WO2011071666A1 - Articles thermoformés constitués de produits d'extrusion réactifs de matériaux d'origine biologique - Google Patents
Articles thermoformés constitués de produits d'extrusion réactifs de matériaux d'origine biologique Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011071666A1 WO2011071666A1 PCT/US2010/056967 US2010056967W WO2011071666A1 WO 2011071666 A1 WO2011071666 A1 WO 2011071666A1 US 2010056967 W US2010056967 W US 2010056967W WO 2011071666 A1 WO2011071666 A1 WO 2011071666A1
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- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- XFWJKVMFIVXPKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;oxido(oxo)alumane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Al]=O.[O-][Al]=O XFWJKVMFIVXPKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013013 elastic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007765 extrusion coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021485 fumed silica Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005350 fused silica glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002314 glycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010438 granite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 235000012171 hot beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010903 husk Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011396 hydraulic cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- DTVKDCLRVWKMKA-CVBJKYQLSA-L iron(2+);(z)-octadec-9-enoate Chemical compound [Fe+2].CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC([O-])=O DTVKDCLRVWKMKA-CVBJKYQLSA-L 0.000 description 1
- FRVCGRDGKAINSV-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+);octadecanoate Chemical compound [Fe+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O FRVCGRDGKAINSV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SFIHQZFZMWZOJV-HZJYTTRNSA-N linoleamide Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(N)=O SFIHQZFZMWZOJV-HZJYTTRNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004488 linolenic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KQQKGWQCNNTQJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N linolenic acid Natural products CC=CCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O KQQKGWQCNNTQJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- DCUFMVPCXCSVNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N methacrylic anhydride Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OC(=O)C(C)=C DCUFMVPCXCSVNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXLHVTKGDPVANO-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-amino-3-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxycarbonylamino]propanoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(N)CNC(=O)OC(C)(C)C AXLHVTKGDPVANO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002715 modification method Methods 0.000 description 1
- WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Pentadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012802 nanoclay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003052 natural elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001194 natural rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PLYIPBIZXSTXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N octanoic acid;tin Chemical compound [Sn].CCCCCCCC(O)=O PLYIPBIZXSTXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FATBGEAMYMYZAF-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(N)=O FATBGEAMYMYZAF-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021313 oleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FATBGEAMYMYZAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N oleicacidamide-heptaglycolether Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(N)=O FATBGEAMYMYZAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 238000013001 point bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001432 poly(L-lactide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000070 poly-3-hydroxybutyrate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000151 polyglycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010695 polyglycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002952 polymeric resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004331 potassium propionate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene glycol Substances CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 239000008262 pumice Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011150 stannous chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-HKGQFRNVSA-N tetradecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC[14C](O)=O TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-HKGQFRNVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000036962 time dependent Effects 0.000 description 1
- AXZWODMDQAVCJE-UHFFFAOYSA-L tin(II) chloride (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Sn+2] AXZWODMDQAVCJE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000009966 trimming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007666 vacuum forming Methods 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010455 vermiculite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052902 vermiculite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019354 vermiculite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003190 viscoelastic substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011345 viscous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015099 wheat brans Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002025 wood fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- XOOUIPVCVHRTMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc stearate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O XOOUIPVCVHRTMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- RXZFXYQZAXZGME-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;octadecanoate;pyrrolidin-2-one Chemical compound [Zn+2].O=C1CCCN1.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O RXZFXYQZAXZGME-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000003755 zirconium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/24—Crosslinking, e.g. vulcanising, of macromolecules
- C08J3/246—Intercrosslinking of at least two polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2367/00—Characterised by the use of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
- Y02W90/10—Bio-packaging, e.g. packing containers made from renewable resources or bio-plastics
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
- Y10T428/1328—Shrinkable or shrunk [e.g., due to heat, solvent, volatile agent, restraint removal, etc.]
- Y10T428/1331—Single layer [continuous layer]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
- Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
- Y10T428/1397—Single layer [continuous layer]
Definitions
- the present invention broadly relates to articles comprising a thermoformable composite material comprising biobased and/or biodegradable polymers such as PHA, PLA, their blends and copolymers via extrusion.
- the products made by the present invention will be carried out by (reactive) extrusion of the resins, in the present of one or more additive(s) and/or catalyst(s).
- the Biopolymers are, but not limit to, PLA, PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoates), cellulose esters, polysaccharides, and so on.
- the performance promoters or modifiers here are, but not limit to, low molecule weight additives, like catalysts, crosslink agents, tie-agents, plasticizers, stabilizers, nucleating agents, some other polymers, and so on.
- PLA is a biodegradable polymer that made from corn starch. Adding petroleum chemicals into PLA could improve the thermal and mechanical performance, but damages the sustainability of the products. By making PLA / biomaterial blends / composites, we can have better products, while retain their sustainability.
- biomaterials are, but not limited to, biopolymers, like PHAs; natural fillers, like cellulose fibers and powders; agriculture (for examples, rice husk, wheat bran, straw, corn cob%) fibers and powders; wood fibers and powders; and bamboo fibers and powders.
- Polylactic acid is increasing in favor with consumers of plastic thermoformed articles as a renewable plastic which does not derive from fossil fuels and which is degradable in the environment.
- PLA has a decreasing mechanical strength with increasing temperature.
- an article formed from PLA may lose the ability to resist deformation by forces frequently found in transportation.
- PLA may lose its ability to resist deformation to forces of the order of magnitude of gravity and residual mold stress. Prolonged exposure of PLA articles to temperatures of about 140°F (60°C) or higher may cause these articles to deform substantially from their original shape under forces which may be present in storage conditions.
- PLA articles may suffer from high damage losses during transport through and storage in hot areas such as tractor trailers crossing, for example, the hot weather areas of the United States during the summer season.
- an article comprising a thermoformable composite comprising: a thermoformable composite comprising PHAs-PLA based blends and copolymers via extrusion.
- the resulted materials comprises mixing PLA (1 - 99 wt %), PHAs (1 - 99 wt %), and additives (0.01 - 60 wt %), and then process them in an extruder.
- the additives are both radical and non-radical type chemicals.
- the reaction formulation is: ratio of starting materials: PLA (1 - 99 wt %), PHAs (1 - 99 wt %), additives (0.01 - 60 wt %).
- the goal is to link PHA and PLA together by intermolecular way such as, but not limiting to, tie molecules, and/or chemical bounding such as, but not limiting to cross-link, to obtain better performance and/or better processability.
- the composite products can then be used in thermoforming, injection molding, and extrusion coating.
- PHAs-PLA blends and resins having: (a) a T s value of up to about 180°C; and (a) a heat distortion index of up to about 160°C;
- Fig. 1 is a graph that shows a typical Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Spectrum of PLA illustrating melt temperature is at 145.10°C and heat absorption peak at 60.71°C.
- DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry
- Figure 2 is the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) spectrum of resin of Lid L-5 that shows that the blend has a main melt temperature T m higher than that of the regular PLA resin; and;
- FIG. 3 is a thermoforming system, where pellets of a renewable polymer such as PLA- PHA blend, are added to the extruder. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
- renewable polymer also known as “biopolymer” refers to a polymer, or a combination ⁇ e.g., blend, mixture, etc.) of polymers, which may be obtained from renewable natural resources, e.g., from raw or starting materials which are or may be replenished within a few years (versus, for example, petroleum which requires thousands or millions of years).
- a renewable polymer may include a polymer that may be obtained from renewable monomers, polymers which may be obtained from renewable natural sources ⁇ e.g., starch, sugars, lipids, corn, sugar beet, wheat, other, starch-rich products etc.) by, for example, enzymatic processes, bacterial fermentation, other processes which convert biological materials into a feedstock or into the final renewable polymer, etc. See, for example, U.S. Pat. App. No. 20060036062 (Ramakrishna et al.), published February 16, 2006, the entire disclosure and contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
- Renewable polymers useful in embodiments of the present invention may include polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymers, polycaprolactone (PCL) polymers, starch-based polymers, cellulose-based polymers, etc., or combinations thereof. Renewable polymers may, but do not necessarily include, biodegradable polymers.
- PHA polyhydroxyalkanoate
- PCL polycaprolactone
- Renewable polymers may, but do not necessarily include, biodegradable polymers.
- biodegradable polymer refers to a polymer which may be broken down into organic substances by living organisms, for example, microorganisms.
- amorphous refers to a solid which is not crystalline, i.e., has no lattice structure which is characteristic of a crystalline state.
- crystalline refers to a solid which has a lattice structure which is characteristic of a crystalline state.
- high temperature deformation- resistant material refers to a material which resists deformation at a temperature of about 140°F (60°C) or higher, for example, about 150°F (65.6°C) or higher.
- high temperature deformable material refers to a material which deforms at a temperature of less than about 140°F (60°C), for example, less than about 130°F (54.4°C).
- thermoforming refers to a method for preparing a shaped, formed, etc., article from a thermoplastic sheet, film, etc.
- the sheet, film, etc. may be heated to its melting or softening point, stretched over or into a temperature-controlled, single-surface mold and then held against the mold surface until cooled (solidified).
- the formed article may then be trimmed from the thermoformed sheet.
- the trimmed material may be reground, mixed with virgin plastic, and reprocessed into usable sheet.
- Thermoforming may include vacuum forming, pressure forming, twin-sheet forming, drape forming, free blowing, simple sheet bending, etc.
- thermoform and similar terms such as, for example "thermoformed,” etc., refers to articles made by a thermoforming method.
- melting point refers to the temperature range at which a crystalline material changes state from a solid to a liquid, e.g., may be molten. While the melting point of material may be a specific temperature, it often refers to the melting of a crystalline material over a temperature range of, for example, a few degrees or less. At the melting point, the solid and liquid phase of the material often exist in equilibrium.
- T m refers to the melting temperature of a material, for example, a polymer.
- the melting temperature is often a temperature range at which the material changes from a solid state to a liquid state.
- the melting temperature may be determined by using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) which determines the melting point by measuring the energy input needed to increase the temperature of a sample at a constant rate of temperature change, and wherein the point of maximum energy input determines the melting point of the material being evaluated.
- DSC differential scanning calorimeter
- softening point refers to a temperature or range of temperatures at which a material is or becomes shapeable, moldable, formable, deformable, bendable, extrudable, etc.
- the term softening point may include, but does not necessarily include, the term melting point.
- T s refers to the Vicat softening point (also known as the Vicat Hardness).
- the Vicat softening point is measured as the temperature at which a polymer specimen is penetrated to a depth of 1 mm by a flat-ended needle with a 1 sq. mm circular or square cross-section. A load of 9.81 N is used.
- Standards for measuring Vicat softening points for thermoplastic resins may include JIS K7206, ASTM D1525 or ISO306, which are incorporated by reference herein.
- T g refers to the glass transition temperature.
- the glass transition temperature is the temperature: (a) below which the physical properties of amorphous materials vary in a manner similar to those of a solid phase (i.e., a glassy state); and (b) above which amorphous materials behave like liquids (i.e., a rubbery state).
- HDT heat deflection temperature
- HDTUL heat distortion temperature
- HDI heat distortion index
- ASTM D648 is a test method which determines the temperature at which an arbitrary deformation occurs when test samples are subjected to a particular set of testing conditions. This test provides a measure of the temperature stability of a material, i.e., the temperature below which the material does not readily deform under a standard load condition. The test sample is loaded in three-point bending device in the edgewise direction. The outer fiber stress used for testing is 1.82 MPa, and the temperature is increased at 2°C/min until the test sample deflects 0.25 mm.
- melt flow index (also known as the “melt flow rate (MFR)) refers to a measure of the ease of flow of the melt of a thermoplastic polymer, and may be used to determine the ability to process the polymer in thermo forming.
- MFI may be defined as the weight of polymer (in grams) flowing in 10 minutes through a capillary having a specific diameter and length by a pressure applied via prescribed alternative gravimetric weights for alternative prescribed temperatures.
- Standards for measuring MFI include ASTM D1238 and ISO 1133, which are herein incorporated by reference. The testing temperature used is 190°C with a loading weight of 2.16 kg.
- the MFI of the polymers may be in the range from 0 to about 20 grams per 10 minutes, for example from 0 to about 15 grams per 10 minutes.
- viscoelasticity and “elastic viscosity” refer interchangeably to a property of materials which exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation. Viscous materials resist shear flow and strain linearly with time when a stress is applied, while elastic materials strain instantaneously when stretched and just as quickly return to their original state once the stress is removed. Viscoelastic materials have elements of both of these properties and, as such, exhibit time dependent strain. Whereas elasticity is usually the result of bond stretching along crystallographic planes in an ordered solid, viscoelasticity is the result of the diffusion of atoms or molecules inside of an amorphous material.
- hydroxy aliphatic acids refers to organic aliphatic carboxylic acids having a hydroxy group, and which may be used to provide polyhydroxyalkanoates.
- Hydroxy aliphatic acids useful herein may include lactic acid, hydroxy- beta-butyric acid (also known as hydroxy-3 -butyric acid), hydroxy-alpha-butyric acid (also known as hydroxy-2-butyric acid), 3-hydroxypropionic acid, 3-hydroxyvaleric acid, 4- hydroxybutyric acid, 4-hydroxyvaleric acid, 5-hydroxyvaleric acid, 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid, 4- hydroxyhexanoic acid, 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid, hydroxyacetic acid (also known as glycolic acid), lactic acid (also know as hydroxy-alpha-propionic acid), malic acid (also known as hydroxysuccinic acid), etc., and mixtures thereof.
- polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymer refers broadly to renewable, thermoplastic aliphatic polyesters which may be produced by polymerization of the respective monomer hydroxy aliphatic acids (including dimers of the hydroxy aliphatic acids), by bacterial fermentation of starch, sugars, lipids, etc.
- PHA polymers may include poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) (also known as poly-3-hydroxybutyrate), poly- alpha-hydroxybutyrate (also known as poly-2-hydroxybutyrate), poly-3-hydroxypropionate, poly-3 -hydroxyvalerate ⁇ ., poly-4-hydroxybutyrate, poly-4-hydroxyvalerate, poly-5- hydroxyvalerate, ⁇ poly-3 -hydroxyhexanoate, poly-4-hydroxyhexanoate, poly-6- hydroxyhexanoate, polyhydroxybutyrate-valerate (PHBV), polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid (PLA), etc., as well as PHA copolymers, blends, mixtures, combinations, etc., of different PHA polymers, etc.
- PHB poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate
- PHA may be synthesized by methods disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,267,794 (Kozaki et al), issued September 11, 2007; U.S. Pat. No. 7,276,361 (Doi et al), issued October 2, 2007; U.S. Pat. No. 7,208,535 (Asrar et al), issued April 24, 2007; U.S. Pat. No. 7,176,349 (Dhugga et al), issued February 13, 2007; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,025,908 (Williams et al), issued April 11, 2006, the entire disclosure and contents of the foregoing documents being herein incorporated by reference.
- polylactic acid or polylactide refers to a renewable, biodegradable, thermoplastic, aliphatic polyester formed from a lactic acid or a source of lactic acid, for example, renewable resources such as corn starch, sugarcane, etc.
- PLA may refer to all stereoisomeric forms of PLA including L- or D- lactides, and racemic mixtures comprising L- and D-lactides.
- PLA may include D- polylactic acid, L-polylactic acid (also known as PLLA), D, L-polylactic acid, meso-polylactic acid, as well as any combination of D-polylactic acid, L-polylactic acid, D,L-polylactic acid and meso-polylactic acid.
- PLAs useful herein may have, for example, a number average molecular weight in the range of from about 15,000 and about 300,000.
- bacterial fermentation may be used to produce lactic acid, which may be oligomerized and then catalytically dimerized to provide the monomer for ring-opening polymerization.
- PLA may be prepared in a high molecular weight form through ring-opening polymerization of the monomer using, for example, a stannous octanoate catalyst, tin(II) chloride, etc.
- cellulose-based polymer refers to a polymer, or combination of polymers, which may be derived from, prepared from, etc., cellulose.
- Cellulose-based polymers which may be used in embodiments of the present invention may include, for example, cellulose esters, such as cellulose formate, cellulose acetate, cellulose diacetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose valerate, mixed cellulose esters, etc., and mixtures thereof.
- the term “mineral filler” refers to inorganic materials, often in particulate form, which may lower cost (per weight) of the polymer, and which, at lower temperatures, may be used to increase the stiffness and decrease the elongation to break of the polymer, and which, at higher temperatures, may be used to increase the viscosity of the polymer melt.
- Mineral fillers which may used in embodiments of the present invention may include, for example, talc, calcium chloride, titanium dioxide, clay, synthetic clay, gypsum, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, calcium aluminate, magnesium carbonate mica, silica, alumina, sand, gravel, sandstone, limestone, crushed rock, bauxite, granite, limestone, glass beads, aerogels, xerogels, fly ash, fumed silica, fused silica, tabular alumina, kaolin, microspheres, hollow glass spheres, porous ceramic spheres, ceramic materials, pozzolanic materials, zirconium compounds, xonotlite (a crystalline calcium silicate gel), lightweight expanded clays, perlite, vermiculite, hydrated or unhydrated hydraulic cement particles, pumice, zeolites, exfoliated rock, etc., and mixtures thereof
- molded refers to any method for casting, shaping, forming, extruding, etc., softened or melted polymers, layers, composites, etc., of the present invention.
- the term "blow molded” refers to a method of molding in which the material is melted and extruded into a hollow tube (also referred to as a parison). This parison may then be captured by closing it into a cooled mold and air is then blown into the parison, thus inflating parison into the shaped article. After the shaped article has cooled sufficiently, the mold is opened and the article is released ⁇ e.g., ejected).
- compression molded refers to a method of molding in which the molding material, with optional preheating, is first placed in an open, heated mold cavity. The mold is closed with a top force or plug member, pressure is applied to force the material into contact with all mold areas, and heat and pressure are maintained until the molding material has cured.
- heat-resistant polymer refers to a polymer (or polymers) which has an HDI value of greater than about 50°C, for example greater than about 65°C (e.g., greater than about 90°C).
- heat-resistant polymers are resistant to deformation at temperatures above about 50°C, for example, above about 65°C (e.g., above about 90°C).
- Heat-resistant polymers may or may not renewable polymers and may include polyolefms (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, etc.), polystyrenes, polyesters, polyamides, polyimides, polyurethanes, cellulose-based polymers, such as cellulose propionate, etc., and combinations thereof.
- sheet refers to webs, strips, films, pages, pieces, segments, etc., which may be continuous in form (e.g., webs) for subsequent subdividing into discrete units, or which may be in the form of discrete units (e.g., pieces).
- the term "extrusion” refers to a method for shaping, molding, forming, etc., a material by forcing, pressing, pushing, etc., the material through a shaping, forming, etc., device having an orifice, slit, etc., for example, a die, etc. Extrusion may be continuous (producing indefinitely long material) or semi-continuous (producing many short pieces, segments, etc.).
- interpenetrating network refers to where two adjacent areas, domains, regions, layers, etc., merge, combine, unite, fuse, etc., together so that there is essentially no boundary therebetween.
- thermoplastic refers to the conventional meaning of thermoplastic, i.e., a composition, compound, material, etc., that exhibits the property of a material, such as a high polymer, that softens when exposed to sufficient heat and generally returns to its original condition when cooled to room temperature.
- Thermoplastics may include, but are not limited to, polyesters (e.g., polyhydroxyalkanoates, polyethyleneterephthalate, etc.), poly(vinylchloride), poly(vinyl acetate), polycarbonates, polymethylmethacrylate, cellulose esters, poly(styrene), poly(ethylene), poly(propylene), cyclic olefin polymers, poly(ethylene oxide), nylons, polyurethanes, protein polymers, etc.
- polyesters e.g., polyhydroxyalkanoates, polyethyleneterephthalate, etc.
- poly(vinylchloride) poly(vinyl acetate)
- polycarbonates polymethylmethacrylate
- cellulose esters poly(styrene), poly(ethylene), poly(propylene), cyclic olefin polymers, poly(ethylene oxide), nylons, polyurethanes, protein polymers, etc.
- plasticizer refers to the conventional meaning of this term as an agent which softens a polymer, thus providing flexibility, durability, etc.
- Plasticizers may be advantageously used in amounts of, for example, from about 0.01 to about 45% by weight, e.g., from about 3 to about 15% by weight of the polymer, although other concentrations may be used to provide desired flexibility, durability, etc.
- Plasticizers which may used in embodiments of the present invention include, for example, aliphatic carboxylic acids, aliphatic carboxylic acid metal salts, aliphatic esters, aliphatic amides, alkyl phosphate esters, dialkylether diesters, dialkylether esters, tricarboxylic esters, epoxidized oils and esters, polyesters, polyglycol diesters, alkyl alkylether diesters, aliphatic diesters, alkylether monoesters, citrate ester, dicarboxylic esters, vegetable oils and their derivatives, esters of glycerine, ethers, etc., and mixtures thereof.
- the plasticizers may include one or more aliphatic acids ⁇ e.g., oleic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, adipic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, linolenic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, cerotic acid, etc.), one or more low molecular weight aliphatic polyesters, one or more aliphatic amides ⁇ e.g., oleamide, stearamide, linoleamide, cycle-n- lactam, ⁇ -caprolactam, lauryl lactam, ⁇ , ⁇ -dibutyl stearamide, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethyl oleamide, etc.), one or more aliphatic carboxylic acid esters ⁇ e.g., methoxyethyl oleate, diisooctyl sebacate,
- the term "compatibilizer” refers to a composition, compound, etc., used to enhance reextrusion of polymer(s), plastic trim, etc., in thermoforming recycle operations by causing what may be two or more dissimilar polymers to provide a homogeneous, or more homogeneous, melt during reextrusion, and to avoid or minimize disassociation when recycled material is added back to the polymer feedstock being extruded.
- Compatibilizers which may be used in embodiments of the present invention include, for example, polyolefms, polybutadienes, polystyrenes, etc., modified with maleic anhydride, citrates of fatty acids, glycerol esters, etc.
- the compatibilizer may be advantageously used in amounts from about 0.005 to about 10% by weight, for example from about 0.01 to about 5% by weight of the polymer, although other concentrations may be used so long as they are effective at keeping the two or more polymers miscible and more homogeneous.
- Maleated polyolefins/polybutadienes/polystyrenes are commercially available compatibilizers, sold by Eastman (EPOLENES®), Crompton (POLYBONDS®), Honeywell (A-C®), and Sartomer (Ricons®).
- Maleated and epoxidized rubbers may also be useful as compatibilizers, for example, maleic anhydride grafted rubber, epoxy/hydroxyl functionalized polybutadiene, etc.
- Other carboxylic acid modified polyolefm copolymers such as those from succinic anhydride, may also be used.
- Monomers such as maleic anhydride, succinic anhydride, etc., may also be added directly along with or without other commercial compatibilizers to prepare in situ compatabilized blends. See U.S. Pat. No. 7,256,223 (Mohanty et al), issued August 14, 2007, the entire disclosure and contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
- compatibilizers may include poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazolines), such as, for example, poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOX), poly(2-propionyl-2-oxazoline), poly(2-phenyl-2-oxazolone), etc. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,923 (Zhang et al), issued October 14, 2003, the entire disclosure and contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference. These compatibilizers may be included singly or as combinations of compatibilizers. For example, with starch-based polymers ⁇ e.g.
- the compatibilizers may include one or more products (or complexes) of co- monomers and anhydrides (or their derivatives) at, for example, a 1 : 1 mole ratio), wherein the co-monomer may include one or more of: acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, acrylamide, acrylic acid, glutaric acid, methacrylate, styrene, etc. , and wherein the anhydride (or derivative) may include one or more of: acetic anhydride, methacrylic acid anhydride, succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride, maleimide, etc. See published PCT Pat App. No. 2003/051981 (Wang et al), published June 26, 2003, the entire disclosure and contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
- the term "significant weight amount” refers to an amount of the renewable polymer which may be at least about 50% by weight of the composite, for example, at least about 80% by weight, ⁇ e.g., at least about 90%> by weight) of the composite.
- articles comprising a thermoformable composite comprise: a renewable polymer having: (a) a T s value of up to about 180°C (e.g., in the range of from about 80° to about 170°C); (b) a heat distortion index of up to about 160°C (e.g., up to about 60°C, for example, up to about 150°C); and (c) optionally, a T m in the range of from about 90° to about 200°C (e.g., in the range of from about 95° to about - 160°C).
- the T s value, heat distortion index (and optionally T m ) of the heat-resistant polymer is also greater than that of the renewable polymer, for example, the heat-resistant polymer has a T s value, heat distortion index (and optionally T m ) at least about 5°C greater (e.g., at least about 10°C greater) than that of the renewable polymer.
- the renewable polymer comprises at least about 60% by weight (e.g., at least about 80% by weight, for example, at least about 90%> by weight) of the composite. Such articles provide the ability to resist deformation during higher temperature conditions that may occur during storage and distribution.
- the product may comprise one or more plasticizers, one or more compatibilizers, one or more other polymers, etc.
- the layer may comprise PLA (1 - 99 wt %), PHAs (1 - 99 wt %), and additives (0.01 - 60 wt %).
- the performance promoters or modifiers here are, but not limit to, low molecule weight additives, like catalysts, crosslink agents, tie-agents, plasticizers, stabilizers, nucleating agents, some other polymers, and so on.
- polylactic acid can be varied widely, but in the preferred embodiment of the invention, the PLA range is from about 10 wt % to about 90 wt % by weight of polylactic acid (PLA), more preferably from about 25 wt % to about 75 wt % by weight of polylactic acid (PLA), and most preferably from about 40 wt % to about 60 wt % by weight of polylactic acid (PLA).
- This range may include, but not limited to, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 wt % of the total thermoformable composite.
- polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymer can be varied widely, but in the preferred embodiment of the invention, the PHA range is from about 10 wt % to about 90 wt % by weight of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymer, more preferably from about 25 wt % to about 75 wt % by weight of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymer, and most preferably from about 40 wt % to about 60 wt % by weight of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymer.
- This range may include, but not limited to, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 wt % of the total thermoformable composite.
- the range of additives can be varied widely, but in the preferred embodiment of the invention, the additives is less than 60 wt % by the total weight of the thermoformable composite, more preferably is less than 30 wt % by total weight of the thermoformable composite, and most preferably is less than 5 wt % by weight of the total thermoformable composite.
- This range may include, but not limited to, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55 wt % of the total thermoformable composite.
- One embodiment of the present invention may be a thermoformed article such as a food or beverage cup, lid, cutlery item, foodservice item, molded tray, food storage container, etc.
- Another embodiment of the present invention may be an article in the form of a thermoformed sheet of the resulted heat-resistant polymer.
- Another embodiment of the present invention may be an article wherein the resin comprises a renewable polyhydroxyalkanoate polymer which may contain chain branching moieties or wherein the resin comprises other additives, such as plasticizers, compatibilizers, etc., to change the properties of the blend.
- Another embodiment of the present invention may be an article wherein the resin may comprise one or more mineral fillers, for example, talc, calcium chloride, titanium dioxide, clay, etc., or mixtures thereof.
- thermoformable composite may be provided by extruding a heat-resistant polymer having the above defined T s , heat distortion index, and optional T m values, and renewable polymer having the above defined T s , heat distortion index and optional T m values, wherein the renewable polymer layer comprises a significant weight amount of the composite (for example, at least about 80% by weight).
- Articles such as, for example, a food or beverage cup, lid, cutlery item, foodservice item, molded tray, food storage container, etc., may then thermo formed from the composite structure.
- Another embodiment of the present invention may be an article wherein the resin may comprise a compatibilizer which enhances reextrusion of polymer or plastic trim pieces obtained during trimming of the article which may be used in thermo forming recycle operations.
- Another embodiment of the present invention may be an article formed by compression molding or blow molding the thermoformable composite.
- Another embodiment of the present invention may be an article formed from a coextruded sheet from a roll fed through thermoforming operation, for example, with inline extrusion and thermoforming with recycle of trimmed polymer or plastic for regrinding.
- thermoforming system indicated generally as 300.
- pellets of a renewable polymer such as PLA-PHA blend
- extruder indicated as 308
- a temperature in the range of, for example, from about 130° to about 300°C ⁇ e.g., from about 200° to about 225°C).
- the melted resin passes through a series chill rolls, indicated generally as 336.
- Cold web 340 passes through a remelt oven, indicated as generally 344, where cold web 340 is softened or melted at a temperature, for example, in the range of from about 100° to about 200°C ⁇ e.g., from about 120° to about 180°C)., to provide a thermoformable web, indicated generally as 348.
- Thermoformable web 348 is passed through a thermoforming or molding section at a temperature , for example, in the range of from about 10° to about 100°C ⁇ e.g., from about 20° to about 80°C), indicated generally as 352, to provide a thermoformed or molded articles, of three are schematically shown and indicated as 356-1, 356-2 and 356-3.
- Thermoformed article 356-2 is shown as passing through a trimmer press 358 for remove excess material ⁇ e.g., flashing) to provide finished article 356-3, which may then exits system 300, as indicated by arrow 360.
- the trimmed material from article 356-2 may be recycled, as indicated by arrow 364.
- Recycled material 364 is sent to a chopper or grinder, indicated as 368, to provide size reduced recycled material.
- the size reduced recycled material is then returned, as indicated by arrow 372 for blending with PLA-PHA pellets in core extruder 308.
- the Polylactide (PLA) resins are produced by Nature Works LLC.
- the Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) resins are provided by Ningbo Tianan Biologic Material Co.
- the additives are obtained from DuPont Co., Sigma- Aldrich Co., AkzoNobel Corporate, Arkema Inc., and Specialty Minerals Inc. All the polymer resins are dried thoroughly before using.
- Table 1 contains blend information and twin screw extruder (a Haake PolyDrive Mixer, which is an extruder with two screws) processing conditions for the experimental blends tested.
- the PLA resin (2002D) is a product of Natural Works LLC.
- the PHA (1000P) is a product of Ningbo Tianan Biological Materials Co., Ltd., and the additives (E243, E283, and E285) are products of Arkema Inc.
- Table 2 BioResin Formulation and Their Heat Resistance
- Table 2 contains blend information, twin screw extruder (a Brabender PS/6, which is an extruder with two screws) processing conditions, and testing results of the experimental blends.
- 200 F testing is to place the specimen into a 200°F oven for 30 minutes, and the PASS means there is no deformation of the sample, and the FAIL means there is.
- the Aging test is to place the specimen into a 150°F oven for 3 weeks, and the PASS means the sample doesn't turn brittle, and the FAIL means it does.
- Table 3 More Formula of PHA / PLA Blends (by parts)
- Table 3 contains blend information of PLA (Nature Works 4042D), PHA(Tianan 1000P) and various additives on a twin screw extruder (a Brabender PS/6, which is an extruder with two screws), where MA is maleic anhydride, bpo is benzoyl peroxide (both are from Sigma-Aldrich Co.); BS120 is from DuPont Co., and all other additives are from Arkema Inc.
- Table 4 shows the blend information of PLA (Nature Works 4042D), PHA(Tianan 1000P) and various additives on a 34 mm Leistritz twin screw extruder, where Trigonox 101 is a AkzoNobel Corporate product; BS120 is from DuPont Co., E243 is from Arkema Inc., and all other additives are from Specialty Minerals Inc.
- the Heat Score is determined by to immerse a 0.5 by 6.0 inches specimen into 190°F water for one minute.
- the score 100 means the sample keeping 100% of strength, while 0 means the sample losing 100% of strength.
- a brittle sample indicates that the test specimen broken when being fold 180 degree at room temperature.
- Table 5 shows the blend information of PLA (Nature Works 4032D), PHA(Tianan 1000P) and various additives on a ZSK-40 twin screw extruder, where Trigonox lOland Trigonox 301 are AkzoNobel Corporate products.
- the Heat Score is determined by to immerse a 0.5 by 6.0 inches specimen into 190°F water for one minute.
- the score 10 means the sample keeping 100% of strength, while 0 means the sample losing 100% of strength.
- a brittle sample indicates that the test specimen broken when being fold 180 degree at room temperature, 'Yes or No (Y/N)' means some samples broke and some didn't. Table 6.
- Table 6 shows the blend information of PL A (Nature Works 4032D), PHA(Tianan 1000P) and various additives on a ZSK-40 twin screw extruder, where Trigonox 101, Trigonox 117, and Trigonox 131 are AkzoNobel Corporate products.
- the Talc is provided by Specialty Minerals Inc.
- the Heat Score is determined by to immerse a 0.5 by 6.0 inches specimen into 190°F water for one minute.
- the score 10 means the sample keeping 100% of strength, while 0 means the sample losing 100% of strength.
- a brittle sample indicates that the test specimen broken when being fold 180 degree at room temperature, 'y/n' means some samples brook and some didn't.
- the Reliability test is to turn a capped cup with hot water inside upside down for 2 minutes, and count the number of the lids dropped per 12 tests.
- the Leaking rate is the amount of water leaking from the side seam of a cup/lid system. While the cup with lid is turned into a level position, measure the weight of water collected in 20 seconds. The values are within our QC control limit.
- Fig. 1 is a graph which shows a typical Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Spectrum of PLA.
- the melt temperature is at 145.10°C, with a big heat absorption peak at 60.7FC.
- Figure 2 is the DSC spectrum of resin of Lid L-5. It shows that the blend has a main melt temperature T m at 167.42° C, which is higher than that of the regular PLA resin. The big heat absorption peak became much smaller, too. All documents, patents, journal articles and other materials cited in the present application are hereby incorporated by reference.
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Abstract
La présente invention concerne un procédé de production d'un composite thermoformable par réticulation de PHA et de PLA conjointement en présence d'un additif pour produire un mélange de PHA et PLA et des résines ayant : (a) une valeur Ts allant jusqu'à environ 180 °C ; et (b) un indice de déformation thermique allant jusqu'à environ 160 °C. Le composite thermoformable est utilisé pour fabriquer un récipient pour aliments ou boisson, un couvercle, un article de type couvert , un article de service de table, un plateau moulé, un conteneur de stockage d'aliments. Le composite thermoformable comprend d'environ 5 % à environ 95 % en poids de poly(acide lactique) (PLA), d'environ 5 % à environ 95 % en poids de polymère polyhydroxyalcanoate (PHA), et d'environ 0,01 % à environ 60 % d'additifs où les PLA et PHA réticulent conjointement par des moyens intermoléculaires de manière à améliorer les performances et l'aptitude au traitement.
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EP10784622A EP2510046A1 (fr) | 2009-12-08 | 2010-11-17 | Articles thermoformés constitués de produits d'extrusion réactifs de matériaux d'origine biologique |
CA2781963A CA2781963C (fr) | 2009-12-08 | 2010-11-17 | Articles thermoformes constitues de produits d'extrusion reactifs de materiaux d'origine biologique |
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WO2016028292A1 (fr) | 2014-08-20 | 2016-02-25 | Tepha, Inc. | Implants médicaux thermoformés en poly-4-hydroxybutyrate |
EP3305338A1 (fr) | 2014-08-20 | 2018-04-11 | Tepha, Inc. | Implants médicaux poly-4-hydroxybutyrate thermoformés |
EP3190134A1 (fr) | 2016-01-11 | 2017-07-12 | GKT Gräfenthaler Kunststofftechnik GmbH | Substance moulée par réinjection, son utilisation et son procédé de transformation |
DE102016000197A1 (de) | 2016-01-11 | 2017-07-13 | Gkt Gräfenthaler Kunststofftechnik Gmbh | Reaktionsspritzgussmassen, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und Verarbeitung sowie Verwendungen |
EP3626767A1 (fr) | 2018-09-24 | 2020-03-25 | FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Procédé de fabrication de corps plan biodégradable |
DE102020135166A1 (de) | 2020-12-31 | 2022-06-30 | Annegret Hohaus | Hygienisches Trinkgefäß |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CA2781963C (fr) | 2014-01-07 |
US20110135863A1 (en) | 2011-06-09 |
CN102648234A (zh) | 2012-08-22 |
CA2781963A1 (fr) | 2011-06-16 |
US8231954B2 (en) | 2012-07-31 |
EP2510046A1 (fr) | 2012-10-17 |
TW201129628A (en) | 2011-09-01 |
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