WO2004028540A1 - 抗神経変性薬 - Google Patents
抗神経変性薬 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004028540A1 WO2004028540A1 PCT/JP2003/012540 JP0312540W WO2004028540A1 WO 2004028540 A1 WO2004028540 A1 WO 2004028540A1 JP 0312540 W JP0312540 W JP 0312540W WO 2004028540 A1 WO2004028540 A1 WO 2004028540A1
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- salt
- methyl
- compound
- chlorophenyl
- disease
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
- C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
- A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
- A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
- A61K31/454—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pimozide, domperidone
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
- A61K31/496—Non-condensed piperazines containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. rifampin, thiothixene or sparfloxacin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
- A61P25/16—Anti-Parkinson drugs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
Definitions
- the present invention relates to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy syndrome (SMA), Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alheimer's disease, dementia after cerebrovascular disorder, and other neurological deficit. And a neurodegenerative drug useful for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia accompanied by dementia.
- ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- SMA spinal muscular atrophy syndrome
- Huntington's disease Parkinson's disease
- Alzheimer's disease dementia after cerebrovascular disease
- other dementia with neurological deprivation etc.
- a group of diseases involving degeneration of nerve cell groups is collectively referred to as neurodegenerative diseases.
- Most of the neurodegenerative diseases have not yet established a fundamental treatment method, and the search for a treatment method is required.
- administration of a factor that suppresses neuronal degeneration may be considered. It is expected that administration of a factor that suppresses neurodegeneration will have an advantageous effect on the treatment and prevention of such diseases.
- NAIP Neuronal Apoptosis Inhibitory Protein
- the present invention provides an anti-neurodegenerative drug comprising one or more compounds selected from the group of ⁇ . Further, according to the present invention, there is provided .3- [4- (4-chloropheninole) pirazin-1-yl] methyl] -1H-pyrrolo [2,3-b] pyridine or a salt thereof, 5- (4-chlorophenyl) -4-methyl-3-(1- (2-phenylethynole) piperidine-4-inole) isoxazole or a salt thereof, 3- (4-chlorophenyl) - Four- Methyl-5-(2-phenylethyl) piperidine-4-inole) isoxazole or a salt thereof, and N-methyl-4- (2-cyanopheninole) piperazinyl-3-methylbenzamine or a salt thereof Provided is a method for producing an anti-neurodegenerative drug using one or more compounds selected from the group.
- a method for treating a neurodegenerative disease comprising a step of administering one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of salts thereof to a patient with a neurodegenerative disease.
- the term “neurodegenerative disease” refers to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy syndrome (SMA), Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, It refers to diseases involving degeneration of central nervous system cells, such as dementia and other dementia with neurological loss.
- the term “patient” refers to human and non-human mammals (especially useful mammals such as livestock and pets) suffering from a neurodegenerative disease.
- Other terms and concepts in the present invention are defined in detail in the description and examples of the embodiments of the present invention. Various techniques used for carrying out the present invention can be easily and reliably implemented by those skilled in the art based on known documents and the like, except for the technique whose source is clearly indicated.
- the preparation of the drug of the present invention is described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Edition, ed. A. Gennaro, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA, 1990, etc., and genetic engineering and molecular biological techniques are described in Sambrook and Maniatis. , in Molecular Cloning-A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 1989; Ausubel, F.M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , 1995, etc.
- FIG. 1 is an electrophoretogram showing the change in the amount of ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ production by compound 1 in Example 2.
- lanes 1 to 5 show the electrophoresis results of the following samples, respectively.
- Lane 1 low concentration retinoic acid treatment, no candidate compound added
- Resin 2 Low concentration retinoic acid treatment and addition of candidate compounds
- Lane 3 Treated with high concentration retinoic acid, no scavenger compound added
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the cell death inhibitory effect of Compound 1 in Example 3 when menadione was used as a cell death induction reagent.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the cell death inhibitory effect of Compound 1 in Example 3 when ⁇ -naphthoquinone was used as a cell death induction reagent.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the cell death inhibitory effect of Compound 1 in Example 3, when 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone was used as a cell death inducing reagent.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the cell death inhibitory effect of Compound 1 in Example 4 when menadione was used as a cell death induction reagent.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the cell death inhibitory effect of Compound 1 in Example 5 when menadione was used as a cell death induction reagent.
- FIG. 7 shows control gerbils without compound administration and occlusion in Example 6. It is a microscope photograph of the tissue section of the brain hippocampus CA1 area
- FIG. 8 is a micrograph of a tissue section of the CA1 region of the brain hippocampus of a control gerbil, which was operated in the same manner as in Examples 6-1 to 6-3 except that the compound was not administered in Example 6.
- FIG. 9 is a micrograph of a tissue section of the gerbil hippocampus CA1 region of Example 6-1.
- FIG. 10 is a photomicrograph of a tissue section of the CA1 region of the gerbil hippocampus of Example 6-2.
- FIG. 11 is a micrograph of a tissue section of the CA1 region of the gerbil hippocampus of Example 6-3.
- FIG. 12 is a micrograph, enlarged from FIG. 8, of a tissue section of the CA1 region of the brain hippocampus of a control gerbil, which was prepared in the same manner as in Example 6-4 except that the compound was not administered.
- FIG. 13 is a photomicrograph of a tissue section in the CA1 region of the gerbil hippocampus of Example 6-4, at the same magnification as in FIG. Table 1 shows the results of the tests of Example 2 for various candidate compounds in Example 2.
- Table 2 shows the results of a test conducted in Example 7 on the therapeutic effect of Compound 1 administered to an ALS model mouse.
- BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The anti-neurodegenerative drug of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of compound 1 or a salt thereof, compound 2 or a salt thereof, compound 3 or a salt thereof, and compound 4 or a salt thereof. Contains one or more compounds as active ingredients.
- Compounds 1 to 4 have structural formulas represented by the following formulas (1) to (4), respectively.
- Compounds 1 to 3 are substances known as dopamine D4 antagonists and compound 4 is a substance known as dopamine D4 agonist, and commercially available products are available from, for example, Tocris Cookson Ltd. (UK) and the like.
- the salts of the compounds 1 to 4 include pharmaceutically acceptable acid (inorganic or organic acid) addition salts, for example, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, nitrate, acetate, benzoate, Maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, citrate, oxalate, methanesulfonate, tolenesulfonate, aspartate, glutamate and the like.
- the compound 1 may be a trihydrochloride
- the compounds 2 and 3 may be a monohydrochloride
- the compound 4 may be a maleate.
- the anti-neurodegenerative drug of the present invention may practically be the above-mentioned active ingredient alone, but may be prepared by mixing with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier depending on the degree of the disease and the administration form of the drug. Is preferred. That is, the agent of the present invention can be mixed with a carrier so that the dosage form becomes suitable for parenteral or oral administration.
- Parenteral administration includes local injection, intraperitoneal injection, selective intravenous injection, intravenous injection, subcutaneous injection, infusion of organ perfusion, rectal administration, etc.
- a carrier for formulation as an injection Sterile water, saline, glucose solution, or a mixture of saline and glucose solution can be used.
- buffering agents such as pH adjusters (sodium hydrogen phosphate, citric acid, etc.), tonicity agents (sodium chloride, glucose, etc.), preservatives methyl reoxybenzoate, propyl P-hydroxybenzoate, etc.)
- Pharmaceutical adjuvants can also be included.
- the thus formulated drug can be sterilized by filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, mixing of a bactericide into the composition, irradiation of the composition, or heating.
- the composition may be prepared in powder form and mixed with the liquid carrier at the time of use to prepare an injection solution.
- Oral dosage forms include dosage forms suitable for absorption by the gastrointestinal tract (eg, tablets, capsules, granules, granules, powders, or oral liquid preparations such as suspensions or syrups). Etc.).
- Carriers include conventional pharmaceutical auxiliaries such as binders (syrup, gum arabic, gelatin, sonorebit, tragacanth, polybierpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylcellulose, etc.), excipients (lactose, sugar, corn starch, calcium phosphate). Sorbitol, glycine, etc.), lubricants (magnesium stearate, tanolek, polyethylene glycol, silica, etc.), disintegrants (potato starch, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc.), and wetting agents (sodium lauryl sulfate, etc.) can be used. . Flavors such as bevel, flavor and peppermint can also be added.
- Oral solutions can be aqueous solutions or dry products. Such oral solutions may contain conventional additives such as preservatives (methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, sorbic acid, and the like).
- the content of the active ingredient in the drug can be appropriately determined depending on the degree of the disease and the form of administration, but is usually 5 to; L 00% (w / w), preferably 10 to 60% (w / w).
- the treatment method of the present invention is a method including a step of administering a compound which is an active ingredient of the above-mentioned anti-neurodegenerative drug to a patient having a neurodegenerative disease.
- the above-mentioned anti-neurodegenerative drug is administered to a patient Is the way.
- Administration of the anti-neurodegenerative drug can be parenteral (local injection, intraperitoneal injection, selective intravenous injection, intravenous injection, subcutaneous injection, organ perfusion, rectal administration, etc.) or oral.
- the dose of the drug varies depending on the patient's age, body weight, symptoms, administration route, etc., but the amount of the active ingredient can be about 1 to 500 mg / kg.
- Example 1 Example 1
- aqueous solution of a candidate compound (10 mM) was added to RPMI 1640 medium containing THP-1 cells (obtained as ATCC TIB202 strain from the American Type Culture Collection; 1 ⁇ 106 cdls / ml) and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). (Final concentration: 300 ⁇ ) at a rate of 30 ⁇ / ml, dispensed 100 ⁇ / ⁇ to each well of a 24-well plate, and incubate at 37 ° C for 3 days.
- the cells were collected and the cells were dissolved in a sample lysis solution (composition: 50 Tris-HC1 (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl and 1% NP-40) in a protease inhibitor mixture (brand name: Complete, manufactured by Roche Diagnostics Corporation).
- the sample solution was dissolved in 150 ⁇ l, and centrifuged at 14000 g for 15 minutes at 4 ° C to remove insoluble materials to obtain a sample solution.
- the NAIP concentration in the sample solution was measured by ELISA according to the method described in Examples 3 and 4 of JP-A-2000-125861.
- the sample solution was dispensed 50 to each well of the anti-NAIP monoclonal antibody-immobilized plate, and the immobilized antibody was FERM BP-6921, a hybridoma producing anti-NAIP monoclonal antibody (Independent Administrative Corporation)
- the anti-NAIP antibody hnmc 841 obtained from the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Patent Product Deposit Center (Deposit No. 1-1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, deposited on October 9, 1999).
- H-SY5Y cells ATCC CRL2266 strain from American Type Culture Collection
- IX 10 5 cells / ml DMEiM-HG medium containing 10% FBS
- 100 units / ml penicillin and 100 ⁇ g / ml streptomycin at 3 ml / well in each well of a 6-well plate.
- Aliquots were incubated at 37 ° C for 2 days.
- an aqueous solution of all-trans retinoic acid (2 mM) was added in an amount of 3 ⁇ 1 / ⁇ (lane 2) or 15 ⁇ 1 / ⁇ (lane 4) and incubated at 37 ° C. for 3 days.
- aqueous solution (10 mM) of the candidate compound was added to each well at a ratio of 30 ⁇ l / ⁇ 1, and the mixture was incubated at 37 ° C for 1 day. After the incubation was completed, the wells were washed with 0.25 M NaCl ′, and then filled on ice with 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and left for 10 minutes. Then, the cells were collected with a scraper and centrifuged (14000 rpm, 10 minutes, 4 ° C).
- urea TX solution 9 M aqueous urea solution containing 2% Triton X-100 and 5% 2-mercaptoethanol
- LDS lithium dodecyl sulfate
- Primary antibody ME1-3 (prepared according to the method described in JP-A-11-116599 and JP-A-2000-125861, the same as the biotinylated secondary antibody of JP-A-2000-125861
- Example 3 (2) was diluted 3000-fold with TBST, and the membrane was immersed in this for 2 hours at room temperature, washed with TBST, and ant rabbit Ig, horseradish peroxidase (trade name; manufactured by Amersham Pharmacia) was diluted with TBST. The plate was immersed in a 3000-fold dilution at room temperature for 1 hour, and emitted light with a chemiluminescent reagent (ECL-Plus, manufactured by Amersham Pharmacia). Exposure was for 30 minutes.
- ECL-Plus chemiluminescent reagent
- DMEM containing HeLa cells obtained as ATCC CCL2 strain from American Type Culture Collection; 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells / ml), 10% FBS, penicillin 100 units / ml and streptomycin 100 ⁇ g / ml in a T75 flask HG medium in the presence of 5% CO 2 37. Incubated at C for 10 hours. In 25 ml of this culture, an aqueous solution of the scavenging compound (10 mM) was added at a loading D of 250 / i, and the mixture was further incubated at 37 ° C in the presence of 5% CO 2 for 1.5 days. Cells were harvested, washed with the medium, and measuring the cell number was so adjusted to be IX 10 5 cells / ml were suspended in a new said medium.
- the values shown on the horizontal axis represent the concentrations of each cell death inducing reagent, and the vertical axis represents the addition of 15 ⁇ l of a 10% ice solution of Triton X-100 instead of the cell death inducing reagent.
- the relative values of the fluorescence are represented by setting the value obtained by performing the same operation as above to 0.
- “Control” represents the result for the control
- “Compound 1” represents the result when Compound 1 was used.
- Table 1 shows some of the results of the tests of this example for various candidate compounds. The tests shown in Table III were performed with the final concentration of the compound at the time of incubation being 10 ⁇ M.
- SH- SY5Y cells IX 10 '5 cells / ml ), 10% FBS, penicillin 100 units / ml and streptomycin containing 100 ⁇ g / ml DMEM- HG medium 6 Ueru. Plate 3 to each Ueru of The mixture was dispensed in ml / well and incubated at 37 ° C for 2 days. Thereafter, an aqueous solution (2 mM) of all-trans retinoic acid was added to the solution with 15 ⁇ l / wenole and incubated at 37 ° C. for 3 days.
- aqueous solution (10 mM) of the candidate compound was added to each well at a rate of 30 ⁇ l / ml, and incubated at 37 ° C. for 1 day.
- the cells were collected, washed with the above medium, the number of cells was counted, adjusted to 1 ⁇ 10 5 cells / ml, and suspended in the new medium.
- This suspension was operated in the same manner as in Example 3 (2) to examine how the correlation between the cell death-inducing reagent concentration and the number of viable cells changes depending on the presence or absence of the candidate compound.
- Figure 5 shows the results when compound 1 was used as a trapping compound and menadione was used as a cell death inducing reagent.
- Example 3 The same procedure as in Example 3 was followed, except that human fibroblasts (catalog number # 106-05) purchased from Cell Applications, Inc. as a normal human fibroblast culture kit were used instead of HeLa cells. Then, it was examined how the correlation between the cell death inducing reagent concentration and the number of living cells changes depending on the presence or absence of the candidate compound.
- FIG. 6 shows the results when compound 1 was used as a trapping compound and menadione was used as a cell death inducing reagent.
- Examples 6- to 6-4 Candidate compounds were dissolved in physiological saline, the pH was adjusted using 1 N NaOH, etc., as needed, and a solution having a pH of 3 to 4 and a concentration of 100 mM was prepared and stored. . This was diluted with physiological saline at the time of use, and 8 mg (Example 6-1), 40 mg (Example 6-2), 80 mg (Example 6-3) or 240 mg of the scavenger compound was added in 0.5 ml. mg (Example 6-4). This was administered to gerbils (Mongolian Gerbil). In Examples 6_1 to 6-3, the solution was orally administered in 0.5 ml portions at 24 hour intervals, and in Example 6-4, the solution was administered once.
- gerbils Mongolian Gerbil
- FIGS. 7 to 13 show the results when compound 1 was used as a candidate compound and the control results. As shown in FIGS. 7 to 13, when Compound 1 was used as a candidate compound, it was found that the deformation and loss of cells in the CA1 region were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner.
- Example 7 The in vivo therapeutic effect of Compound 1 was examined using amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) model animal.
- ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- the ALS model animal is a Cu / Zn-SOD transgenic mouse (Latest Medicine, Vol. 57, No. 7, "A New Model Animal with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)", July 2002, pp. 1622-1627: (Acquired by Masashi Aoki, Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine).
- the ALS model mice were divided into three groups (physiological saline injection group, compound 1 (8 mg / kg) administration group, compound 1 (40 mg / kg) administration group; one dose each), and the expected days of onset of ALS mice Approximately 40 days before birth (about 140-150 days after birth), saline, Compound 1 (8 mg / kg) and Compound 1 (40 mg / kg) were administered once a week until the mice died. The group was orally administered.
- the anti-neurodegenerative drug provided by the present invention when administered to a subject to be administered, increases the amount of NAIP production and further suppresses nerve degeneration. It works. Therefore, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy syndrome (SMA), Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, trauma 'cerebrospinal palsy with cerebrovascular disorder, dementia after cerebrovascular disorder It is useful for the treatment and prevention of other neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia accompanied by neurological loss.
- ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- SMA spinal muscular atrophy syndrome
- Huntington's disease Parkinson's disease
- Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease
- trauma 'cerebrospinal palsy with cerebrovascular disorder dementia after cerebrovascular disorder
- dementia after cerebrovascular disorder dementia after cerebrovascular disorder
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Abstract
Description
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DE102004054634A1 (de) * | 2004-11-12 | 2006-05-18 | Schwarz Pharma Ag | Azaindolcarboxamide |
WO2007076875A2 (en) * | 2006-01-06 | 2007-07-12 | Aarhus Universitet | Compounds acting on the serotonin transporter |
GB2439925B (en) | 2006-07-10 | 2009-01-14 | Chongqing Inst Of Ecological M | Anti-obesity plant extract comprising anthraquinones and its method of preparation |
US20110028491A1 (en) * | 2008-01-25 | 2011-02-03 | Nihon University | Apoptosis inhibitor |
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- 2003-09-30 US US11/091,928 patent/US20050261306A1/en not_active Abandoned
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- 2003-09-30 CA CA002500420A patent/CA2500420A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2004028540A9 (ja) | 2005-05-19 |
JP2004123562A (ja) | 2004-04-22 |
EP1552836A4 (en) | 2006-08-02 |
CA2500420A1 (en) | 2004-04-08 |
US20050261306A1 (en) | 2005-11-24 |
EP1552836A1 (en) | 2005-07-13 |
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