 to 100 times with a rotary evaporator. Thereafter, the urea concentration is quantified by the diacetyl monooxime method.
- KR-UM1 Kurita Kogyo Co., Ltd.
- Example 1 In Example 1, the simulated raw water 1 and the simulated raw water 2 were treated in the same manner except that the first biological treatment means 3 was not provided. At this time, ammonium chloride was added from the second supply mechanism 7, but sodium hypochlorite was not added. Table 1 shows the results of measuring the urea concentration of the treated water W1 of the simulated raw water 1 and the simulated raw water 2.
- Example 1 in which biological treatment was performed in two stages, the simulated raw water 1 with a low TOC concentration had a urea concentration of the treated water W1 of less than 2 ⁇ g / L, and the simulated raw water with a high TOC concentration. Even in the case of 2, the urea concentration of the treated water W1 was less than 2 ⁇ g / L and the urea concentration could be kept low.
- the urea concentration in the treated water W1 was less than 2 ⁇ g / L in the case of the simulated raw water 1 with a low TOC concentration, but in the simulated raw water 2 with a high TOC concentration, The urea concentration of the treated water W1 was 10 to 20 ⁇ g / L.
- Example 1 even if an easily degradable organic substance is contained in the raw water W, the first biological treatment means 3 removes this to maintain the urea decomposition performance in the second biological treatment means 4.
- the second biological treatment means 4 can increase the growth and activity of BOD-utilizing bacteria by the readily degradable organic matter, thereby increasing urea. This is thought to be due to the inactivation of the nitrifying bacteria group with high removal efficiency, and the urea removal performance was lowered.
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Abstract
Description
模擬原水1として、市水(野木町水:平均尿素濃度10μg/L、平均TOC濃度0.7mg/L、アンモニア性窒素濃度0.1mg/L未満、平均全残留塩素濃度0.6mg/LasCl2)に試薬尿素(キシダ化学社製)を必要に応じ適量添加したものを用いた。
実施例1において、第一の生物処理手段3を設けなかった以外は、同様にして模擬原水1及び模擬原水2の処理を行った。なお、この際、第二の供給機構7からは、塩化アンモニウムは添加したが、次亜塩素酸ナトリウムの添加は行わなかった。これらの模擬原水1及び模擬原水2の処理水W1の尿素濃度を測定した結果を表1に示す。
4…第二の生物処理手段
7…第二の供給機構(栄養源添加)
W…原水
W1…処理水
Claims (4)
- 有機物を含有する原水を生物処理して得られた処理水を純水製造装置で処理する超純水製造方法において、
前記生物処理が、第一の生物処理手段と、第二の生物処理手段とからなり、前記第一の生物処理手段の処理水に、前記第二の生物処理手段の栄養源を添加することを特徴とする超純水製造方法。 - 前記第一の生物処理手段が、生物担持担体の固定床を有する生物処理手段であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の超純水製造方法。
- 前記第二の生物処理手段が、生物担持担体の固定床を有する生物処理手段であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の超純水製造方法。
- 前記第二の生物処理手段の栄養源が、窒素源であることを特徴とする請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の超純水製造方法。
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JP2016155052A (ja) * | 2015-02-23 | 2016-09-01 | 栗田工業株式会社 | 水中微粒子の除去装置及び超純水製造・供給システム |
JP2018513778A (ja) * | 2015-03-13 | 2018-05-31 | ザ クリーヴランド クリニック ファウンデーションThe Cleveland Clinic Foundation | 多ボアの溶質カートリッジキャリア |
JP6737583B2 (ja) * | 2015-11-16 | 2020-08-12 | 野村マイクロ・サイエンス株式会社 | 水処理装置、超純水製造装置及び水処理方法 |
RU2617104C1 (ru) * | 2016-04-01 | 2017-04-20 | Акционерное общество "Водоканал-инжиниринг" | Способ комбинированной очистки природной воды |
CN108394994A (zh) * | 2017-02-08 | 2018-08-14 | 鞍钢股份有限公司 | 一种强化焦化废水反硝化脱氮的方法 |
WO2019107045A1 (ja) * | 2017-11-28 | 2019-06-06 | オルガノ株式会社 | 尿素の分析方法及び分析装置 |
JP2022125844A (ja) * | 2021-02-17 | 2022-08-29 | オルガノ株式会社 | 尿素処理装置及び処理方法 |
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KR20130127456A (ko) | 2013-11-22 |
KR101840896B1 (ko) | 2018-03-21 |
JP5914964B2 (ja) | 2016-05-11 |
JP2012086124A (ja) | 2012-05-10 |
CN103168006B (zh) | 2015-03-04 |
US9085475B2 (en) | 2015-07-21 |
CN103168006A (zh) | 2013-06-19 |
TW201217278A (en) | 2012-05-01 |
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