WO2009000941A1 - Polymeric sand - Google Patents

Polymeric sand Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009000941A1
WO2009000941A1 PCT/ES2007/070211 ES2007070211W WO2009000941A1 WO 2009000941 A1 WO2009000941 A1 WO 2009000941A1 ES 2007070211 W ES2007070211 W ES 2007070211W WO 2009000941 A1 WO2009000941 A1 WO 2009000941A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
polymeric
sandstone
mixture
minerals
sandstones
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/ES2007/070211
Other languages
Spanish (es)
French (fr)
Inventor
Cristina Conde Vázquez
Original Assignee
Areniscas De Los Pinares Burgos Soria, S.L.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Areniscas De Los Pinares Burgos Soria, S.L. filed Critical Areniscas De Los Pinares Burgos Soria, S.L.
Publication of WO2009000941A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009000941A1/en

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B26/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing only organic binders, e.g. polymer or resin concrete
    • C04B26/02—Macromolecular compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/54—Substitutes for natural stone, artistic materials or the like
    • C04B2111/542—Artificial natural stone

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an artificially made sandstone comprising a mixture of minerals (which will depend on the type of natural sandstone that is desired to be obtained), a cement or binder that can be preferably selected from a polymeric resin and optionally of a dye It also refers to its method of obtaining (reconstitution of natural sandstone), and uses thereof.
  • the sandstone is a detritic rock mainly formed by quartz grains, feldspars, accessory minerals and rock fragments more or less compacted in a matrix of siliceous, calcareous, ferruginous or clayey nature. Hence the existence of siliceous sandstones, carbonated sandstones, ferric sandstones and clay sandstones.
  • Finestone developed sheets with the exact appearance and texture of sandstone, Ytterstone, which only serve as a decorative coating of a support (such as wall paper) and that their problems with humidity restrict their application, without being able to make ventilated facades nor can it be support systems, that is, due to its characteristics that are not suitable for aging outdoors.
  • Microx Order is the three-dimensional arrangement of overlapping sandstone planes and that are feasible for reproduction or reconstruction
  • the process of the invention seeks the artificial elaboration of natural sandstone, in this way the sandstone can be reproduced with a rearrangement of minerals and improved to the point of exceeding the technical characteristics of any natural stone known in the state of the art.
  • a polymeric sandstone comprising a mixture of minerals and a cement or binder.
  • Polymeric Sandstone means a sandstone obtained by reconstituting a natural sandstone by changing its matrix to a polymer. The structure of these materials is what gives the conglomerate its macrocoscopic characteristics.
  • the mixture of minerals will depend on the type of natural sandstone that you want to reproduce.
  • the polymeric sandstone also comprises a dye or dye.
  • the dyes are metallic oxides, nonmetals or mixtures of oxides, these are elements that dissolve at the base of the binder or cement and will depend on the nature of the binder. Thus, they can be solid dyes for cementitious materials (such as metal oxides) or paste color concentrates for polymer resins.
  • the mineralogical mixture can be selected from the group comprising quartz, feldspars, hematite, phyllosilicates, accessory minerals or rock fragments.
  • Each mineral has a unique composition and arrangement of atoms that characterizes them. They can also be amorphous or crystalline solid substances determined by their genesis.
  • the silica or quartz, has the chemical formula SIO2, corresponding to the acid anhydride characterized by its great chemical stability, average hardness of 7 and polymorphism (ability that presents a chemical substance to crystallize in different structures).
  • This range of temperatures and pressures corresponds to different levels of the earth's crust and part of the mantle.
  • origin can be magmatic, sedimentary or metamorphic.
  • magmatic crystallization it is formed at low temperatures, after the formation of plagioclase, potassium feldspars and zeolites.
  • sedimentation clastic sedimentary rocks are formed that can present cement between the junction of the detritic grains.
  • the crystalline structure of quartz is constructed by elemental tetrahedra of SIO2, where the oxygen atom is forming the corners, and silicon is located in the center of the tetrahedron.
  • the silicon atom is surrounded by four oxygen atoms, and each oxygen atom is joined by two silicon atoms, in this way it is obtained that the ratio 4O: 2If it is 2, hence it is obtained that the formula is: YES2.
  • These tetrahedra are twisted forming a spiral structure that repeats every 3 tetrahedra.
  • the open spiral of the quartz- ⁇ form of tetrahedra is repeated in the crystalline cell forming bipyramids, and ultimately, a lower weight quartz specific.
  • the spiral is more closed, forming denser maclas.
  • feldspars are silicates formed by tetrahedral networks of SIO2 groups in which some positions of Si are replaced by Al, and the gaps of the network are occupied by cations such as Na, K or Ca to compensate for the negative charge of The silicated network.
  • These minerals are constituted with high temperatures in which structures are more disordered than those that originate during the decrease in temperatures; as is the case of sandin polymorphs, formed at high temperatures, the orthoclase that is generated at medium temperatures, and the microcline at low temperatures.
  • the minerals in this group have the following molecular formula AM 4 O 8 .
  • A can be Ba, Ca, K, Na, NH 4 , Sr and M can be Al, B, Si.
  • feldspars responds to a triangular phase diagram, with the boundary compositions of orthoclase (KAIS ⁇ 3O8), albite (NaAISi 3 O 8 ) and anortite (CaAI 2 SiO 8 ) (see Fig. 1)
  • Micas are hydrated aluminosilicates that crystallize in thick sheets and grains, such as muscovite and biotite. Its stability is affected with high temperatures and humidity.
  • the clays have the same structure of aluminosilicate hydrated in fine grains and constitute the matrix.
  • kaolin, montmorillonite, chlorite and mixed sheets are found.
  • Heavy minerals can be, for example, rutile, apatite, tourmaline, magnesite, etc.
  • these accessory minerals are selected from the group comprising tourmaline, zircon, clinochloride or apatite.
  • the rock fragments are selected from the group comprising quartzites or other opaque minerals found in natural sandstones.
  • the polymeric sandstone comprises a cement or binder that can be a polymeric resin or sodium silicate.
  • the cementing agent is a polyester resin or other materials made with saturated or unsaturated polyester resins, epoxy, phenolic, polyurethane or vinyl ester resins, as well as any other type of thermostable resins not mentioned among the above being their hardening by REDOX systems, IR, UV, heat or microwave radiation.
  • the choice of the polymer depends on the resistance to bending that is to be obtained, and the cost to be assumed. But with all of them you get a sandstone macroscopically.
  • the polymeric sandstone comprises an amount of cementitious between 10% and 30% by weight of the total mixture. And preferably the amount of dye is between 1-10% by weight of the total mixture.
  • a second aspect of the present invention relates to a process for obtaining the polymeric sandstones described, comprising: to. prepare a mineralogical mixture and add the cementing agent by stirring; b. add to a mold the composition resulting from step (a); C. exert increasing and continuous pressure between 72 and 205 psi / cm 3 .
  • a preferred embodiment of the process of the present invention comprises the use of stainless steel molds with a rough galvanized finish.
  • the matrix of the sandstones is formed from the small clasts that are deposited.
  • the first sedimentation is formed with the finest materials called primary matrix.
  • the fine material that subsequently covers the holes formed in the first stage is called the secondary matrix.
  • Cement forms minerals that chemically precipitate after deposition. Normally it is quartz, calcite and clay minerals. Primary cement is referred to as the mineral precipitated in the interstices, and secondary cement to what it does in the holes previously occupied by the matrix.
  • the diagenesis or formation of the rock is due to compaction and cementation:
  • the depositional system of a given sedimentary environment is immersed in an area below the water table (groundwater, both continental and marine, then its initial porosity would be occupied by a single fluid phase, in this case, fresh water or water marina or mixture of both. If, on the contrary, the sediment once deposited is above the water table (vadose zone), then its initial porosity will be occupied by fluids in two phases (air and fresh or marine water). This fact will mark the mineralogy and texture of the first cements and the study of it will allow to discern the early diagenetic environment in which the rocks began to be lithified.
  • Textural maturity depends on the sphericity and the roundness of the grains. That is why the types of sandstone packing are important.
  • the packing is indicative of the density of the sediment transport medium.
  • the factors that determine one type of packaging or another are the following:
  • grain size classification is: silt ( ⁇ 1/16 mm), sand (1 / 16-2 mm) and gravel (> 2 mm).
  • -The roundness (R) is different from the shape and refers to curved corners. The R indicates the amount of abrasion that the grains have suffered, and reflects the transport history but not necessarily the distance traveled. For R, it is necessary to compare grains of the same size and type, usually using quartz, measured by visual comparison.
  • the R is controlled by size, hardness and transport and storage environments (history of abrasion) and varies with the depositional environment and the sedimentation average. The larger the more rounded grain and the more strongly they are impacted: 5-10 mm almost always rounded; 0.1-5 mm round or angular; ⁇ 0.1 mm almost always angular.
  • Quartz grains the size of clays are rarely rounded (suspension); well rounded grains are the result of many cycles of transport or intense abrasion.
  • Textural maturity It is the sequence of clay movement, grain classification and rounding. A mature sand has no clay and the grains are well classified and well rounded. The texture is modified in stages during transport. This process can be fast or slow depending on the mechanical resistance, first the clay cleaning occurs, then the classification and then the rounding. Carbonates are rounded quickly, feldspars more slowly and quartz is much harder to round. Textural maturity is determined by the force of the currents at the place of deposit. There is a supposed correlation where the final depositional environment controls textural maturity.
  • the stages of textural maturity are: 1. Immature: sediments with more than 5% of clay matrix, the grains are poorly classified and with little rounding.
  • the fabric (or also called “Fabric") is the way in which the grains are accommodated and is related to the way in which the currents deposit large quantities of grains of different sizes, shapes and roundness.
  • the types of fabric are: floating grains (there is no contact); punctual; longitudinal; concave-convex; and sutured.
  • Another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of the described polymeric sandstones, as blocks or cladding for construction.
  • they can be used like any other stonework element, such as bearing systems, cladding, floors, etc.
  • Another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of the described polymeric sandstones, for the exterior cladding of buildings, in particular on ventilated, glued facades, or forming sandwiches.
  • Fig. 1.- Shows a triangular phase diagram of feldspars.
  • Fig. 2. It shows a classification of sandstones (where sandstones here means the same as sandstones).
  • Fig. 3.- Shows a mold.
  • Fig. 4. Shows the parts that make up a mold.
  • Fig. 5. Shows the parts that make up a mold with vertical perspective.
  • Fig. 6. Shows the roughness of the galvanized finish.
  • Fig. 7.- Shows a manual hydraulic press.
  • Fig. 8.- It shows a natural sandstone Dorada Urbión (on the right), and smaller size replicas of polymeric sandstone.
  • Fig. 9. Shows the micro image of the polymeric sandstone (lower stone) and of the natural sandstone (lower stone).
  • Fig. 10. Shows the left micrograph of polymeric sandstone and the right micrograph of natural sandstone (quartzarenite).
  • Fig. 11.- Shows the macro image of the polymeric sandstone (stone on the right) and the natural sandstone (stone on the left).
  • Fig. 12.- Shows the macro image of the polymeric sandstone (stone on the right) and the natural sandstone (stone on the left of greater thickness).
  • Fig. 13.- Shows mixing systems.
  • EXAMPLE 1 Composition of a polymeric sandstone
  • the composition with which the polymeric sandstone is manufactured macroscopically is complex, because although variations in the quantity of the components occur, visually the same product is obtained and with the same physical-chemical characteristics. Hence, the formula has intervals, in which the product is macroscopically the same.
  • the mineralogical mixture was quartz, feldspar, hematite, phyllosilicate, accessory minerals (tourmaline, zircon, clinochlor and apatite), and rock fragments (quartzites and other opaque minerals found in natural sandstones).
  • This composition corresponded to the natural sandstone of medium golden grain Urbión, and could be varied if it were desired to reproduce another type of sandstone. A petrographic test would then be carried out to obtain the exact composition of the sandstone that is intended to be reproduced.
  • the cement was polyester resin.
  • the diameter of the quartz clasts to reproduce, for example the natural sandstone of medium golden grain Urbión, is the following:
  • the "Matrix Order" molds were designed to pour the mineralogical mixture.
  • the molds are completely removable, stainless steel, with a rough galvanized finish, where the quartz grains fit to withstand the pressure gradient without moving during the process (Fig. 3 to Fig. 6).
  • the mixture is confined in a closed department so that a compressive force is transmitted in the three dimensions of the space, but predominantly the perpendicular to the sedimentation plane, promoting microscopic mobility of the binder or cementing through the interstices left by Ia three-dimensional network in favor of the pressure gradient, in such a way that the formation of the cement of natural sandstone (Change Matrix) is reproduced.
  • the minerals are classified and weighed. These must be dry or with a humidity percentage of less than 20%.
  • the mineralogical mixture can be obtained in several ways:
  • the minerals can be obtained separately in the market, the corresponding fractions are weighed according to the petrographic formula of Ia sandstone to reproduce, and subsequently mixed in a container large enough to be able to remove it without losing matter, to obtain the mineralogical composition.
  • the cement or binder is prepared by taking the percentage indicated above in example 1, adding the dye and mixing it well. Stirring will not be vigorous so as not to introduce air into the binder fluid.
  • the mineralogical composition on the binder is added and a mixing process begins with planetary agitation (translation movement plus rotation).
  • the mixing time depends on the hardening time of the binder.
  • the resulting hodgepodge then has a non-fluid sandstone appearance (the presence of no liquid is appreciated) by what indicates that the binder is on the surface of each class at the microscopic level, then ready to reproduce the Matrix Order.
  • the larger piece is the natural sandstone Dorada Urbión (on the right), of which the smallest size replicas have been made (on the left of it). All of them have an equal microscopic composition but with different amounts, all of them encompassed in the ranges given in the formula of Example 1. The result is the same macroscopically, as occurs in natural sandstones.
  • Mineral storage An aerated and covered enclosure is arranged, with different divisions, to separate each mineral by its granulometry. According to the fluidity of the mineral, they can be stored in silos with an automated dispenser. You can have a crusher followed by a mill, to crush bolts of non-commercial sandstone to remove the raw material and mixed.
  • Mixing system Any mixing system with sufficient capacity and strength to mix until homogeneity in a reasonable time, for example, can be conical equipment with helical movement on its axis and upper circular, to formulate fragile products, which require a movement Particle friendly to prevent breakage or degradation, as well as efficient mixing or drying. Useful also to process pastes that require a forced discharge of the product. Other types of mixers can also be used, although this is the most recommended for keeping the grains intact. (Fig. 13).
  • Molding The mixture is collected directly from the hopper to a mold specially designed to produce the sedimentation, they can adopt the desired shape of the final product. They will be removable on all their faces, as in the laboratory design. They will be on track, to be transported to the pressure machine, to the demoulding and again under the mixing hopper, where the cycle is closed.
  • Pressing It can be any press that exerts a force perpendicular to the sedimentation plane, adapted to the mold to be able to apply a compressive force in the three dimensions of the space. They can be manual, electromechanical, hydraulic or servohydraulic, as long as the force application speed can be controlled and breakage detected.
  • Curing depends on the binder or cement used. The newly unmoulded products will be deposited in trays that will pass through the curing stage, this being an IR oven, an ultraviolet oven, or directly to a curing warehouse if the production Allow that speed.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract

The invention relates to polymeric sand comprising a mixture of minerals, a hydraulic bond or binder and optionally a dye. The mixture of minerals is selected from quartz, feldspars, hematites and accessory minerals and the hydraulic bond takes the form of a polyester resin or other materials comprising saturated or unsaturated polyester resins, epoxy, compounds, phenolic compounds, polyurethanes or vinyl esters. The invention also relates to the production method thereof and use of same.

Description

ARENISCA POLIMERICA POLYMER ARENISCA
La presente invención se refiere a una arenisca fabricada de forma artificial que comprende una mezcla de minerales (que va a depender del tipo de arenisca natural que se desee obtener), de un cementante o ligante que se puede seleccionar preferiblemente de una resina polimérica y opcionalmente de un tinte. También se refiere a su método de obtención (reconstitución de Ia arenisca natural), y usos de Ia misma.The present invention relates to an artificially made sandstone comprising a mixture of minerals (which will depend on the type of natural sandstone that is desired to be obtained), a cement or binder that can be preferably selected from a polymeric resin and optionally of a dye It also refers to its method of obtaining (reconstitution of natural sandstone), and uses thereof.
ESTADO DE LA TÉCNICA ANTERIORSTATE OF THE PREVIOUS TECHNIQUE
La arenisca es una roca detrítica fundamentalmente formada por granos de cuarzo, feldespatos, minerales accesorios y fragmentos de roca más o menos compactados en una matriz de naturaleza silícea, calcárea, ferruginosa o arcillosa. De ahí Ia existencia de areniscas silíceas, areniscas carbonatadas, areniscas férricas y areniscas arcillosas.The sandstone is a detritic rock mainly formed by quartz grains, feldspars, accessory minerals and rock fragments more or less compacted in a matrix of siliceous, calcareous, ferruginous or clayey nature. Hence the existence of siliceous sandstones, carbonated sandstones, ferric sandstones and clay sandstones.
Son rocas sedimentarias clásticas. Principalmente se componen de partículas (=clastos) pequeñas de cuarzo.They are clastic sedimentary rocks. They are mainly composed of small particles (= clasts) of quartz.
Se han desarrollados compuestos poliméricos destinados a Ia mejora del hormigón, el acero o para decoración (encimeras y baldosas poliméricas- compactos tipo Silestone, Mármol Compact, etc.). Finestone desarrolló unas laminas con apariencia y textura exacta de arenisca, Ytterstone, que solo sirven como recubrimiento decorativo de un soporte (como el papel de las paredes) y que sus problemas con Ia humedad les restringen el campo de aplicación, sin poder hacer fachadas ventiladas ni poder ser sistemas soporte, es decir, debido a sus características poco adecuadas al envejecimiento en exteriores.Polymeric compounds have been developed for the improvement of concrete, steel or for decoration (countertops and polymer-compact tiles type Silestone, Marble Compact, etc.). Finestone developed sheets with the exact appearance and texture of sandstone, Ytterstone, which only serve as a decorative coating of a support (such as wall paper) and that their problems with humidity restrict their application, without being able to make ventilated facades nor can it be support systems, that is, due to its characteristics that are not suitable for aging outdoors.
EXPLICACIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓNEXPLANATION OF THE INVENTION
Los autores de Ia presente invención han encontrado un patrón que han denominado "Orden Matriz", que es el ordenamiento tridimensional de los planos de areniscas superpuestos y que son factibles para su reproducción o reconstrucción.The authors of the present invention have found a pattern that they have called "Matrix Order", which is the three-dimensional arrangement of overlapping sandstone planes and that are feasible for reproduction or reconstruction
Mediante el procedimiento de Ia presente invención se pueden reproducir areniscas naturales de todo tipo, a escala industrial, con las consiguientes ventajas asociadas con su comercialización posterior y, además, las areniscas poliméricas obtenidas mediante el procedimiento de Ia invención poseen unas propiedades físicas mejoradas respecto a las areniscas naturales.By means of the process of the present invention, natural sandstones of all types can be reproduced, on an industrial scale, with the consequent advantages associated with their subsequent commercialization and, in addition, the polymeric sandstones obtained by the process of the invention have improved physical properties with respect to Natural sandstones.
El procedimiento de Ia invención busca Ia elaboración artificial de piedra arenisca natural, de este modo se podrá reproducir Ia piedra arenisca con un reordenamiento de minerales y mejorarla hasta el punto de sobrepasar las características técnicas de cualquier piedra natural conocida en el estado de técnica.The process of the invention seeks the artificial elaboration of natural sandstone, in this way the sandstone can be reproduced with a rearrangement of minerals and improved to the point of exceeding the technical characteristics of any natural stone known in the state of the art.
De acuerdo con un aspecto de Ia presente invención, se proporciona una arenisca polimérica que comprende una mezcla de minerales y un cementante o ligante.In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a polymeric sandstone is provided comprising a mixture of minerals and a cement or binder.
Se entiende por "Arenisca Polimérica" a una arenisca obtenida mediante Ia reconstitución de una arenisca natural cambiando su matriz por un polímero. La estructura de estos materiales es Io que confiere al conglomerado sus características macrocóspicas."Polymeric Sandstone" means a sandstone obtained by reconstituting a natural sandstone by changing its matrix to a polymer. The structure of these materials is what gives the conglomerate its macrocoscopic characteristics.
La mezcla de minerales dependerá del tipo de arenisca natural que se desee reproducir.The mixture of minerals will depend on the type of natural sandstone that you want to reproduce.
En una realización preferida, Ia arenisca polimérica además comprende un tinte o colorante. Preferiblemente los tintes son óxidos metálicos, no metálicos o mezclas de óxidos, estos son elementos que se disuelven en Ia base del ligante o cementante y dependerán de Ia naturaleza del ligante. Así, pueden ser tintes sólidos para materiales cementosos (como por ejemplo óxidos de metales) ó concentrados de color en pasta para resinas de polímeros. La mezcla mineralógica se puede selecciona del grupo que comprende cuarzo, feldespatos, hematites, filosilicatos, minerales accesorios ó fragmentos de roca.In a preferred embodiment, the polymeric sandstone also comprises a dye or dye. Preferably the dyes are metallic oxides, nonmetals or mixtures of oxides, these are elements that dissolve at the base of the binder or cement and will depend on the nature of the binder. Thus, they can be solid dyes for cementitious materials (such as metal oxides) or paste color concentrates for polymer resins. The mineralogical mixture can be selected from the group comprising quartz, feldspars, hematite, phyllosilicates, accessory minerals or rock fragments.
Cada mineral tiene una composición y disposición de los átomos única que les caracteriza. Además pueden ser sustancias sólidas amorfas o cristalinas determinada por su génesis.Each mineral has a unique composition and arrangement of atoms that characterizes them. They can also be amorphous or crystalline solid substances determined by their genesis.
Así, Ia sílice, o cuarzo, tiene Ia formula química SÍO2, correspondiente al anhídrido de ácido caracterizado por su gran estabilidad química, dureza media de 7 y polimorfismo (habilidad que presenta una sustancia química para cristalizar en diferentes estructuras).Thus, the silica, or quartz, has the chemical formula SIO2, corresponding to the acid anhydride characterized by its great chemical stability, average hardness of 7 and polymorphism (ability that presents a chemical substance to crystallize in different structures).
Tabla 1.- Ejemplo de polimorfismosTable 1.- Example of polymorphisms
Figure imgf000004_0001
Figure imgf000004_0001
Los polimorfos se obtienen dependiendo de las condiciones de formación:Polymorphs are obtained depending on the formation conditions:
- A temperatura constante, un aumento de presión favorece Ia formación de estructuras de mayor densidad.- At a constant temperature, an increase in pressure favors the formation of higher density structures.
- A presión constante, un aumento de Ia temperatura favorece Ia formación de estructuras de menor densidad. Cada mineral de SÍO2 puede sufrir transformaciones polimórficas según varía Ia presión o Ia temperatura. El cuarzo, Ia tridimita y Ia cristobalita poseen estructuras de alta y baja temperatura produciéndose el paso de una conformación a otra de forma rápida y reversible, con temperaturas de inversión bien definidas y sin que se produzca Ia rotura química de enlaces. Diagrama de transición de Ia sílice:- At constant pressure, an increase in temperature favors the formation of structures of lower density. Each SIO2 mineral can undergo polymorphic transformations depending on the pressure or temperature. Quartz, tridymite and cristobalite have high and low temperature structures, producing the transition from one conformation to another quickly and reversibly, with well-defined inversion temperatures and without the chemical breakage of bonds. Transition diagram of the silica:
573-C 8700C 14"00C573-C 870 0 C 14 "0 0 C
CIIΛΓZO - U. -e→ C πarzo - |J «→- β - Tridimita -e-> Ji - CristobalitaCIIΛΓZO - U. -e → C πarzo - | J «→ - β - Tridymite -e-> Ji - Cristobalita
I i.o - ieo° c X :oo - .-s°- c.I i.o - ieo ° c X: oo -.-S ° - c.
Ü - Trldimltn Ü -CristobalitaÜ - Trldimltn Ü -Cristobalite
Este rango de temperaturas y presiones corresponde a diferentes niveles de Ia corteza terrestre y parte del manto. Además el origen puede ser magmático, sedimentario o metamórfico. Por cristalización magmática, se forma a temperaturas bajas, después de Ia formación de plagioclasas, feldespatos potásicos y zeolitas. Por sedimentación, se forman las rocas sedimentarias clásticas que pueden presentar cemento entre Ia unión de los granos detríticos.This range of temperatures and pressures corresponds to different levels of the earth's crust and part of the mantle. In addition the origin can be magmatic, sedimentary or metamorphic. By magmatic crystallization, it is formed at low temperatures, after the formation of plagioclase, potassium feldspars and zeolites. By sedimentation, clastic sedimentary rocks are formed that can present cement between the junction of the detritic grains.
La estructura cristalina del cuarzo está construida por tetraedros elementales de SÍO2, donde el átomo de oxígeno se encuentra formando las esquinas, y el silicio se sitúa en el centro del tetraedro.The crystalline structure of quartz is constructed by elemental tetrahedra of SIO2, where the oxygen atom is forming the corners, and silicon is located in the center of the tetrahedron.
El átomo de silicio se rodea de cuatro átomos de oxígeno, y cada átomo de oxígeno esta unido por dos átomos de silicio, de esta forma se obtiene que Ia razón 4O:2Si es 2, de ahí se obtiene que Ia fórmula es: SÍO2. Estos tetraedros se encuentran torsionados formando una estructura en espiral que se repite cada 3 tetraedros.The silicon atom is surrounded by four oxygen atoms, and each oxygen atom is joined by two silicon atoms, in this way it is obtained that the ratio 4O: 2If it is 2, hence it is obtained that the formula is: YES2. These tetrahedra are twisted forming a spiral structure that repeats every 3 tetrahedra.
De manera que las diferentes simetrías de Ia SÍO2 se deben a pequeñas diferencias en el ángulo de torsión de un tetraedro respecto al siguiente.So that the different symmetries of the SIO2 are due to small differences in the torsion angle of a tetrahedron with respect to the next.
La espiral abierta de Ia forma cuarzo-β de tetraedros se repite en Ia celda cristalina formando bipirámides, y en definitiva, un cuarzo de menor peso específico.The open spiral of the quartz-β form of tetrahedra is repeated in the crystalline cell forming bipyramids, and ultimately, a lower weight quartz specific.
Por debajo de 5730C cristaliza en el sistema trigonal el cuarzo-α, formando cristales trigonales de hábito columnar. La espiral se encuentra más cerrada, formando maclas más densas.Below 573 0 C, quartz-α crystallizes in the trigonal system, forming trigonal crystals of columnar habit. The spiral is more closed, forming denser maclas.
Por otro lado, los feldespatos son silicatos formados por redes tetraédricas de grupos SÍO2 en Ia que algunas posiciones del Si son reemplazadas por el Al, y los huecos de Ia red son ocupados por cationes como Na, K ó Ca para compensar Ia carga negativa de Ia red silicatada.On the other hand, feldspars are silicates formed by tetrahedral networks of SIO2 groups in which some positions of Si are replaced by Al, and the gaps of the network are occupied by cations such as Na, K or Ca to compensate for the negative charge of The silicated network.
Estos minerales se constituyen con altas temperaturas en Ia que se forman estructuras más desordenadas que las que se originan durante el descenso de las temperaturas; como es el caso de los polimorfos sandina, formada en altas temperaturas, Ia ortoclasa que se genera a temperaturas medias, y Ia microclina en bajas temperaturas. Los minerales de este grupo presentan Ia siguiente formula molecular AM4O8. Donde: A puede ser Ba, Ca, K, Na, NH4, Sr y M puede ser Al, B, Si.These minerals are constituted with high temperatures in which structures are more disordered than those that originate during the decrease in temperatures; as is the case of sandin polymorphs, formed at high temperatures, the orthoclase that is generated at medium temperatures, and the microcline at low temperatures. The minerals in this group have the following molecular formula AM 4 O 8 . Where: A can be Ba, Ca, K, Na, NH 4 , Sr and M can be Al, B, Si.
La clasificación de los feldespatos responde a un diagrama de fases triangular, con las composiciones límite de Ia ortoclasa (KAISÍ3O8), albita (NaAISi3O8) y anortita (CaAI2SiO8) (ver Fig. 1 )The classification of feldspars responds to a triangular phase diagram, with the boundary compositions of orthoclase (KAISÍ3O8), albite (NaAISi 3 O 8 ) and anortite (CaAI 2 SiO 8 ) (see Fig. 1)
Entendemos por "minerales accesorios" a minerales que se encuentran en areniscas y su presencia suele ser inferior al 2%. En este grupo están las micas, arcillas y minerales pesados.We understand "accessory minerals" to minerals found in sandstones and their presence is usually less than 2%. In this group are micas, clays and heavy minerals.
Las micas son aluminosilicatos hidratados que cristalizan en láminas y granos gruesos, como moscovita y biotita. Su estabilidad se ve afectada con temperaturas y humedad elevada.Micas are hydrated aluminosilicates that crystallize in thick sheets and grains, such as muscovite and biotite. Its stability is affected with high temperatures and humidity.
Las arcillas tienen Ia misma estructura de aluminosilicato hidratado en granos finos y constituyen Ia matriz. Se encuentran, por ejemplo, el caolín, montmorillonita, clorita y láminas mezcladas. Los minerales pesados pueden ser, por ejemplo, rutilo, apatito, turmalina, magnesita, etc.The clays have the same structure of aluminosilicate hydrated in fine grains and constitute the matrix. For example, kaolin, montmorillonite, chlorite and mixed sheets are found. Heavy minerals can be, for example, rutile, apatite, tourmaline, magnesite, etc.
En una realización preferida estos minerales accesorios se seleccionan del grupo que comprende turmalina, circón, clinocloro o apatito.In a preferred embodiment these accessory minerals are selected from the group comprising tourmaline, zircon, clinochloride or apatite.
Entendemos por "fragmentos de roca" las especies minerales que nos indican el área madre. Principalmente suele ser cuarzo policristalino, feldespato, lutita, pizarras, esquistos... que nos indican el origen, madurez y edad de Ia arenisca.We understand by "rock fragments" the mineral species that indicate the mother area. Mainly it is usually polycrystalline quartz, feldspar, shale, slates, shales ... that indicate the origin, maturity and age of the sandstone.
En una realización preferida, los fragmentos de roca se seleccionan del grupo que comprende cuarcitas u otros minerales opacos encontrados en las areniscas naturales.In a preferred embodiment, the rock fragments are selected from the group comprising quartzites or other opaque minerals found in natural sandstones.
En otra realización preferida de Ia presente invención, Ia arenisca polimérica comprende un cementante o ligante que puede ser una resina polimérica o silicato de sodio. Más preferiblemente el cementante es una resina de poliéster u otros materiales realizados con resinas de poliéster saturados o insaturados, resinas epoxídicas, fenólicas, poliuteranos ó vinilésteres, así como cualquier otro tipo de resinas termoestables no mencionadas entre las anteriores sea su endurecimiento por sistemas REDOX, radiación IR, UV, calor o microondas.In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the polymeric sandstone comprises a cement or binder that can be a polymeric resin or sodium silicate. More preferably the cementing agent is a polyester resin or other materials made with saturated or unsaturated polyester resins, epoxy, phenolic, polyurethane or vinyl ester resins, as well as any other type of thermostable resins not mentioned among the above being their hardening by REDOX systems, IR, UV, heat or microwave radiation.
La elección del polímero depende de Ia resistencia a Ia flexión que quiera obtenerse, y del coste que quiera asumirse. Pero con todos ellos se obtiene macroscópicamente una arenisca.The choice of the polymer depends on the resistance to bending that is to be obtained, and the cost to be assumed. But with all of them you get a sandstone macroscopically.
En otra realización preferida de Ia presente invención, Ia arenisca polimérica comprende una cantidad de cementante de entre el 10% y el 30% en peso de Ia mezcla total. Y preferiblemente Ia cantidad de tinte está entre 1-10% en peso de Ia mezcla total.In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the polymeric sandstone comprises an amount of cementitious between 10% and 30% by weight of the total mixture. And preferably the amount of dye is between 1-10% by weight of the total mixture.
Un segundo aspecto de Ia presente invención se refiere a un procedimiento de obtención de las areniscas poliméricas descritas, que comprende: a. preparar una mezcla mineralógica y añadir el cementante mediante agitación; b. añadir a un molde Ia composición resultante del paso (a); c. ejercer una presión creciente y continua de entre 72 y 205 psi/cm3.A second aspect of the present invention relates to a process for obtaining the polymeric sandstones described, comprising: to. prepare a mineralogical mixture and add the cementing agent by stirring; b. add to a mold the composition resulting from step (a); C. exert increasing and continuous pressure between 72 and 205 psi / cm 3 .
Mediante este procedimiento se superponen los planos de clastos de forma natural y se hace pasar un fluido con agentes cementantes por los intersticios de Ia red tridimensional, promovido por el gradiante creciente de presión.Through this procedure, the clast planes are superimposed naturally and a fluid with cementing agents is passed through the interstices of the three-dimensional network, promoted by the increasing pressure gradient.
Una realización preferida del procedimiento de Ia presente invención comprende el uso de moldes de acero inoxidable con acabado galvanizado rugoso.A preferred embodiment of the process of the present invention comprises the use of stainless steel molds with a rough galvanized finish.
Para preparar Ia mezcla de minerales se puede, previamente, desgranar y analizar químicamente Ia arenisca natural que se desea reproducir.In order to prepare the mineral mixture, it is possible, previously, to shear and chemically analyze the natural sandstone that is desired to reproduce.
La matriz de las areniscas se forma a partir de los clastos pequeños que se van depositando. La primera sedimentación se forma con los materiales más finos denominados matriz primaria. El material fino que recubre posteriormente los huecos formados en Ia primera etapa se denomina matriz secundaria.The matrix of the sandstones is formed from the small clasts that are deposited. The first sedimentation is formed with the finest materials called primary matrix. The fine material that subsequently covers the holes formed in the first stage is called the secondary matrix.
El cemento Io forman minerales que precipitan químicamente después de Ia deposición. Normalmente es cuarzo, calcita y minerales de arcilla. Se denomina cemento primario al mineral precipitado en los intersticios, y cemento secundario al que Io hace en los huecos previamente ocupados por Ia matriz.Cement forms minerals that chemically precipitate after deposition. Normally it is quartz, calcite and clay minerals. Primary cement is referred to as the mineral precipitated in the interstices, and secondary cement to what it does in the holes previously occupied by the matrix.
Para conocer mejor las características químicas y estructurales de las areniscas naturales, se puede optar por Ia realización de ensayos analíticos de instrumentación fina, como puede ser análisis de infrarrojo (FTIR), difracción de rayos X de polvo, visualización a través del microscopio electrónico de barrido, o fluorescencia de rayos X. También se puede diseñar ensayos que caractericen el comportamiento de estas piedras para usos determinados como pueden ser ensayos de temperatura extrema o determinación de Ia velocidad de desorción de agua, siempre con Ia finalidad de obtener conclusiones de durabilidad del material estudiado.To better understand the chemical and structural characteristics of natural sandstones, you can choose to perform analytical tests of fine instrumentation, such as infrared analysis (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction, visualization through the electron microscope of scanning, or x-ray fluorescence. You can also to design tests that characterize the behavior of these stones for certain uses such as extreme temperature tests or determination of the speed of desorption of water, always with the purpose of obtaining conclusions of durability of the material studied.
La clasificación según Pettijonh (1987) de las areniscas dependiente de Ia composición, es Ia que se muestra en los diagramas triangulares (Fig. 2).The classification according to Pettijonh (1987) of the sandstones depending on the composition, is the one shown in the triangular diagrams (Fig. 2).
La diagénesis o formación de Ia roca se debe a Ia compactación y Ia cementación:The diagenesis or formation of the rock is due to compaction and cementation:
La compactación.- Entre los efectos más destacables serían Ia disminución del volumen de Ia porosidad primaria, Ia creación de contactos suturados y estilolitos que ayudan a Ia disolución por presión, Ia orientación paralela de los minerales de arcilla y Ia eliminación de agua de éstas. Este proceso, adyacente con Ia cementación, jugará un papel preponderante en Ia litificación de las rocas clásticas, pudiendo Ia temprana aparición de uno de ellos o Ia intensidad con que se produzcan mitigar los efectos respectivos de ambos procesos.Compaction.- Among the most notable effects would be the decrease in the volume of the primary porosity, the creation of sutured contacts and stylolites that help with the dissolution by pressure, the parallel orientation of the clay minerals and the elimination of water from them. This process, adjacent to the cementation, will play a preponderant role in the lithification of clastic rocks, the early appearance of one of them or the intensity with which they occur mitigate the respective effects of both processes.
La cementación.- Surge con el crecimiento de especies minerales en Ia porosidad del sedimento. Éstas provienen de los fluidos que circulan entre los intersticios de Ia compactación de clastos, con los gradientes de presión. Actualmente se han podido constatar más de veinte composiciones cementantes, siendo las más frecuentes las silíceas, ferruginosas, carbonatadas, y las filosilicáticas (arcillas autigénicas). La precipitación de sustancias minerales y el crecimiento de cristales en los huecos o intersticios del sedimento depende directamente de si el poro inicialmente esta ocupado por una sola fase de fluidos (agua) o por dos fases (aire y agua).Cementation.- It arises with the growth of mineral species in the porosity of the sediment. These come from the fluids that circulate between the interstices of the compaction of clasts, with the pressure gradients. Currently, more than twenty cementing compositions have been found, the most frequent being siliceous, ferruginous, carbonated, and the philosophical (autigenic clays). The precipitation of mineral substances and the growth of crystals in the hollows or interstices of the sediment depends directly on whether the pore is initially occupied by a single phase of fluids (water) or by two phases (air and water).
Si el sistema deposicional de un determinado ambiente sedimentario se encuentra inmerso en una zona por debajo del nivel freático (zona freática, tanto continental como marina, entonces su porosidad inicial estaría ocupada por una sola fase de fluido, en este caso, agua dulce o agua marina o mezcla de ambas. Si por el contrario, el sedimento una vez depositado se encuentra por encima del nivel freático (zona vadosa), entonces su porosidad inicial estará ocupada por fluidos en dos fases (aire y agua dulce o marina). Este hecho marcará Ia mineralogía y textura de los primeros cementos y el estudio de ella permitirá discernir el ambiente diagenético temprano en el que se comenzaron a litificar las rocas.If the depositional system of a given sedimentary environment is immersed in an area below the water table (groundwater, both continental and marine, then its initial porosity would be occupied by a single fluid phase, in this case, fresh water or water marina or mixture of both. If, on the contrary, the sediment once deposited is above the water table (vadose zone), then its initial porosity will be occupied by fluids in two phases (air and fresh or marine water). This fact will mark the mineralogy and texture of the first cements and the study of it will allow to discern the early diagenetic environment in which the rocks began to be lithified.
La variedad de areniscas es muy grande, por Io que a Ia hora de elegir un material es necesario conocer bien su composición para poder clasificarle correctamente. Para obtener una buena clasificación de las areniscas es necesario un análisis petrográfico al microscopio de luz polarizada.The variety of sandstones is very large, so when choosing a material it is necessary to know its composition well to be able to classify it correctly. To obtain a good classification of sandstones, a petrographic analysis using a polarized light microscope is necessary.
La madurez textural depende de Ia esfericidad y Ia redondez de los granos. Es por ello importante los tipos de empaquetamiento en las areniscas. El empaquetamiento, entre otros factores, es indicativo de Ia densidad del medio de transporte del sedimento. Los factores que determinan un tipo de empaquetamiento u otro son los siguientes:Textural maturity depends on the sphericity and the roundness of the grains. That is why the types of sandstone packing are important. The packing, among other factors, is indicative of the density of the sediment transport medium. The factors that determine one type of packaging or another are the following:
-El tamaño de grano: Ya que una partícula no es perfectamente esférica el tamaño de grano va a depender del método de medición que se emplee, así como el objeto de estudio del que se trate. La clasificación por tamaño de grano es: limos (< 1/16 mm), arena (1/16-2 mm) y gravas (>2 mm).-The grain size: Since a particle is not perfectly spherical, the grain size will depend on the measurement method used, as well as the object of study in question. Grain size classification is: silt (<1/16 mm), sand (1 / 16-2 mm) and gravel (> 2 mm).
-La forma de los granos de areniscas y conglomerados, varían ampliamente desde esferas hasta discos o palos y nos da un significado en el estudio de los procesos del transporte. La forma se define por sus ejes: largo (L), intermedio (I) y corto (S).-The shape of sandstone grains and conglomerates, vary widely from spheres to discs or sticks and gives us a meaning in the study of transport processes. The shape is defined by its axes: long (L), intermediate (I) and short (S).
-La esfericidad, es un parámetro cuantitativo que mide Ia diferencia de un cuerpo en equidimensión. Forma del grano en sus tres ejes aproximadamente: iguales = esfera, dos ejes iguales y uno mas largo = alargado, dos ejes largos y uno corto = disco. Se puede obtener de manera cualitativa bajo el microscopio en una lámina delgada. -La redondez (R), es diferente de Ia forma y se refiere a esquinas curvas. La R indica Ia cantidad de abrasión que han sufrido los granos, y refleja Ia historia del transporte pero no necesariamente Ia distancia recorrida. Para Ia R es necesario comparar granos del mismo tamaño y tipo, por Io general se usa el cuarzo midiéndose por comparación visual. La R es controlada por tamaño, dureza y los ambientes de transporte y deposito (historia de abrasión) y varía con el ambiente deposicional y el promedio de sedimentación. Entre mas grande el grano mas redondeado y se impactan con mas fuerza: 5-10 mm casi siempre redondeados; 0.1-5 mm redondos o angulares; <0.1 mm casi siempre angulares.-The sphericity, is a quantitative parameter that measures the difference of a body in equidimension. Shape of the grain in its three axes approximately: equal = sphere, two equal axes and one longer = elongated, two long axes and one short = disk. It can be obtained qualitatively under the microscope on a thin sheet. -The roundness (R), is different from the shape and refers to curved corners. The R indicates the amount of abrasion that the grains have suffered, and reflects the transport history but not necessarily the distance traveled. For R, it is necessary to compare grains of the same size and type, usually using quartz, measured by visual comparison. The R is controlled by size, hardness and transport and storage environments (history of abrasion) and varies with the depositional environment and the sedimentation average. The larger the more rounded grain and the more strongly they are impacted: 5-10 mm almost always rounded; 0.1-5 mm round or angular; <0.1 mm almost always angular.
Forma de transporte de granos:Way of transporting grains:
1 ) Rodamiento o deslizamiento. Granos de 5-10 mm.1) Bearing or sliding. 5-10 mm beads.
2) Saltación. Granos de 0.1-5 mm.2) Jumping. 0.1-5 mm beads.
Granos de cuarzo del tamaño de arcillas raramente se redondean (suspensión); los granos bien redondeados son el resultados de muchos ciclos de transporte o abrasión intensa.Quartz grains the size of clays are rarely rounded (suspension); well rounded grains are the result of many cycles of transport or intense abrasion.
-La distancia y transporte.- Dependiendo del desplazamiento recorrido desde Ia roca madre hasta su lugar de sedimentación, los granos de las areniscas pueden clasificarse debido a su redondez y esfericidad.-The distance and transport.- Depending on the displacement traveled from the mother rock to its place of sedimentation, the sandstone grains can be classified due to their roundness and sphericity.
A mayor desplazamiento mayor redondez y esfericidad, aunque no tienen porque ser ambas a Ia vez. Ya que Ia esfericidad depende de Ia forma del grano en Ia roca madre, y Ia redondez depende de Ia erosión sufrida en el transporte.The greater the displacement, the greater the roundness and sphericity, although they do not have to be both at the same time. Since the sphericity depends on the shape of the grain in the mother rock, and the roundness depends on the erosion suffered in the transport.
Si clasificamos Ia piedra por el tipo de redondez obtenemos que puede haber tres formas: forma angular.- para un grano con alta esfericidad y otro con baja esfericidad; forma intermedia.- para un grano con alta esfericidad y otro con baja esfericidad; forma redondeada.- para un grano con alta esfericidad y otro con baja esfericidad -La clasificación es el arreglo o agrupación de grano del mismo tamaño. El grado de clasificación es un reflejo del nivel de energía en el ambiente de depósito.If we classify the stone by the type of roundness we obtain that there can be three forms: angular shape.- for a grain with high sphericity and another with low sphericity; intermediate form.- for a grain with high sphericity and another with low sphericity; rounded shape.- for a grain with high sphericity and another with low sphericity -The classification is the arrangement or grouping of grain of the same size. The degree of classification is a reflection of the energy level in the storage environment.
El grado de clasificación depende del análisis de mallas en sedimentos y las comparaciones visuales en rocas. Las clases (según Pettijohn y cois., 1973) pueden ser: muy bien clasificado; bien clasificado; moderadamente clasificado; escasamente clasificado.The degree of classification depends on the analysis of meshes in sediments and visual comparisons in rocks. Classes (according to Pettijohn et al., 1973) can be: very well classified; well classified; moderately classified; poorly classified.
-La madurez textural.- Es Ia secuencia del movimiento de arcilla, clasificación de granos y redondeamiento. Una arena madura no tiene arcilla y los granos están bien clasificados y bien redondeados. La textura se modifica por etapas durante el transporte. Este proceso puede ser rápido o lento dependiendo de Ia resistencia mecánica, primero ocurre Ia limpieza de arcilla, luego Ia clasificación y luego el redondeamiento. Los carbonatos se redondean rápidamente, los feldespatos mas lentamente y el cuarzo es mucho mas difícil de redondear. La madurez textural se determina por Ia fuerza de las corrientes en el lugar de depósito. Existe supuesta correlación en donde el ambiente deposicional final controla Ia madurez textural.-Textural maturity.- It is the sequence of clay movement, grain classification and rounding. A mature sand has no clay and the grains are well classified and well rounded. The texture is modified in stages during transport. This process can be fast or slow depending on the mechanical resistance, first the clay cleaning occurs, then the classification and then the rounding. Carbonates are rounded quickly, feldspars more slowly and quartz is much harder to round. Textural maturity is determined by the force of the currents at the place of deposit. There is a supposed correlation where the final depositional environment controls textural maturity.
La madurez textural de las areniscas (según R. L. FoIk (1951 )) se muestra en función del aporte de energía cinética.The textural maturity of sandstones (according to R. L. FoIk (1951)) is shown according to the contribution of kinetic energy.
Así, las etapas de madurez textural son: 1. -Inmadura: sedimentos con mas del 5% de matriz arcillosa, los granos están mal clasificados y con escaso redondeamiento.Thus, the stages of textural maturity are: 1. Immature: sediments with more than 5% of clay matrix, the grains are poorly classified and with little rounding.
2.-Submadura: menos del 5% de matriz arcillosa, con granos mal clasificados y con un poco de redondeamiento.2.-Submature: less than 5% of clay matrix, with poorly classified grains and with a little rounding.
3. -Madura: menos del 5% de matriz arcillosa, con granos bien clasificados, pero los granos no están bien redondeados.3. -Mature: less than 5% of clay matrix, with well-classified grains, but the grains are not well rounded.
4.-Supermadura: menos del 5% de arcillas (o sin), con granos bien clasificados y buena redondez. - El entramado ( ó también llamado "Fabric") es Ia forma en que los granos se acomodan y está relacionado a Ia manera en que las corrientes depositan grandes cantidades de granos de diferentes tamaños, formas y redondez. Los tipos de entramado son: granos flotantes (no existe contacto); puntuales; longitudinales; cóncavo-convexo; y suturado.4.-Supermature: less than 5% of clays (or without), with well classified grains and good roundness. - The fabric (or also called "Fabric") is the way in which the grains are accommodated and is related to the way in which the currents deposit large quantities of grains of different sizes, shapes and roundness. The types of fabric are: floating grains (there is no contact); punctual; longitudinal; concave-convex; and sutured.
Otro aspecto de Ia presente invención se refiere al uso de las areniscas poliméricas descritas, como bloques o aplacados para construcción. En particular se pueden utilizar como cualquier otro elemento de cantería, como sistemas portantes, revestimientos, suelos, etc.Another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of the described polymeric sandstones, as blocks or cladding for construction. In particular they can be used like any other stonework element, such as bearing systems, cladding, floors, etc.
Otro aspecto más de Ia presente invención se refiere al uso de las areniscas poliméricas descritas, para el revestimiento exterior de edificios, en particular en fachadas ventiladas, pegadas, o formando sandwiches.Another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of the described polymeric sandstones, for the exterior cladding of buildings, in particular on ventilated, glued facades, or forming sandwiches.
A Io largo de Ia descripción y las reivindicaciones Ia palabra "comprende" y sus variantes no pretenden excluir otras características técnicas, aditivos, componentes o pasos. Para los expertos en Ia materia, otros objetos, ventajas y características de Ia invención se desprenderán en parte de Ia descripción y en parte de Ia práctica de Ia invención. Los siguientes ejemplos y dibujos se proporcionan a modo de ilustración, y no se pretende que sean limitativos de Ia presente invención.Throughout the description and the claims, the word "comprises" and its variants are not intended to exclude other technical characteristics, additives, components or steps. For those skilled in the art, other objects, advantages and characteristics of the invention will emerge partly from the description and partly from the practice of the invention. The following examples and drawings are provided by way of illustration, and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention.
BREVE DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS FIGURASBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Fig. 1.- Muestra un diagrama de fases triangular de feldespatos.Fig. 1.- Shows a triangular phase diagram of feldspars.
Fig. 2.- Muestra una clasificación de las areniscas (donde arenitas aquí significa Io mismo que areniscas).Fig. 2.- It shows a classification of sandstones (where sandstones here means the same as sandstones).
Fig. 3.- Muestra un molde.Fig. 3.- Shows a mold.
Fig. 4.- Muestra las partes que componen un molde. Fig. 5.- Muestra las partes que componen un molde con perspectiva vertical.Fig. 4.- Shows the parts that make up a mold. Fig. 5.- Shows the parts that make up a mold with vertical perspective.
Fig. 6.- Muestra Ia rugosidad del acabado galvanizado.Fig. 6.- Shows the roughness of the galvanized finish.
Fig. 7.- Muestra una prensa hidráulica manual.Fig. 7.- Shows a manual hydraulic press.
Fig. 8.- Muestra una arenisca natural Dorada Urbión (a Ia derecha), y replicas de tamaño más pequeño de arenisca polimérica.Fig. 8.- It shows a natural sandstone Dorada Urbión (on the right), and smaller size replicas of polymeric sandstone.
Fig. 9.- Muestra Ia imagen micro de Ia arenisca polimérica (piedra inferior) y de Ia arenisca natural (piedra inferior).Fig. 9.- Shows the micro image of the polymeric sandstone (lower stone) and of the natural sandstone (lower stone).
Fig. 10.- Muestra Ia micrografía izquierda de arenisca polimérica y Ia micrografía derecha de arenisca natural (cuarzoarenita).Fig. 10.- Shows the left micrograph of polymeric sandstone and the right micrograph of natural sandstone (quartzarenite).
Fig. 11.- Muestra Ia imagen macro de Ia arenisca polimérica (piedra de Ia derecha) y de Ia arenisca natural (piedra de Ia izquierda).Fig. 11.- Shows the macro image of the polymeric sandstone (stone on the right) and the natural sandstone (stone on the left).
Fig. 12.- Muestra Ia imagen macro de Ia arenisca polimérica (piedra de Ia derecha) y de Ia arenisca natural (piedra de Ia izquierda de espesor mayor).Fig. 12.- Shows the macro image of the polymeric sandstone (stone on the right) and the natural sandstone (stone on the left of greater thickness).
Fig. 13.- Muestra sistemas de mezcla.Fig. 13.- Shows mixing systems.
EJEMPLOSEXAMPLES
EJEMPLO 1.- Composición de una arenisca poliméricaEXAMPLE 1.- Composition of a polymeric sandstone
La composición con Ia que macroscópicamente se fabrica Ia arenisca polimérica es compleja, debido a que aunque se produzcan variaciones en Ia cantidad de los componentes, visualmente se obtiene el mismo producto y con las mismas características físico-químicas. De ahí que Ia fórmula tenga unos intervalos, en los que el producto macroscópicamente es el mismo. La mezcla mineralógica fue de cuarzo, feldespatos, hematites, filosilicatos, minerales accesorios (turmalina, circón, clinocloro y apatito), y fragmentos de roca (cuarcitas y otros minerales opacos encontrados en las areniscas naturales).The composition with which the polymeric sandstone is manufactured macroscopically is complex, because although variations in the quantity of the components occur, visually the same product is obtained and with the same physical-chemical characteristics. Hence, the formula has intervals, in which the product is macroscopically the same. The mineralogical mixture was quartz, feldspar, hematite, phyllosilicate, accessory minerals (tourmaline, zircon, clinochlor and apatite), and rock fragments (quartzites and other opaque minerals found in natural sandstones).
Esta composición correspondió a Ia arenisca natural de grano medio Dorada Urbión, y se podría variar si se desease reproducir otro tipo de areniscas. Se realizaría entonces un ensayo petrográfico para obtener Ia composición exacta de Ia arenisca que se pretende reproducir.This composition corresponded to the natural sandstone of medium golden grain Urbión, and could be varied if it were desired to reproduce another type of sandstone. A petrographic test would then be carried out to obtain the exact composition of the sandstone that is intended to be reproduced.
El cementante fue resina de poliéster.The cement was polyester resin.
Composición en tanto por ciento:Composition as a percentage:
• Granos de cuarzo: (50-75%) • Feldespatos: (5-20%)• Quartz grains: (50-75%) • Feldspar: (5-20%)
• Filosilicatos: (1-10%)• Philosilicates: (1-10%)
• Hematites: (1-4%), si es veteada óxidos de hierro hasta un 10%• Hematite: (1-4%), if iron oxides are veined up to 10%
• Minerales accesorios: (1-3%)• Accessory minerals: (1-3%)
• Fragmentos de roca: (1-4%) • Cementante o ligante + tinte: (10-30% de Ia masa de Ia composición mineralógica, es decir, desde un 9% de Ia mezcla total hasta 28% de Ia mezcla total) Para cantidades mayores pierda Ia estructura de arenisca natural y pasa a ser un mortero.• Rock fragments: (1-4%) • Cementor or binder + dye: (10-30% of the mass of the mineralogical composition, that is, from 9% of the total mixture to 28% of the total mixture) For larger quantities lose the natural sandstone structure and become a mortar.
• Tinte (1-10% de Ia masa total de ligante + tinte)• Dye (1-10% of the total mass of binder + dye)
El diámetro de los clastos de cuarzo para reproducir, por ejemplo Ia arenisca natural de grano medio Dorada Urbión, es el siguiente:The diameter of the quartz clasts to reproduce, for example the natural sandstone of medium golden grain Urbión, is the following:
> 0,425 mm (aproximadamente 38%) > 0,3 mm (aproximadamente 23-%)> 0.425 mm (approximately 38%)> 0.3 mm (approximately 23-%)
> 0,2 mm (aproximadamente 22%)> 0.2 mm (approximately 22%)
Resto de porcentaje en finos (granulometrías menores de 0,2 mm).Rest of percentage in fines (granulometries less than 0.2 mm).
Para reproducir una arenisca natural, ya sea de grano fino, medio o grueso, basta con fragmentar ésta de forma que no se rompan los granos. Así se obtienen las granulometrías ya mezcladas y preparadas para el proceso de Reconstitución. Si no se partiese de materia prima del material a reproducir, se realizaría un ensayo petrográfico para determinar el tamaño de los granos y se procedería a su compra en el mercado.To reproduce a natural sandstone, either fine, medium or coarse grained, it is enough to fragment it so that the grains are not broken. Thus the granulometries already mixed and prepared for the Reconstitution process are obtained. If the raw material of the material to be reproduced was not used, a petrographic test would be carried out to determine the size of the grains and its purchase would proceed in the market.
EJEMPLO 2.- Procedimiento de obtención de una arenisca polimérica.EXAMPLE 2.- Procedure for obtaining a polymeric sandstone.
Para conseguir Ia disposición tridimensional, el "Orden Matrix", se diseñaron unos moldes donde verter Ia mezcla mineralógica. Los moldes son totalmente desmontables, de acero inoxidable, con un acabado galvanizado rugoso, donde los granos de cuarzo encajen para soportar el gradiente de presión sin desplazarse durante el proceso (Fig. 3 a Fig. 6). La mezcla se confina en un departamento cerrado de manera que se Ie trasmite una fuerza a compresión en las tres dimensiones del espacio, pero predominantemente Ia perpendicular al plano de sedimentación, promoviendo Ia movilidad microscópica del ligante o cementante a través de los intersticios dejados por Ia red tridimensional a favor del gradiante de presión, de tal manera que se reproduce Ia formación del cementante de Ia arenisca natural (Change Matrix).To achieve the three-dimensional arrangement, the "Matrix Order", molds were designed to pour the mineralogical mixture. The molds are completely removable, stainless steel, with a rough galvanized finish, where the quartz grains fit to withstand the pressure gradient without moving during the process (Fig. 3 to Fig. 6). The mixture is confined in a closed department so that a compressive force is transmitted in the three dimensions of the space, but predominantly the perpendicular to the sedimentation plane, promoting microscopic mobility of the binder or cementing through the interstices left by Ia three-dimensional network in favor of the pressure gradient, in such a way that the formation of the cement of natural sandstone (Change Matrix) is reproduced.
Primera parte.- Se clasifican los minerales y se pesan. Éstos deben estar secos o con un porcentaje de humedad menor del 20%. La mezcla mineralógica se puede obtener de varias formas:First part.- The minerals are classified and weighed. These must be dry or with a humidity percentage of less than 20%. The mineralogical mixture can be obtained in several ways:
1.-Se puede optar por obtener los áridos provenientes de Ia fragmentación de una arenisca, de manera que se obtiene Ia composición mineralógica deseada directamente. Para ello debe someterse Ia materia prima (Ia roca) a Ia presión ejercida por un mazo de goma, es decir, una presión amortiguada para que no se produzca Ia rotura de los granos por el proceso de fragmentación. Una opción muy válida para empresas de piedra arenisca cuyo rechazo de Ia materia prima es del 75%.1.-You can choose to obtain aggregates from the fragmentation of a sandstone, so that the desired mineralogical composition is obtained directly. For this, the raw material (the rock) must be subjected to the pressure exerted by a rubber mallet, that is, a damped pressure so that the grain breakage does not occur due to the fragmentation process. A very valid option for sandstone companies whose rejection of the raw material is 75%.
2.-Se pueden obtener los minerales por separado en el mercado, se pesan las fracciones correspondientes según Ia fórmula petrográfica de Ia arenisca a reproducir, y posteriormente se mezclan en un recipiente Io suficientemente grande para poder removerlo sin perder materia, para obtener Ia composición mineralógica.2.-The minerals can be obtained separately in the market, the corresponding fractions are weighed according to the petrographic formula of Ia sandstone to reproduce, and subsequently mixed in a container large enough to be able to remove it without losing matter, to obtain the mineralogical composition.
Dependiendo del espesor final que se desee obtener en el molde, se añade más o menos masa de mezcla.Depending on the final thickness that is desired in the mold, more or less mixing dough is added.
Segunda parte.- Se prepara el cementante o ligante tomando el porcentaje anteriormente indicado en el ejemplo 1 , añadiéndole el tinte y procediendo a mezclarlo bien. La agitación no será vigorosa para no introducir aire al fluido del ligante.Second part.- The cement or binder is prepared by taking the percentage indicated above in example 1, adding the dye and mixing it well. Stirring will not be vigorous so as not to introduce air into the binder fluid.
Tercera parte.- Se añaden Ia composición mineralógica sobre el ligante y comienza un proceso de mezcla con agitación planetaria (movimiento de translación más rotación). El tiempo de mezcla depende del tiempo de endurecimiento del ligante.Third part.- The mineralogical composition on the binder is added and a mixing process begins with planetary agitation (translation movement plus rotation). The mixing time depends on the hardening time of the binder.
La mezcolanza resultante presenta entonces un aspecto arenáceo no fluido (no se aprecia Ia presencia de ningún líquido) por Io que indica que el ligante se encuentra en Ia superficie de cada clasto a nivel microscópico, listo entonces para reproducir el Orden Matrix.The resulting hodgepodge then has a non-fluid sandstone appearance (the presence of no liquid is appreciated) by what indicates that the binder is on the surface of each class at the microscopic level, then ready to reproduce the Matrix Order.
Se vierte entonces al molde, y se reparte. Se cierra y se lleva al proceso de gradiante de presión.It is then poured into the mold, and distributed. It closes and takes the pressure gradient process.
Cuarta parte.- Se somete a una presión creciente y continua de 2500 a 7000 psi (ó 72 y 205 psi/cm3), dependiendo del tipo de arenisca a reproducir, dejando Ia presión máxima durante 30 segundos, para que Ia ordenación de los granos de cuarzo sea efectiva, posteriormente se libera el molde de Ia presión y se preserva hasta el desmolde, el cual depende del tiempo de cristalización o endurecimiento del ligante utilizado, cuyo tiempo se debe optimizar previamente con cada ligante (ya que depende de Ia humedad de Ia composición mineralógica y de las condiciones ambientales dónde se reproduce Ia arenisca). (Fig. 7) Después de un tiempo, se desmolda y se deja curar el cementante. Tenemos entonces una arenisca polimérica. En Ia Fig. 8 Ia pieza de mayor formato es Ia arenisca natural Dorada Urbión (a Ia derecha), de Ia que se han realizado las replicas de tamaño más pequeño (a Ia izquierda de ésta). Todas ellas presentan una composición microscópica igual pero con cantidades distintas, todas ellas englobadas en los rangos dados en Ia fórmula del ejemplo 1. El resultado es el mismo macroscópicamente, como sucede en las areniscas naturales.Fourth part.- It is subjected to an increasing and continuous pressure of 2500 to 7000 psi (or 72 and 205 psi / cm 3 ), depending on the type of sandstone to reproduce, leaving the maximum pressure for 30 seconds, so that the arrangement of the Quartz grains are effective, subsequently the pressure mold is released and preserved until demolding, which depends on the time of crystallization or hardening of the binder used, whose time must be previously optimized with each binder (since it depends on the humidity of the mineralogical composition and of the environmental conditions where the sandstone reproduces). (Fig. 7) After a while, it is demoulded and the cement is allowed to cure. We have then a polymeric sandstone. In Fig. 8, the larger piece is the natural sandstone Dorada Urbión (on the right), of which the smallest size replicas have been made (on the left of it). All of them have an equal microscopic composition but with different amounts, all of them encompassed in the ranges given in the formula of Example 1. The result is the same macroscopically, as occurs in natural sandstones.
En Ia Fig. 9., se observa Ia imagen micro de Ia arenisca polimérica y de Ia arenisca natural, de Ia Fig. 8, puestas juntas. La textura es Ia misma, indistinguibles de cuál es Ia natural y cual Ia artificial. Por Io tanto, se ha reproducido el "Orden Matriz", y el ligante introducido el "Change Matriz" no es detectable. La piedra superior es arenisca natural y Ia piedra inferior es Ia arenisca polimérica.In Fig. 9., the micro image of the polymeric sandstone and the natural sandstone, of Fig. 8, placed together is observed. The texture is the same, indistinguishable from which is natural and which is artificial. Therefore, the "Matrix Order" has been reproduced, and the binder introduced the "Change Matrix" is not detectable. The upper stone is natural sandstone and the lower stone is the polymeric sandstone.
Si realizamos una lámina delgada de Ia arenisca polimérica y Ia observamos al microscopio de luz polarizada obtenemos Ia Fig. 10, donde cualquier estudio petrográfico definiría Ia arenisca polimérica como una arenisca natural.If we make a thin sheet of the polymeric sandstone and observe the polarized light microscope, we obtain Fig. 10, where any petrographic study would define the polymeric sandstone as a natural sandstone.
A escala de fotografía macro se puede observar las diferentes areniscas poliméricas comparadas con Ia arenisca natural Dorada Urbión (Fig. 11 y Fig. 12).On a macro photography scale, the different polymeric sandstones can be observed compared to the natural sandstone Dorada Urbión (Fig. 11 and Fig. 12).
EJEMPLO 3.- Proceso industrial.EXAMPLE 3.- Industrial process.
El proceso industrial es igual que el llevado a cabo en el laboratorio. Donde los paso a seguir serían los siguientes:The industrial process is the same as the one carried out in the laboratory. Where the steps to follow would be the following:
Almacenaje de minerales.- Se dispone un recinto aireado y cubierto, con distintas divisiones, para separar cada mineral por su granulometría. Según Ia fluidez del mineral se podrán almacenar en silos con dispensador automatizado. Se puede disponer de una trituradora seguida de un molino, para triturar bolos de arenisca no comercial para sacar Ia materia prima ya mezclada.Mineral storage.- An aerated and covered enclosure is arranged, with different divisions, to separate each mineral by its granulometry. According to the fluidity of the mineral, they can be stored in silos with an automated dispenser. You can have a crusher followed by a mill, to crush bolts of non-commercial sandstone to remove the raw material and mixed.
Sistema de transporte de minerales al mezclador.- En el se dispondrá de un sistema lógico para tomar cantidades de cada mineral en un determinado momento, (basado en un dinamómetro o báscula). Mediante unas cintas transportadoras se conducirán a Ia tolva de mezcla.Mineral transport system to the mixer.- In it there will be a logical system to take quantities of each mineral at a given time (based on a dynamometer or scale). By means of conveyor belts they will lead to the mixing hopper.
Sistema de mezclado.- Cualquier sistema de mezcla con capacidad y fuerza suficiente para mezclar hasta homogeneidad en un tiempo razonable, por ejemplo, pueden ser equipos cónicos con helicoidales de movimiento sobre su eje y circular superior, para formular productos frágiles, que requieran un movimiento amable de las partículas para evitar su rompimiento o degradación, así como una eficiente mezcla o secado. Útiles también para procesar pastas que requieran una descarga forzada del producto. También puede utilizarse otro tipo de mezcladores, aunque este es el más recomendado para mantener los granos intactos. (Fig. 13).Mixing system.- Any mixing system with sufficient capacity and strength to mix until homogeneity in a reasonable time, for example, can be conical equipment with helical movement on its axis and upper circular, to formulate fragile products, which require a movement Particle friendly to prevent breakage or degradation, as well as efficient mixing or drying. Useful also to process pastes that require a forced discharge of the product. Other types of mixers can also be used, although this is the most recommended for keeping the grains intact. (Fig. 13).
Moldeado.- La mezcla se recoge directamente de Ia tolva a un molde especialmente diseñado para producir Ia sedimentación, pueden adoptar Ia forma deseada del producto final. Serán desmontables por todas sus caras, al igual que en el diseño de laboratorio. Estarán encarrilados, para ser transportados hasta Ia máquina de presión, al desmolde y nuevamente bajo Ia tolva de mezclado, donde se cierra el ciclo.Molding.- The mixture is collected directly from the hopper to a mold specially designed to produce the sedimentation, they can adopt the desired shape of the final product. They will be removable on all their faces, as in the laboratory design. They will be on track, to be transported to the pressure machine, to the demoulding and again under the mixing hopper, where the cycle is closed.
Prensado.- Puede ser cualquier prensa que ejerza una fuerza perpendicular al plano de sedimentación, adaptada para el molde para poder aplicar una fuerza a compresión en las tres dimensiones del espacio. Pueden ser manuales, electromecánicas, hidráulicas o servohidráulicas, siempre y cuando se pueda controlar Ia velocidad de aplicación de Ia fuerza y detecten roturas.Pressing.- It can be any press that exerts a force perpendicular to the sedimentation plane, adapted to the mold to be able to apply a compressive force in the three dimensions of the space. They can be manual, electromechanical, hydraulic or servohydraulic, as long as the force application speed can be controlled and breakage detected.
Curado.- El curado depende del ligante o cementante utilizados. Los productos recién desmoldados se depositarán en unas bandejas que pasarán por Ia etapa de curado, pudiendo ser ésta un horno de IR, un horno ultravioleta, o directamente a un almacén de curado si Ia producción permite esa velocidad.Curing.- Curing depends on the binder or cement used. The newly unmoulded products will be deposited in trays that will pass through the curing stage, this being an IR oven, an ultraviolet oven, or directly to a curing warehouse if the production Allow that speed.
Almacén de producto terminado.- Se dispondrá de un recinto donde se almacene el producto finalizado, Ia Arenisca Polimérica, para su posterior utilización o para su manufactura como Ia piedra natural. Warehouse of finished product.- There will be an enclosure where the finished product is stored, the Polymeric Sandstone, for later use or for its manufacture as natural stone.

Claims

REIVINDICACIONES
1. Arenisca polimérica que comprende: a. una mezcla de minerales; b. un cementante o ligante.1. Polymeric sandstone comprising: a. a mixture of minerals; b. a cementor or binder.
2. Arenisca polimérica según Ia reivindicación 1 , que además comprende: c. tinte.2. Polymeric sandstone according to claim 1, further comprising: c. dye.
3. Arenisca polimérica según Ia reivindicación 1 , donde Ia mezcla mineralógica se selecciona del grupo que comprende cuarzo, feldespatos, hematites, filosilicatos, minerales accesorios ó fragmentos de roca.3. Polymeric sandstone according to claim 1, wherein the mineralogical mixture is selected from the group comprising quartz, feldspar, hematite, phyllosilicate, accessory minerals or rock fragments.
4. Arenisca polimérica según Ia reivindicación 3, donde los minerales accesorios se seleccionan del grupo que comprende turmalina, circón, clinocloro o apatito.4. Polymeric sandstone according to claim 3, wherein the accessory minerals are selected from the group comprising tourmaline, zircon, clinochlore or apatite.
5. Arenisca polimérica según Ia reivindicación 3, donde los fragmentos de roca se seleccionan del grupo que comprende cuarcitas u otros minerales opacos encontrados en las areniscas naturales.5. Polymeric sandstone according to claim 3, wherein the rock fragments are selected from the group comprising quartzites or other opaque minerals found in natural sandstones.
6. Arenisca polimérica según Ia reivindicación 1 , donde el cementante es una resina polimérica.6. Polymeric sandstone according to claim 1, wherein the cement is a polymeric resin.
7. Arenisca polimérica según Ia reivindicación 6, donde el cementante es una resina de poliéster u otros materiales realizados con resinas de poliéster saturado o insaturado, epóxis, fenólicas, poliuteranos o vinilésteres.7. Polymeric sandstone according to claim 6, wherein the cement is a polyester resin or other materials made with saturated or unsaturated polyester resins, epoxies, phenolic, polyurethane or vinyl esters.
8. Arenisca polimérica según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 , 6 ó 7, donde Ia cantidad de cementante está entre 10% y 30% en peso de Ia mezcla total.8. Polymeric sandstone according to any of claims 1, 6 or 7, wherein the amount of cement is between 10% and 30% by weight of the total mixture.
9. Arenisca polimérica según Ia reivindicación 2, donde el tinte es un óxido o mezcla de óxidos metálicos o no metálicos.9. Polymeric sandstone according to claim 2, wherein the dye is an oxide or mixture of metallic or non-metallic oxides.
10. Arenisca polimérica según cualquiera de Ia reivindicaciones 2 ó 9, donde Ia cantidad de tinte está entre 1-10% en peso de Ia mezcla total.10. Polymeric sandstone according to any of claims 2 or 9, wherein the amount of dye is between 1-10% by weight of the total mixture.
11. Procedimiento de obtención de las areniscas poliméricas según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 10, que comprende: a. preparar una mezcla mineralógica y añadir el cementante mediante agitación; b. añadir a un molde Ia composición resultante del paso (a); c. ejercer una presión creciente y continua de entre 72 y 205 psi/cm3.11. Method for obtaining polymeric sandstones according to any of claims 1 to 10, comprising: a. prepare a mineralogical mixture and add the cementing agent by stirring; b. add to a mold the composition resulting from step (a); C. exert increasing and continuous pressure between 72 and 205 psi / cm 3 .
12. Procedimiento según Ia reivindicación 11 , donde los moldes son de acero inoxidable con acabado galvanizado rugoso.12. Method according to claim 11, wherein the molds are stainless steel with a rough galvanized finish.
13. Uso de las areniscas poliméricas según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 10, como bloques o paneles para construcción.13. Use of polymeric sandstones according to any of claims 1 to 10, as building blocks or panels.
14. Uso de las areniscas poliméricas según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 10, para el revestimiento exterior de edificios. 14. Use of polymeric sandstones according to any of claims 1 to 10, for the exterior cladding of buildings.
PCT/ES2007/070211 2007-06-26 2007-12-14 Polymeric sand WO2009000941A1 (en)

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Citations (5)

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GB883521A (en) * 1957-04-12 1961-11-29 Ciba Ltd Coating process
US4059551A (en) * 1972-11-08 1977-11-22 Tile Council Of America, Inc. Mortar compositions
ES448789A1 (en) * 1975-06-12 1977-12-01 Sicowa Silikat Consulting Method for the production of blocks or bricks
GB2110693A (en) * 1981-12-04 1983-06-22 Pfizer Chemical Corp An acid-resistant flooring composition
US20070062416A1 (en) * 2005-09-22 2007-03-22 Brzuskiewicz John E Patching composition having tailorable appearance properties

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB883521A (en) * 1957-04-12 1961-11-29 Ciba Ltd Coating process
US4059551A (en) * 1972-11-08 1977-11-22 Tile Council Of America, Inc. Mortar compositions
ES448789A1 (en) * 1975-06-12 1977-12-01 Sicowa Silikat Consulting Method for the production of blocks or bricks
GB2110693A (en) * 1981-12-04 1983-06-22 Pfizer Chemical Corp An acid-resistant flooring composition
US20070062416A1 (en) * 2005-09-22 2007-03-22 Brzuskiewicz John E Patching composition having tailorable appearance properties

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