WO2008084512A1 - 放熱材料及び放熱材料で成形した放熱シート - Google Patents

放熱材料及び放熱材料で成形した放熱シート Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2008084512A1
WO2008084512A1 PCT/JP2006/325846 JP2006325846W WO2008084512A1 WO 2008084512 A1 WO2008084512 A1 WO 2008084512A1 JP 2006325846 W JP2006325846 W JP 2006325846W WO 2008084512 A1 WO2008084512 A1 WO 2008084512A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
radiating
radiating material
zinc oxide
core part
hydrogenated copolymer
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/JP2006/325846
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Motonori Nakamichi
Yasuaki Konomi
Takeshi Yasui
Katsumi Suzuki
Original Assignee
Asahi Kasei E-Materials Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Asahi Kasei E-Materials Corporation filed Critical Asahi Kasei E-Materials Corporation
Priority to TW095148995A priority Critical patent/TW200827377A/zh
Priority to US12/520,000 priority patent/US8653176B2/en
Priority to PCT/JP2006/325846 priority patent/WO2008084512A1/ja
Publication of WO2008084512A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008084512A1/ja

Links

Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L23/00Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
    • H01L23/34Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or temperature compensation ; Temperature sensing arrangements
    • H01L23/36Selection of materials, or shaping, to facilitate cooling or heating, e.g. heatsinks
    • H01L23/373Cooling facilitated by selection of materials for the device or materials for thermal expansion adaptation, e.g. carbon
    • H01L23/3737Organic materials with or without a thermoconductive filler
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F297/00Macromolecular compounds obtained by successively polymerising different monomer systems using a catalyst of the ionic or coordination type without deactivating the intermediate polymer
    • C08F297/02Macromolecular compounds obtained by successively polymerising different monomer systems using a catalyst of the ionic or coordination type without deactivating the intermediate polymer using a catalyst of the anionic type
    • C08F297/04Macromolecular compounds obtained by successively polymerising different monomer systems using a catalyst of the ionic or coordination type without deactivating the intermediate polymer using a catalyst of the anionic type polymerising vinyl aromatic monomers and conjugated dienes
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08KUse of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/18Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
    • C08K3/20Oxides; Hydroxides
    • C08K3/22Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08LCOMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L15/00Compositions of rubber derivatives
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08LCOMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L53/00Compositions of block copolymers containing at least one sequence of a polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L53/02Compositions of block copolymers containing at least one sequence of a polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers of vinyl-aromatic monomers and conjugated dienes
    • C08L53/025Compositions of block copolymers containing at least one sequence of a polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers of vinyl-aromatic monomers and conjugated dienes modified
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08CTREATMENT OR CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF RUBBERS
    • C08C19/00Chemical modification of rubber
    • C08C19/02Hydrogenation
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08KUse of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/18Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
    • C08K3/20Oxides; Hydroxides
    • C08K3/22Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
    • C08K2003/2296Oxides; Hydroxides of metals of zinc
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08KUse of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K5/00Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/01Hydrocarbons
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08LCOMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L2203/00Applications
    • C08L2203/20Applications use in electrical or conductive gadgets
    • C08L2203/206Applications use in electrical or conductive gadgets use in coating or encapsulating of electronic parts
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28FDETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F2013/005Thermal joints
    • F28F2013/006Heat conductive materials
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28FDETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/06Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of plastics material
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/0001Technical content checked by a classifier
    • H01L2924/0002Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

 優れた熱伝導性と絶縁性を有し、かつ柔軟性と靭性を保持しながら、難燃性を有することを特徴とする放熱材料及び放熱材料で成形した放熱シートに関する。  具体的には、特定の構造と配合量を有する水添共重合体(1)および/または又は変性水添共重合体(2)、および核部とこの核部から4軸方向に伸びた針状結晶部を有する酸化亜鉛(3)からなる放熱材料が、さらに必要に応じて、パラフィンオイル(4)、難燃剤(5)、または熱伝導率が10~400W/m・Kの充填剤(6)(酸化亜鉛(3)を除く)からなる放熱材料及び放熱材料で成形した放熱シートである。
PCT/JP2006/325846 2006-12-26 2006-12-26 放熱材料及び放熱材料で成形した放熱シート WO2008084512A1 (ja)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
TW095148995A TW200827377A (en) 2006-12-26 2006-12-26 Radiating material and radiating sheet molded from radiating material
US12/520,000 US8653176B2 (en) 2006-12-26 2006-12-26 Thermally conductive material and thermally conductive sheet molded from the thermally conductive material
PCT/JP2006/325846 WO2008084512A1 (ja) 2006-12-26 2006-12-26 放熱材料及び放熱材料で成形した放熱シート

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/JP2006/325846 WO2008084512A1 (ja) 2006-12-26 2006-12-26 放熱材料及び放熱材料で成形した放熱シート

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2008084512A1 true WO2008084512A1 (ja) 2008-07-17

Family

ID=39608417

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/JP2006/325846 WO2008084512A1 (ja) 2006-12-26 2006-12-26 放熱材料及び放熱材料で成形した放熱シート

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US8653176B2 (ja)
TW (1) TW200827377A (ja)
WO (1) WO2008084512A1 (ja)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2010055878A1 (ja) * 2008-11-12 2010-05-20 日東電工株式会社 絶縁性熱伝導シートの製造方法、絶縁性熱伝導シート及び放熱部材
JP2010533220A (ja) * 2007-07-10 2010-10-21 ビーエーエスエフ ソシエタス・ヨーロピア 難燃性を有する弾性共重合体
US9017817B2 (en) 2008-04-30 2015-04-28 Nitto Denko Corporation Method for producing laminated porous sheet comprising polytetrafluoroethylene and carbon particles
WO2018092593A1 (ja) * 2016-11-15 2018-05-24 北川工業株式会社 熱伝導エラストマー組成物、及び熱伝導成形体
WO2018180319A1 (ja) * 2017-03-30 2018-10-04 積水化学工業株式会社 熱伝導性発泡体シート

Families Citing this family (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20080153959A1 (en) * 2006-12-20 2008-06-26 General Electric Company Thermally Conducting and Electrically Insulating Moldable Compositions and Methods of Manufacture Thereof
US8552101B2 (en) 2011-02-25 2013-10-08 Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V. Thermally conductive and electrically insulative polymer compositions containing a low thermally conductive filler and uses thereof
US8741998B2 (en) 2011-02-25 2014-06-03 Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V. Thermally conductive and electrically insulative polymer compositions containing a thermally insulative filler and uses thereof
WO2012148219A2 (ko) * 2011-04-28 2012-11-01 ㈜솔루에타 전도성 섬유를 이용한 방열테이프 및 그 제조방법
CN103563505B (zh) * 2011-04-28 2017-03-08 索略得 水平热电胶带及其制备方法
CN103073924B (zh) * 2013-01-23 2014-09-17 苏州大学 一种含磷腈结构的六方氮化硼及其制备方法
US9227347B2 (en) 2013-02-25 2016-01-05 Sabic Global Technologies B.V. Method of making a heat sink assembly, heat sink assemblies made therefrom, and illumants using the heat sink assembly
TWI464213B (zh) * 2013-03-07 2014-12-11 Taiwan Union Technology Corp 樹脂組合物及其應用
KR101692757B1 (ko) * 2013-04-18 2017-01-04 제일모직 주식회사 절연막용 린스액 및 절연막의 린스 방법
US10976120B2 (en) * 2017-10-13 2021-04-13 Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation Net shape moldable thermally conductive materials
CN111040310A (zh) * 2018-10-15 2020-04-21 伊利诺斯工具制品有限公司 导热绝缘片材及其制备方法

Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH01217072A (ja) * 1988-02-25 1989-08-30 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd ウイスカー強化プラスチックス
JPH01225663A (ja) * 1988-03-04 1989-09-08 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 導電性樹脂組成物
JPH0578516A (ja) * 1991-06-28 1993-03-30 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 非帯電性包装材用フイラーと非帯電性包装材用樹脂組成物及び非帯電性包装材
JP2000256551A (ja) * 1999-03-04 2000-09-19 Otsuka Chem Co Ltd 難燃性ポリフェニレンエーテル系樹脂組成物
JP2001247870A (ja) * 2000-03-08 2001-09-14 Asahi Kasei Corp 複合難燃剤
JP2002194197A (ja) * 2000-12-25 2002-07-10 Asahi Kasei Corp 難燃性芳香族ポリカーボネート組成物
JP2003082245A (ja) * 2001-09-17 2003-03-19 Bridgestone Corp 熱可塑性エラストマー組成物及び放熱シート
JP2003113272A (ja) * 2001-10-05 2003-04-18 Bridgestone Corp 熱可塑性エラストマー組成物及び放熱シート
JP2003113318A (ja) * 2001-10-05 2003-04-18 Bridgestone Corp 熱可塑性エラストマー組成物及び放熱シート
JP2003277560A (ja) * 2002-03-25 2003-10-02 Asahi Kasei Corp 水添共重合体組成物
JP2004059741A (ja) * 2002-07-29 2004-02-26 Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corp 共重合体及びその組成物

Family Cites Families (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3333024A (en) 1963-04-25 1967-07-25 Shell Oil Co Block polymers, compositions containing them and process of their preparation
DE1222260B (de) 1963-12-26 1966-08-04 Shell Int Research Verfahren zur katalytischen Hydrierung von Block-Mischpolymerisaten
JPS59133203A (ja) 1983-01-20 1984-07-31 Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd 重合体の水添方法
US4501857A (en) * 1983-01-20 1985-02-26 Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Method for hydrogenation of polymer
JPS60220147A (ja) 1984-04-18 1985-11-02 Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd オレフイン水添触媒および該触媒を用いた重合体の水添方法
JPS6133132A (ja) 1984-07-25 1986-02-17 Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd オレフインの水添方法
EP0473206B1 (en) * 1985-10-11 1999-06-23 Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Compositions containing a terminal-modified block copolymer
JPH0699568B2 (ja) 1985-12-03 1994-12-07 旭化成工業株式会社 熱可塑性樹脂成形品
JPS62207303A (ja) 1986-03-07 1987-09-11 Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd 共役ジエン系ポリマ−の水添法
JPS6399257A (ja) 1986-06-05 1988-04-30 Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd 変性ブロック共重合体組成物
GB9002804D0 (en) 1990-02-08 1990-04-04 Secr Defence Anionic polymerisation
US5708092A (en) * 1994-05-13 1998-01-13 Fmc Corporation Functionalized chain extended initiators for anionic polymerization
JP3460005B2 (ja) 1994-10-11 2003-10-27 旭化成株式会社 水添重合体
US5527753A (en) * 1994-12-13 1996-06-18 Fmc Corporation Functionalized amine initiators for anionic polymerization
JP4108136B2 (ja) * 1997-03-11 2008-06-25 日本ゼオン株式会社 導電性エラストマーフィルム、その製造方法、および導電性エラストマー組成物
JP3390864B2 (ja) 1998-08-11 2003-03-31 富士通株式会社 画像記録装置
TW445276B (en) 1998-08-13 2001-07-11 Otsuka Chemical Co Ltd Crosslinked phenoxyphosphazene compounds, process for the preparation thereof, flame retardants, flame-retardant resin compositions, and moldings of flame-retardant resins
JP2002206030A (ja) 2000-11-08 2002-07-26 Bridgestone Corp 放熱シートの製造方法
JP2003049046A (ja) 2001-08-09 2003-02-21 Bridgestone Corp 熱可塑性エラストマー組成物及び放熱シート
WO2004101269A1 (ja) * 2003-05-15 2004-11-25 Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation 水添共重合体含有積層体
JP2006057064A (ja) 2004-08-24 2006-03-02 Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd 熱可塑性樹脂成形体
JP5012361B2 (ja) 2007-09-25 2012-08-29 セイコーエプソン株式会社 光源装置、及びプロジェクタ

Patent Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH01217072A (ja) * 1988-02-25 1989-08-30 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd ウイスカー強化プラスチックス
JPH01225663A (ja) * 1988-03-04 1989-09-08 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 導電性樹脂組成物
JPH0578516A (ja) * 1991-06-28 1993-03-30 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 非帯電性包装材用フイラーと非帯電性包装材用樹脂組成物及び非帯電性包装材
JP2000256551A (ja) * 1999-03-04 2000-09-19 Otsuka Chem Co Ltd 難燃性ポリフェニレンエーテル系樹脂組成物
JP2001247870A (ja) * 2000-03-08 2001-09-14 Asahi Kasei Corp 複合難燃剤
JP2002194197A (ja) * 2000-12-25 2002-07-10 Asahi Kasei Corp 難燃性芳香族ポリカーボネート組成物
JP2003082245A (ja) * 2001-09-17 2003-03-19 Bridgestone Corp 熱可塑性エラストマー組成物及び放熱シート
JP2003113272A (ja) * 2001-10-05 2003-04-18 Bridgestone Corp 熱可塑性エラストマー組成物及び放熱シート
JP2003113318A (ja) * 2001-10-05 2003-04-18 Bridgestone Corp 熱可塑性エラストマー組成物及び放熱シート
JP2003277560A (ja) * 2002-03-25 2003-10-02 Asahi Kasei Corp 水添共重合体組成物
JP2004059741A (ja) * 2002-07-29 2004-02-26 Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corp 共重合体及びその組成物

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2010533220A (ja) * 2007-07-10 2010-10-21 ビーエーエスエフ ソシエタス・ヨーロピア 難燃性を有する弾性共重合体
US9017817B2 (en) 2008-04-30 2015-04-28 Nitto Denko Corporation Method for producing laminated porous sheet comprising polytetrafluoroethylene and carbon particles
WO2010055878A1 (ja) * 2008-11-12 2010-05-20 日東電工株式会社 絶縁性熱伝導シートの製造方法、絶縁性熱伝導シート及び放熱部材
WO2018092593A1 (ja) * 2016-11-15 2018-05-24 北川工業株式会社 熱伝導エラストマー組成物、及び熱伝導成形体
CN109415568A (zh) * 2016-11-15 2019-03-01 北川工业株式会社 热传导弹性体组合物和热传导成形体
US10696886B2 (en) 2016-11-15 2020-06-30 Kitagawa Industries Co., Ltd. Thermally conductive elastomer composition and thermally conductive molded article
WO2018180319A1 (ja) * 2017-03-30 2018-10-04 積水化学工業株式会社 熱伝導性発泡体シート

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
TWI308915B (ja) 2009-04-21
US8653176B2 (en) 2014-02-18
TW200827377A (en) 2008-07-01
US20100012884A1 (en) 2010-01-21

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
WO2008084512A1 (ja) 放熱材料及び放熱材料で成形した放熱シート
WO2006001943A3 (en) Multi-layered thermally conductive sheet
WO2008084703A1 (ja) ノンハロゲン難燃性樹脂組成物およびそれを用いた電線・ケーブル
WO2005082999A3 (en) Flame-retardant acrylic-based thermally conductive sheet
TW200720353A (en) The flare-retarded resin composition, and the cable and the insulating tube those use it
WO2008125968A3 (ja) 金属被覆布帛
WO2008126581A1 (ja) 脂肪族ポリエステル系シートおよびそれからなる成形体
WO2007076146A3 (en) Compositions comprising novel copolymers and electronic devices made with such compositions
WO2008067289A3 (en) Fire resistant composite panel
WO2005006895A3 (en) Flame retardant and cut resistant fabric
WO2007023293A3 (en) Luminescent material compositions and structures incorporating the same
WO2007130315A8 (en) Aerogel/polymer composite materials
UA93500C2 (uk) Вентиліційна панель, вентиляційна коробка, вентиляційна система, ізоляційна панель і спосіб виготовлення вентиляційної панелі й коробки
EP2325000A4 (en) POLYIMIDE FILM WITH HIGH HEAT CONDUCTIVITY, HEAT-CONDUCTIVE METAL-CHAINED LAMINATE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THEREOF
DE60108233D1 (de) Flammwidriges laminat, enthaltend eine schicht aus einer polyolefin nanoverbundwerkstoff-zusammensetzung, enthaltend organisch modifiziertes tonmineral
PL1993829T3 (pl) Podłoże zawierające stos cienkich warstw, stos o właściwościach termicznych
EP2210914A4 (en) FIRE-RESISTANT COMPOSITION OF IMPROVED PROCESSABILITY, FIRE-RESISTANT SYNTHETIC RESIN COMPOSITION, AND SHAPED ARTICLES FROM THE FIRE-RESISTANT SYNTHETIC RESIN COMPOSITION
WO2008149920A1 (ja) グラファイト複合フィルム
EP1845753A3 (en) Heating element
PT1752485E (pt) Espumas de poliolefinas macias com elevada resistência térmica
WO2006031829A3 (en) A water resistant thermal insulating material and method of use
WO2007084745A3 (en) Silicone wire and cable insulations and jackets with improved abrasion resistance
WO2007073530A3 (en) Carbon foam structural insulated panel
WO2008136403A1 (ja) 絶縁電線およびワイヤーハーネス
WO2007123929A3 (en) Carbon foam thermal core

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 06843230

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 12520000

Country of ref document: US

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 06843230

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: JP