WO2010070863A1 - 電子デバイス用エピタキシャル基板およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
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- H01L29/66227—Multistep manufacturing processes of devices having semiconductor bodies comprising group 14 or group 13/15 materials the devices being controllable only by the electric current supplied or the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched, e.g. three-terminal devices
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- H01L29/66462—Unipolar field-effect transistors with an active layer made of a group 13/15 material, e.g. group 13/15 velocity modulation transistor [VMT], group 13/15 negative resistance FET [NERFET] with a heterojunction interface channel or gate, e.g. HFET, HIGFET, SISFET, HJFET, HEMT
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- H01L29/7787—Field effect transistors with two-dimensional charge carrier gas channel, e.g. HEMT ; with two-dimensional charge-carrier layer formed at a heterojunction interface with direct single heterostructure, i.e. with wide bandgap layer formed on top of active layer, e.g. direct single heterostructure MIS-like HEMT with wide bandgap charge-carrier supplying layer, e.g. direct single heterostructure MODFET
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an epitaxial substrate for electronic devices and a method for manufacturing the same, and more particularly to an epitaxial substrate for HEMT and a method for manufacturing the same.
- HEMT high electron mobility transistor
- FET field effect transistor
- a field effect transistor for example, as schematically shown in FIG. 1, a channel layer 22 and an electron supply layer 23 are stacked on a substrate 21, and a source electrode 24, It is formed by disposing the drain electrode 25 and the gate electrode 26, and when the device operates, electrons move in the order of the source electrode 24, the electron supply layer 23, the channel layer 22, the electron supply layer 23, and the drain electrode 25,
- the lateral direction is the current conduction direction, and the movement of electrons in the lateral direction is controlled by the voltage applied to the gate electrode 26.
- HEMT electrons generated at the junction interface between the electron supply layer 23 and the channel layer 22 having different band gaps can move at a higher speed than in a normal semiconductor.
- the movement of electrons in the lateral direction that is, the current is controlled by the gate voltage, but generally, the current does not become zero even when the gate voltage is turned off.
- the current that flows when the gate voltage is OFF is referred to as a leakage current.
- This leakage current is generally divided into a lateral leakage current and a longitudinal leakage current.
- the lateral leakage current is between two electrodes (for example, a source electrode 24 and a drain electrode 25 arranged on the surface of the electron supply layer 23).
- the vertical leakage current refers to the leakage current flowing between the two electrodes disposed on the surface on the electron supply layer 23 side and on the surface on the substrate 21 side, respectively.
- a HEMT including a buffer layer, a carbon concentration transition layer, a channel layer, and an electron supply layer is formed on a substrate so that the carbon concentration increases from the channel layer toward the buffer layer.
- a technique for reducing the lateral leakage current generated in the buffer layer and the carbon concentration transition layer and improving the lateral breakdown voltage is disclosed.
- Patent Document 2 discloses that in a semiconductor device having a superlattice buffer layer, a channel layer, and an electron supply layer on a substrate, the lateral leakage current of the semiconductor electronic device is reduced by adding carbon to the superlattice buffer layer. A technique for suppressing and improving the lateral withstand voltage is disclosed.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a first group III nitride underlayer formed on a single crystal substrate and a second group III nitride formed on the first group III nitride underlayer. Including the acceptor impurity at the interface with the base layer, and reducing the concentration of the acceptor impurity in the thickness direction of the second group III nitride underlayer from the interface, the lateral leakage current of the semiconductor electronic device is suppressed. Techniques to do this are disclosed.
- Patent Document 4 discloses a technique for reducing the loss of the semiconductor electronic device in the high frequency region by increasing the specific resistance of the Si single crystal substrate to prevent the mixing of impurities, thereby reducing carriers. .
- Patent Document 1 when a group III nitride layer is grown on a substrate, a GaN-based low-temperature buffer layer is used. There was a problem that a through defect was generated and the vertical breakdown voltage was deteriorated. Moreover, although the invention described in Patent Document 2 can suppress leakage in the superlattice buffer layer, it cannot sufficiently suppress leakage at the interface between the channel layer and the superlattice buffer layer. It was a cause of deterioration of the breakdown voltage. Further, Patent Documents 3 and 4 do not consider the vertical breakdown voltage, and no consideration is given to the breakdown voltage of the buffer layer. Therefore, when applied to a semiconductor substrate such as a Si substrate, the vertical breakdown voltage is ensured. I could not.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an epitaxial substrate for an electronic device and a method for manufacturing the same that can satisfactorily achieve a reduction in lateral leakage current and a lateral breakdown voltage characteristic and can improve a vertical breakdown voltage.
- the gist of the present invention is as follows. (1) comprising a Si single crystal substrate, a buffer as an insulating layer formed on the Si single crystal substrate, and a main laminate formed by epitaxially growing a plurality of Group III nitride layers on the buffer, An epitaxial substrate for an electronic device having a lateral direction as a current conduction direction, wherein the buffer includes at least an initial growth layer in contact with the Si single crystal substrate and a superlattice laminate including a superlattice multilayer structure on the initial growth layer.
- the initial growth layer is made of an AlN material
- a first layer made of a material
- the superlattice laminate and the main The buffer-side portion of the lamina are both electronic devices epitaxial substrate, wherein the C concentration is 1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 or more.
- the first layer is made of an AlN material
- the Si single crystal substrate has a specific resistance of 1000 ⁇ ⁇ cm or more, and a total maximum concentration of group III atoms from the initial growth layer to a depth of 0.1 ⁇ m is 1 ⁇ 10 16 / cm 3 or less.
- the epitaxial substrate for electronic devices as described in said (1) or (2) whose total density
- a buffer as an insulating layer and a main laminate in which a plurality of group III nitride layers are epitaxially grown on the buffer are sequentially formed on a Si single crystal substrate.
- a first layer made of a material and B a2 Al b2 Ga c2 In d2 N (0 ⁇ a 2 ⁇ 1) having a band gap different from that of the first layer , 0 ⁇
- the Si single crystal substrate has a specific resistance of 1000 ⁇ ⁇ cm or more, and a total maximum concentration of group III atoms from the initial growth layer to a depth of 0.1 ⁇ m is 1 ⁇ 10 16 / cm 3 or less.
- the epitaxial substrate for electronic devices according to (4), wherein the total concentration of group III atoms at a depth of 0.3 ⁇ m from the initial growth layer is 1 ⁇ 10 15 / cm 3 or less.
- An epitaxial substrate for an electronic device includes an initial growth layer made of an AlN material, a buffer having a predetermined superlattice laminate, and a predetermined main laminate, and the superlattice laminate and a portion of the main laminate on the buffer side
- both of them have a C concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 or more, so that not only the reduction of the lateral leakage current and the lateral withstand voltage characteristic can be made good, but also the longitudinal withstand voltage can be improved.
- the present invention comprises an initial growth layer made of an AlN material and a buffer having a predetermined superlattice laminate and a predetermined main laminate, and both the superlattice laminate and the buffer side portion of the main laminate are both provided.
- the epitaxial substrate for electronic devices can not only achieve a good reduction in lateral leakage current and a good lateral breakdown voltage characteristic, but also improve the vertical breakdown voltage. Can be manufactured.
- the Si single crystal substrate has a specific resistance of 1000 ⁇ ⁇ cm or more, and the total maximum concentration of group III atoms from the initial growth layer to a depth of 0.1 ⁇ m is 1 ⁇ 10. and 16 / cm 3 or less, and by the initial growth layer on the total concentration of the group III atoms at the position of depth 0.3 ⁇ m and 1 ⁇ 10 15 / cm 3 or less, in addition to the effects described above, during high-frequency operation Loss can be reduced.
- the present invention provides a Si single crystal substrate having a specific resistance of 1000 ⁇ ⁇ cm or more and a maximum total concentration of group III atoms from the initial growth layer to a depth of 0.1 ⁇ m of 1 ⁇ 10 16 / cm 3 or less.
- the loss during high-frequency operation is achieved by forming the total concentration of group III atoms at a depth of 0.3 ⁇ m from the initial growth layer to be 1 ⁇ 10 15 / cm 3 or less. It is possible to manufacture an epitaxial substrate for electronic devices that can reduce the above.
- FIG. 1 It is a typical sectional view showing a general field effect transistor. It is typical sectional drawing of the epitaxial substrate for electronic devices according to this invention.
- (a), (b), and (c) are graphs showing measurement results of lateral withstand voltage, lateral leak current, and longitudinal withstand voltage, respectively.
- (a), (b), and (c) are graphs showing measurement results of lateral withstand voltage, lateral leak current, and longitudinal withstand voltage, respectively.
- (a), (b) is the graph which showed the result of SIMS, and the result of CV measurement, respectively.
- (a), (b) is the graph which showed the result of SIMS, and the result of CV measurement, respectively.
- (a), (b) is the graph which showed the result of SIMS, and the result of CV measurement, respectively.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows a cross-sectional structure of an epitaxial substrate for an electronic device according to the present invention. Note that FIG. 2 shows the thickness direction exaggerated for convenience of explanation.
- an electronic device epitaxial substrate 1 is an electronic device epitaxial substrate whose lateral direction is a current conduction direction, and is formed on a Si single crystal substrate 2 and a Si single crystal substrate 2.
- a buffer 3 as an insulating layer, and a main laminate 4 formed by epitaxially growing a plurality of group III nitride layers on the buffer 3.
- the buffer 3 is an initial growth layer 5 in contact with the Si single crystal substrate 2.
- the initial growth layer 5 is made of an AlN material
- the second layers 6b made of materials are alternately laminated, and the superlattice laminate 6 and the portion 4 ′ on the buffer 3 side
- the plane orientation of the Si single crystal substrate 2 is not particularly specified, and (111), (100), (110) planes, etc. can be used, but the (0001) plane of group III nitride is grown with good surface flatness. For this purpose, it is desirable to use the (111) plane. Moreover, it may be p-type or n-type conductivity type.
- the conductivity of the Si single crystal substrate 2 a high resistivity substrate having a high insulation property of 10,000 ⁇ ⁇ cm or more and a low resistivity substrate having a resistivity of about 0.001 ⁇ ⁇ cm can be appropriately used depending on the application.
- Si single crystal substrate 2 As a method for producing the Si single crystal substrate 2, various methods such as CZ method and FZ method can be used, and Si, SiC and the like can be epitaxially grown on the substrate surface. It is also possible to use a substrate in which a thin film made of an oxide film, nitride film, or carbonized film is formed.
- a substrate having a specific resistance of 1000 ⁇ ⁇ cm or more when producing an epitaxial substrate for electronic devices having excellent high-frequency characteristics.
- Such a substrate is desirably manufactured by the FZ method, which can easily purify the Si crystal.
- the reaction with the Si single crystal substrate 2 is suppressed, and the vertical breakdown voltage can be improved.
- the initial growth layer 5 is formed of a group III nitride material containing Ga and In, Ga and In react with Si of the substrate to generate defects and induce through defects in the epitaxial film.
- the purpose is to suppress the decrease in the longitudinal breakdown voltage.
- the AlN material mentioned here may contain trace impurities of 1% or less regardless of intended or unintentional, for example, Ga, GaIn, Si, H, O, C, Impurities such as B, Mg, As and P can be included.
- the Si single crystal substrate has a specific resistance of 1000 ⁇ ⁇ cm or more, and the total of group III atoms from the initial growth layer to a depth of 0.1 ⁇ m It is preferable that the maximum concentration of the first group is 1 ⁇ 10 16 / cm 3 or less, and the total concentration of group III atoms at a depth of 0.3 ⁇ m from the initial growth layer is 1 ⁇ 10 15 / cm 3 or less.
- the specific resistance value of the Si single crystal substrate is 5000 ⁇ ⁇ cm or more, and the loss during high-frequency operation tends to be saturated.
- the group III atom functions as a p-type impurity in the Si single crystal substrate, by setting the above concentration range, the electrode formed on the substrate surface and the capacitive or inductive property of the p-type impurity can be obtained. Loss during high frequency operation of the electronic device due to coupling can be suppressed.
- the impurity concentration is measured using SIMS analysis. In this case, the impurity concentration distribution in the depth direction is measured while etching from the back side (substrate side). At this time, it is desirable that the impurity concentration of Al is smaller than the impurity concentration of Ga. This is because Al has lower activation energy than Ga and is more likely to generate p-type carriers.
- the C concentration of the superlattice laminate 6 By setting the C concentration of the superlattice laminate 6 to 1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 or more, the vertical breakdown voltage is improved, and the C concentration of the portion 4 ′ on the buffer 5 side of the main laminate 4 is 1 ⁇ 10 18 / By setting it to cm 3 or more, the lateral breakdown voltage can be improved and the lateral leakage current can be suppressed.
- the C concentration In order to prevent generation of pits due to excessive increase of impurities, the C concentration is preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 20 / cm 3 .
- the amount of other impurities is not particularly specified, but it is preferable to suppress the incorporation of donor impurities (Si, O, Ge) having relatively shallow impurity levels, but to the extent that such donor levels can be compensated. If C is contained, a certain amount of contamination is allowed.
- the impurity concentration measured the impurity concentration distribution of the depth direction, etching from the surface side using SIMS analysis.
- the lateral direction is the current conduction direction
- a current flows from the source electrode 24 to the drain electrode 25 mainly in the width direction of the stacked body as shown in FIG. This means that the current flows mainly in the longitudinal direction, that is, in the thickness direction of the stacked body, as in a structure in which a semiconductor is sandwiched between a pair of electrodes.
- alternately laminating superlattice laminates means laminating so as to periodically include the first layer 6a and the second layer 6b. It is possible to include a layer (for example, a composition transition layer) other than the first layer 6a and the second layer 6b.
- the C concentration of the portion 4 ′ on the buffer 3 side of the main laminate 4 is preferably higher than the C concentration of the superlattice laminate 6.
- the portion 4 ′ a phenomenon in which dislocations bend horizontally or obliquely due to the difference in the lattice constant between the buffer 3 and the main laminate 4 is observed, and a path through which a leak current easily flows is formed. Therefore, the portion 4 ′ is more likely to have a leakage current than the buffer layer 3.
- the C concentration as described above is desirable.
- the thickness of the portion 4 ′ on the buffer 3 side of the main laminate 4 is less than 0.1 ⁇ m, there is a possibility that dislocation bends may be prominent even in a portion where the C concentration is low. It is preferable to set to.
- the upper limit of the thickness of the portion 4 ′ is not particularly specified from the viewpoint of improving the breakdown voltage and reducing the leakage current, and is appropriately set from the viewpoint of suppressing warpage and cracking of the substrate.
- the compositional difference is preferably 0.5 or more.
- the upper limit of the composition difference it is desirable that the composition difference is large.
- the second layer having a small band gap should contain at least Al, and the composition of Al The difference is preferably smaller than 1. This is because when at least Al is contained, C can be taken in more efficiently. It is preferable that the number of superlattice pairs is at least 40 pairs or more because variations in breakdown voltage can be reduced.
- the thickness of the first layer 6a having a large band gap should be not less than a thickness at which tunnel current can be suppressed and not more than a thickness at which cracks do not occur.
- the thickness of the second layer 6b is appropriately set from the viewpoint of crack suppression and warpage control, but in order to effectively exhibit the strain buffering effect of the superlattice laminate structure and suppress the occurrence of cracks,
- the thickness of the small layer is preferably thicker than that of the layer having a large band gap and is 40 nm or less. Further, it is not always necessary to laminate the superlattice laminate with the same film thickness and the same composition.
- the epitaxial substrate 1 for electronic devices is preferably used for HEMT.
- the electron supply layer 4b made of a material can be provided.
- both layers can be composed of a single composition or a plurality of compositions.
- at least a portion of the channel layer 4a in contact with the electron supply layer 4b is made of a GaN material.
- the portion of the channel layer 4a opposite to the buffer layer preferably has a low C concentration, and is preferably set to 4 ⁇ 10 16 / cm 3 or less. This is because this portion corresponds to a current conducting portion of the electronic device, and therefore it is desirable that the portion not contain impurities that impede conductivity or generate current collapse. Further, in order to suppress leakage due to residual carriers due to n-type impurities, it is desirable to exist at 1 ⁇ 10 15 / cm 3 or more.
- a buffer 3 as an insulating layer and an HEMT structure main laminate 4 in which a plurality of group III nitride layers are epitaxially grown on the buffer 3 are sequentially formed on the Si single crystal substrate 2.
- the initial growth layer 5 is made of an AlN material
- the second layers 6b made of The portion 4 ′ on the buffer 3 side of the main laminate 4 is characterized in that it is formed so that the C concentration is 10 18 / cm 3 or more. It is possible to manufacture an epitaxial substrate for an electronic device that can
- C added to the superlattice laminate 6 and the portion 4 'on the buffer 3 side of the main laminate 4 can be added by the following several methods when grown using the CVD method.
- First method A source gas containing C is added separately during group III nitride growth. Examples include methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, benzene, cyclopentane and the like.
- Second method A methyl group, an ethyl group, or the like in the organic metal is mixed in the epitaxial growth layer according to the growth group III nitride growth conditions. The concentration of C added to the epitaxial growth layer can be adjusted by appropriately setting the growth temperature, growth pressure, growth rate, ammonia flow rate, hydrogen flow rate, nitrogen flow rate, etc.
- the C concentration of the superlattice laminate 6 is a measured value obtained by removing a half of the thickness of the superlattice laminate 6 by SIMS.
- the C concentration of the portion 4 ′ on the buffer 3 side of the main laminate 4 is a measured value obtained by removing a half of the thickness of the portion 4 ′ by SIMS.
- 1 and 2 show examples of typical embodiments, and the present invention is not limited to these embodiments.
- an intermediate layer that does not adversely affect the effects of the present invention can be inserted between the layers, another superlattice layer can be inserted, or the composition can be graded.
- a nitride film, a carbide film, an Al layer, or the like can be formed on the surface of the Si single crystal.
- the C concentration of the superlattice laminate was changed, and the C concentration in the buffer side portion of the main laminate was in the range of 1.5 to 2.0 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 in all results.
- the portion of the channel layer on the electron supply layer side had a C concentration in the range of 0.8 to 3.5 ⁇ 10 16 / cm 3 .
- Table 1 shows the growth temperature and pressure of each layer. Adjust the C concentration by adjusting the table in P 1, and increasing the C concentration by reducing the deposition pressure.
- MOCVD was used, TMA (trimethylaluminum) / TMG (trimethylgallium) was used as a group III material, ammonia was used as a group V material, and hydrogen and nitrogen gas were used as carrier gases.
- the film-forming temperature here means the temperature of the substrate itself measured using a radiation thermometer during growth.
- the C concentration SIMS measurement was performed by etching from the epitaxial layer side, using a Cameca measuring device, using Cs ⁇ as the ion source, and ion energy of 8 keV.
- Example 2 The same method as Sample 2 of Experimental Example 1 except that the initial growth layer was formed of a GaN material (thickness: 20 nm) grown at 700 ° C., and the growth temperature and pressure of each layer were performed under the conditions shown in Table 2. Sample 5 was prepared by the above.
- FIG. 3 (a), 3 (b) and 3 (c) show the measurement results of the lateral breakdown voltage, the lateral leakage current and the vertical breakdown voltage of Sample 2 and Sample 5.
- FIG. The measurement was performed as follows. Longitudinal direction: An ohmic electrode with a Ti / Al laminated structure of 80 ⁇ m ⁇ is formed on the substrate surface, the outside of the ohmic electrode is etched to a thickness of 50 nm, the back surface of the substrate is grounded to a metal plate, and the current value flowing between both electrodes is measured Measured against voltage.
- Ti / Al laminated structure ohmic electrodes consisting of 200 ⁇ m square (squares) are formed with each side spaced apart by 10 ⁇ m and etched around the ohmic electrode with a thickness of 150nm, then both electrodes The current value flowing between them was measured with respect to the voltage.
- the two electrodes are insulated with insulating oil.
- an insulating plate is disposed under the substrate.
- the vertical breakdown voltage is a voltage value in which the vertical current value converted to a value per unit area in the above electrode area reaches 10 -4 A / cm 2
- the horizontal breakdown voltage is the horizontal current.
- the value obtained by converting the value into a value per length of one side of the electrode reaches a voltage of 10 ⁇ 4 A / cm, and the lateral leakage current is defined as a current value at 100 V in the lateral direction.
- the C concentration of the superlattice laminate 6 was obtained by measuring a location where 1/2 of the thickness of the superlattice laminate 6 was removed by SIMS.
- the C concentration in the portion 4 ′ on the buffer 3 side of the main laminate 4 was obtained by measuring the location where 1/2 of the thickness of the portion 4 ′ was removed by SIMS.
- Example 3 The sample of Experimental Example 1 except that the growth pressure of the superlattice laminate was set to 10 kPa, the C concentration in the buffer side portion of the main laminate was changed, and the growth temperature and pressure of each layer were performed under the conditions shown in Table 3. Samples 6 to 9 were prepared in the same manner as in 1 to 4. Adjust the C concentration by adjusting the table in P 2, and increasing the C concentration by reducing the deposition pressure. The C concentration of the superlattice laminate was in the range of 1.5 to 2.5 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 in all results.
- FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C show the measurement results of the lateral breakdown voltage, the lateral leakage current, and the vertical breakdown voltage of Sample 6.
- FIG. As a result of changing the C concentration of the main laminate, the lateral breakdown voltage and the lateral leakage current are hardly changed, whereas the vertical breakdown voltage of the sample 6 is the C concentration in the buffer side portion of the main laminate. It can be confirmed that when the value exceeds 1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 , it increases specifically and rapidly.
- the samples 7 to 9 having different specific resistances of the Si single crystal substrates used were not significantly different from the results shown in FIGS. 4 (a) to 4 (c). .
- the C concentration of the superlattice laminate was 2.0 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3
- the C concentration of the 0.2 ⁇ m thick portion on the buffer side of the main laminate was 3.0 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3
- the C concentration of the channel layer on the side of the electron supply layer is 1 ⁇ 10 16 / cm 3 .
- the depletion layer had a converted film thickness of about 8 ⁇ m. It was confirmed that it has spread.
- the frequency and amplitude of the AC component during CV measurement are 100 kHz and 10 mV, respectively.
- the position of the interface between the Si single crystal and the initial growth layer is a position shifted from the position where the Si concentration is 1/5 or less to the 0.05 ⁇ m substrate side in SIMS measurement. This is to avoid an apparent increase in group III elements due to the mixed exposure of the Si single crystal and the epitaxial growth layer as a result of etching roughness during SIMS measurement.
- the resistivity of the 4 inch Si single crystal substrate used was 2 ⁇ 10 3 ⁇ ⁇ cm, 8 ⁇ 10 3 ⁇ ⁇ cm, and 12 ⁇ 10 3 ⁇ ⁇ cm.
- a similar test was performed on the fabricated samples 11, 12, and 13. In both of these tests, similarly to the above, when the impurities in the Si single crystal substrate were observed by SIMS, group III elements other than Al and Ga were not observed, and both Al and Ga were 1 ⁇ 10 16 /
- the region having a size of cm 3 or less and 1 ⁇ 10 15 / cm 3 or more was a region of 0.2 ⁇ m or less from the interface between the Si single crystal and the initial growth layer.
- the interface between the Si single crystal substrate and the initial growth layer was confirmed by TEM, but the presence of a SiNx film with a thickness of 1 nm or more was not confirmed. It was also confirmed that the Al concentration was lower than that of Ga on average in the region of 0.2 ⁇ m or less from the interface between the Si single crystal substrate and the initial growth layer. In addition, it was confirmed that the depletion layer was converted to equivalent film thicknesses up to about 6 ⁇ m, 8 ⁇ m, and 8 ⁇ m, respectively.
- Example 5 On the (111) 4 inch Si single crystal substrate with a specific resistance of 5 ⁇ 10 3 ⁇ ⁇ cm and a thickness of 600 ⁇ m, before starting the growth of the initial growth layer, 10% ammonia gas is contained in the carrier gas, hydrogen gas. A sample 14 was prepared in the same manner as the sample 2 except that the initial nitrided layer was intentionally formed by flowing only the prepared gas at 1050 ° C. for 5 minutes.
- both Al and Ga were 1 ⁇ 10 16 / cm 3 or less, but Al or Ga was 1 ⁇ 10
- the area where 15 / cm 3 or more was present was 1 ⁇ m or more.
- the interface between the Si single crystal substrate and the initial growth layer was confirmed by TEM, it was confirmed that the SiNx film was about 1.5 nm. It was also confirmed that the concentration of Al was higher than that of Ga. Further, when CV measurement using a mercury probe was performed on this substrate, it was confirmed that the depletion layer spreads only to about 2 ⁇ m in terms of the equivalent film thickness as shown in FIG.
- Sample 15 was fabricated in the same manner as Sample 10 except that the growth temperature of the channel layer was increased from the initial growth layer under the conditions shown in Table 5.
- Comparing Samples 1 to 13 with Samples 14 and 15 confirms that suppressing the mixing of Al and Ga into the Si single crystal leads to the effective expansion of the depletion layer.
- the ability to efficiently expand the depletion layer is synonymous with the reduction of carriers in the epitaxial layer and the Si single crystal substrate, and the electrode formed on the substrate surface and the capacitance of the p-type impurity. This means that the loss during high-frequency operation of the electronic device due to directional or inductive coupling can be suppressed.
- the above effect could be brought out by reducing the nitride thickness and reducing the film formation temperature of the epitaxial layer from comparison between sample 2 and sample 15. Is done.
- the sheet resistance value was 450 ⁇ / ⁇ or less (square), and the mobility was 1550 cm 2 / Vs or more. It has been confirmed that it exhibits good characteristics.
- an initial growth layer made of an AlN material, a buffer having a predetermined superlattice stack, and a predetermined main stack, the superlattice stack and the buffer side of the main stack are provided. Both have a C concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 or more, so that both the reduction of the lateral leakage current and the lateral withstand voltage characteristics can be achieved and the longitudinal withstand voltage can be improved.
- the specific resistance of the Si single crystal substrate is 1000 ⁇ ⁇ cm or more, and the maximum total concentration of group III atoms on the initial growth layer side of the Si single crystal substrate is 1 ⁇ 10 16 / cm 3 If the total concentration of group III atoms at a depth of 0.3 ⁇ m is 1 ⁇ 10 15 / cm 3 or less, the loss during high-frequency signal application can be reduced.
- an initial growth layer made of an AlN material and a buffer having a predetermined superlattice laminate and a predetermined main laminate are provided, and the superlattice laminate and a buffer side portion of the main laminate are provided. Both of them have a C concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 or more, so that both the reduction of the lateral leakage current and the lateral withstand voltage characteristics can be achieved and the longitudinal withstand voltage can be improved.
- an epitaxial substrate for an electronic device that can reduce loss when a high-frequency signal is applied.
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Abstract
Description
また、特許文献2に記載された発明は、超格子バッファ層内のリークは抑制できるものの、チャネル層と超格子バッファ層界面でのリークを十分に抑制できず、結果として、縦方向および横方向耐圧を共に劣化させる原因となっていた。
さらに、特許文献3、4は縦方向耐圧について考慮しておらず、バッファ層の耐圧に対する検討は全くされていないため、Si基板のような半導体基板に適応した場合、縦方向耐圧を確保することができなかった。
(1)Si単結晶基板と、該Si単結晶基板上に形成した絶縁層としてのバッファと、該バッファ上に複数層のIII族窒化物層をエピタキシャル成長させて形成した主積層体とを具え、横方向を電流導通方向とする電子デバイス用エピタキシャル基板であって、前記バッファは、前記Si単結晶基板と接する初期成長層および該初期成長層上の超格子多層構造からなる超格子積層体を少なくとも有し、前記初期成長層はAlN材料からなり、かつ前記超格子積層体はBa1Alb1Gac1Ind1N(0≦a1≦1, 0≦b1≦1, 0≦c1≦1, 0≦d1≦1, a1+b1+c1+d1=1)材料からなる第1層および該第1層とはバンドギャップの異なるBa2Alb2Gac2Ind2N(0≦a2≦1, 0≦b2≦1, 0≦c2≦1, 0≦d2≦1, a2+b2+c2+d2=1)材料からなる第2層を交互に積層してなり、前記超格子積層体と、前記主積層体の前記バッファ側の部分は、ともにC濃度が1×1018/cm3以上であることを特徴とする電子デバイス用エピタキシャル基板。
1)成膜温度を下げること、および
2)初期成長層AlNの島状成長を抑制し、二次元成長を促進すること
が重要となる。上記2)を実現するためには、Si多結晶基板表面の過度な窒化を抑制し、窒化膜厚を1nmより小さくするか、または窒化しないことが望ましい。Si単結晶基板表面を過度に窒化してしまうと、基板最表面での原料拡散速度が速くなり、AlNが島状成長してしまう結果、初期成長時の基板露出部分より、Al,GaといったIII族原料が拡散してしまうと推測されるからである。
第1の方法:Cを含む原料ガスを、III族窒化物成長中に別途添加する。メタン・エタン・エチレン・アセチレン・ベンゼン・シクロペンタン等が例示される。
第2の方法:有機金属中のメチル基・エチル基等を、成長III族窒化物成長条件によりエピタキシャル成長層に混入させる。有機金属の分解を抑えるように、成長温度・成長圧力・成長速度・成長時のアンモニア流量・水素流量・窒素流量等を適宜設定することにより、エピタキシャル成長層に添加されるC濃度を調整することが可能である。
なお、本願では、超格子積層体6のC濃度は、SIMSにより、超格子積層体6の厚さの1/2を除去した箇所の測定値とする。主積層体4のバッファ3側の部分4´のC濃度は、SIMSにより、前記部分4´の厚さの1/2を除去した箇所の測定値とする。
比抵抗がそれぞれ1×10-1Ω・cm,1×10Ω・cm,2×103Ω・cm,1×104Ω・cmの600μm厚の(111)面4インチSi単結晶基板上に、初期成長層(AlN材料:厚さ100nm)および超格子積層体(AlN:膜厚4nmとAl0.15Ga0.85N:膜厚25nm、合計85層)を成長させてバッファを形成し、この超格子積層体上にチャネル層(GaN材料:厚さ1.5μm)および電子供給層(Al0.25Ga0.75N材料:厚さ20nm)をエピタキシャル成長させてHEMT構造の主積層体を形成して試料1~4を得た。超格子積層体のC濃度を変化させ、主積層体のバッファ側の部分のC濃度は、いずれの結果も、1.5~2.0×1018/cm3の範囲であった。また、チャネル層の電子供給層側の部分は、C濃度が0.8~3.5×1016/cm3の範囲であった。各層の成長温度、圧力を表1に示す。表中P1を調整することによりC濃度を調整し、成膜圧力を下げることによりC濃度を増加させている。成長方法としてはMOCVD法を使用し、III族原料としては、TMA(トリメチルアルミニウム)・TMG(トリメチルガリウム)、V族原料としてはアンモニアを用い、キャリアガスとして、水素および窒素ガスを用いた。ここでいう成膜温度は、成長中に放射温度計を用いて測定した、基板自体の温度を意味する。なお、C濃度のSIMS測定は、エピタキシャル層側からエッチングを行い、Cameca製の測定装置で、イオン源としてCs-を用い、イオンエネルギーは8keVで行った。
初期成長層を700℃で成長したGaN材料(厚さ:20nm)で形成し、各層の成長温度、圧力を表2に示す条件で行ったこと以外は、実験例1の試料2と同様の方法により試料5を作製した。
縦方向:基板表面に80μmφからなるTi/Al積層構造のオーミック電極を形成し、オーミック電極外側を50nmの厚みでエッチングした後、基板裏面を金属板に接地し、両電極間に流れる電流値を電圧に対して測定した。
横方向:200μm□(四角)からなるTi/Al積層構造のオーミック電極を各々の一辺を10μmの距離を離して配置して形成し、前記オーミック電極周囲を150nmの厚みでエッチングした後、両電極間に流れる電流値を電圧に対して測定した。この際、空気中の放電を抑制するため、絶縁油で両電極間を絶縁している。また、基板裏面へのリークの影響をなくすため、基板下には絶縁板を配置している。
本実験例において、縦方向耐圧は縦方向の電流値を上記電極面積で単位面積当たりの値に換算した値が10-4A/cm2に達する電圧値で、横方向耐圧は横方向の電流値を上記電極の1辺の長さ当たりの値に換算した値が10-4A/cmに達する電圧値で、横方向リーク電流は横方向が100Vでの電流値で、それぞれ定義する。
超格子積層体6のC濃度は、SIMSにより、超格子積層体6の厚さの1/2を除去した箇所を測定することにより得た。主積層体4のバッファ3側の部分4´のC濃度は、SIMSにより、前記部分4´の厚さの1/2を除去した箇所を測定値することにより得た。
超格子積層体の成長圧力を10kPaとして、主積層体のバッファ側の部分のC濃度を変化させ、各層の成長温度、圧力を表3に示す条件で行ったこと以外は、実験例1の試料1~4と同様の方法により試料6~9を作製した。表中P2を調整することによりC濃度を調整し、成膜圧力を下げることによりC濃度を増加させている。超格子積層体のC濃度は、いずれの結果も1.5~2.5×1018/cm3の範囲であった。
比抵抗6×103Ω・cmの600μm厚の(111)面4インチSi単結晶基板上に、初期窒化層の形成を抑制しつつ、初期成長層(AlN材料:厚さ100nm)および超格子積層体(AlN:膜厚4nmとAl0.15Ga0.85N:膜厚25nm、合計85層)を成長させてバッファを形成し、この超格子積層体上にチャネル層(GaN材料:厚さ1.5μm)および電子供給層(Al0.25Ga0.75N材料:厚さ20nm)を、成長圧力、成長温度を表4の条件でエピタキシャル成長させ、HEMT構造の主積層体を形成して試料10を得た。超格子積層体のC濃度は2.0×1018/cm3であり、主積層体のバッファ側の0.2μm厚の部分のC濃度は3.0×1018/cm3であった。また、チャネル層の電子供給層側の部分は、C濃度は1×1016/cm3としている。
比抵抗5×103Ω・cmの600μm厚の(111)面4インチSi単結晶基板上に、初期成長層成長開始前に、アンモニアガスを、キャリアガスである水素ガスに対し、10%含有したガスのみを5分間1050℃で流すことにより、初期窒化層を意図的に形成した以外は、試料2と同様に試料14を作製した。
初期成長層からチャネル層の成長温度を表5に示す条件で上昇させた以外は、試料10と同様に試料15を作製した。
特に、試料2と試料14との比較から、窒化厚を薄くすることにより、試料2と試料15との比較からエピタキシャル層の成膜温度を低くすることにより、上記効果を引き出すことができたと推察される。
2 Si単結晶基板
3 バッファ
4 主積層体
4a チャネル層
4b 電子供給層
5 初期成長層
6 超格子積層体
6a 第1層
6b 第2層
Claims (5)
- Si単結晶基板と、該Si単結晶基板上に形成した絶縁層としてのバッファと、該バッファ上に複数層のIII族窒化物層をエピタキシャル成長させて形成した主積層体とを具え、横方向を電流導通方向とする電子デバイス用エピタキシャル基板であって、
前記バッファは、前記Si単結晶基板と接する初期成長層および該初期成長層上の超格子多層構造からなる超格子積層体を少なくとも有し、
前記初期成長層はAlN材料からなり、かつ前記超格子積層体はBa1Alb1Gac1Ind1N(0≦a1≦1, 0≦b1≦1, 0≦c1≦1, 0≦d1≦1, a1+b1+c1+d1=1)材料からなる第1層および該第1層とはバンドギャップの異なるBa2Alb2Gac2Ind2N(0≦a2≦1, 0≦b2≦1, 0≦c2≦1, 0≦d2≦1, a2+b2+c2+d2=1)材料からなる第2層を交互に積層してなり、
前記超格子積層体と、前記主積層体の前記バッファ側の部分は、ともにC濃度が1×1018/cm3以上であることを特徴とする電子デバイス用エピタキシャル基板。 - 前記第1層がAlN材料からなり、前記第2層がAlb2Gac2N(a2=0, 0<b2≦0.5,0.5≦c2<1,d2=0)材料からなる請求項1に記載の電子デバイス用エピタキシャル基板。
- 前記Si単結晶基板は、比抵抗が1000Ω・cm以上で、前記初期成長層から0.1μmの深さまでのIII族原子の合計の最大濃度が1×1016/cm3以下であり、かつ前記初期成長層から0.3μmの深さの位置でのIII族原子の合計濃度が1×1015/cm3以下である請求項1または2に記載の電子デバイス用エピタキシャル基板。
- Si単結晶基板上に、絶縁層としてのバッファと、該バッファ上に複数層のIII族窒化物層をエピタキシャル成長させた主積層体とを順に形成した、横方向を電流導通方向とする電子デバイス用エピタキシャル基板の製造方法であって、
前記バッファは、前記Si単結晶基板と接する初期成長層および該初期成長層上の超格子多層構造からなる超格子積層体を少なくとも有し、
前記初期成長層はAlN材料からなり、かつ前記超格子積層体はBa1Alb1Gac1Ind1N(0≦a1≦1, 0≦b1≦1, 0≦c1≦1, 0≦d1≦1, a1+b1+c1+d1=1)材料からなる第1層および該第1層とはバンドギャップの異なるBa2Alb2Gac2Ind2N(0≦a2≦1, 0≦b2≦1, 0≦c2≦1, 0≦d2≦1, a2+b2+c2+d2=1)材料からなる第2層を交互に積層してなり、
前記超格子積層体と、前記主積層体の前記バッファ側の部分は、ともにC濃度が1018/cm3以上となるよう形成されることを特徴とする電子デバイス用エピタキシャル基板の製造方法。 - 前記Si単結晶基板は、比抵抗が1000Ω・cm以上で、前記初期成長層から0.1μmの深さまでのIII族原子の合計の最大濃度が1×1016/cm3以下であり、かつ前記初期成長層から0.3μmの深さの位置でのIII族原子の合計濃度が1×1015/cm3以下となるよう形成される請求項4に記載の電子デバイス用エピタキシャル基板の製造方法。
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