WO2010074293A1 - 電極合剤、電極および非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
電極合剤、電極および非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- C01G45/1221—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof
- C01G45/1228—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. LiMnO2, Li[MxMn1-x]O2
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- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C01G51/50—Cobaltates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(CoxMn1-x)O2, Li(MyCoxMn1-x-y)O2
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- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrode mixture, an electrode, and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the electrode mixture is used for electrodes in non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries and the like.
- Typical non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries are lithium secondary batteries, which have already been put into practical use as power sources for mobile phones and laptop computers, and are also applicable to medium and large applications such as automotive and power storage applications. Has been tried.
- a lithium secondary battery usually includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material capable of doping / dedoping lithium ions, a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material capable of doping / dedoping lithium ions, and an electrolyte. .
- Examples of the electrode mixture include those obtained by mixing and kneading an electrode active material such as a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode active material, a binder and a dispersion medium, and the binder and the dispersion medium are typically organic solvent binders, Examples thereof include polyvinylidene fluoride (binder) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (dispersion medium).
- an aqueous binder is used as a binder and a dispersion medium in order to reduce the electrode manufacturing cost due to the use of an organic solvent.
- an aqueous dispersion of polytetrafluoroethylene Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. Hei 2). -158055
- water-soluble polymers such as cellulose
- water Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-42817
- An object of the present invention is to provide an aqueous electrode mixture and an electrode that provide a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a sufficient battery capacity, particularly a sufficient initial discharge capacity.
- An electrode mixture comprising a lithium composite metal oxide represented by formula (1), a conductive agent and a water-dispersible polymer binder.
- x is 0.30 or more and less than 1
- y is 0 or more and less than 1
- x + y is 0.30 or more and less than 1
- z is 0.5 or more and 1.5 or less
- M represents one or more selected from the group consisting of Co, Al, Ti, Mg and Fe.
- ⁇ 3> The electrode mixture according to ⁇ 2>, wherein the water-dispersible polymer binder contains one or more aqueous emulsions selected from the group consisting of vinyl polymer emulsions and acrylic polymer emulsions.
- ⁇ 4> The electrode mixture according to ⁇ 2>, wherein the water-dispersible polymer binder is a polytetrafluoroethylene-based aqueous dispersion.
- ⁇ 5> The electrode mixture according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 4>, wherein the water-dispersible polymer binder further contains a thickener.
- ⁇ 6> The electrode mixture according to ⁇ 5>, wherein the thickener contains one or more selected from the group consisting of methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, sodium polyacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
- the lithium composite metal oxide is composed of a powder having a BET specific surface area of 2 m 2 / g or more and 30 m 2 / g or less.
- the conductive agent contains a carbon material.
- ⁇ 9> An electrode obtained by applying the electrode mixture according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 8> to a current collector and drying.
- the separator is a separator made of a laminated film in which a heat resistant porous layer and a porous film are laminated.
- Electrode mixture The electrode mixture of the present invention comprises a lithium composite metal oxide, a conductive agent and a water-dispersible polymer binder.
- Lithium composite metal oxide The lithium composite metal oxide is represented by Formula (1).
- x is 0.30 or more and less than 1
- y is 0 or more and less than 1
- x + y is 0.30 or more and less than 1
- z is 0.5 or more and 1.5 or less
- M is It represents one or more selected from the group consisting of Co, Al, Ti, Mg and Fe.
- the lithium composite metal oxide acts as a positive electrode active material in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- M is preferably Co and / or Fe from the viewpoint of increasing the battery capacity, and more preferably Fe from the viewpoint of further increasing the large current discharge characteristics.
- Preferred x is 0.30 or more and 0.9 or less, and more preferably 0.30 or more and 0.6 or less.
- Preferred y is 0.001 or more and 0.5 or less, and more preferably 0.01 or more and 0.3 or less.
- x + y is 0.4 or more and 0.9 or less, more preferably 0.4 or more and 0.8 or less.
- Preferred z is 0.95 or more and 1.5 or less, more preferably 1.0 or more and 1.4 or less.
- the lithium composite metal oxide is preferably composed of a powder having a BET specific surface area of 2 m 2 / g or more and 30 m 2 / g or less. As described above, even when a powder having a large BET specific surface area, that is, a powder composed of particles having a small particle diameter, the effect of the present invention can be obtained, and the large current discharge characteristics of the obtained secondary battery are improved. be able to.
- the lithium composite metal oxide is usually composed of primary particles having an average particle size of 0.05 ⁇ m or more and 1 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 1.0 ⁇ m or less, and the primary particles and the primary particles are formed by aggregation. It consists of a mixture with secondary particles having an average particle diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the average particle size (average primary particle size) of the primary particles and the average particle size (average secondary particle size) of the secondary particles can be measured by observing with an SEM.
- the lithium composite metal oxide preferably has an ⁇ -NaFeO 2 type crystal structure, that is, a crystal structure belonging to the R-3m space group, in order to further increase the capacity of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the lithium composite metal oxide.
- the crystal structure can be identified for a lithium composite metal oxide from a powder X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by powder X-ray diffraction measurement using CuK ⁇ as a radiation source.
- the lithium composite metal oxide can be obtained, for example, by firing a raw material containing a constituent metal element in a predetermined ratio.
- the BET specific surface area of the lithium composite metal oxide can be controlled by the firing temperature, although it depends on the type of metal element to be constituted.
- the raw material may be a mixture of compounds of the respective metal elements constituting it, or a composite compound containing a plurality of metal elements may be used as the compound.
- an oxide of the metal element is used, or it is decomposed and / or decomposed at a high temperature such as hydroxide, oxyhydroxide, carbonate, nitrate, acetate, halide, oxalate, and alkoxide.
- the raw material can be produced by appropriately using a method such as a coprecipitation method, a mixing method, a sol-gel method, a spray drying method, an electrostatic spraying method, or a hydrothermal method.
- the lithium composite metal oxide can be obtained by a production method including steps (1), (2) and (3) in this order. According to this production method, a lithium composite metal oxide having a large BET specific surface area and a small average particle diameter can be easily obtained, which is preferable.
- the aqueous solution containing Ni, Mn and M can be an aqueous solution obtained by dissolving each raw material containing Ni, Mn and M in water.
- chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, etc. of Ni, Mn, and M can be used, and all chlorides are preferably used.
- Fe preferable as M it is preferable to use the divalent Fe chloride.
- aqueous solution containing Ni, Mn and M can be obtained by dissolving in an aqueous solution containing nitric acid, sulfuric acid and the like.
- the alkali includes LiOH (lithium oxide), NaOH (sodium hydroxide), KOH (potassium hydroxide), Li 2 CO 3 (lithium carbonate), Na 2 CO 3 (sodium carbonate), K 2.
- examples thereof include one or more anhydrides and / or one or more hydrates selected from the group consisting of CO 3 (potassium carbonate) and (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 (ammonium carbonate).
- an alkaline aqueous solution Aqueous ammonia can also be mentioned as an alkaline aqueous solution.
- the concentration of alkali in the alkaline aqueous solution is usually about 0.5 to 10M, preferably about 1 to 8M. From the viewpoint of production cost, it is preferable to use NaOH, KOH anhydride and / or hydrate as alkali. Two or more alkalis may be used in combination.
- a contact method in the step (1) a method in which an alkaline aqueous solution is added to an aqueous solution containing Ni, Mn, M and mixed, and a method in which an aqueous solution containing Ni, Mn, M is added to an alkaline aqueous solution and mixed
- a method of adding an aqueous solution containing Ni, Mn, and M and an aqueous alkaline solution to water and mixing them can be mentioned. In mixing these, it is preferable to involve stirring.
- a method of adding and mixing an aqueous solution containing Ni, Mn, and M to an alkaline aqueous solution can be preferably used because it is easy to maintain pH change.
- step (1) a coprecipitate is generated and a coprecipitate slurry can be obtained.
- the amount (mole) of Mn relative to the total amount (mole) of Ni, Mn, and M is 0.30 or more and less than 1, and preferably 0.8. It is 30 or more and 0.9 or less, More preferably, it is 0.30 or more and 0.6 or less.
- the amount (mole) of M with respect to the total amount (mole) of Ni, Mn and M is 0 or more and less than 1, preferably 0.001 or more and 0.5 or less. Yes, more preferably 0.01 or more and 0.3 or less.
- step (2) a coprecipitate is obtained from the coprecipitate slurry.
- step (2) may be performed by any method, but from the viewpoint of operability, a method by solid-liquid separation such as filtration is preferably used.
- the coprecipitate can also be obtained by a method of volatilizing the liquid by heating such as spray drying using the coprecipitate slurry.
- the step (2) when the coprecipitate is obtained by solid-liquid separation, the step (2) is preferably the following step (2 ′).
- (2 ′) A step of obtaining a coprecipitate by washing and drying the coprecipitate slurry after solid-liquid separation.
- step (2 ′) if alkali, Cl or the like is excessively present in the solid content obtained after the solid-liquid separation, it can be removed by washing.
- water In order to efficiently wash the solid content, it is preferable to use water as the washing liquid.
- a water-soluble organic solvent such as alcohol or acetone may be added to the cleaning liquid as necessary.
- the washing may be performed twice or more. For example, after washing with water, washing with a water-soluble organic solvent as described above may be performed again.
- step (2 ′) after washing, drying is performed to obtain a coprecipitate. Drying is usually performed by heat treatment, but may be performed by air drying, vacuum drying, or the like. When it is carried out by heat treatment, it is usually carried out at 50 to 300 ° C, preferably about 100 ° C to 200 ° C.
- the BET specific surface area of the coprecipitate obtained by the step (2 ′) is usually about 10 m 2 / g or more and 100 m 2 / g or less.
- the BET specific surface area of the coprecipitate can be adjusted by the drying temperature.
- the BET specific surface area of the coprecipitate is preferably 20 m 2 / g or more, more preferably 30 m 2 / g or more, in order to promote the reactivity during firing described later. Further, in the viewpoint of operability, BET specific surface area of a coprecipitate is preferably at 90m 2 / g or less, and more preferably less 85 m 2 / g.
- the coprecipitate is usually composed of a mixture of primary particles having a particle size of 0.001 ⁇ m or more and 0.1 ⁇ m or less and secondary particles having a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less formed by aggregation of the primary particles. .
- the particle diameters of the primary particles and the secondary particles can be measured by observing with a scanning electron microscope (hereinafter sometimes referred to as SEM).
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the particle size of the secondary particles is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less.
- step (3) a mixture obtained by mixing the coprecipitate and the lithium compound in a predetermined ratio is fired to obtain a lithium composite metal oxide.
- the lithium compound include one or more anhydrides and / or one or more hydrates selected from the group consisting of lithium hydroxide, lithium chloride, lithium nitrate, and lithium carbonate.
- the mixing may be either dry mixing or wet mixing, but dry mixing is preferred from the viewpoint of simplicity.
- the mixing device include stirring and mixing, a V-type mixer, a W-type mixer, a ribbon mixer, a drum mixer, a ball mill, and the like.
- the firing temperature is preferably about 600 ° C. or higher and 900 ° C. or lower, more preferably 650 ° C. or higher and 850 ° C. or lower.
- the average particle diameter and BET specific surface area of a lithium composite metal oxide can be adjusted by changing a calcination temperature.
- the holding time at the firing temperature is usually 0.1 to 20 hours, preferably 0.5 to 12 hours.
- the rate of temperature rise to the firing temperature is usually 50 ° C.
- the rate of temperature fall from the holding temperature to room temperature is usually 10 ° C. to 400 ° C./hour.
- the firing atmosphere air, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, or a mixed gas thereof can be used, but an air atmosphere is preferable.
- the mixture may contain a reaction accelerator such as ammonium fluoride or boric acid. More specifically, examples of the reaction accelerator include chlorides such as NaCl, KCl and NH 4 Cl, fluorides such as LiF, NaF, KF and HN 4 F, boric acid, preferably chloride. More preferred is KCl.
- a reaction accelerator When the mixture contains a reaction accelerator, it may be possible to improve the reactivity during firing of the mixture, and to adjust a lithium composite metal oxide having a small average particle size and a large BET specific surface area. Usually, when the firing temperature is the same, the larger the content of the reaction accelerator in the mixture, the larger the average particle size and the smaller the BET specific surface area.
- Two or more reaction accelerators can be used in combination. The reaction accelerator may be added and mixed when the coprecipitate and the lithium compound are mixed. Further, the reaction accelerator may remain in the lithium composite metal oxide, or may be removed by washing, evaporation or the like.
- the lithium composite metal oxide may be pulverized using a ball mill or a jet mill.
- the lithium composite metal oxide having a large BET specific surface area can also be obtained by pulverization. You may repeat grinding
- the conductive agent electrically conductive agent there may be mentioned carbon materials, and more specifically, graphite powder, carbon black (e.g., acetylene black), the fibrous carbon material (carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, vapor-grown carbon Fiber etc.).
- carbon black e.g., acetylene black
- fibrous carbon material carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, vapor-grown carbon Fiber etc.
- Carbon black for example, acetylene black
- Carbon black is fine and has a large surface area, and by adding a small amount in the electrode mixture, the conductivity inside the resulting electrode can be increased, and the charge / discharge efficiency and large current discharge characteristics can be improved.
- the ratio of the conductive agent in the electrode mixture is 5 parts by weight or more and 20 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the lithium composite metal oxide. In the case where the fine carbon material or the fibrous carbon material as described above is used as the conductive agent, this ratio can be lowered.
- the water-dispersible polymer binder contains a binder resin and water as a dispersion medium.
- the binder resin is made of a polymer and is dispersed in water. A part of water (for example, less than 50% by weight of water) may be replaced with an organic solvent soluble in water, but it is preferable to use only water as a dispersion medium.
- Preferred embodiments of the water-dispersible polymeric binder are those comprising an aqueous emulsion and / or an aqueous dispersion.
- aqueous emulsion examples include one or more aqueous emulsions selected from the group consisting of vinyl polymer emulsions and acrylic polymer emulsions.
- vinyl polymers vinyl acetate polymers (vinyl acetate homopolymers, vinyl acetate copolymers), vinyl chloride polymers (vinyl chloride homopolymers, vinyl chloride copolymers), acrylic polymers, etc.
- vinyl polymers vinyl acetate polymers (vinyl acetate homopolymers, vinyl acetate copolymers), vinyl chloride polymers (vinyl chloride homopolymers, vinyl chloride copolymers), acrylic polymers, etc.
- alkyl acrylate homopolymers methyl acrylate polymer, ethyl acrylate polymer, etc.
- alkyl acrylate copolymers From the viewpoint of controllability of glass transition temperature, these polymers Among these, a copolymer is preferable.
- copolymer examples include ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride copolymer, vinyl acetate-alkyl acrylate copolymer (vinyl acetate-methyl acrylate copolymer).
- Vinyl acetate-ethyl acrylate copolymer, etc. ethylene-vinyl chloride copolymer, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, vinyl chloride-alkyl acrylate copolymer (vinyl chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer, Vinyl chloride-ethyl acrylate copolymer), ethylene-vinyl acetate-alkyl acrylate copolymer (ethylene-vinyl acetate-methyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate-ethyl acrylate copolymer, etc.), Mention may be made of methyl acrylate-ethyl acrylate copolymers, and a mixture of two or more of these. It can be.
- the electrode mixture when these aqueous emulsions are used as the water-dispersible polymer binder, an electrode having excellent binding strength with a current collector described later and excellent peel strength can be provided.
- excellent battery characteristics can be provided over a long period of time.
- the amount of the aqueous emulsion used may be small, which is also effective for improving the energy density per volume of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, that is, for improving the capacity.
- aqueous emulsion a known one may be used, for example, produced by emulsion polymerization such as a surfactant method using a surfactant such as soap, a colloid method using a water-soluble polymer such as polyvinyl alcohol as a protective colloid, A batch polymerization method, a pre-emulsion dropping method, a monomer dropping method, or the like may be used.
- the average particle diameter of various polymers in the aqueous emulsion can be changed by controlling the monomer concentration, reaction temperature, stirring speed, and the like.
- emulsion polymerization the particle size distribution of the polymer can be sharpened, and by using such an aqueous emulsion, various components in the electrode can be made homogeneous.
- aqueous dispersion a known dispersion may be used, and a polytetrafluoroethylene-based aqueous dispersion is preferable.
- polytetrafluoroethylene can be obtained by dispersing in water.
- the polymer dispersed in the water-dispersible polymer binder binds the lithium composite metal oxide and the conductive agent, and binds these to the current collector described later.
- the electrode mixture is more uniformly dispersed.
- the average particle size of the polymer is set to 1 to 300% with respect to the average particle size of the lithium composite metal oxide. It is preferable.
- the average particle size of the lithium composite metal oxide is 0.1 to 0.3 ⁇ m (preferably the BET specific surface area is about 5 to 20 m 2 / g), the average particle size of the polymer is 0.001 to It is preferably 0.9 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size of the lithium composite metal oxide can be determined by observation with an electron microscope such as SEM.
- the water-dispersible polymer binder may further contain a thickener.
- a thickener By containing a thickener, the viscosity of the electrode mixture can be adjusted.
- the inclusion of the thickener is effective for improving the applicability when an electrode mixture described later is applied on the current collector to form an electrode.
- the thickener is preferably made of a water-soluble polymer. Specific examples of the water-soluble polymer include one or more selected from the group consisting of methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol, sodium polyacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
- the thickener preferably serves not only as a viscosity adjusting agent but also as a binder.
- examples of the thickener include carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium polyacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and the like.
- the thickener is preferably one that improves the dispersibility of the conductive agent in water.
- the thickener include carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium polyacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and the like.
- a conductive agent such as a carbon material is hydrophobic and thus difficult to uniformly disperse in water. If the thickener has an action of improving the dispersibility of the conductive agent in water, the conductive agent can be more uniformly dispersed even in the electrode mixture. In an electrode prepared using an electrode mixture containing such a thickener, the lithium composite metal oxide and the conductive agent are more uniformly dispersed, the conductive path is also improved, and the resulting non-aqueous electrolyte 2 is obtained. In the secondary battery, battery performance such as battery capacity and large current discharge characteristics is more excellent.
- the binder resin contained in the water-dispersible polymer binder preferably has a glass transition temperature of 10 ° C. or lower.
- the amount of components such as an ethylene component, a butadiene component, and a methyl acrylate component in the polymer may be controlled.
- the glass transition temperature By setting the glass transition temperature to 10 ° C. or less, the flexibility of the obtained electrode can be improved, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery that can be sufficiently used even in a low temperature environment can be obtained.
- the content of the water-dispersible polymer binder is 100 parts by weight of the lithium composite metal oxide from the viewpoint of improving the binding force of the electrode mixture to the current collector and suppressing the increase in resistance of the resulting electrode.
- the amount is preferably 0.1 to 15 parts by weight, more preferably 0.5 to 6 parts by weight.
- the weight ratio of the water-dispersible polymer and the thickener is preferably 1:99 to 9: 1.
- the electrode mixture can be produced by kneading lithium composite metal oxide, a conductive agent, a water-dispersible polymer binder, and water as required. From the viewpoint of producing an electrode mixture in which the lithium composite metal oxide and the conductive agent are homogeneously dispersed, it is preferable that the lithium composite metal oxide and the conductive agent are mixed in advance as a kneading procedure. Next, an electrode mixture in which the lithium composite metal oxide and the conductive agent are homogeneously dispersed can be produced by adding a water-dispersible polymer binder and, if necessary, water and kneading.
- an apparatus having a high shearing force is preferable.
- Specific examples include a planetary mixer, a kneader, and an extrusion kneader.
- the use of a disperser represented by a homogenizer reduces the aggregation of various components in the electrode mixture and produces a more homogeneous electrode mixture. can do.
- the concentration of the electrode component in the electrode mixture is usually 30 to 90% by weight, preferably from the viewpoint of the thickness of the electrode obtained and applicability. 30 to 80% by weight, more preferably 30 to 70% by weight.
- Electrode The electrode of the present invention is obtained by applying the electrode mixture to a current collector and drying. By drying, water in the electrode mixture is removed, and the electrode mixture is bound to the current collector to form an electrode.
- Examples of the current collector include Al, Ni, and stainless steel, and Al is preferable because it is easily processed into a thin film and is inexpensive.
- Examples of the shape of the current collector include a foil shape, a flat plate shape, a mesh shape, a net shape, a lath shape, a punching metal shape, an embossed shape, or a combination thereof (for example, a mesh-like flat plate). Can be mentioned. Concavities and convexities may be formed by etching on the current collector surface.
- Examples of the method of applying the electrode mixture to the current collector include a slit die coating method, a screen coating method, a curtain coating method, a knife coating method, a gravure coating method, and an electrostatic spray method.
- coating you may carry out by heat processing, and you may carry out by ventilation drying, vacuum drying, etc.
- the temperature is usually about 50 to 150 ° C.
- An electrode can be manufactured by the method mentioned above. The thickness of the electrode is usually about 5 to 500 ⁇ m.
- the electrode is extremely useful as a positive electrode in a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention has the electrode as a positive electrode, and usually further includes a separator.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery can be manufactured, for example, by the following method. That is, after an electrode group obtained by laminating a separator, a negative electrode, and a positive electrode and laminating as necessary is housed in a battery case such as a battery can, an electrolytic solution composed of an organic solvent containing an electrolyte is prepared. It can be produced by impregnation.
- Examples of the shape of the electrode group include a shape in which a cross section when the electrode group is cut in a direction perpendicular to the winding axis is a circle, an ellipse, a rectangle, a rectangle with rounded corners, or the like. it can.
- examples of the shape of the battery include a paper shape, a coin shape, a cylindrical shape, and a square shape.
- the negative electrode and the negative electrode need only be capable of doping and dedoping lithium ions at a lower potential than the positive electrode, and an electrode in which a negative electrode mixture containing a negative electrode material is supported on a negative electrode current collector, or an electrode made of a negative electrode material alone Can be mentioned.
- the negative electrode material include carbon materials, chalcogen compounds (oxides, sulfides, and the like), nitrides, metals, and alloys that can be doped / undoped with lithium ions at a lower potential than the positive electrode. Moreover, you may use these negative electrode materials in mixture.
- the negative electrode material is exemplified below.
- the carbon material include graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite, cokes, carbon black, pyrolytic carbons, carbon fiber, and fired organic polymer compound.
- the oxide specifically, a silicon oxide represented by the formula SiO x (where x is a positive real number) such as SiO 2 and SiO, and a formula TiO x such as TiO 2 and TiO (where x is Titanium oxide represented by (positive real number), V 2 O 5 , VO 2, etc.
- titanium sulfides represented by the formula TiS x (where x is a positive real number) such as Ti 2 S 3 , TiS 2 , TiS, V 3 S 4 , VS 2, VS Vanadium sulfide represented by the formula VS x (where x is a positive real number), Fe 3 S 4 , FeS 2 , FeS, and the like FeS x (where x is a positive real number) Iron sulfide, Mo 2 S 3 , MoS 2 and other formulas MoS x (where x is a positive real number) molybdenum sulfide, SnS 2, SnS and other formulas SnS x (where x is positive)
- nitride examples include lithium-containing nitrides such as Li 3 N, Li 3-x A x N (where A is Ni and / or Co, and 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 3). Can be mentioned. These carbon materials, oxides, sulfides, and nitrides may be used in combination, and may be crystalline or amorphous. Further, these carbon materials, oxides, sulfides and nitrides are mainly carried on the negative electrode current collector and used as electrodes.
- the metal include lithium metal, silicon metal, and tin metal.
- alloys include lithium alloys such as Li—Al, Li—Ni, and Li—Si, silicon alloys such as Si—Zn, Sn—Mn, Sn—Co, Sn—Ni, Sn—Cu, and Sn—La.
- tin alloys Cu 2 Sb, La 3 Ni 2 Sn 7 and other alloys can also be mentioned. These metals and alloys are mainly used alone as electrodes (for example, used in a foil shape).
- a carbon material mainly composed of graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite is preferably used from the viewpoint of high potential flatness, low average discharge potential, and good cycleability.
- the shape of the carbon material may be any of a flake shape such as natural graphite, a spherical shape such as mesocarbon microbeads, a fibrous shape such as graphitized carbon fiber, or an aggregate of fine powder.
- the negative electrode mixture may contain a binder as necessary.
- the binder include thermoplastic resins, and specific examples include PVdF, thermoplastic polyimide, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyethylene, and polypropylene.
- Examples of the negative electrode current collector include Cu, Ni, and stainless steel. Cu may be used because it is difficult to form an alloy with lithium and it is easy to process into a thin film.
- Examples of the method of supporting the negative electrode mixture on the negative electrode current collector include a method by pressure molding, a method of pasting using a dispersion medium, and applying and drying on the negative electrode current collector. You may press after drying.
- the dispersion medium may be either water or an organic solvent, but from the viewpoint of suppressing the production cost when using the organic solvent binder, a water-dispersible polymer binder is used as the binder and the dispersion medium. Is preferred. By using a water-dispersible polymer binder for both the positive electrode and the negative electrode, it is possible to further reduce the manufacturing cost of the battery and provide a battery having excellent environmental properties.
- the separator for example, a material having a form such as a porous film, a non-woven fabric, or a woven fabric made of a polyolefin resin such as polyethylene or polypropylene, a fluororesin, or a nitrogen-containing aromatic polymer can be used. It is good also as a separator using 2 or more types of materials, and the material may be laminated
- the separator include separators described in JP 2000-30686 A, JP 10-324758 A, and the like.
- the thickness of the separator is preferably as thin as possible as long as the mechanical strength is maintained in that the volume energy density of the battery is increased and the internal resistance is reduced, and is usually about 5 to 200 ⁇ m, preferably about 5 to 40 ⁇ m.
- the separator preferably has a porous film containing a thermoplastic resin.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery normally, when an abnormal current flows in the battery due to a short circuit between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, the function of shutting down the current and preventing the excessive current from flowing (shut down) It is preferable to have.
- the shutdown is performed by closing the micropores of the porous film in the separator when the normal use temperature is exceeded. After the shutdown, even if the temperature in the battery rises to a certain high temperature, it is preferable to maintain the shutdown state without breaking the film due to the temperature.
- Examples of such a separator include a laminated film in which a heat resistant porous layer and a porous film are laminated. By using the film as a separator, the heat resistance of the secondary battery can be further increased.
- the heat-resistant porous layer may be laminated on both surfaces of the porous film.
- a laminated film in which a heat resistant porous layer and a porous film are laminated will be described.
- the heat resistant porous layer is a layer having higher heat resistance than the porous film, and the heat resistant porous layer may be formed of an inorganic powder or may contain a heat resistant resin.
- the heat resistant porous layer contains a heat resistant resin
- the heat resistant porous layer can be formed by an easy technique such as coating.
- the heat resistant resin include polyamide, polyimide, polyamideimide, polycarbonate, polyacetal, polysulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyetherketone, aromatic polyester, polyethersulfone, and polyetherimide, from the viewpoint of further improving heat resistance.
- polyamide, polyimide, polyamideimide, polyethersulfone, and polyetherimide are preferable, and polyamide, polyimide, and polyamideimide are more preferable.
- nitrogen-containing aromatic polymers such as aromatic polyamides (para-oriented aromatic polyamides, meta-oriented aromatic polyamides), aromatic polyimides, aromatic polyamideimides, and particularly preferred are aromatic polyamides and production surfaces.
- para-oriented aromatic polyamide hereinafter sometimes referred to as “para-aramid”.
- examples of the heat resistant resin include poly-4-methylpentene-1 and cyclic olefin polymers.
- the heat resistance of the laminated film that is, the thermal film breaking temperature of the laminated film can be further increased.
- these heat-resistant resins when using a nitrogen-containing aromatic polymer, because of the polarity in the molecule, compatibility with the electrolyte, that is, the liquid retention in the heat-resistant porous layer may be improved, The impregnation rate of the electrolytic solution during the production of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is also high, and the charge / discharge capacity of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is further increased.
- the thermal film breaking temperature of the laminated film depends on the type of heat-resistant resin, and is selected and used according to the usage scene and purpose of use. More specifically, as the heat resistant resin, the cyclic olefin polymer is used at about 400 ° C. when the nitrogen-containing aromatic polymer is used, and at about 250 ° C. when poly-4-methylpentene-1 is used. When using, the thermal film breaking temperature can be controlled to about 300 ° C., respectively. In addition, when the heat resistant porous layer is made of an inorganic powder, the thermal film breaking temperature can be controlled to, for example, 500 ° C. or higher.
- Para-aramid is obtained by condensation polymerization of a para-oriented aromatic diamine and a para-oriented aromatic dicarboxylic acid halide, and the amide bond is in the para position of the aromatic ring or an oriented position equivalent thereto (for example, 4,4′-biphenylene).
- 1,5-naphthalene, 2,6-naphthalene and the like which are substantially composed of repeating units bonded in the opposite direction and oriented in a coaxial or parallel manner.
- para-aramid having a structure according to the type.
- the aromatic polyimide is preferably a wholly aromatic polyimide produced by condensation polymerization of an aromatic dianhydride and a diamine.
- the dianhydride include pyromellitic dianhydride, 3,3 ′, 4,4′-diphenylsulfone tetracarboxylic dianhydride, 3,3 ′, 4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid Examples thereof include dianhydrides, 2,2′-bis (3,4-dicarboxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane, 3,3 ′, 4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride, and the like.
- diamine examples include oxydianiline, paraphenylenediamine, benzophenonediamine, 3,3′-methylenedianiline, 3,3′-diaminobenzophenone, 3,3′-diaminodiphenylsulfone, 1,5 ′. -Naphthalenediamine and the like.
- a polyimide soluble in a solvent can be preferably used.
- An example of such a polyimide is a polycondensate polyimide of 3,3 ′, 4,4′-diphenylsulfonetetracarboxylic dianhydride and an aromatic diamine.
- Aromatic polyamideimides include those obtained from these condensation polymerizations using aromatic dicarboxylic acids and aromatic diisocyanates, and those obtained from these condensation polymerizations using aromatic diacid anhydrides and aromatic diisocyanates. It is done.
- Specific examples of the aromatic dicarboxylic acid include isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid.
- Specific examples of the aromatic dianhydride include trimellitic anhydride.
- Specific examples of the aromatic diisocyanate include 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate, 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate, orthotolylane diisocyanate, m-xylene diisocyanate, and the like.
- the heat-resistant porous layer is preferably a thin heat-resistant porous layer having a thickness of 1 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m, further 1 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m, particularly 1 ⁇ m to 4 ⁇ m.
- the heat-resistant porous layer has fine pores, and the size (diameter) of the pores is usually 3 ⁇ m or less, preferably 1 ⁇ m or less.
- a heat resistant porous layer can also contain the below-mentioned filler.
- the porous film preferably has fine pores and has a shutdown function.
- the porous film contains a thermoplastic resin.
- the size of the micropores in the porous film is usually 3 ⁇ m or less, preferably 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the porosity of the porous film is usually 30 to 80% by volume, preferably 40 to 70% by volume.
- the porous film containing the thermoplastic resin can close the micropores by softening the thermoplastic resin constituting the porous film.
- thermoplastic resin that does not dissolve in the electrolyte solution in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery may be selected.
- polyolefin resins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, and thermoplastic polyurethane resins, and a mixture of two or more of these may be used.
- the polyethylene include polyethylene such as low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, and linear polyethylene, and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene having a molecular weight of 1,000,000 or more.
- the thermoplastic resin constituting the film preferably contains at least ultra high molecular weight polyethylene.
- the thermoplastic resin may preferably contain a wax made of polyolefin having a low molecular weight (weight average molecular weight of 10,000 or less).
- the thickness of the porous film in the laminated film is usually 3 to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably 3 to 25 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the laminated film is usually 40 ⁇ m or less, preferably 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the value of A / B is preferably 0.1 or more and 1 or less.
- the heat resistant porous layer may contain one or more fillers.
- the filler may be selected from organic powder, inorganic powder, or a mixture thereof as the material thereof.
- the particles constituting the filler preferably have an average particle size of 0.01 ⁇ m or more and 1 ⁇ m or less.
- Examples of the organic powder include styrene, vinyl ketone, acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, glycidyl acrylate, and methyl acrylate, or a copolymer of two or more kinds, polytetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoride, and the like.
- Examples thereof include fluorine-based resins such as ethylene-6-fluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer, and polyvinylidene fluoride; melamine resin; urea resin; polyolefin; and powders made of organic substances such as polymethacrylate.
- An organic powder may be used independently and can also be used in mixture of 2 or more types. Among these organic powders, polytetrafluoroethylene powder is preferable from the viewpoint of chemical stability.
- the inorganic powder examples include powders made of inorganic materials such as metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal carbides, metal hydroxides, carbonates, sulfates, etc.
- powders made of inorganic materials with low conductivity Is preferably used.
- Specific examples include powders made of alumina, silica, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, or the like.
- An inorganic powder may be used independently and can also be used in mixture of 2 or more types.
- alumina powder is preferable from the viewpoint of chemical stability.
- all of the particles constituting the filler are alumina particles, and it is even more preferable that all of the particles constituting the filler are alumina particles, and part or all of them are substantially spherical alumina particles. It is embodiment which is.
- the heat-resistant porous layer is formed from an inorganic powder, the inorganic powder exemplified above may be used, and may be mixed with a binder as necessary.
- the filler content when the heat-resistant porous layer contains a heat-resistant resin depends on the specific gravity of the filler material.
- the weight of the filler is usually 5 or more and 95 or less, preferably 20 or more and 95 or less, more preferably 30 or more and 90 or less. These ranges can be appropriately set depending on the specific gravity of the filler material.
- Examples of the shape of the filler include a substantially spherical shape, a plate shape, a columnar shape, a needle shape, a whisker shape, and a fibrous shape, and any particle can be used. It is preferable that Examples of the substantially spherical particles include particles having a particle aspect ratio (long particle diameter / short particle diameter) of 1 or more and 1.5 or less. The aspect ratio of the particles can be measured by an electron micrograph.
- the separator preferably has an air permeability of 50 to 300 seconds / 100 cc, more preferably 50 to 200 seconds / 100 cc in terms of air permeability by the Gurley method.
- the separator has a porosity of usually 30 to 80% by volume, preferably 40 to 70% by volume.
- the separator may be a laminate of separators having different porosity.
- the electrolytic solution is usually composed of an organic solvent containing an electrolyte.
- the electrolytes include LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LIBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) (COCF 3 ), Li (C 4 F 9 SO 3 ), LiC (SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 , Li 2 B 10 Cl 10 , LiBOB (where BOB is bis (oxalato) borate).
- Lithium salts such as lower aliphatic carboxylic acid lithium salts and LiAlCl 4, and a mixture of two or more of these may be used.
- the lithium salt is usually selected from the group consisting of LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 and LiC (SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 containing fluorine. Those containing at least one selected are used.
- organic solvent examples include propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, 4-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 1,2-di (methoxycarbonyloxy) ethane, and the like.
- ethers such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,3-dimethoxypropane, pentafluoropropyl methyl ether, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl difluoromethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran;
- Esters such as methyl formate, methyl acetate and ⁇ -butyrolactone;
- Nitriles such as acetonitrile and butyronitrile; Amides such as N, N-dimethylformamide and N, N-dimethylacetamide; -Carbamates such as methyl-2-oxazolidone; sulfur-containing compounds such as sulfolane, dimethyl sulfoxide and 1,3-propane sultone, or organic solvents further introduced with a fluorine substituent can be used.
- a mixed solvent containing carbonates is preferable, and a mixed solvent of cyclic carbonate and acyclic carbonate or cyclic carbonate and ether is more preferable.
- the mixed solvent of cyclic carbonate and non-cyclic carbonate has a wide operating temperature range, excellent load characteristics, and is hardly decomposable even when a graphite material such as natural graphite or artificial graphite is used as the negative electrode active material.
- a mixed solvent containing ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate is preferable.
- a mixed solvent containing ethers having fluorine substituents such as pentafluoropropyl methyl ether and 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl difluoromethyl ether and dimethyl carbonate has excellent high-current discharge characteristics, preferable.
- a solid electrolyte may be used instead of the electrolytic solution.
- the solid electrolyte for example, an organic polymer electrolyte such as a polyethylene oxide polymer compound, a polymer compound containing at least one of a polyorganosiloxane chain or a polyoxyalkylene chain can be used.
- maintained the nonaqueous electrolyte solution to the high molecular compound can also be used.
- An inorganic solid electrolyte containing a sulfide such as 2- Li 2 SO 4 may be used. Using these solid electrolytes, safety may be further improved.
- the solid electrolyte may serve as a separator, and in that case, the separator may not be required.
- Production Example 1 (Production of lithium composite metal oxide 1)
- 83.88 g of potassium hydroxide was added to 200 ml of distilled water and dissolved by stirring to completely dissolve the potassium hydroxide, thereby preparing an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (alkaline aqueous solution).
- 15.68 g of nickel (II) chloride hexahydrate, 13.66 g of manganese (II) chloride tetrahydrate and 2.982 g of iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate were weighed and placed in a glass beaker. These were added to 200 ml of distilled water and dissolved by stirring to obtain a nickel-manganese-iron mixed aqueous solution.
- coprecipitate slurry was washed filtration and distilled water to obtain a coprecipitate P 1 and dried at 100 ° C..
- the coprecipitate P 1 had an average primary particle size of 0.05 ⁇ m and a BET specific surface area of 63 m 2 / g.
- Ni: Mn: molar ratio of Fe is 0.44: 0.46: was 0.10.
- a mixture was obtained by dry-mixing 2.0 g of the coprecipitate (P 1 ) and 1.16 g of lithium hydroxide monohydrate using an agate mortar. The mixture was put into an alumina firing container, fired by holding it at 800 ° C. in an air atmosphere for 6 hours using an electric furnace, and cooled to room temperature to obtain a fired product. The fired product was pulverized, washed by decantation with distilled water, filtered, and dried at 100 ° C. for 8 hours to obtain lithium composite metal oxide 1.
- Lithium composite metal oxide 1 had a BET specific surface area of 8.0 m 2 / g and an average primary particle size of 0.2 ⁇ m.
- the crystal structure of the lithium composite metal oxide 1 was a crystal structure belonging to the R-3m space group.
- the raw material mixed powder was obtained by mixing using a ball mill under the following conditions. Grinding media: 15mm ⁇ alumina balls (5.8kg) Ball mill rotation speed: 80 rpm Ball mill volume: 5L
- the raw material mixed powder was filled into an alumina sheath and held at 1040 ° C. for 4 hours in an air atmosphere and fired to obtain a lump.
- This lump was pulverized using a jet mill apparatus (AFG-100 manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation) to obtain lithium composite metal oxide 2.
- the molar ratio of Li: Ni: Mn: Co was 1.04: 0.34: 0.42: 0.2.
- the lithium composite metal oxide 2 had a BET specific surface area of 2.68 m 2 / g and an average primary particle size of 1.25 ⁇ m.
- the crystal structure of the lithium composite metal oxide 2 was a crystal structure belonging to the R-3m space group.
- Production Example 3 (Production of lithium composite metal oxide 3) Instead of iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate, nickel (II) chloride hexahydrate and manganese (II) chloride tetrahydrate were used, and the molar ratio of Ni: Mn was 0.5: 0.5.
- the lithium composite metal oxide 3 was obtained by performing the same operation as in Production Example 1 except that the weight was so measured as follows. As a result of the composition analysis of the lithium composite metal oxide 3, the molar ratio of Li: Ni: Mn was 1.10: 0.5: 0.5.
- the lithium composite metal oxide 3 had a BET specific surface area of 6 m 2 / g and an average primary particle size of 0.2 ⁇ m. As a result of the powder X-ray diffraction measurement, it was found that the crystal structure of the lithium composite metal oxide 3 was a crystal structure belonging to the R-3m space group.
- Production Example 4 (Production of aqueous emulsion 1)
- a pressure-resistant container with respect to 170 parts by weight of water in advance, 190 parts by weight of vinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol “Poval 217” (manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd., saponification degree 88 mol%, average polymerization degree 1700), 2 parts by weight, “Poval 205”
- a solution in which 7 parts by weight (manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd., saponification degree 88 mol%, average polymerization degree 500) and 0.005 part by weight of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate were dissolved was introduced.
- the inside of the autoclave was replaced with nitrogen gas, and the inside of the container was heated to 60 ° C., and then pressurized to 4.6 MPa by introducing ethylene gas.
- 0.2 parts by weight of an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution and 0.6 parts by weight of sodium tartrate were diluted with water and added dropwise.
- the temperature in the reaction vessel is kept at 60 ° C. by controlling the temperature of the jacket, and further, an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide is added and stirred until the vinyl acetate concentration in the reaction solution is 1 wt% or less.
- Production Example 5 (Production of aqueous emulsion 2)
- “Latemul 1135S-70” carbon number of alkyl group: 11) containing 33 parts by weight of vinyl acetate, 0.5 parts by weight of hydroxyethyl cellulose, and polyoxyethylene undecyl ether as main components with respect to 85 parts by weight of water.
- Production Example 6 (Production of aqueous emulsion 3) A polymerization tank in which 0.7 parts by weight of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, 0.005 parts by weight of ferrous sulfate, and 0.8 parts by weight of sodium bicarbonate are dissolved in 25 parts by weight of water, and this is replaced with ethylene in advance. Then, 2 parts by weight of vinyl chloride was charged, stirred and emulsified, and then the pressure was increased to 4.9 MPa and the temperature was increased to 50 ° C. with ethylene gas.
- Polymerization was continued for 8 hours while continuously adding 18 parts by weight of vinyl chloride, 1.5 parts by weight of Rongalite aqueous solution, and 8.0 parts by weight of aqueous ammonium persulfate solution while maintaining the internal temperature at 50 ° C. After discharging to atmospheric pressure, an aqueous emulsion 3 containing a vinyl chloride-ethylene copolymer having a copolymer component of 50% by weight was obtained.
- Example 1 As the lithium composite metal oxide, the lithium composite metal oxide 1 obtained in Production Example 1 was used, and the lithium composite metal oxide 1 and a conductive agent (a mixture of acetylene black and graphite in a ratio of 9: 1) 87: 10 (weight ratio) was weighed and mixed in an agate mortar to obtain a mixed powder.
- a conductive agent a mixture of acetylene black and graphite in a ratio of 9: 1
- 87: 10 weight ratio
- a mixed powder As the water-dispersible polymer binder, the aqueous emulsion 1 in Production Example 4 (content of copolymer component 55% by weight) was used, and mixed powder: solid content of water-dispersible polymer binder (emulsion copolymer) An electrode mixture was obtained by mixing and kneading so that the component was 97: 3 (weight ratio).
- An electrode mixture was applied to a 40 ⁇ m thick Al foil as a current collector, dried at 60 ° C. for 2 hours, and then vacuum dried at 80 ° C. for 10 hours to obtain an electrode sheet.
- the electrode sheet is rolled at a pressure of 0.5 MPa using a roll press, punched into a size of 14.5 mm ⁇ with a punching machine, and vacuum dried at 150 ° C. for 8 hours to obtain an electrode 1. It was.
- Example 2 Using the aqueous emulsion 2 in Production Example 5 (content of copolymer component 60% by weight) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC, manufactured by Aldrich) as a thickener, the copolymer component of the emulsion: 9 thickeners. To 1 (weight ratio) to prepare a water-dispersible polymer binder. Next, using a water-dispersible polymer binder and mixed powder (mixed powder similar to Example 1), the solid content of the mixed powder: water-dispersible polymer binder (emulsion copolymer component and CMC) is An electrode mixture was obtained by mixing and kneading to a weight ratio of 97: 3. Next, an electrode 2 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose
- Example 3 Using the aqueous emulsion 2 in Production Example 5 (content of copolymer component 60% by weight) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC, manufactured by Aldrich) as a thickener, the copolymer component of the emulsion: the thickener is 1 : 9 (weight ratio) was mixed to prepare a water-dispersible polymer binder. Next, using a water-dispersible polymer binder and mixed powder (mixed powder similar to Example 1), the solid content of the mixed powder: water-dispersible polymer binder (emulsion copolymer component and CMC) is An electrode mixture was obtained by mixing and kneading so as to be 99: 1 (weight ratio). Next, an electrode 3 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose
- Example 4 The lithium composite metal oxide 2 obtained in Production Example 2 was used as the lithium composite metal oxide, and the lithium composite metal oxide 2 and a conductive agent (a mixture of acetylene black and graphite 9: 1) were used in 87: 10 (weight ratio) was weighed and mixed in an agate mortar to obtain a mixed powder. Further, using the aqueous emulsion 2 in Production Example 5 (content of copolymer component 60% by weight) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC, manufactured by Aldrich) as a thickener, the copolymer component of the emulsion: the thickener To 9: 1 (weight ratio) to prepare a water-dispersible polymer binder.
- a aqueous emulsion 2 in Production Example 5 content of copolymer component 60% by weight
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- the solid content of the mixed powder water-dispersible polymer binder (emulsion copolymer component and CMC) is 97: 3 (weight ratio).
- Example 5 Using the aqueous emulsion 3 in Production Example 6 (content of copolymer component 50% by weight) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC, manufactured by Aldrich) as a thickener, the copolymer component of the emulsion: the thickener is 1 : 9 (weight ratio) was mixed to prepare a water-dispersible polymer binder. Next, using a water-dispersible polymer binder and mixed powder (mixed powder similar to Example 1), the solid content of the mixed powder: water-dispersible polymer binder (emulsion copolymer component and CMC) is An electrode mixture was obtained by mixing and kneading so as to be 99: 1 (weight ratio). Thereafter, the same operation as in Example 1 was performed to obtain an electrode 5.
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- Example 6 As the lithium composite metal oxide, the lithium composite metal oxide 3 obtained in Production Example 3 was used, and the lithium composite metal oxide 3 and a conductive agent (a mixture of acetylene black and graphite in a ratio of 9: 1) 87: 10 (weight ratio) was weighed and mixed in an agate mortar to obtain a mixed powder. Further, using the aqueous emulsion 3 in Production Example 6 (content of copolymer component 50% by weight) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC, manufactured by Aldrich) as a thickener, the copolymer component of the emulsion: the thickener was mixed to be 1: 9 (weight ratio) to prepare a water-dispersible polymer binder.
- a conductive agent a mixture of acetylene black and graphite in a ratio of 9: 1: 1: 10 (weight ratio)
- the solid content of the mixed powder water-dispersible polymer binder (emulsion copolymer component and CMC) is 99: 1 (weight ratio).
- Comparative Example 1 Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) was dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) to prepare an organic solvent-based binder containing 5.17% by weight of PVdF. Using an organic solvent binder and mixed powder (mixed powder similar to that of Example 1), mixed powder and PVdF were mixed and kneaded so that the ratio was 97: 3 (weight ratio) to obtain an electrode mixture. An electrode mixture was applied to an Al foil having a thickness of 40 ⁇ m as a current collector and dried at 60 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain an electrode sheet.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the electrode sheet was rolled at a pressure of 0.5 MPa using a roll press, punched into a size of 14.5 mm ⁇ with a punching machine, and vacuum-dried at 150 ° C. for 8 hours to obtain an electrode 7. It was.
- Comparative Example 2 An electrode 8 was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the same mixed powder as in Example 4 was used.
- Comparative Example 3 An electrode 9 was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the same mixed powder as in Example 6 was used.
- Electrodes 1 to 9 obtained in Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were used as a positive electrode, Li metal as a negative electrode, ethylene carbonate (hereinafter sometimes referred to as EC) and dimethyl carbonate (hereinafter also referred to as EC) as an electrolytic solution.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EC dimethyl carbonate
- LiPF 6 / EC + DMC + EMC LiPF 6 / EC + DMC + EMC.
- a polyethylene porous membrane was used as a separator, and these were combined to produce nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries 1 to 9 (coin type battery (R2032)).
- the battery capacity was measured under the conditions shown below while maintaining at 25 ° C. The results are shown in Table 1-1 to Table 1-3. ⁇ Battery capacity measurement conditions> Maximum charging voltage 4.3 V, charging time 8 hours, charging current 0.2 mA / cm 2 During discharge, the minimum discharge voltage was 3.0 V and the discharge current was constant at 0.2 mA / cm 2 .
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the example has the same performance (within ⁇ 1%) as the secondary battery of the comparative example using the organic solvent binder (PVdF). I understood it.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was subjected to a discharge rate test under the conditions shown below while maintaining at 25 ° C. to evaluate the large current discharge characteristics. It turns out that it has the performance equivalent to the secondary battery of the comparative example using this.
- discharge was performed by setting the discharge minimum voltage to be constant at 3.0 V and a discharge current of 0.2 mA / cm 2 , and changing the discharge current in each cycle as follows. Higher discharge capacity due to discharge at 10C (high current rate) means higher output.
- Production Example 7 (Production of laminated film) (1) Production of coating solution After 272.7 g of calcium chloride was dissolved in 4200 g of NMP, 132.9 g of paraphenylenediamine was added and completely dissolved. To the obtained solution, 243.3 g of terephthalic acid dichloride was gradually added and polymerized to obtain para-aramid, which was further diluted with NMP to obtain a para-aramid solution (A) having a concentration of 2.0% by weight.
- alumina powder (a) manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd., Alumina C, average particle size 0.02 ⁇ m
- alumina powder (b) Sumiko Random, AA03, average particles 4 g in total as a filler is added and mixed, treated three times with a nanomizer, filtered through a 1000 mesh wire net, and degassed under reduced pressure to produce a slurry coating solution (B) did.
- the weight of alumina powder (filler) with respect to the total weight of para-aramid and alumina powder is 67% by weight.
- a polyethylene porous film (film thickness 12 ⁇ m, air permeability 140 seconds / 100 cc, average pore diameter 0.1 ⁇ m, porosity 50%) was used.
- the polyethylene porous membrane was fixed on a PET film having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m, and the slurry-like coating liquid (B) was applied on the porous membrane by a bar coater manufactured by Tester Sangyo Co., Ltd. While the coated porous film on the PET film is integrated, it is immersed in water, which is a poor solvent, to deposit a para-aramid porous film (heat resistant porous layer), and then the solvent is dried to form a heat resistant porous layer.
- a laminated film 1 in which a porous film and a porous film were laminated was obtained.
- the thickness of the laminated film 1 was 16 ⁇ m, and the thickness of the para-aramid porous film (heat resistant porous layer) was 4 ⁇ m.
- the air permeability of the laminated film 1 was 180 seconds / 100 cc, and the porosity was 50%.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the above-described embodiment if the same laminated film as in Production Example 7 is used as the separator, a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery that can further prevent thermal film breakage can be obtained.
- the electrode mixture and electrode which can provide the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery which has sufficient battery capacity, especially sufficient initial stage discharge capacity can be provided.
- the secondary battery does not impair the large current discharge characteristics.
- the present invention can also be preferably applied to a LiNiO 2 positive electrode active material having a small particle diameter, which has been considered to be highly reactive with water.
- an electrode mixture is obtained using a water-based binder, the manufacturing cost when using an organic solvent-based binder is suppressed, and the electrode and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery are subjected to a manufacturing process excellent in environmental resistance. Can be obtained.
Abstract
Description
<1>式(1)で表されるリチウム複合金属酸化物、導電剤および水分散性高分子系バインダーを含む電極合剤。
Liz(Ni1−x−yMnxMy)O2 (1)
ここで、xは0.30以上1未満であり、
yは0以上1未満であり、
x+yは0.30以上1未満であり、
zは0.5以上1.5以下であり、
Mは、Co、Al、Ti、MgおよびFeからなる群より選ばれる1種以上を表す。
<2>水分散性高分子系バインダーが、水性エマルジョンおよび/または水性ディスパージョンを含有する<1>記載の電極合剤。
<3>水分散性高分子系バインダーが、ビニル系重合体エマルジョンおよびアクリル系重合体エマルジョンからなる群より選ばれる1種以上の水性エマルジョンを含有する<2>記載の電極合剤。
<4>水分散性高分子系バインダーが、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン系水性ディスパージョンである<2>記載の電極合剤。
<5>水分散性高分子系バインダーが、増粘剤をさらに含有する<1>から<4>のいずれかに記載の電極合剤。
<6>増粘剤が、メチルセルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロース、ポリエチレングリコール、ポリアクリル酸ナトリウム、ポリビニルアルコールおよびポリビニルピロリドンからなる群より選ばれる1種以上を含有する<5>記載の電極合剤。
<7>リチウム複合金属酸化物が、2m2/g以上30m2/g以下のBET比表面積の粉末から構成される<1>から<6>のいずれかに記載の電極合剤。
<8>導電剤が炭素材料を含有する<1>から<7>のいずれかに記載の電極合剤。
<9>前記<1>から<8>のいずれかに記載の電極合剤を、集電体に塗布、乾燥して得られる電極。
<10>前記<9>記載の電極を、正極として有する非水電解質二次電池。
<11>さらにセパレータを有する<10>記載の非水電解質二次電池。
<12>セパレータが、耐熱多孔層と多孔質フィルムとが積層されてなる積層フィルムからなるセパレータである<11>記載の非水電解質二次電池。
本発明の電極合剤は、リチウム複合金属酸化物、導電剤および水分散性高分子系バインダーを含む。
リチウム複合金属酸化物
リチウム複合金属酸化物は、式(1)で表される。
Liz(Ni1−x−yMnxMy)O2 (1)
ここで、xは0.30以上1未満であり、yは0以上1未満であり、x+yは0.30以上1未満であり、zは0.5以上1.5以下であり、Mは、Co、Al、Ti、MgおよびFeからなる群より選ばれる1種以上を表す。
(1)Ni、Mn、Mを含有する水溶液とアルカリとを接触させて共沈物スラリーを得る工程。
(2)共沈物スラリーから、共沈物を得る工程。
(3)共沈物とリチウム化合物とを混合して得られる混合物を焼成してリチウム複合金属酸化物を得る工程。
(2´)共沈物スラリーを固液分離後、洗浄、乾燥して、共沈物を得る工程。
導電剤としては、炭素材料を挙げることができ、より具体的には、黒鉛粉末、カーボンブラック(例えば、アセチレンブラック等)、繊維状炭素材料(カーボンナノチューブ、カーボンナノファイバー、気相成長炭素繊維等)などを挙げることができる。
水分散性高分子系バインダーは、バインダー樹脂と、分散媒としての水とを含む。バインダー樹脂は高分子からなり、水中に分散されている。水の一部(例えば、水の50重量%未満)は、水に可溶な有機溶媒で置換されていてもよいが、分散媒としては水のみを用いることが好ましい。
水分散性高分子系バインダーの好ましい実施形態は、水性エマルジョンおよび/または水性ディスパージョンを含むものである。
本発明の電極は、前記の電極合剤を、集電体に塗布、乾燥して得られる。乾燥により、電極合剤における水分は除去され、集電体には、電極合剤が結着され、電極となる。
非水電解質二次電池
本発明の非水電解質二次電池は、前記の電極を正極として有し、通常、さらにセパレータを有する。非水電解質二次電池は、例えば、次の方法で製造することができる。すなわち、セパレータ、負極、および正極を、積層および必要に応じて巻回することにより得られる電極群を、電池缶等の電池ケース内に収納した後、電解質を含有する有機溶媒からなる電解液を含浸させて製造することができる。
負極は、正極よりも低い電位でリチウムイオンのドープ・脱ドープが可能であればよく、負極材料を含む負極合剤が負極集電体に担持されてなる電極、または負極材料単独からなる電極を挙げることができる。負極材料としては、炭素材料、カルコゲン化合物(酸化物、硫化物など)、窒化物、金属または合金で、正極よりも低い電位でリチウムイオンのドープ・脱ドープが可能な材料が挙げられる。また、これらの負極材料を混合して用いてもよい。
セパレータとしては、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレンなどのポリオレフィン樹脂、フッ素樹脂、含窒素芳香族重合体などの材質からなる、多孔質膜、不織布、織布などの形態を有する材料を用いることができる。材質を2種以上用いてセパレータとしてもよいし、材料が積層されていてもよい。セパレータとしては、例えば特開2000−30686号公報、特開平10−324758号公報等に記載のセパレータを挙げることができる。セパレータの厚みは、電池の体積エネルギー密度が上がり内部抵抗が小さくなるという点で、機械的強度が保たれる限り薄くした方がよく、通常5~200μm程度、好ましくは5~40μm程度である。
二次電池において、電解液は、通常、電解質を含有する有機溶媒からなる。電解質としては、LiClO4、LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LIBF4、LiCF3SO3、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、LiN(SO2CF3)(COCF3)、Li(C4F9SO3)、LiC(SO2CF3)3、Li2B10Cl10、LiBOB(ここで、BOBは、bis(oxalato)borateのことである。)、低級脂肪族カルボン酸リチウム塩、LiAlCl4などのリチウム塩が挙げられ、これらの2種以上の混合物を使用してもよい。リチウム塩として、通常、これらの中でもフッ素を含むLiPF6、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiBF4、LiCF3SO3、LiN(SO2CF3)2およびLiC(SO2CF3)3からなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1種を含むものを用いる。
リチウム複合金属酸化物の粉末X線回折測定は株式会社リガク製RINT2500TTR型を用いて行った。測定は、リチウム複合金属酸化物を専用の基板に充填し、CuKα線源を用いて、回折角2θ=10°~90°にて行い、粉末X線回折図形を得た。
粉末1gを窒素雰囲気中150℃、15分間乾燥した後、マイクロメトリックス製フローソーブII2300を用いて測定した。
粉末を塩酸に溶解させた後、誘導結合プラズマ発光分析法(SPS3000、以下ICP−AESと呼ぶことがある)を用いて測定した。
リチウム複合金属酸化物を構成する粒子をサンプルステージ上に貼った導電性シート上に載せ、日本電子株式会社製JSM−5510を用いて、加速電圧が20kVの電子線を照射してSEM観察を行った。平均一次粒径は、SEM観察により得られた画像(SEM写真)から任意に50個の粒子を抽出し、それぞれの粒子径を測定し、その平均値を算出することにより測定した。
ポリプロピレン製ビーカー内で、蒸留水200mlに、水酸化カリウム83.88gを添加、攪拌により溶解し、水酸化カリウムを完全に溶解させ、水酸化カリウム水溶液(アルカリ水溶液)を調製した。また、塩化ニッケル(II)六水和物15.68g、塩化マンガン(II)四水和物13.66gおよび塩化鉄(II)四水和物2.982gを秤量して、ガラス製ビーカー内の蒸留水200mlに、これらを添加、攪拌により溶解し、ニッケル−マンガン−鉄混合水溶液を得た。水酸化カリウム水溶液を攪拌しながら、これにニッケル−マンガン−鉄混合水溶液を滴下することにより、共沈物が生成し、共沈物スラリーを得た。次いで、共沈物スラリーをろ過・蒸留水洗浄し、100℃で乾燥させて共沈物P1を得た。共沈物P1は、平均一次粒子径が0.05μmであり、BET比表面積が63m2/gであった。また、P1の組成分析の結果、Ni:Mn:Feのモル比は0.44:0.46:0.10であった。
炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3:本荘ケミカル株式会社製)39.16gと水酸化ニッケル(Ni(OH)2:関西触媒化学株式会社製)31.72gと酸化マンガン(MnO2:高純度化学株式会社製)38.08gと四三酸化コバルト(Co3O4:正同化学工業株式会社製)15.60gとホウ酸(H3BO3:米山化学株式会社製)1.85gを、それぞれ秤量し、下記条件でボールミルを用いて混合して原料混合粉末を得た。
粉砕メディア :15mmφアルミナボール(5.8kg)
ボールミルの回転数 :80rpm
ボールミルの容積 :5L
塩化鉄(II)四水和物の代わりに、塩化ニッケル(II)六水和物および塩化マンガン(II)四水和物を用いて、Ni:Mnのモル比が0.5:0.5となるように秤量した以外は、製造例1と同様の操作を行い、リチウム複合金属酸化物3を得た。リチウム複合金属酸化物3の組成分析の結果、Li:Ni:Mnのモル比は、1.10:0.5:0.5であった。リチウム複合金属酸化物3は、BET比表面積が6m2/gであり、平均一次粒子径が0.2μmであった。粉末X線回折測定の結果、リチウム複合金属酸化物3の結晶構造は、R−3mの空間群に帰属される結晶構造であることがわかった。
耐圧容器に、あらかじめ水170重量部に対して、酢酸ビニル190重量部、ポリビニルアルコール「ポバール217」(クラレ社製、ケン化度88モル%、平均重合度1700)2重量部、「ポバール205」(クラレ社製、ケン化度88モル%、平均重合度500)7重量部、硫酸第一鉄七水和物0.005重量部を溶解した溶液を導入した。次いでオートクレープ内を窒素ガスで置換し、容器内を60℃まで昇温した後、エチレンガス導入により4.6MPaまで加圧した。次に過酸化水素水溶液0.2重量部と、酒石酸ナトリウム0.6重量部のそれぞれを水で希釈して、滴下した。重合中反応容器内の温度はジャケットの温度を制御することにより60℃に保ち、さらに過酸化水素の水溶液を添加し、反応溶液の酢酸ビニルの濃度が1重量%以下になるまで攪拌したのち、未反応のエチレンガスを除去し、生成物を取り出し、共重合体成分55重量%、粘度1150mPa・sのエチレン−酢酸ビニル共重合体を含有する水性エマルジョン1を得た。
耐圧容器に、水85重量部に対して、酢酸ビニル33重量部、ヒドロキシエチルセルロース0.5重量部、ポリオキシエチレンウンデシルエーテルを主成分とする「ラテムル1135S−70」(アルキル基の炭素数11以下であるポリエチレンアルキルエーテルの含有量90重量%以上、ポリオキシエチレン基の平均付加数n=35、花王(株)製)1重量部、ポリオキシエチレンウンデシルエーテルを主成分とする「ラテムル1108」(アルキル基の炭素数11以下であるポリエチレンアルキルエーテルの含有量90重量%以上、ポリオキシエチレン基の平均付加数n=8、花王(株)製)1重量部、ラウリル硫酸ナトリウム1重量部、硫酸第一鉄七水和物0.002重量部、酢酸ナトリウム0.08重量部および酢酸0.06重量部を溶解した溶液を添加した。次に、耐圧容器内を窒素ガスで置換し、容器内を50℃まで昇温した後、エチレンガスにより6.5MPaまで加圧し、6%過硫酸ナトリウム水溶液を2.3重量部/時間、2.5重量%ロンガリット水溶液を1.3重量部/時間で、耐圧容器に添加して重合を開始させた。続いて、耐圧容器内の液温が上昇したことを確認した後、酢酸ビニル67重量部、アクリル酸2−エチルヘキシル9重量部および20重量%N−メチロールアクリルアミド水溶液20重量部を5時間かけて添加し、容器内の液温を50℃に維持しながら、圧力が6.5MPaに一定になるように4時間エチレンを添加し、残留酢酸ビニル単量体が1重量%未満になった時点で耐圧容器を冷却し、未反応のエチレンガスを除去した後、生成物を取り出し、共重合体成分60重量%、粘度100mPa・sのエチレン・酢酸ビニル・アクリル酸2−エチルヘキシル酸共重合体の水性エマルジョン2を得た。
水25重量部に対して、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ソーダ0.7重量部、硫酸第一鉄0.005重量部、炭酸水素ナトリウム0.8重量部を溶解し、これをあらかじめエチレンで置換した重合槽に送り込み、次いで塩化ビニル2重量部を仕込み、攪拌乳化した後、エチレンガスにより4.9MPaに昇圧、50℃に昇温した。内温を50℃に保ちつつ塩化ビニル18重量部、ロンガリット水溶液1.5重量部、過硫酸アンモニウム水溶液8.0重量部を連続的に添加しながら8時間にわたって重合を行った後、過剰エチレンを大気圧になるまで排出して、共重合体成分が50重量%の塩化ビニル−エチレン共重合体を含有する水性エマルジョン3を得た。
リチウム複合金属酸化物として、製造例1により得られたリチウム複合金属酸化物1を用い、リチウム複合金属酸化物1と、導電剤(アセチレンブラックと黒鉛を9:1で混合したもの)を87:10(重量比)となるように秤量し、メノウ乳鉢にて混合して混合粉末を得た。水分散性高分子系バインダーとして、製造例4における水性エマルジョン1(共重合体成分の含有量55重量%)を用い、混合粉末:水分散性高分子系バインダーの固形分(エマルジョンの共重合体成分)が97:3(重量比)となるように混合、混練することにより電極合剤を得た。集電体である厚さ40μmのAl箔に電極合剤を塗布し、60℃で2時間乾燥後、80℃で10h真空乾燥させて電極シートを得た。次いで、ロールプレスを用いて、電極シートを0.5MPaの圧力で圧延して、これを打ち抜き機で14.5mmφの大きさに打ち抜いて、150℃で8時間真空乾燥を行い、電極1を得た。
製造例5における水性エマルジョン2(共重合体成分の含有量60重量%)と、増粘剤であるカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC、Aldrich製)を用いて、エマルジョンの共重合体成分:増粘剤が9:1(重量比)となるように混合して、水分散性高分子系バインダーを調整した。次いで、水分散性高分子系バインダーおよび混合粉末(実施例1と同様の混合粉末)を用いて、混合粉末:水分散性高分子系バインダーの固形分(エマルジョンの共重合体成分とCMC)が97:3(重量比)となるように混合、混練することにより電極合剤を得た。次いで、実施例1と同様にして、電極2を得た。
製造例5における水性エマルジョン2(共重合体成分の含有量60重量%)と、増粘剤であるカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC、Aldrich製)を用いて、エマルジョンの共重合体成分:増粘剤が1:9(重量比)となるように混合して、水分散性高分子系バインダーを調整した。次いで、水分散性高分子系バインダーおよび混合粉末(実施例1と同様の混合粉末)を用いて、混合粉末:水分散性高分子系バインダーの固形分(エマルジョンの共重合体成分とCMC)が99:1(重量比)となるように混合、混練することにより電極合剤を得た。次いで、実施例1と同様にして、電極3を得た。
リチウム複合金属酸化物として、製造例2により得られたリチウム複合金属酸化物2を用い、リチウム複合金属酸化物2と、導電剤(アセチレンブラックと黒鉛を9:1で混合したもの)を87:10(重量比)となるように秤量し、メノウ乳鉢にて混合して混合粉末を得た。また、製造例5における水性エマルジョン2(共重合体成分の含有量60重量%)と、増粘剤であるカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC、Aldrich製)を用いて、エマルジョンの共重合体成分:増粘剤が9:1(重量比)となるように混合して、水分散性高分子系バインダーを調整した。次いで、水分散性高分子系バインダーおよび混合粉末を用いて、混合粉末:水分散性高分子系バインダーの固形分(エマルジョンの共重合体成分とCMC)が97:3(重量比)となるように混合、混練することにより電極合剤を得た。以下、実施例1と同様な操作を行って、電極4を得た。
製造例6における水性エマルジョン3(共重合体成分の含有量50重量%)と、増粘剤であるカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC、Aldrich製)を用いて、エマルジョンの共重合体成分:増粘剤が1:9(重量比)となるように混合して、水分散性高分子系バインダーを調整した。次いで、水分散性高分子系バインダーおよび混合粉末(実施例1と同様の混合粉末)を用いて、混合粉末:水分散性高分子系バインダーの固形分(エマルジョンの共重合体成分とCMC)が99:1(重量比)となるように混合、混練することにより電極合剤を得た。以下、実施例1と同様な操作を行って、電極5を得た。
リチウム複合金属酸化物として、製造例3により得られたリチウム複合金属酸化物3を用い、リチウム複合金属酸化物3と、導電剤(アセチレンブラックと黒鉛を9:1で混合したもの)を87:10(重量比)となるように秤量し、メノウ乳鉢にて混合して混合粉末を得た。また、製造例6における水性エマルジョン3(共重合体成分の含有量50重量%)と、増粘剤であるカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC、Aldrich製)を用いて、エマルジョンの共重合体成分:増粘剤が1:9(重量比)となるように混合して、水分散性高分子系バインダーを調整した。次いで、水分散性高分子系バインダーおよび混合粉末を用いて、混合粉末:水分散性高分子系バインダーの固形分(エマルジョンの共重合体成分とCMC)が99:1(重量比)となるように混合、混練することにより電極合剤を得た。以下、実施例1と同様な操作を行って、電極6を得た。
ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)を、N−メチル−2−ピロリドン(NMP)に溶解させて、PVdFを5.17重量%含有する有機溶媒系バインダーを調製した。有機溶媒系バインダーおよび混合粉末(実施例1と同様の混合粉末)を用いて、混合粉末:PVdFが97:3(重量比)となるように混合、混練することにより電極合剤を得た。集電体である厚さ40μmのAl箔に電極合剤を塗布し、60℃で2時間乾燥させて電極シートを得た。次いで、ロールプレスを用いて、電極シートを0.5MPaの圧力で圧延して、これを打ち抜き機で14.5mmφの大きさに打ち抜いて、150℃で8時間真空乾燥を行い、電極7を得た。
実施例4と同様の混合粉末を用いた以外は、比較例1と同様にして電極8を得た。
実施例6と同様の混合粉末を用いた以外は、比較例1と同様にして電極9を得た。
実施例1~6、比較例1~3により得られた電極1~9のそれぞれを正極として用い、負極としてLi金属、電解液としてエチレンカーボネート(以下、ECということがある。)とジメチルカーボネート(以下、DMCということがある。)とエチルメチルカーボネート(以下、EMCということがある。)の30:35:35(体積比)混合液にLiPF6を1モル/リットルとなるように溶解したもの(以下、LiPF6/EC+DMC+EMCと表すことがある。)、セパレータとしてポリエチレン多孔質膜を用いて、これらを組み合わせて非水電解質二次電池1~9(コイン型電池(R2032))を作製した。
<電池容量測定条件>
充電最大電圧4.3V、充電時間8時間、充電電流0.2mA/cm2
放電時は放電最小電圧を3.0V、放電電流0.2mA/cm2で一定とした。
<放電レート試験>
充電最大電圧4.3V、充電時間8時間、充電電流0.2mA/cm2
放電時は放電最小電圧を3.0V、放電電流0.2mA/cm2で一定とし、各サイクルにおける放電電流を下記のように変えて放電を行った。10Cにおける放電(高い電流レート)による放電容量が高ければ高いほど、高出力を示すことを意味する。
1、2サイクル目の放電(0.2C):放電電流0.2mA/cm2
3サイクル目の放電(10C):放電電流10mA/cm2
<放電容量維持率>
放電容量維持率(%)=(10Cにおける放電容量)/(0.2C初回放電容量(1サイクル目の放電容量))×100
(1)塗工液の製造
NMP4200gに塩化カルシウム272.7gを溶解した後、パラフェニレンジアミン132.9gを添加して完全に溶解させた。得られた溶液に、テレフタル酸ジクロライド243.3gを徐々に添加して重合し、パラアラミドを得て、さらにNMPで希釈して、濃度2.0重量%のパラアラミド溶液(A)を得た。得られたパラアラミド溶液100gに、アルミナ粉末(a)2g(日本アエロジル社製、アルミナC、平均粒子径0.02μm)とアルミナ粉末(b)2g(住友化学株式会社製スミコランダム、AA03、平均粒子径0.3μm)とをフィラーとして計4g添加して混合し、ナノマイザーで3回処理し、さらに1000メッシュの金網で濾過、減圧下で脱泡して、スラリー状塗工液(B)を製造した。パラアラミドおよびアルミナ粉末の合計重量に対するアルミナ粉末(フィラー)の重量は、67重量%となる。
多孔質フィルムとしては、ポリエチレン製多孔質膜(膜厚12μm、透気度140秒/100cc、平均孔径0.1μm、空孔率50%)を用いた。厚み100μmのPETフィルムの上に上記ポリエチレン製多孔質膜を固定し、テスター産業株式会社製バーコーターにより、多孔質膜の上にスラリー状塗工液(B)を塗工した。PETフィルム上の塗工された多孔質膜を一体にしたまま、貧溶媒である水中に浸漬させ、パラアラミド多孔質膜(耐熱多孔層)を析出させた後、溶媒を乾燥させて、耐熱多孔層と多孔質フィルムとが積層された積層フィルム1を得た。積層フィルム1の厚みは16μmであり、パラアラミド多孔質膜(耐熱多孔層)の厚みは4μmであった。積層フィルム1の透気度は180秒/100cc、空孔率は50%であった。積層フィルム1における耐熱多孔層の断面を走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)により観察をしたところ、0.03μm~0.06μm程度の比較的小さな微細孔と0.1μm~1μm程度の比較的大きな微細孔とを有することがわかった。積層フィルムの評価は以下の方法で行った。
(A)厚み測定
積層フィルムの厚み、多孔質フィルムの厚みは、JIS規格(K7130−1992)に従い、測定した。また、耐熱多孔層の厚みとしては、積層フィルムの厚みから多孔質フィルムの厚みを差し引いた値を用いた。
(B)ガーレー法による透気度の測定
積層フィルムの透気度は、JIS P8117に基づいて、株式会社安田精機製作所製のデジタルタイマー式ガーレー式デンソメータで測定した。
(C)空孔率
得られた積層フィルムのサンプルを一辺の長さ10cmの正方形に切り取り、重量W(g)と厚みD(cm)を測定した。サンプル中のそれぞれの層の重量(Wi(g))を求め、Wiとそれぞれの層の材質の真比重(真比重i(g/cm3))とから、それぞれの層の体積を求めて、次式より空孔率(体積%)を求めた。
空孔率(体積%)=100×{1−(W1/真比重1+W2/真比重2+・・+Wn/真比重n)/(10×10×D)}
Claims (12)
- 式(1)で表されるリチウム複合金属酸化物、導電剤および水分散性高分子系バインダーを含む電極合剤。
Liz(Ni1−x−yMnxMy)O2 (1)
ここで、xは0.30以上1未満であり、
yは0以上1未満であり、
x+yは0.30以上1未満であり、
zは0.5以上1.5以下であり、
Mは、Co、Al、Ti、MgおよびFeからなる群より選ばれる1種以上を表す。 - 水分散性高分子系バインダーが、水性エマルジョンおよび/または水性ディスパージョンを含有する請求項1記載の電極合剤。
- 水分散性高分子系バインダーが、ビニル系重合体エマルジョンおよびアクリル系重合体エマルジョンからなる群より選ばれる1種以上の水性エマルジョンを含有する請求項2記載の電極合剤。
- 水分散性高分子系バインダーが、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン系水性ディスパージョンである請求項2記載の電極合剤。
- 水分散性高分子系バインダーが、増粘剤をさらに含有する請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の電極合剤。
- 増粘剤が、メチルセルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロース、ポリエチレングリコール、ポリアクリル酸ナトリウム、ポリビニルアルコールおよびポリビニルピロリドンからなる群より選ばれる1種以上を含有する請求項5記載の電極合剤。
- リチウム複合金属酸化物が、2m2/g以上30m2/g以下のBET比表面積の粉末から構成される請求項1から6のいずれかに記載の電極合剤。
- 導電剤が炭素材料を含有する請求項1から7のいずれかに記載の電極合剤。
- 請求項1から8のいずれかに記載の電極合剤を、集電体に塗布、乾燥して得られる電極。
- 請求項9記載の電極を、正極として有する非水電解質二次電池。
- さらにセパレータを有する請求項10記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- セパレータが、耐熱多孔層と多孔質フィルムとが積層されてなる積層フィルムからなるセパレータである請求項11記載の非水電解質二次電池。
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Also Published As
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KR101633948B1 (ko) | 2016-06-27 |
US20110256442A1 (en) | 2011-10-20 |
EP2381513A1 (en) | 2011-10-26 |
KR20110111416A (ko) | 2011-10-11 |
JP2010170993A (ja) | 2010-08-05 |
US10377640B2 (en) | 2019-08-13 |
JP5482173B2 (ja) | 2014-04-23 |
CN102257658A (zh) | 2011-11-23 |
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