WO2011010455A1 - 撮像装置および固体撮像素子 - Google Patents
撮像装置および固体撮像素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011010455A1 WO2011010455A1 PCT/JP2010/004663 JP2010004663W WO2011010455A1 WO 2011010455 A1 WO2011010455 A1 WO 2011010455A1 JP 2010004663 W JP2010004663 W JP 2010004663W WO 2011010455 A1 WO2011010455 A1 WO 2011010455A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/14—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation
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- H01L27/14—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation
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- H01L27/14—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a technique for increasing the sensitivity and coloration of a solid-state imaging device.
- image sensors In recent years, there has been a remarkable increase in functionality and performance of digital cameras and digital movies using solid-state image sensors such as CCDs and CMOSs (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “image sensors”).
- image sensors due to rapid progress in semiconductor manufacturing technology, the pixel structure in an image sensor has been miniaturized. As a result, the pixels of the image sensor and the drive circuit are highly integrated, and the performance of the image sensor is improved.
- a camera using a backside illumination type image sensor that receives light on the back side rather than the surface (front surface) side where the wiring layer of the solid-state image sensor is formed has been developed, and its high sensitivity characteristics, etc. Is attracting attention.
- the increase in the number of pixels of the image sensor the amount of light received by one pixel is reduced, which causes a problem that the camera sensitivity is reduced.
- the sensitivity of the camera is reduced due to the use of color filters for color separation in addition to the increase in the number of pixels. Since a normal color filter absorbs light other than the color components to be used, when such a color filter is used, the light utilization rate of the camera is lowered.
- a light-reduction rate color filter using an organic pigment as a pigment is disposed on each light-sensing portion of the image sensor, so that the light utilization rate is considerably low.
- the Bayer-type color filter array is an array having a basic configuration of one element for red (R), two elements for green (G), and one element for blue (B). The R filter transmits R light and absorbs G light and B light.
- the G filter transmits G light and absorbs R light and B light.
- the B filter transmits B light and absorbs R light and G light. That is, the light passing through the color filter is one of the three RGB colors, and the other two colors are absorbed by the color filter. Therefore, the utilized light is about 1/3 of the incident light.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a method of increasing the amount of received light by attaching a microlens array to the light receiving portion of the image sensor. According to this method, the light aperture ratio can be substantially improved by condensing with the microlens. This method is currently used for most solid-state imaging devices. When this method is used, the substantial aperture ratio is improved, but it does not solve the problem of a decrease in the light utilization rate due to the color filter.
- Patent Document 2 discloses an image pickup device having a structure that takes in light to the maximum extent by combining a multilayer color filter (dichroic mirror) and a microlens. It is disclosed. In this imaging device, a plurality of dichroic mirrors that selectively transmit light in a specific wavelength range and reflect light in other wavelength ranges without absorbing light are used. Each dichroic mirror selectively allows only the necessary light to enter the corresponding light sensing unit and transmits other light.
- FIG. 8 shows a cross-sectional view of the image sensor disclosed in Patent Document 2. As shown in FIG.
- the light incident on the condensing microlens 11 is incident on the first dichroic mirror 13 after the light flux is adjusted by the inner lens 12.
- the first dichroic mirror 13 transmits red (R) light, but reflects other colors of light.
- the second dichroic mirror 14 reflects green (G) light, but transmits light of other colors.
- the third dichroic mirror 15 reflects blue (B) light, but transmits light of other colors.
- the light transmitted through the first dichroic mirror 13 is incident on the photosensitive cell 2 immediately below.
- the light reflected by the first dichroic mirror 13 enters the adjacent second dichroic mirror 14.
- the second dichroic mirror 14 reflects green (G) light and transmits blue (B) light.
- the green light reflected by the second dichroic mirror 14 is incident on the photosensitive cell 2 immediately below it.
- the blue light transmitted through the second dichroic mirror 14 is reflected by the third dichroic mirror 15 and is incident on the photosensitive cell 2 immediately below it.
- visible light incident on the condensing microlens 11 is not absorbed by the color filter, and light of each color of RGB is detected without waste by the photosensitive cell.
- Patent Document 3 discloses an image sensor that can prevent light loss by using a microprism.
- This imaging device has a structure in which different photosensitive cells receive light separated into red, green and blue by a microprism. Even when such an image sensor is used, loss of light can be prevented.
- Patent Documents 2 and 3 it is necessary to provide as many photosensitive cells as the number of dichroic mirrors to be used or the number of spectrally dispersed cells. For example, in order to receive red, green, and blue light, the problem remains that the number of photosensitive cells must be increased by a factor of three compared to the number of photosensitive cells when a color filter is used.
- Patent Document 4 discloses a technique for capturing light from both sides of an image sensor.
- the optical system and the color filter are arranged so that visible light and invisible light (infrared rays or ultraviolet rays) are incident on the front side and the back side of the imaging device, respectively.
- visible light and non-visible light images can be acquired by a single image sensor, but this does not solve the problem of a decrease in light utilization rate due to color filters.
- Patent Document 5 discloses a colorization technique that increases the light utilization rate without significantly increasing the number of light sensing cells by using a structure (spectral element) such as a microprism arranged corresponding to each light sensing cell. It is disclosed. According to this technique, light is incident on different photosensitive cells depending on the wavelength range by the spectral elements arranged corresponding to the photosensitive cells. Each photosensitive cell receives light on which components in different wavelength ranges are superimposed from a plurality of spectral elements. As a result, a color signal can be generated by signal calculation using a photoelectric conversion signal output from each photosensitive cell.
- a structure such as a microprism
- an object of the present invention is to provide a color imaging technique capable of reducing the density of a spectroscopic structure and performing color separation without significantly increasing the number of photosensitive cells.
- the imaging apparatus of the present invention includes a solid-state imaging device and an optical system that forms an image on the imaging surface of the solid-state imaging device.
- the solid-state imaging device includes a semiconductor layer having a first surface and a second surface located on the opposite side of the first surface, and formed in the semiconductor layer, the first surface side and the second surface A light-sensitive cell array that receives light from the surface side of the light-receiving element, and a spectral element array that is formed on at least one of the first surface side and the second surface side so as to face the light-sensitive cell array.
- the photosensitive cell array includes a plurality of unit blocks each including a first photosensitive cell and a second photosensitive cell.
- the spectral element array makes light of different wavelength ranges incident on the first photosensitive cell and the second photosensitive cell.
- the optical system causes light to be incident on the first surface and the second surface in half.
- the spectral element array includes a first spectral element array formed on the first surface side facing the photosensitive cell array, and a second surface side facing the photosensitive cell array. And a second spectral element array.
- the first spectral element array makes light in a first wavelength range incident on the first photosensitive cell and makes light outside the first wavelength range incident on the second photosensitive cell.
- the second spectral element array allows light of a second wavelength range different from the first wavelength range to enter the first photosensitive cell, and light other than the second wavelength range enters the second photosensitive cell. Is incident.
- the first spectral element array when the incident light is classified into light of a first color component, light of a second color component, and light of a third color component, the first spectral element array includes the first light component.
- a first spectral element disposed corresponding to the sensing cell, wherein the first color component is incident on the first light sensing cell, and the second and the second light sensing cells are the second and A first spectral element that makes the light of the third color component incident is included.
- the second light-splitting element array is a second light-splitting element disposed in correspondence with the second light-sensitive cell, and the second color component light is emitted to the first light-sensitive cell.
- the first spectral element array when the incident light is classified into light of a first color component, light of a second color component, and light of a third color component, the first spectral element array includes the first light component.
- a first light-splitting element disposed corresponding to the sensing cell, wherein the light of the first color component is incident on the first light-sensitive cell, and the second light-sensitive cell includes the second light-emitting element.
- the second light-splitting element array is a second light-splitting element disposed corresponding to the second light-sensitive cell, and is arranged in the first light-sensitive cell and the adjacent second adjacent unit block.
- a second light-splitting element for causing the light of the third color component to enter one half of the light-sensitive cell included therein and the light of the first and second color components to be incident on the second light-sensitive cell; Have.
- the first photosensitive cell is incident from the first color component light incident from the first spectral element and from the spectral elements included in the second spectral element and the first adjacent unit block.
- the light of the third color component is received.
- the second photosensitive cell has the second color component light incident from the first spectral element and the third color component incident from the spectral element included in the second adjacent unit block. Light and the light of the first and second color components incident from the second spectral element are received.
- each unit block includes a third photosensitive cell and a fourth photosensitive cell
- the first spectral element array is arranged in correspondence with the third photosensitive cell.
- the first and second color components are incident on the third photosensitive cell, and the second and third color components are incident on the fourth photosensitive cell.
- the second light-splitting element array is a fourth light-splitting element arranged corresponding to the fourth light-sensitive cell, and makes the light of the second color component incident on the third light-sensitive cell.
- a fourth spectral element that causes the light of the first and third color components to enter the fourth photosensitive cell.
- each unit block includes a third photosensitive cell and a fourth photosensitive cell
- the first spectral element array is arranged in correspondence with the third photosensitive cell.
- the light component of the first color component is incident on the third photosensitive cell
- the light of the third color component is incident on the fourth photosensitive cell
- the second A third spectral element that causes the light of the second color component to enter one photosensitive cell included in the adjacent unit block.
- the second light-splitting element array is a fourth light-splitting element disposed corresponding to the fourth light-sensitive cell included in each unit block, and includes the third light-sensitive cell and the first adjacent element.
- the second color component light is incident on one photosensitive cell included in the unit block by half, and the first and third color component lights are incident on the fourth photosensitive cell. It has a spectral element.
- the third photosensitive cell is incident from the light of the first color component incident from the third spectral element and from the spectral element included in the fourth spectral element and the second adjacent unit element.
- the light of the second color component is received.
- the fourth photosensitive cell includes light in the third wavelength range incident from the third spectral element, and light in the second wavelength range incident from a spectral element included in the first adjacent unit element. , And receives light in the first wavelength region and the third wavelength region incident from the fourth spectral element.
- the first photosensitive cell, the second photosensitive cell, the third photosensitive cell, and the fourth photosensitive cell are arranged in a matrix, and the first light The sensing cell is adjacent to the second photosensitive cell, and the third photosensitive cell is adjacent to the fourth photosensitive cell.
- the solid-state imaging device is a first microlens array formed to face the first spectral element array, each of the first spectral element and the third spectral element.
- a first microlens array including a plurality of microlenses that condense to the second microlens array, and a second microlens array formed to face the second spectral element array, each of which includes the second spectral element and the first spectral element
- a second microlens array including a plurality of microlenses that focus on each of the four spectral elements.
- the imaging device further includes a signal processing unit, and the signal processing unit is configured to output 1 based on photoelectric conversion signals output from the first photosensitive cell and the second photosensitive cell, respectively. One color signal is generated.
- the signal processing unit outputs photoelectric conversions respectively output from the first photosensitive cell, the second photosensitive cell, the third photosensitive cell, and the fourth photosensitive cell. Based on the signal, three color signals are generated.
- the solid-state imaging device includes a semiconductor layer having a first surface and a second surface located on the opposite side of the first surface, the first surface side and the semiconductor layer formed in the semiconductor layer.
- a photosensitive cell array that receives light from the second surface side, and a spectral element array that is formed on at least one of the first surface side and the second surface side so as to face the photosensitive cell array. is doing.
- the photosensitive cell array includes a plurality of unit blocks each including a first photosensitive cell and a second photosensitive cell.
- the spectral element array makes light of different wavelength ranges incident on the first photosensitive cell and the second photosensitive cell.
- the light-sensitive cell array receives light from the front surface side and the back surface side and uses a spectral element array that does not absorb light, so that the light utilization rate can be increased. Further, if the spectral element arrays are arranged on both sides, the density of the spectral elements per one surface can be reduced, and manufacturing becomes easy. Furthermore, signals of three types of color components can be obtained by suitably arranging the spectral elements.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of an imaging apparatus according to the present invention. Schematic diagram showing an example of the structure of the image sensor in the present invention Schematic diagram showing another example of the image sensor according to the present invention. Schematic diagram showing still another example of the image sensor according to the present invention.
- 1 is a block diagram showing the overall configuration of an imaging apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of an optical system of an imaging apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The figure which shows an example of the pixel structure in the 1st Embodiment of this invention. The figure which shows the other example of the pixel structure in the 1st Embodiment of this invention.
- FIG. 6A The top view which shows the basic structure of the image pick-up element in the 1st Embodiment of this invention
- BB 'line sectional view in FIG. 6A The top view which shows the basic structure of the image pick-up element in the 2nd Embodiment of this invention.
- DD 'line sectional view in FIG. 7A Sectional view of a conventional solid-state imaging device using a microlens and a multilayer film color filter (dichroic mirror)
- wavelength ranges of two lights are different means that the main color components contained in the two lights are different. For example, if one light is magenta (Mg) light and the other is red (R) light, the former main color components are red (R) and blue (B), and the latter main color. It is different from the component red (R). Therefore, magenta light and red light have different wavelength ranges.
- Mg magenta
- R red
- B blue
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the basic configuration of the imaging apparatus of the present invention.
- the imaging apparatus of the present invention includes an optical system 20 that forms an image of a subject and a solid-state imaging device 8.
- the solid-state imaging device 8 includes the semiconductor layer 7 and can receive light on both the first surface 7a of the semiconductor layer 7 and the second surface 7b located on the opposite side of the first surface.
- a photosensitive cell array including a plurality of photosensitive cells (sometimes referred to as “pixels” in this specification) is two-dimensionally arranged. .
- Each photosensitive cell receives light incident from both the first surface 7a and the second surface 7b.
- the spectral element array 100 is provided on at least one side of the first surface 7a and the second surface 7b so as to face the photosensitive cell array.
- the spectral element array 100 is arranged on the first surface 7 a side, but the spectral element array 100 may be arranged on the second surface 7 b side or on both surface sides. May be.
- the optical system 20 separates incident light into first light and second light, and makes the first light and the second light incident on the first surface 7a and the second surface 7b of the semiconductor layer 7, respectively. It is configured to let you.
- the spectral element array 100 causes light in different wavelength ranges to enter the first photosensitive cell and the second photosensitive cell included in the photosensitive cell array. As a result, color information can be obtained by calculation based on photoelectric conversion signals output from the two photosensitive cells.
- FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an example of the internal structure of the image sensor 8.
- the wiring layer 5 is formed on the first surface 7 a side of the semiconductor layer 7.
- the photosensitive cell array has a plurality of unit blocks 40 each including a photosensitive cell 2a and a photosensitive cell 2b.
- a spectral element array 100 having a plurality of spectral elements 1 is formed on the first surface 7a side as viewed from the photosensitive cell array.
- the transparent substrate 6 is formed on the opposite side of the photosensitive cell array with respect to the spectral element array 100. Structures such as the semiconductor layer 7 and the spectral element array 100 are supported by the transparent substrate 6.
- each of the photosensitive cells 2a and 2b transmits light that passes through the transparent substrate 6 and the spectral element array 100 and enters the semiconductor layer 7 from the first surface 7a, and the semiconductor layer from the second surface 7b. 7 and the light incident on it.
- Each of the plurality of photosensitive cells arranged inside the semiconductor layer 7 receives light incident from both the first surface 7a and the second surface 7b and receives an electric signal (“ This is referred to as a “photoelectric conversion signal” or a “pixel signal”.
- each component is arranged so that the image formed on the arrangement surface of the photosensitive cell by the first light and the image formed by the second light overlap.
- the visible light represented by W is not limited to white light, and may be light of various colors depending on the subject.
- the visible light W is classified into three color components C1, C2, and C3.
- the three color components are typically red (R), green (G), and blue (B), but are not necessarily R, G, and B color components.
- the spectroscopic element 1 faces the photosensitive cell 2a and separates the incident light (W) into C1 light and light C1 ⁇ included in the complementary color wavelength range of the C1 light.
- the separated C1 light is incident on the photosensitive cell 2b, and the C1 ⁇ light is incident on the photosensitive cell 2a.
- C1 ⁇ light is a mixture of C2 light and C3 light
- C1 ⁇ may be represented as C2 + C3 in the following description.
- C1 ⁇ light is light obtained by subtracting C1 light from W light
- C1 ⁇ may be expressed as W ⁇ C1.
- the same notation is used for symbols indicating other color components.
- the photosensitive cell 2a receives C1 to light incident from the spectral element 1 on the first surface 7a side and light (W) incident from the second surface 7b side.
- the photosensitive cell 2b has C1 light incident from the spectral element 1 on the first surface 7a side and light incident from both sides of the first surface 7a side and the second surface 7b side without passing through the spectral element 1.
- Receive (2W) indicates that the amount is twice the amount of W light incident from one side.
- S2a and S2b The photoelectric conversion signals output from the photosensitive cells 2a and 2b are denoted as S2a and S2b, respectively, and the signals corresponding to the intensities of W light, C1 light, C2 light, and C3 light are denoted as Ws, C1s, C2s, and C3s, respectively.
- the intensity distribution of the color component C1 for each pixel can be obtained by repeating the above signal calculation for the other unit blocks 40.
- an image of the color component C1 can be obtained by the above signal calculation.
- corresponding color signals can be obtained by the same configuration.
- the basic structure of the image sensor according to the present invention is not limited to the example shown in FIG. 2A and can be realized in various forms.
- some of the basic structures of the image sensor that can be used in the present invention will be exemplified.
- FIG. 2B shows an example in which a microlens array is arranged corresponding to the photosensitive cell array.
- the micro lens 4 is disposed on the first surface 7a side so as to face the light sensing cell 2a
- the micro lens 5 is disposed on the second surface 7b side so as to face the light sensing cell 2b.
- Each of the microlenses 4 and 5 is formed so as to collect light incident on a region corresponding to two pixels onto one pixel. Therefore, the amount of light incident on the spectroscopic element 1 corresponds to twice as much as the case of adopting the configuration of FIG. 2A, and the amount of C1 light and C1 to light to be split is also C1 light, C1 ⁇ Corresponds to twice the amount of light. Similarly, the amount of light incident on the photosensitive cell 2b from the second surface 7b side corresponds to twice the amount of light in the configuration of FIG. 2B.
- the photoelectric conversion signals S2a and S2b output from the photosensitive cells 2a and 2b can be expressed by the following equations 4 and 5, respectively.
- S2a 2Ws-2C1s
- S2b 2Ws + 2C1s
- the signal C1s indicating the intensity of the color component C1 can be obtained by the difference calculation of two pixels.
- the spectral element array 100 is disposed only on the first surface 7a side with respect to the photosensitive cell array, but may be disposed on the second surface 7b side or on both surface sides. May be.
- FIG. 2C shows an example in which the spectral element arrays are arranged on both sides of the photosensitive cell array.
- the first spectral element array 100a is formed on the first surface 7a side facing the photosensitive cell array
- the second spectral element array 100b is formed on the second surface 7b side.
- the first spectral element array 100a has a spectral element 1 that faces the photosensitive cell 2a
- the second spectral element array 100b also has the spectral element 1 that faces the photosensitive cell 2a.
- Both of the spectral elements 1 arranged on both sides of the photosensitive cell 2a cause the C1 light to enter the photosensitive cell 2b, and allow C1 to light to enter the photosensitive cell 2a.
- the photosensitive cell 2b receives light (2C1) incident from the two spectral elements 1 and light (2W) incident directly from both sides without passing through the spectral elements 1.
- the photoelectric conversion signals S2a and S2b output from the photosensitive cells 2a and 2b are expressed by Equations 4 and 5, respectively, like the signals in the configuration shown in FIG. 2B. Therefore, even when the configuration of FIG. 2C is adopted, color information can be obtained by the above signal calculation.
- the color information can be generated using the spectral element without using the color filter that absorbs light, so that the light utilization rate can be improved.
- the image sensor 8 of the present invention receives light from both sides, the degree of freedom in manufacturing is improved as compared with a conventional image sensor that receives light only on one side.
- a structure such as a spectral element array can be formed not only on one side but also on both sides, so the arrangement density of spectral elements formed on one side can be reduced. It becomes.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing the overall configuration of the imaging apparatus according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the imaging apparatus according to the present embodiment is a digital electronic camera, and includes an imaging unit 300 and a signal processing unit 400 that generates a signal (image signal) indicating an image based on a signal transmitted from the imaging unit 300. ing. Note that the imaging device may generate only a still image or may have a function of generating a moving image.
- the imaging unit 300 generates an optical system 20 for forming an image of a subject, a solid-state imaging device 8 (image sensor) that converts optical information into an electrical signal by photoelectric conversion, and a basic signal for driving the imaging device 8.
- a signal generation / reception unit 21 that receives an output signal from the image sensor 8 and sends it to the signal processing unit 400 is provided.
- the optical system 20 includes an optical lens 12, a half mirror 11, two reflection mirrors 10, and two optical filters 16.
- the optical lens 12 is a known lens and may be a lens unit having a plurality of lenses.
- the optical filter 16 is a combination of a quartz low-pass filter for reducing moire patterns generated due to pixel arrangement and an infrared cut filter for removing infrared rays.
- the image sensor 8 is typically a CMOS or a CCD, and is manufactured by a known semiconductor manufacturing technique.
- the image sensor 8 is electrically connected to a processing unit including a drive circuit and a signal processing circuit (not shown).
- the signal generation / reception unit 13 and the element driving unit 14 are configured by an LSI such as a CCD driver, for example.
- the signal processing unit 400 generates an image signal by processing a signal sent from the imaging unit 300, a memory 23 for storing various data generated in the process of generating the image signal, and a generated signal And an image signal output unit 27 for sending the image signal to the outside.
- the image signal generation unit 25 can be suitably realized by a combination of hardware such as a known digital signal processor (DSP) and software that executes image processing including image signal generation processing.
- the memory 23 is configured by a DRAM or the like. The memory 23 records the signal sent from the imaging unit 300 and also temporarily records the image data generated by the image signal generation unit 25 and the compressed image data. These image data are sent to a recording medium (not shown) or a display unit via the image signal output unit 27.
- the imaging apparatus of the present embodiment may include known components such as an electronic shutter, a viewfinder, a power source (battery), and a flashlight, but a description thereof is omitted because it is not particularly necessary for understanding the present invention.
- known components such as an electronic shutter, a viewfinder, a power source (battery), and a flashlight, but a description thereof is omitted because it is not particularly necessary for understanding the present invention.
- the above configuration is merely an example, and in the present invention, known components can be used in appropriate combinations for the components other than the image sensor 8 and the image signal generator 25.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram schematically showing the configuration of the optical system 20 in the present embodiment.
- the optical system 20 includes a lens 12 that collects light incident from a subject, a half mirror 11 that separates light transmitted through the lens 12 into transmitted light and reflected light, and two lights separated by the half mirror 11. It includes two reflecting mirrors 10 that reflect each other.
- the optical system 20 may include other elements such as the optical filter 16 described above, but the components other than the lens 12, the half mirror 11, and the reflection mirror 10 are not shown in FIG.
- Each component of the optical system 20 is configured such that light reflected by the two reflecting mirrors 10 forms an image on the image sensor 8 from both sides.
- the imaging element 8 has a transparent substrate that supports the semiconductor layer, and can receive light from both sides of the surface (front surface) where the wiring layer is provided and the surface (back surface) where the wiring layer is not provided.
- the optical system 20 and the image sensor 8 are housed and held in the transparent package 9.
- the transparent package 9 is formed by joining two transparent containers.
- the lens 12 is depicted as a single lens, but the lens 12 can generally be configured by a plurality of lenses arranged in the optical axis direction.
- the optical system 20 is not limited to the configuration shown in FIG. 4, and may be configured in any manner as long as it forms an image on the image sensor 8 from both sides.
- the image sensor 8 in the present embodiment has a semiconductor layer having a front surface and a back surface.
- a photosensitive cell array including a plurality of photosensitive cells (pixels) arranged two-dimensionally is disposed between the front surface and the back surface. The light reflected by the two reflecting mirrors 10 enters the photosensitive cell array through the front surface or the back surface.
- Each photosensitive cell is typically a photodiode, and outputs a photoelectric conversion signal (pixel signal) corresponding to the amount of incident light by photoelectric conversion.
- FIG. 5A is a plan view showing an example of a pixel array in the present embodiment.
- the photosensitive cell array 200 includes, for example, a plurality of photosensitive cells 2 arranged in a square lattice pattern on the imaging surface as shown in FIG. 5A.
- the photosensitive cell array 200 includes a plurality of unit blocks 40, and each unit block 40 includes four photosensitive cells 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d. Note that the arrangement of the photosensitive cells is not such a square lattice arrangement, but may be, for example, an oblique arrangement shown in FIG. 5B or another arrangement.
- the four photosensitive cells 2a to 2d included in each unit block are preferably close to each other as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B. By configuring the color information, it is possible to obtain color information.
- Each unit block may include five or more photosensitive cells.
- a spectral element array including a plurality of spectral elements is arranged on the front side and the back side, respectively, facing the photosensitive cell array 200.
- the spectral elements in the present embodiment will be described.
- the spectroscopic element in the present embodiment is an optical element that directs incident light in different directions according to the wavelength range by using diffraction of light generated at the boundary between two types of translucent members having different refractive indexes.
- This type of spectroscopic element consists of a high refractive index transparent member (core part) formed of a material having a relatively high refractive index and a low contact with each side surface of the core part formed of a material having a relatively low refractive index. And a refractive index transparent member (cladding portion). Due to the difference in refractive index between the core part and the clad part, a phase difference occurs between the light transmitted through the core part and diffraction occurs.
- phase difference varies depending on the wavelength of light, it becomes possible to spatially separate light according to the wavelength range (color component). For example, it is possible to direct light of a first color component in a first direction and direct light other than the first color component in a second direction. It is also possible to direct light of the first color component in half in the first direction and the second direction, and direct light other than the first color component in the third direction. It is also possible to direct light of different color components in the three directions.
- a high refractive index transparent member may be referred to as a “spectral element” because spectroscopy is possible due to a difference in refractive index between the core portion and the cladding portion. Details of such a diffractive spectral element are disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent No. 4264465.
- the spectral element array having the spectral elements as described above can be manufactured by performing thin film deposition and patterning by a known semiconductor manufacturing technique.
- the material (refractive index), shape, size, arrangement pattern, and the like of the spectral elements it becomes possible to separate and integrate light in a desired wavelength range into individual photosensitive cells.
- a signal corresponding to a necessary color component can be calculated from a set of photoelectric conversion signals output from each photosensitive cell.
- FIG. 6A is a plan view when the basic structure of the image sensor 10 is viewed from the front side.
- a pixel configuration of 2 rows and 2 columns is a basic unit of signal processing.
- the light-splitting elements 1a and 1d are arranged on the surface side so as to face the photosensitive cells 2a and 2d, respectively.
- the spectroscopic elements 1b and 1c are arranged on the back surface side so as to face the photosensitive cells 2b and 2c, respectively.
- a plurality of patterns having such a basic structure are repeatedly formed on the imaging surface of the imaging element 8.
- xy coordinates shown in the figure are used, and the x-axis direction is referred to as “horizontal direction” and the y-axis direction is referred to as “vertical direction”.
- the image sensor 8 includes a semiconductor layer 7 made of a material such as silicon, the photosensitive cells 2a to 2d disposed inside the semiconductor layer 7, a wiring layer 5 formed on the surface side of the semiconductor layer 7, and a low refractive index.
- a transparent layer 17 made of a transparent member, spectral elements 1 a and 1 d made of a high refractive index transparent member arranged inside the transparent layer 17, and spectral elements 1 b and 1 c arranged inside the semiconductor layer 7 are provided. Yes.
- the spectral elements 1a and 1d have the same characteristics.
- microlens 4 that collects light on each of the spectral elements 1 a and 1 d is arranged on the surface side of the semiconductor layer 7 with the transparent layer 17 interposed therebetween.
- a microlens 3 that collects light on each of the spectral elements 1 b and 1 c is disposed on the back side of the semiconductor layer 7.
- a transparent substrate 6 that supports the semiconductor layer 7, the wiring layer 5, and the like is formed on the surface side of the semiconductor layer 7. The transparent substrate 6 is bonded to the semiconductor layer 7 via the transparent layer 17.
- a photosensitive cell array and spectral elements 1b and 1c are formed inside the surface of a semiconductor substrate having a certain thickness, and structures such as a wiring layer 5, spectral elements 1a and 1d, and a micro lens 4 are formed on the surface. .
- the semiconductor substrate and the transparent substrate 6 are bonded via the transparent layer 17.
- the semiconductor substrate is thinned by polishing or etching from the back side until the thickness becomes, for example, about several microns, and the semiconductor layer 7 is formed.
- the microlens 3 and the like are formed on the back side.
- the light-splitting elements 1b and 1c and the microlens 3 on the back surface side are matched to the arrangement of the structures on the front surface side so that two images formed on the photosensitive cell array overlap when light enters from both surfaces. It is formed.
- the spectroscopic element 1a causes green light (G) to enter the light sensing cell 2a directly below (opposite), and light (R + B) included in the wavelength range of magenta light to enter the adjacent light sensing cell 2b.
- the light-splitting element 1b causes light (R + G) included in the wavelength region of yellow light to enter the light sensing cell 2b immediately below (opposite) and blue light (B) to enter the adjacent light sensing cell 2a.
- the microlenses 3 and 4 collect light of two pixels in the horizontal direction and one pixel in the vertical direction, and they are arranged so as to be shifted by one pixel pitch in the horizontal direction.
- the spectral elements 1c and 1d shown in FIG. 6C are also formed of a transparent material having a higher refractive index than the transparent layer 17 and the semiconductor layer 7, and have a step at the tip on the light emission side.
- the light-splitting element 1d disposed on the surface side facing the photosensitive cell 2d is disposed so as to be shifted in the horizontal direction by one pixel compared to the light-splitting element 1a.
- the spectroscopic element 1c arranged on the back side facing the light sensing cell 2c makes light (G + B) included in the wavelength range of cyan light incident on the light sensing cell 2c directly below (opposed) to detect adjacent light. Red light (R) is incident on the cell 2d.
- the spectral element 1d causes green light (G) to enter the opposing photosensitive cell 2d, and allows light (R + B) included in the wavelength range of magenta light to enter the adjacent photosensitive cell 2c.
- the microlens 3 is arranged on the back surface side corresponding to the arrangement of the spectral elements 2c, and the microlens 4 is arranged on the front surface side corresponding to the arrangement of the spectral elements 2d.
- the spectral elements in the present embodiment are not arranged on one side of the imaging surface of the imaging device, but are arranged separately on both sides of the imaging device.
- the arrangement density of the spectral elements can be reduced to about 1 ⁇ 2 of the case where the conventional technique is adopted.
- performance improvement such as patterning in the production of a color image sensor can be expected.
- the light divided into two by the imaging optical system 20 enters the front and back imaging surfaces of the imaging device 8. Since the transparent substrate 6 transmits light, each of the light sensing cells 2a to 2d in the image sensor 8 receives light incident from the front side and the back side. The amount of light incident on one side of the imaging surface is halved by the half mirror, but since the size of the microlens corresponds to the size of two pixels, each of the spectral elements 1a to 1d is not provided with a half mirror. An amount of light corresponding to the amount of light incident on one pixel is incident. Hereinafter, the amount of light received by each photosensitive cell will be described.
- the light received by the photosensitive cells 2a and 2b will be described.
- the light incident from the front side of the image sensor 8 passes through the transparent substrate 6 and the microlens 4 and is split into green light (G) and non-green light (R + B) by the spectral element 1a, and these are respectively transmitted to the photosensitive cells 2a and 2b.
- the light incident from the back side of the image sensor 8 passes through the microlens 3 and is split into blue light (B) and other than blue light (R + G) by the spectral element 1b, which are respectively applied to the photosensitive cells 2a and 2b. Incident.
- the light received by the photosensitive cells 2c and 2d will be described.
- the light incident from the front side of the image sensor 8 passes through the transparent substrate 6 and the microlens 4 and is split into non-green light (R + B) and green light (G) by the light-splitting element 1d, which are respectively applied to the photosensitive cells 2c and 2d.
- the light incident from the back side of the image pickup device 8 passes through the microlens 3 and is split into non-red light (G + B) and red light (R) by the spectral element 1c, which are respectively transmitted to the photosensitive cells 2c and 2d. Incident.
- the photoelectric conversion signals S2a, S2b, S2c, and S2d output from the photosensitive cells 2a to 2d are signals corresponding to the intensity of incident light (visible light), red light, green light, and blue light, respectively.
- Rs, Gs, and Bs are represented by the following formulas 6 to 9, respectively.
- the image signal generation unit 25 (FIG. 3) generates color information by executing calculations represented by equations 10 to 13 using photoelectric conversion signals represented by equations 6 to 9. In this way, the R signal and the B signal are obtained by subtracting signals between the photosensitive cells in the horizontal direction (x direction), and the W signal is obtained by adding the signals of the photosensitive cells in the horizontal direction. Further, the G signal is obtained by subtracting the R signal and the B signal from the W signal. By the above signal calculation, a color signal composed of RGB signals is obtained.
- the image signal generation unit 15 performs the above signal calculation for each unit block 40 of the photosensitive cell array 200 to thereby generate a signal (referred to as a “color image signal”) indicating an image of each color component of R, G, and B. Generate.
- the generated color image signal is output to a recording medium (not shown) or a display unit by the image signal output unit 16.
- color separation can be performed by simple calculation using photoelectric conversion signals output from the four photosensitive cells.
- pixel resolution in the vertical direction (y-direction), microlenses are arranged in units of one pixel, so degradation in resolution is not a problem.
- the horizontal direction since the microlenses are arranged in units of two pixels, resolution degradation can be considered.
- the arrangement of the microlenses in the horizontal direction is a so-called pixel shift configuration in which one row is shifted by one pixel, the microlens is microscopically in units of one pixel in the horizontal direction. The same resolution as when a lens is arranged can be secured.
- a spectral element having no light absorption since a spectral element having no light absorption is used, the light utilization rate is high, and high-sensitivity imaging is possible. Further, a combination of a spectral element 1a that splits into green light (G) and other than green light (R + B) and a spectral element 1b that splits into blue light (B) and other than blue light (R + G) is used. Similarly, a combination of a spectral element 1c that splits red light (R) and other than red light (G + B) and a spectral element 1d that splits green light (G) and other than green light (R + B) are used.
- the spectral elements are dispersed and arranged on the front surface side and the back surface side of the imaging element 8 every other pixel in both the horizontal direction and the vertical direction, the arrangement density of the spectral elements per surface is based on the conventional technology. Decrease than if. As a result, there is an effect that the patterning characteristic of the spectral element in the production of the image sensor 8 can be improved.
- the image signal generation unit 15 does not necessarily generate all the image signals of the three color components. It may be configured to generate only one or two color image signals depending on the application. Further, signal amplification, synthesis, and correction may be performed as necessary.
- each spectral element has the above-described spectral performance strictly, but the spectral performance may be slightly shifted. That is, the photoelectric conversion signal output from each photosensitive cell may be slightly deviated from the signals expressed by equations 6-9. Even if the spectral performance of each spectral element deviates from the ideal performance, good color information can be obtained by correcting the signal according to the degree of deviation.
- the signal calculation performed by the image signal generation unit 15 in the present embodiment can be executed by another device that is not the imaging device itself.
- the color information can also be generated by causing an external device that has received an input of the photoelectric conversion signal output from the image sensor 8 to execute a program that defines the signal calculation processing in the present embodiment.
- the half mirror 11 in the optical system 20 is not limited to one that divides light into two, and the transmittance and the reflectance may be different. In that case, color information can be generated by appropriately correcting the arithmetic expression according to the ratio of the intensity of transmitted light and reflected light.
- the spectroscopic elements 1a to 1d are opposed to the photosensitive cells 2a to 2d, respectively, but are not necessarily opposed to each other. Each spectroscopic element may be arranged so as to cover the two photosensitive cells.
- the spectral elements 1a to 1d in the above description separate light according to color components using diffraction, but may be spectrally separated by other means.
- a known microprism or dichroic mirror may be used as the spectral elements 1a to 1d.
- each spectral element is not limited to the above example. Using multiple spectral elements that split light into light in the primary color wavelength range (primary color light) and light in its complementary wavelength range (complementary color light), each of the two primary color lights or two types of complementary color light If the sensing cell has a configuration and structure that can receive light, color separation can be performed by the same processing as described above.
- incident light (visible light) W is classified into three primary color lights Ci, Cj, and Ck, and their complementary color lights are (Cj + Ck), (Ci + Ck), and (Ci + Cj), respectively.
- signals corresponding to the intensities of the primary color lights Ci, Cj, and Ck are assumed to be Cis, Cjs, and Cks, respectively.
- each constituent element only needs to be configured such that the photosensitive cell 2a receives Cj light from the front side and Ck light from the back side.
- the photosensitive cell 2b receives (Ci + Ck) light from the front side and (Ci + Cj) light from the back side.
- the photosensitive cell 2c receives (Ci + Ck) light from the front side and (Cj + Ck) light from the back side.
- the photosensitive cell 2d receives Cj light from the front side and Ci light from the back side.
- the signals S2a to S2d of the photosensitive cells 2a to 2d are expressed by the following equations 14 to 17, respectively.
- S2a Cjs + Cks
- S2b 2Cis + Cjs + Cks
- S2c Cis + Cjs + 2Cks
- S2d Cis + Cjs + Cjs
- a signal Cjs indicating the intensity of the Cj light is obtained.
- three color signals are obtained. From the above results, it can be seen that color separation can be performed by the same processing as the signal calculation processing in the present embodiment as long as one photosensitive cell can receive two types of primary color light and two types of complementary color light. .
- the imaging device of the present embodiment is different from the imaging device of Embodiment 1 in the characteristics of each spectral element, and the other components are the same. Therefore, in the following description, it demonstrates centering on difference with the imaging device of Embodiment 1, and abbreviate
- FIG. 7A is a diagram of the pixel configuration of the image sensor 8 according to the present embodiment as viewed from the front side. Also in this embodiment, a pixel configuration of 2 rows and 2 columns is a basic unit of signal processing.
- the light-splitting elements 1e and 1f are arranged on the surface side so as to face the photosensitive cells 2a and 2d, respectively.
- the spectral elements 1g and 1h are respectively arranged on the back surface side so as to face the photosensitive cells 2b and 2c.
- the spectral element 1e and the spectral element 1g have the same characteristics.
- the description of the spectral elements 1e to 1h is omitted.
- FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional view taken along line CC ′ in FIG. 7A.
- the spectroscopic elements 1e and 1f are made of a transparent material having a higher refractive index than the transparent layer 17 and the semiconductor layer 7, and the incident light is converted into 0th order, 1st order, ⁇ Separated into first order diffracted light. Since these diffraction angles differ depending on the wavelength, the light can be divided into three directions according to the color components.
- the spectroscopic element 1e has a step at the tip on the light emitting side.
- the spectral element 1f has no step at the tip and has a rectangular parallelepiped shape.
- the light-splitting element 1e causes green light (G) to enter the light sensing cell 2a immediately below (opposite), makes red light (R) incident to one adjacent light sensing cell 2b, and enters the other light sensing cell adjacent thereto. Blue light (B) is incident.
- the other adjacent photosensitive cell belongs to an adjacent unit block (first adjacent unit block).
- the spectroscopic element 1f causes light (R + G) included in the wavelength region of yellow light to enter the light sensing cell 2b immediately below (opposite), and the light sensing cell 2a and another adjacent unit block (second adjacent unit block).
- the blue light (B) is incident on the photosensitive cells included in each half.
- the constituent elements other than the spectral elements are the same as those in the first embodiment, and the arrangement relationship and size of the microlenses 3 and 4 are the same as those in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 7C is a cross-sectional view taken along the line DD ′ in FIG. 7A.
- the spectral elements 1g and 1h are formed of a transparent and high refractive index material, and use diffraction to separate light in three directions according to the color components.
- the spectral element 1g arranged on the surface side facing the photosensitive cell 2d has the same characteristics as the spectral element 1e, and is arranged so as to be shifted in the horizontal direction by one pixel with respect to the spectral element 1e.
- the light separating element 1h is disposed on the back surface side so as to face the photosensitive cell 2c.
- the spectral element 1g causes green light (G) to be incident on the opposing photosensitive cell 2d, blue light (B) to be incident on the photosensitive cell 2c, and red light (R) to the photosensitive cell included in the second adjacent unit block. ).
- the spectral element 1h makes light (G + B) included in the wavelength range of cyan light incident on the opposing photosensitive cell 2c, and emits red light (R) to the photosensitive cell 2d and the photosensitive cells included in the first adjacent unit block. Make half incident.
- the microlenses 3 and 4 are arranged to face each other.
- the spectral elements are not arranged on one side of the imaging surface of the imaging device, but are arranged separately on both sides of the imaging device.
- the arrangement density of the spectral elements can be reduced to about 1 ⁇ 2 of the case where the conventional technique is adopted.
- performance improvement such as patterning in the production of a color image sensor can be expected.
- the light divided into two by the imaging optical system 20 enters the imaging surfaces on the front side and the back side of the imaging element 8 as in the first embodiment.
- the amount of light incident on one side of the imaging surface is halved by the half mirror, but since the size of the microlens corresponds to the size of two pixels, each of the spectral elements 1e to 1h is not provided with a half mirror. An amount of light corresponding to the amount of light incident on one pixel is incident.
- the amount of light received by each photosensitive cell will be described.
- the photosensitive cell 2a receives green light (G) transmitted through the spectral element 1e from the front side, and receives blue light (B / 2 + B / 2) transmitted through the two spectral elements 1f from the back side.
- G green light
- B / 2 + B / 2 blue light
- one of the two light separating elements 1f faces one photosensitive cell belonging to the first adjacent unit block.
- the photosensitive cell 2b has red light (R) transmitted through the spectral element 1e and blue light (B) transmitted through the spectral element facing one photosensitive cell belonging to the second adjacent unit block from the surface side. And receives red light and green light (R + G) transmitted through the spectroscopic 1f from the back surface side.
- the photosensitive cell 2c has blue light (B) transmitted through the spectral element 1g and red light (R) transmitted through the spectral element 1g facing one photosensitive cell belonging to the first adjacent unit block.
- the green light and the blue light (G + B) transmitted through the spectral element 1h are received from the back side.
- the photosensitive cell 2d receives green light (G) transmitted through the spectral element 1g from the front side, and receives red light (B / 2 + B / 2) transmitted through the two spectral elements 1h from the back side.
- one of the two light-splitting elements 1h faces one photosensitive cell belonging to the second adjacent unit block.
- the generated signals in the photosensitive cells 2a to 2d are exactly the same as the generated signals in the first embodiment, and are expressed by Equations 6 to 9, respectively.
- color separation can be performed by simple signal calculation of four pixels.
- the resolution of the pixels since the microlenses are arranged in units of one pixel in the vertical direction, resolution degradation does not pose a problem.
- the microlenses are arranged in units of two pixels, resolution degradation can be considered.
- the arrangement of the microlenses in the horizontal direction is a so-called pixel shift configuration in which one row is shifted by one pixel, the microlens is also arranged in units of one pixel in the horizontal direction. The same level of resolution can be ensured as when the is placed.
- a spectral element having no light absorption since a spectral element having no light absorption is used, the light utilization rate is high, and high-sensitivity imaging is possible.
- a combination of a spectral element 1e that splits into three RGB components and a spectral element 1f that splits into blue light (B) and other than blue light (R + G) is used.
- a combination of a spectral element 1h that splits into RGB and a spectral element 1g that splits red light (R) and other than red light (G + B) is used.
- the spectral elements are dispersed and arranged on the front surface side and the back surface side of the imaging element 8 every other pixel in both the horizontal direction and the vertical direction, the arrangement density of the spectral elements per surface is based on the conventional technology. Decrease than if. As a result, there is an effect that the patterning characteristic of the spectral element in the production of the image sensor 8 can be improved.
- the spectral elements 1e to 1h are opposed to the photosensitive cells 2a to 2d, respectively, but are not necessarily opposed to each other. Each spectroscopic element may be arranged so as to cover the two photosensitive cells.
- the spectral elements 1e to 1h in the above description separate light according to color components using diffraction, but may be spectrally separated by other means.
- a known microprism or dichroic mirror may be used as the spectral elements 1e to 1h.
- the spectral pattern by each spectral element is not limited to the above.
- the spectral elements 1b and 1c in the first embodiment may be used instead of the spectral elements 1f and 1h
- the spectral elements 1a and 1d in the first embodiment may be used instead of the spectral elements 1e and 1g, respectively.
- Good if a spectral element that separates light into RGB and a spectral element that separates light into primary colors and complementary colors are used, the same effects as those of the present embodiment can be obtained.
- each photosensitive cell has a configuration and structure capable of receiving two types of primary color light or two types of complementary color light
- color separation can be performed by the same processing as described above, and the generalization described in the first embodiment is possible. Is possible.
- the solid-state imaging device and the imaging apparatus of the present invention are effective for all cameras using the solid-state imaging device.
- it can be used for consumer cameras such as digital still cameras and digital video cameras, and industrial solid-state surveillance cameras.
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Abstract
Description
(式1) S2a=2Ws-C1s=C1s+2C2s+2C3s
(式2) S2b=2Ws+C1s=3C1s+2C1s+2C3s
(式3) S2b-S2a=2C1s
すなわち、2画素の信号演算により、色成分C1の強度に相当するC1s信号が得られる。
(式4) S2a=2Ws-2C1s
(式5) S2b=2Ws+2C1s
まず、本発明の第1の実施形態を説明する。図3は、本発明の第1の実施形態による撮像装置の全体構成を示すブロック図である。本実施形態の撮像装置は、デジタル式の電子カメラであり、撮像部300と、撮像部300から送出される信号に基づいて画像を示す信号(画像信号)を生成する信号処理部400とを備えている。なお、撮像装置は静止画のみを生成してもよいし、動画を生成する機能を備えていてもよい。
(式6)S2a==Ws-Rs=Gs+Bs
(式7)S2b=Ws+Rs=2Rs+Gs+Bs
(式8)S2c=Ws+Bs=Rs+Gs+2Bs
(式9)S2d=Ws-Bs=Rs+Gs
(式10)S2b-S2a=2Rs
(式11)S2a+S2b=2Rs+2Gs+2Bs=2Ws
(式12)S2c-S2d=2Bs
(式13)S2c+S2d=2Rs+2Gs+2Bs=2Ws
(式14)S2a=Cjs+Cks
(式15)S2b=2Cis+Cjs+Cks
(式16)S2c=Cis+Cjs+2Cks
(式17)S2d=Cis+Cjs
(式18)S2b-S2a=2Cis
(式19)S2a+S2b=2Cis+2Cjs+2Cks=2Ws
(式20)S2c-S2d=2Cks
(式21)S2c+S2d=2Cis+2Cjs+2Cks=2Ws
次に、図7A~7Cを参照しながら、本発明の第2の実施形態を説明する。本実施形態の撮像装置は、実施形態1の撮像装置と比較して、各分光要素の特性が異なっており、その他の構成要素は同一である。したがって、以下の説明において、実施形態1の撮像装置との相違点を中心に説明し、重複する点は説明を省略する。
2、2a、2b、2c、2d 撮像素子の光感知セル
3、4 マイクロレンズ
5 撮像素子の配線層
6 撮像素子の透明基板
7 撮像素子の半導体層
8 撮像素子
9 透明パッケージ
10 反射ミラー
11 ハーフミラー
12 レンズ
13 赤(R)以外を反射する多層膜色フィルタ
14 緑(G)のみを反射する多層膜色フィルタ
15 青(B)のみを反射する多層膜色フィルタ
16 光学フィルタ
17 透明層
20 光学系
21 信号発生/受信部
23 メモリ
25 画像信号生成部
27 画像信号出力部
40 単位要素
100 分光要素アレイ
200 光感知セルアレイ
300 撮像部
400 信号処理部
Claims (12)
- 固体撮像素子と、
前記固体撮像素子の撮像面に像を形成する光学系と、
を備える撮像装置であって、
前記固体撮像素子は、
第1の面および前記第1の面の反対側に位置する第2の面を有する半導体層と、
前記半導体層中に形成され、前記第1の面側および前記第2の面側から光を受ける光感知セルアレイであって、各々が第1の光感知セルおよび第2の光感知セルを含む複数の単位ブロックを有する光感知セルアレイと、
前記光感知セルアレイに対向して前記第1の面側および前記第2の面側の少なくとも一方の側に形成された分光要素アレイであって、前記第1の光感知セルおよび前記第2の光感知セルに異なる波長域の光を入射させる分光要素アレイと、
を有している、撮像装置。 - 前記光学系は、光を前記第1の面および前記第2の面にそれぞれ半分ずつ入射させる、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記分光要素アレイは、前記光感知セルアレイに対向して前記第1の面側に形成された第1分光要素アレイと、前記光感知セルアレイに対向して前記第2の面側に形成された第2分光要素アレイとを有し、
前記第1分光要素アレイは、前記第1の光感知セルに第1波長域の光を入射させ、前記第2の光感知セルに前記第1波長域以外の光を入射させ、
前記第2分光要素アレイは、前記第1の光感知セルに前記第1波長域とは異なる第2波長域の光を入射させ、前記第2の光感知セルに前記第2波長域以外の光を入射させる、
請求項1または2に記載の撮像装置。 - 入射光を第1の色成分の光、第2の色成分の光、および第3の色成分の光に分類するとき、
前記第1分光要素アレイは、前記第1の光感知セルに対応して配置された第1の分光要素であって、前記第1の光感知セルに前記第1の色成分の光を入射させ、前記第2の光感知セルに前記第2および第3の色成分の光を入射させる第1の分光要素を有し、
前記第2分光要素アレイは、前記第2の光感知セルに対応して配置された第2の分光要素であって、前記第1の光感知セルに前記第2の色成分の光を入射させ、前記第2の光感知セルに前記第1および第3の色成分の光を入射させる第2の分光要素を有している、
請求項3に記載の撮像装置。 - 入射光を第1の色成分の光、第2の色成分の光、および第3の色成分の光に分類するとき、
前記第1分光要素アレイは、前記第1の光感知セルに対応して配置された第1の分光要素であって、前記第1の光感知セルに前記第1の色成分の光を入射させ、前記第2の光感知セルに前記第2の色成分の光を入射させ、隣接する第1の隣接単位ブロックに含まれる1つの光感知セルに前記第3の色成分の光を入射させる第1の分光要素を有し、
前記第2分光要素アレイは、前記第2の光感知セルに対応して配置された第2の分光要素であって、前記第1の光感知セルおよび隣接する第2の隣接単位ブロックに含まれる1つの光感知セルに前記第3の色成分の光を半分ずつ入射させ、前記第2の光感知セルに前記第1および第2の色成分の光を入射させる第2の分光要素を有し、
前記第1の光感知セルは、前記第1の分光要素から入射する前記第1の色成分の光と、前記第2の分光要素および前記第1の隣接単位ブロックに含まれる分光要素から入射する前記第3の色成分の光とを受け、
前記第2の光感知セルは、前記第1の分光要素から入射する前記第2の色成分の光と、前記第2の隣接単位ブロックに含まれる分光要素から入射する前記第3の色成分の光と、前記第2の分光要素から入射する前記第1および第2の色成分の光とを受ける、
請求項3に記載の撮像装置。 - 各単位ブロックは、第3の光感知セルおよび第4の光感知セルを含み、
前記第1分光要素アレイは、前記第3の光感知セルに対応して配置された第3の分光要素であって、前記第3の光感知セルに前記第1の色成分の光を入射させ、前記第4の光感知セルに前記第2および第3の色成分の光を入射させる第3の分光要素を有し、
前記第2分光要素アレイは、前記第4の光感知セルに対応して配置された第4の分光要素であって、前記第3の光感知セルに前記第2の色成分の光を入射させ、前記第4の光感知セルに前記第1および第3の色成分の光を入射させる第4の分光要素を有している、
請求項4に記載の撮像装置。 - 各単位ブロックは、第3の光感知セルおよび第4の光感知セルを含み、
前記第1分光要素アレイは、前記第3の光感知セルに対応して配置された第3の分光要素であって、前記第3の光感知セルに前記第1の色成分の光を入射させ、前記第4の光感知セルに前記第3の色成分の光を入射させ、前記第2の隣接単位ブロックに含まれる1つの光感知セルに前記第2の色成分の光を入射させる第3の分光要素を有し、
前記第2分光要素アレイは、各単位ブロックに含まれる前記第4の光感知セルに対応して配置された第4の分光要素であって、前記第3の光感知セルおよび前記第1の隣接単位ブロックに含まれる1つの光感知セルに前記第2の色成分の光を半分ずつ入射させ、前記第4の光感知セルに前記第1および第3の色成分の光を入射させる第4の分光要素を有し、
前記第3の光感知セルは、前記第3の分光要素から入射する前記第1の色成分の光と、前記第4の分光要素および前記第2の隣接単位要素に含まれる分光要素から入射する前記第2の色成分の光とを受け、
前記第4の光感知セルは、前記第3の分光要素から入射する前記第3波長域の光と、前記第1の隣接単位要素に含まれる分光要素から入射する前記第2波長域の光と、前記第4の分光要素から入射する前記第1波長域および前記第3波長域の光とを受ける、
請求項5に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記第1の光感知セル、前記第2の光感知セル、前記第3の光感知セル、および前記第4の光感知セルは、行列状に配置され、
前記第1の光感知セルは、前記第2の光感知セルに隣接し、
前記第3の光感知セルは、前記第4の光感知セルに隣接している、
請求項6または7に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記固体撮像素子は、
前記第1分光要素アレイに対向して形成された第1マイクロレンズアレイであって、各々が前記第1の分光要素および前記第3の分光要素の各々に集光する複数のマイクロレンズを含む第1マイクロレンズアレイと、
前記第2分光要素アレイに対向して形成された第2マイクロレンズアレイであって、各々が前記第2の分光要素および前記第4の分光要素の各々に集光する複数のマイクロレンズを含む第2マイクロレンズアレイと、
を有している、請求項6から8のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。 - 信号処理部をさらに備え、
前記信号処理部は、前記第1の光感知セルおよび前記第2の光感知セルからそれぞれ出力される光電変換信号に基づいて、1つの色信号を生成する、
請求項1から9のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。 - 前記信号処理部は、前記第1の光感知セル、前記第2の光感知セル、前記第3の光感知セル、および前記第4の光感知セルからそれぞれ出力される光電変換信号に基づいて、3つの色信号を生成する、
請求項6から9のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。 - 第1の面および前記第1の面の反対側に位置する第2の面を有する半導体層と、
前記半導体層中に形成され、前記第1の面側および前記第2の面側から光を受ける光感知セルアレイであって、各々が第1の光感知セルおよび第2の光感知セルを含む複数の単位ブロックを有する光感知セルアレイと、
前記光感知セルアレイに対向して前記第1の面側および前記第2の面側の少なくとも一方の側に形成された分光要素アレイであって、前記第1の光感知セルおよび前記第2の光感知セルに異なる波長域の光を入射させる分光要素アレイと、
を有している固体撮像素子。
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