WO2002097125A2 - Werkzeuge zur diagnostik, molekularen definition und therapieentwicklung chronischer entzündlicher gelenkerkrankungen - Google Patents
Werkzeuge zur diagnostik, molekularen definition und therapieentwicklung chronischer entzündlicher gelenkerkrankungen Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the invention relates to tools for diagnosis, molecular definition and therapy development of chronic inflammatory joint diseases and other inflammatory, infectious or tumorous diseases on the basis of genomics (genomics), proteomics (proteomics) and immunomas (immunomics) in the analysis and therapy development chronic joint diseases.
- the invention is based on the use of gene sequences and derived mRNAs and proteins as well as antibodies with specificity for the derived proteins for the characterization of inflammatory-rheumatic and non-inflammatory rheumatic joint diseases, autoimmune diseases and infectious diseases.
- Etiologically important pathogenicity principles of previously unexplained chronic inflammatory joint diseases can be derived from the studies.
- interpretation algorithms for the classification, prognosis assessment and therapy optimization of these joint diseases can be set up and new therapy strategies and targets for medicines can be derived.
- RA Rheumatoid arthritis
- RA RA - list of abbreviations behind the examples
- Significant disease processes take place in the inflammatory synovial membrane and lead to chronic joint damage.
- the clinical presentation is very heterogeneous and suggests that there are different entities with the common symptom of destructive synovitis.
- These diseases are also to be understood as systemic diseases, in which numerous changes in the blood are observed and sometimes serious organ manifestations can occur.
- Patients with joint inflammation are assessed in everyday clinical practice according to the following criteria: reported course of the disease (anamnesis), clinical examination (involvement pattern of the joints, organ involvement), inflammation parameters (non-specific inflammation indications from serum electrophoresis, blood sedimentation and the C-reactive protein), autoimmune parameters (rheumatoid factor , antinuclear antibodies and a few special autoantibodies such as anti-Ro, -La, - U1RNP, -Sm, -Histon, -Scl70, -Centromer, -dsDNA, -phospholipid antibodies), genetic disposition via HLA markers (DR4, B27, DR3), imaging (destructive changes in the x-ray findings of the joints), extended organ diagnostics through routine parameters of laboratory diagnostics (liver enzymes, muscle enzymes, kidney retention values) and, if necessary, advanced sonographic, radiological and magnetic resonance imaging techniques.
- reported course of the disease anamnesis
- clinical examination involvement pattern of the joints,
- TNF-alpha inflammation pathway at least cannot be the only central pathomechanism of the disease.
- the role of numerous other messenger substances in the pathogenesis of arthritis is being researched.
- the connected intracellular signaling pathways increasingly come into the focus of therapeutic intervention options.
- TGF- beta Transforming Growth Factor
- bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-) 7 it could be shown that the cellular invasion into the forming artificial cartilage tissue is suppressed (2). Many of the factors and enzymes mentioned can also be found in other joint diseases such as osteoarthrosis or reactive arthritis and do not constitute a diagnostic parameter in themselves.
- rheumatoid factor an autoantibody that is directed against immunoglobulin G.
- rheumatoid factors only occur in about two thirds of RA patients, but also in other rheumatic and non-rheumatic diseases and even in up to 5% of healthy people (significantly higher with increasing age).
- pathological conditions e.g. bacterial endocarditis to be a physiological response of the body.
- Autoreactive B cells with specificity for IgG apparently exist in a large part of the population and can be activated by different mechanisms.
- the term "rheumatoid factor” has been retained because diagnostic and prognostic significance only arise for RA.
- the same characteristics apply, however, qualitatively to almost all previously known autoantibodies in RA: the frequency of positive patients is well below 100% and the disease specificity is also sometimes well below 100%.
- the clinically pronounced heterogeneity of RA in the pattern of infestation, the intensity of the inflammation and the batch-wise course contrasts with a heterogeneity of the immunologically incorrectly regulated processes. This clinical and immunological heterogeneity also supports the assumption that "rheumatoid arthritis" could be a collective term for different disease entities.
- RF-positive and negative (RF - rheumatoid factors) RA serves as a prime example, whereby the former form is said to have a more severe course with higher destruction potential and systemic humoral activity.
- seronegative even incorrectly implies the absence of any autoantibodies. But neither the rheumatoid factor nor any of the known auto-reactivities has been proven to be the cause of the development of RA or one of its postulated subgroups or forms.
- Autoantibodies are used as the main representative in other rheumatic autoimmune diseases such as collagenosis with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A primary pathogenicity of these autoantibodies is repeatedly discussed. With a high autoantibody titer in connection with an uncontrolled excessive release of autoantigens in the disease flare, the resulting immune complex formation and complement activation is associated with organ damage, particularly of the kidney, and vasculitic features. However, the importance of autoreactive B and T cells for RA is unclear. Instead, new autoantigens are always described as targets for an auto-reactive immune response in RA. Some of these antigens are biochemical and well characterized in terms of their antigenicity, while only a few parameters are known from others.
- the RA was suspected early on of being an infectious disease.
- Various xenogeneic - mostly microbial and viral - antigen sources were therefore investigated in order to identify potential pathogens as triggers for auto-reactivity.
- One of the potentially RA-inducing agents was Mycobacterium tuberculosis because it induces adjuvant arthritis in the animal model, a disease that resembles human RA in certain aspects.
- This experimental disease could also be triggered by mycobacterial sweatshock protein 65 (mt-Hsp65) or with T cells that are specific for this antigen. Sweatshirt proteins help natural proteins to fold correctly and create tertiary and quaternary structures.
- mt-Hsp65 is homologous to the essential Hsp60 in mammals.
- human Hsp60 could nevertheless be important in the pathogenesis of RA: in its amino acid sequence, human Hsp60 has an identity across ranges from 11 to 22 amino acids with proteins such as cytokeratin and Hsp90 , It is therefore conceivable that autoreactive T cells or antibodies against these proteins originally result from naturally occurring - but strictly regulated - Hsp60 reactivity.
- Dna J the bacterial stress protein with homology to the mammalian Hsp70, has the amino acid sequence QKRAA, better known under the name Shared Epitope, which predisposes to RA (3). This epitope also occurs in the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) -coded protein gpl 10. Dna J is the target of autoreactive T cells in RA, but not in healthy people (4). Although it is still unknown how shared epitopes predispose for RA, a conceivable mechanism is the generation of the shared epitope peptide from non-MHC proteins and their subsequent presentation on MHC class II molecules with the triggering of an immune response against foreigners (EBV-gpl 10) and self (MHC class II). EBV-encoded nuclear antigen
- Epstein-Barr virus was suspected early on to trigger RA, although it has only recently been detected in the synovial fluid of RA patients.
- An antibody directed against the EBV-encoded nuclear antigen (EBNA-1) showed strong reactivity with a p62 protein from synovial cells in RA patients.
- EBNA-1 contains a glycine-alanine repeat sequence (IR-3) that is recognized by autoantibodies in patients with RA, SLE, systemic sclerosis (SSc) and infectious mononucleosis as well as in healthy individuals with comparable frequencies.
- EBNA-1 shows cross-reactivity with numerous human proteins, typically via the IR-3 sequence.
- p62 and p542 are essentially p62 and p542, the latter being recognized mainly by antibodies from patients with infectious mononucleosis, but also from RA patients.
- p542 was recently identified as a 71k component of hnRNPs due to its high sequence identity with the mouse hnRNP called Raly and similarities to the human hnRNP C2.
- the Sa antigen (5) like Filaggrin, are two recently known antigens that do not occur in the inflamed joint, but which attracted attention due to the very RA-specific immune response.
- the Sa antigen is a 50k protein from human spleen and placenta. Sa-specific antibodies occur in 43% of RA patients and have a disease specificity of 78% to 99%.
- Filaggrin is a 42k protein that crosslinks intermediate filaments, especially cytokeratin, and occurs in the endothelium. Filaggrin-specific antibodies appear to be the same as the long-described "antiperinuclear factor" and the so-called antikeratin antibodies.
- citrulline The main determinant of the epitope (s) recognized by anti-filaggrin antibodies is citrulline, a post-translationally modified arginine (6, 7). The sensitivity of these antibodies is between 36% and 91% and the specificity between 66% and 100%). Although filaggrin is only extra-articular, citrulline has now also been detected in synovial cells.
- Type II collagen is an essential component of the articular cartilage and therefore appears to be predisposed as an autoantigen for RA. Consequently, many studies have dealt with the role of the collagen-specific immune response.
- Mouse T cells that react with bovine type II collagen are specific for an epitope that also occurs in human collagen II and also overlaps with an important T cell epitope from mice with collagen-induced arthritis.
- Type II collagen is a component of the extracellular matrix that forms triple helices from identical tropocollagen subunits, which in turn are processed from the even larger procollagen.
- B cells with specificity for collagen appear to be inflamed Joints of patients with RA appear more often. Collagen II-specific T cells occur both in RA patients and in healthy people.
- Oral tolerance can be created in the animal model by antigens that occur in the compartment of the (autoimmune) inflammation, but are not necessarily involved in the inflammatory process itself. If such an antigen is administered orally, T cells with specificity for the fed antigen are apparently tolerated and can then be suppressed at other locations, the inflamed joint, via suppressive factors, e.g. IL-10 and TGF-ß, which produce so-called bystander suppression. Such collagen II-specific T cells should modulate the inflammation in RA.
- three placebo-controlled, double-blind oral tolerance studies with Collagen II did not show a remarkable improvement in disease activity. The same applies to the clinical studies with peptides from Hsp65 (Subreum).
- Chondrocyte membranes have been described as targeting autoreactive T cells in RA and osteoarthritis patients (8), whereas normal donor T cells did not respond.
- chondrocyte membranes are recognized by autoantibodies in 70% of RA patients.
- Antigen is the cartilage-specific CH65, which has sequence similarity to mycobacterial Hsp65 and certain cytokeratins. CH65 has a high proportion of glycine - similar to, but not identical to, Hsps. The sequences are similar to those of cytokeratins, but are still completely untypical for them. Such similarities tempt to assume molecular mimicry between mycobacterial and human Hsps with other proteins. However, there is no cross-reactivity between monoclonal antibodies with specificity for CH65, cytokeratin or Hsp65. T cell reactivity was only investigated against unpurified chondrocyte membranes.
- HCgp39 human cartilage glycoprotein
- HC gp39 an important product that is secreted by articular chondrocytes, synovial cells, macrophages at later stages of differentiation and neutrophils.
- the gp39 level is increased in patients with degenerative joint disease compared to healthy people in serum and synovial fluid. It was later shown that an increased titer not only occurs in osteoarthritis but also in colorectal cancer, alcohol-related cirrhosis and breast cancer.
- gp39 is not only important for tissue remodeling and degradation of the extracellular matrix, it is also the target of autoreactive T cells in RA.
- peptides from the gp39 sequence have also been tested to bind HLA-DR4 (DRB1 * 0401) and to stimulate T cells.
- gp39-reactive T cells were detected in 8 of 18 RA patients and 3 of 11 healthy people become.
- immunization of Balb / c mice leads to chronic arthritis with relapses, which in turn could be cured with nasal application of the gp39.
- the best known autoantigen of the RA is not tissue-specific, but can appear almost ubiquitously. It is immunoglobulin G (IgG) as the target for other antibodies, the so-called rheumatoid factors (RF).
- IgG immunoglobulin G
- RF rheumatoid factors
- the rheumatoid factor remains the only serological parameter that is included in the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria.
- ACR American College of Rheumatology
- the pathological relevance of RF for RA is still a matter of controversy, because RF also occurs in patients with SLE, Sjögren's syndrome, endocarditis, liver diseases and even in healthy people.
- the RF titer is not strict with RA clinical or serological activity. or correlated joint destruction.
- the A2 protein from human nuclear ribonucleoproteins is a ubiquitous protein that was originally described as RA33 autoantigen. Subsequently, its identity with the A2 component was shown, as was the reactivity with sera from patients with SLE, mixed collagen diseases (Mixed Connective Tissue Disease; MCTD) and others. A2 is complexed with numerous other factors that make up the hnRNPs in the cell nucleus. The exact function of the A2 is unknown, however, a function is assumed for the splicing of human nuclear rbonucleic acid (hnRNA). Therefore, A2 also has two RNA binding domains and a core import / export signal.
- hnRNA human nuclear rbonucleic acid
- Antibodies in RA and SLE are directed against the region between the RNA binding domains, while those of MCTD patients (Mixed Connective Tissue Disease - Mischkollagenose) recognize a discontinuous epitope, which is composed of both RNA binding domains. It is not yet clear how the immune system comes into contact with A2. From the point of view of the homunculus, however, hnRNPs are good candidate antigens for RA. So far, however, it can only be speculated that A2 will reach the cell surface under certain circumstances, e.g. when cells decay due to inflammation.
- Calpastatin is a ubiquitous cytoplasmic protein with a molecular mass of 72k and four inhibitory domains for calpaine.
- Calpaine include a family of cysteine proteases suspected of being involved in joint destruction in rheumatic diseases. Calpains are cytoplasmic and are stringently regulated by calcium ions for activation and by calpastatin for inhibition. After activation of cells, calpastatin also occurs extracellularly and is thus accessible to antibodies. Calpastatin is recognized by autoantibodies in patients with RA, SLE, polymyositis dermatomyositis (PM DM), MCTD, activated arthrosis and venous thrombosis.
- PM DM polymyositis dermatomyositis
- MCTD activated arthrosis and venous thrombosis.
- Calreticulin Calreticulin is a ubiquitous protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which under certain conditions also occurs in the cell nucleus, the cytoplasm and on the cell surface. It is a highly conserved Ca ++ binding protein. Calreticulin is the target of autoantibodies in various diseases of autoimmune or inflammatory origin, mainly in SLE and onchocerciasis, but also in RA. Finally, the RA-associated haplotype DR4Dw4 / DR53 binds a peptide from calreticulin.
- ER endoplasmic reticulum
- BiP binding protein
- BiP is the target of autoreactive antibodies and T cells in 66% of RA patients and was originally described against the background of RA as p68.
- the disease specificity of these autoantibodies is extremely high at 99%.
- the antigen is O-glycosylated and it is speculated that this modification could have a regulatory function like Mono-O-GlcNAc on many other proteins. In these proteins, the switch from O-GlcNAc to O-phosphate modification is coupled with a change in the activation state or in the cellular compartment. Similarly, a stress-induced shift in BiP from ER to the nucleus or cell surface could be of pathogenetic importance.
- BiP BiP-reactive T cells
- RA RA
- RA RA
- RA RA
- RA RA
- RA RA
- BiP could reach the surface of damaged cells due to cell or tissue damage and then become the target of autoreactive T cells.
- These BiP-reactive T cells also occur naturally, which are down-regulated again by regulatory T cells after the conditions causing them have subsided.
- These regulatory cells are antigen-specific and HLA-restricted.
- the HLA Restriction of the regulatory T cells differs from the HLA restriction of the effector T cells and can be specifically inhibited.
- the epitope O-GlcNAc could play a special role: It is conceivable that this epitope is not only the target of the autoantibody response, but also of the T cell response.
- p205 antigen Another protein that has been isolated from synovial fluid, but whose function extends far beyond this compartment, is the p205 antigen. It is the target of autoreactive T cells in RA patients. p205 is also expressed in the synovial membrane and is probably the antigen with the highest T-cell stimulatory capacity in RA and sometimes even reaches the proliferation rate that can be achieved with synovial fluid or even with the lectin phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The function of the p205 antigen is still unknown. However, it has an 11 amino acid sequence that is identical to an area of IgG, namely in the region between the constant domains C H 2 and C H 3, an area in which rheumatoid factors bind.
- This region of the p205 is both bound by monoclonal rheumatoid factors and recognized by autoreactive T cells. Furthermore, p205-specific T cells help stimulate with cognate antigen B-cell to secrete rheumatoid factors. It can therefore be assumed that this is the first time that an antigen has been found that has T cell reactivity and is also able to help B cells with specificity for IgG for affinity maturation. In contrast, a T cell reactivity against intact IgG or IgG fragments has not been found so far.
- the amino acid sequence of the p205 may be a peptide which apparently does not or does not arise in sufficient quantities in vivo when IgG is processed. Thus it appears likely that auto-reactivity against p205 induces the production of rheumatoid factors in RA.
- the invention has for its object to make chronic inflammatory joint diseases more recognizable and treatable. This task is accomplished by providing the "tools for diagnostics, molecular definition and therapy development described below chronic inflammatory joint diseases "and other inflammatory, infectious or tumorous diseases solved.
- High-throughput methods such as DNA array or protein array technology enable the simultaneous determination of a large number of different parameters (9).
- Gene expressions can be determined at the mRNA level using DNA arrays by hybridizing labeled RNA or cDNA samples and at the protein level using arrays of selected protein-specific antibodies (10).
- immunoreactivities can be determined using arrays of selected antigens (11).
- the tools according to the invention for diagnosis and therapy development in inflammatory joint diseases are based on the use of such a defined selection of parameters (Tables 1 and 2).
- Tables 1 and 2 Using these genes mentioned here for gene expression analysis in the array method enables a fundamentally new diagnosis.
- the genes named in table 1 can be used in their entirety, and those genes in their entirety which code for the proteins named in table 2; in addition, genes or partial sequences of individual or a selection of the genes mentioned in Table 1 can also be used, or partial sequences and genes or partial sequences of individual or a selection of genes or partial sequences which encode the proteins mentioned in Table 2.
- the proteins named in Table 2 can be used in their entirety, as well as those proteins which are encoded by the genes named in Table 1. Furthermore, a reduced selection of these proteins, selected parts of the proteins in the form of oligo- or polypeptides or modifications thereof can also be used. At the protein level, post-translational modifications (e.g. glycosylation, phosphorylation, etc.) must also be taken into account, which may be relevant for discrimination between rheumatic diseases.
- the proteins, partial protein sequences as well as modified proteins and partial protein sequences are applied together or individually or in groups to a carrier matrix which is suitable for determining the reactivity of patient antibodies to one or more of these components.
- an array which consists of different antibodies or molecules with comparable protein-specific binding behavior, which are used to detect all or a selection of the proteins derived from the genes of Table 1 or all or a selection of the proteins of the Table 2 can serve.
- biopsies from the synovial tissue, synovial fluid, blood cells and also serum or plasma are used for the different array examinations.
- the humoral autoreactivities in the liquid samples, the cellular ones with blood or synovial tissue cells can be examined.
- Protein expression can be examined in all of the samples mentioned, gene expression at the mRNA level in synovial tissue, in cells in the synovial fluid or in blood cells.
- the RNA is extracted from the tissue or the cell samples from blood or synovial fluid. Using established protocols for the amplification (12) and the labeling of the derived cDNA or cRNA (13), a sample for a DNA array hybridization is produced.
- the hybridization of the labeled sample on the array provides quantitative signals via the site-specific and gene-specific binding, which can be translated into an expression profile / pattern.
- the patterns are correlated with various established methods of assessment, including histological features and classification. Through an additional comparison with various joint diseases such as osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis or other, for example, undifferentiated arthritis, this allows patients to be divided into different groups according to the respective expression profile. Novelty of the approach
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- the tools according to the invention are based on the use of a high-throughput method of (micro) array hybridization and / or a high-throughput method with techniques of the polymerase chain reaction for (semi) quantification.
- proteins or all proteins that are listed in Table 1. They include proteins or partial protein sequences which are identical in sequence to the proteins derived in Table 1 or the proteins mentioned in Table 2 or have at least 80% sequence identity. Furthermore, they are characterized by the fact that they are based on the use of
- Non-high-throughput method in the protein spotting technique for the screening of autoreactive T cells as a diagnostic tool for inflammatory joint diseases and other inflammatory, infectious or tumorous diseases in humans based.
- the tools according to the invention are suitable as diagnostic tools for the detection of genetic changes (mutations) - in the genes mentioned in claims 1 to 3 or their regulatory sequences (promoter, enhancer, silencer, specific sequences for binding further regulatory factors) and
- genes or their regulatory sequences which code for the proteins mentioned in Table 2. They are also suitable as tools for the molecular definition of inflammatory joint diseases and other inflammatory, infectious or tumorous diseases in humans using the genes, DNA sequences or proteins or peptides derived therefrom as well as the proteins and partial protein sequences from claim 6 to 9 or the gene sequences coding therefor.
- the tools according to the invention are also used
- Synovial tissue was in RPMI medium (RPMI - commercially available cell culture medium, dilution medium RPMI 1640; Moore, GE et al., J. Am. Assoc. 199, 519 - 524, 1967), with the addition of penicillin and streptomycin (each 100U / ml) , brought directly from the operating room to the laboratory. After the synovial membrane was prepared, the samples were immediately snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. The samples were stored at -80 ° C until further processing. It was for Representational Difference Analysis (RDA) that hybridizations to Unigene filter arrays
- RDA Representational Difference Analysis
- RNA tissue ⁇ 50 mg were ground into powder with a mortar and pestle while cooling with liquid nitrogen and then in Solution containing guanidinium isothiocynate (RLT buffer from Qiagen, Hilden, Germany - www.qiagen.com/literature/handbooks/rna/ rny96 / 1019545_PREHB_RNY96_prot2.pdf). Larger amounts of tissue were made using a tissue homogenizer; IKA-Ultra-Turrax T 25 (Jahnke & Kunkel, Staufen) in ice-cold solution containing guanidinium isothiocynate (RLT buffer from Qiagen, Hilden, Germany).
- RNA isolation was carried out using a modified protocol that uses the phenol-chloroform extraction according to Chomczynski (21) and then immediately the RNA from the aqueous phase using the QIAGEN-RNaesy kit (manual of the manufacturer http: //www.qiagen. eom / literature / rnalit.asp # mini) extracted.
- the kit was used according to the manufacturer's protocol.
- the RNA was eluted in 30-100 ul RNAse-free water. For quality control, the optical density (OD) was measured at 260 nm (OD260), the ratio OD260 / OD280nm was determined and gel electrophoresis was carried out in 1% agarose.
- DNA contamination could either be detected in the gel or, after first strand synthesis, detected in a PCR using an intron primer for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH).
- GPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- RNA quantities used were 3-5 ⁇ g for the semi-quantitative PCR and 10-20 ⁇ g for the RDA and the array hybridizations in a final volume of 20 ⁇ l.
- the reaction for the description in cDNA contained the following components: 500ng of the respective oligonucleotide (01igo (dT) ⁇ 2- i8; T7-OHgo (dT 2 )) as a primer, 50 mM Tris, pH 8.3, 75 mM KC1, 3 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM dithiothreitol, deoxy-nucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) mixture with each nucleotide in final ImM concentration, 40U RNase inhibitor and 20U Superscript TM II RT. The incubation period was 1 hour and 30 minutes, and the enzymes were then inactivated for 15 minutes. Heat to 72 ° C.
- distilled water 90 ⁇ l distilled water were added to the cDNA. pipetted, 30 ⁇ l 5-fold second-strand buffer of the following composition: 500mM KC1, 50mM ammonium acetate, 25mM MgCl 2 , 0.75mM beta-nicotinamide adenene dinucleotide (ß-NAD) and 0.25mg / ml bovine serum albumin (BSA) as well as 3 ⁇ L of a lOmM dNTP- Solution and enzyme solution of the following activities and quantities: l ⁇ l E.
- ß-NAD beta-nicotinamide adenene dinucleotide
- BSA bovine serum albumin
- the PCR suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) (22) was carried out according to the working instructions of the manufacturer of the PCR Select Kit (Clontech, Palto Alto, USA http://www.clontech.com/pcr-select/index.shtml).
- the double-stranded cDNA was digested with the restriction enzyme Rsal from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.
- the double-stranded cDNA was cut with the restriction enzyme DPNII from Diplococcus pneumoniae (20U in 100 ⁇ l). Then it was ligated to adapter primer (RBgll2, RBgl24) and amplified according to published protocols (17, 18).
- the tester amplicon was obtained by ligation to a further adapter oligonucleotide (JBgll2 and JBgl24 or NBgl 12 and NBgl24 (l 8)) in the second round of subtraction).
- JBgll2 and JBgl24 or NBgl 12 and NBgl24 (l 8) JBgll2 and JBgl24 or NBgl 12 and NBgl24 (l 8)
- sequences derived from the tester were selectively amplified by PCR in both methods and thereby enriched in the subtraction product.
- the RDA protocols were varied so that it was possible to identify both less and more expressed genes in the samples from RA, OA and normal donor tissues.
- the subtraction products of the SSH approach were cloned into a pCRJI vector (TA cloning kit; Invitrogen, Heidelberg, Germany http://www.invitrogen.com).
- the subtraction products from the RDA were cloned into a pBluescript KS + II vector (Stratagene, La Jolla, USA http://www.stratagene.com/vectors/selection/plasmidl.htm), which had previously been cut with the BamHI restriction enzyme from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and then dephosphorylated and purified.
- About 150 clones were isolated and sequenced using an ABI 377 sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Rothstadt, Germany http://home.appliedbiosystems.com). Sequencing was carried out according to the manufacturer's Dye Terminator Chemistry protocol using a T7 primer.
- the fluorescence-labeled sample is synthesized after transcription with a 01igo-dT 24 primer, which has a T7 polymerase binding site.
- the labeling reaction was carried out using T7 RNA polymerase and biotinylated dNTPs in accordance with the manufacturer's protocol (ENZO-Biochem, New York, USA, http://www.enzo.com/entrance.html).
- the sample to be tested and the reference sample were hybridized on separate filters. The signal intensities were compared after normalization.
- the signal intensities were evaluated with the software developed for the corresponding array after normalization and determination of an intensity value for the corresponding sample according to the Tukey's Biweight Method (http://inathworld.wolfram.com/TukeysBiweight.html).
- the target intensity was set to 100 and the normalization factor to 1 for the normalization of the data, and the scaling factor was calculated for each sample. Chips with comparable scaling factors (factor ⁇ 4) were included in the comparative analyzes. Decision criterion for the detection of a gene (detection p value) was set to ⁇ 0.05. Using the DMT 3.0 software (http://www.affVmetrix.com/products/software/specific/dmt.affx ') from Affymetrix, the comparative analyzes were carried out for the corresponding arrays.
- the Wilcoxon test calculates the differences between the perfect matches and the perfect and mismatch intensities and uses the decision criterion cut-off ( ⁇ value ⁇ 0.04) compared.
- ⁇ value ⁇ 0.04 the decision criterion cut-off
- the procedure for the arrays from Affymetrix was as follows: Each RA sample was compared with each of the OA samples in the direction of both increased and decreased expression. Genes that showed a deflection in the sense of "increased” or “lowered” in 80% of these comparisons with a regulatory factor> 2 (signal log ratio> 1) were selected as candidate genes. In the U95A chip, the selection criterion was set to a regulation factor> 3.
- the cDNA amounts were matched for all samples based on the real-time amplification results for GAPDH-specific primers.
- the PCR products of various other genes were quantified in relation to the GAPDH-specific product as an internal standard.
- ß-actin was amplified for all samples and determined as a second household gene.
- a sample of the synovial membrane was used for histopathological assessment. For this purpose, cryosections with a thickness of 6 ⁇ m were made, air dried and then fixed in a 1: 1 mixture of acetone and methanol. The hematoxilin staining was carried out according to standard protocols and divided according to histopathological evaluation criteria (25).
- Protein spots with a useful sensitivity and specificity are identified by sequencing and MALDI-TOF (26). These proteins are then screened for T cell autoreactivity in the same cohort.
- auto-reactivity patterns have been established that are absolutely RA-specific. It is very important in this analysis that no single autoreactivity has achieved this specificity. This is only achieved by combining several auto-reactivities.
- Such patterns that clearly distinguish a patient with RA from another rheumatic or non-rheumatic disease include the autoantigens citrullinated peptides (Cit), IgG, BiP (Heavy Chain Binding Protein), Calpastatin (Calp), RA33 (hnRNP A2) ) and calreticulin (CaIr).
- the table shows all possible combinations of five of these auto-reactivities (RF, Cit, BiP, RA33 and Calp) as well as the two possible states "positive” and "negative”.
- the highlighted patterns are (statistically significant, p ⁇ 0.01, Whitney U Test, http://faculty.vassar.edu/lowry/utest.html) only expressed in the RA.
- Fig. 1 shows the sensitivities of all possible combinations for the RA and the control cohorts.
- the RA-specific patterns are highlighted analogously to Table 1 and essentially include those that are 4 and 5 times positive for the Individual parameters are.
- the combination of those autoreactivity profiles that occur exclusively in RA results in a sensitivity of 54%.
- RA-exclusively expressed patterns of the three auto-reactivities, directed against IgG, Cit and BiP result in an overall sensitivity of 43%.
- RA-exclusive samples of the four auto-reactivities, directed against IgG, Cit, BiP and RA33 (RF + Cit + Bip + RA33 +, RF + Cit + BiP- RA33 + and RF + Cit + BiP + RA33-) have an overall sensitivity of 40% , When analyzing six patterns, a sensitivity of 60% is achieved.
- the identification of the immunoma of RA is not only of diagnostic, but also of pathogenetic relevance. When those T-cell autoreactivities that drive early RA are identified, it appears possible to develop specifically effective therapy protocols.
- HG1103-HT1103 Affymetrix RA> OA
- AF052124 Hs.313 secreted phosphoprotein 1 Affymetrix RA> OA (osteopontin, bone sialoprotein I, early T-lymphocyte
- J03507 Hs.78065 complement component 7 Affymetrix OA> RA precursor
- AI631882 Hs.6510 thyrotropin-releasing Affymetrix OA> RA hormone degrading ectoenzyme
- AI983633 Hs.179573 alpha 2 type I collagen Affymetrix RA> OA preproprotein
- R52934 Hs. 8562 hypothetical protein Affymetrix OA> RA FLJ20374
- AI982754 Hs.75106 clusterin (complement Affymetrix OA> RA lysis inl ibitor, SP-40.40, sulfated glycoprotein 2, testos
- AI990803 Hs. 293782 Affymetrix OA> RA
- L37036 ENA-78 Affymetrix RA> OA M10988 TNF ⁇ Ml 9997 elongation factor 2 RDA RA> OA M29469 lg rearranged k chain (VJ RDA, RA> OA regions) Affymetrix
- XM 031289 interleukin 8 Affymetrix RA> OA
- Fructose bisphosphate aldolase A (muscle-type aldolase) (Lung cancer P04075 antigen NY-LU-1)
- Proteoglycan link protein precursor (Cartilage link protein) (LP) P10915
- Matrix metalloproteinase-19 precursor MMP-19 (matrix Q99542 metalloproteinase RASI)
- MMP-19 matrix metalloproteinase
- Aggrecan core protein precursor Cartilage-specific proteoglycan core P16112 protein) (CSPCP) (Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein 1)
- a patient with joint problems for 4 months has asymmetrical swelling and painfulness in 2 finger base and 1 finger middle joint as well as the right wrist.
- the morning stiffness is about 30 minutes.
- the C-reactive protein is in the normal range, the decrease is slightly increased, the rheumatoid factor and HLA-DR4 are negative.
- the array is manufactured by a commercial provider for the production of DNA arrays such as Affymetrix.
- DNA arrays such as Affymetrix.
- suitable oligo-nucleotides are determined which enable a specific hybridization with the respective cRNA sequences. These sequences are either synthesized as oligonucleotides and printed on an array support or directly synthesized on the support, for example using photolithographic methods.
- Hybridization takes place according to the manufacturer's specified protocol.
- the DNA array is read out with a scanner.
- the translation of the image information into expression signals is carried out using standard software such as "Micro-Array Suite” from Affymetrix.
- the signals for the RNA expression strength of the genes or proteins mentioned in Tables 1 and 2 are now available.
- a patient with chronic joint inflammation for 5 years and diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis has progressive specific radiological changes in several finger joints, accompanied by pain and swelling in several finger joints, the left elbow joint and the right ankle joint despite current basic therapy with 15 mg methotrexate per week.
- Several samples with a total weight of approx. 30 mg are taken up in lysis buffer, crushed and the RNA extracted. The sample is worked up in a manner comparable to the procedure in Example 1.
- the same DNA chip as in Example 1 is used for the analysis. After hybridization, reading out the hybridization result in an image file and translating it into signal information for each of the genes examined, an assignment to defined expression patterns takes place.
- Example 3 Autoreactivity profiles in RA
- the RA differs from other rheumatic and other inflammatory diseases by the formation of autoantibodies. Discrimination between RA and non-RA is not guaranteed by antibody reactivity, but by different profiles of different auto-reactivities. It is thus possible to create reliable diagnostics, to check therapy courses and to carry out preventive examinations by determining the RA-specific auto-activity profiles.
- Antibodies are directed against antigens or more specifically against epitopes which are bound by the paratopes in a specific antibody-antigen reaction.
- epitope is the area of an antigen that specifically interacts with an antibody (i.e., its paratope). This is usually understood to mean a 16 to 20 amino acid peptide sequence of a protein. This sequence can be consecutive (continuous epitope) or interrupted (discontinuous epitope). Typically, however, only a few amino acids, in rare cases even a single amino acid, are necessary and sufficient for the specific interaction of antibody and antigen. It is now known that even nucleic acids can act as an antigen. Post-translational modifications, e.g.
- the proteins listed in Table 2 are described as RA-associated autoantigens. However, the relevance of most of these individual components for the diagnosis of RA is low or not apparent. The same applies to the genes which are overexpressed at the mRNA level and are listed in Table 1. By themselves, these components are not suitable for significantly improving RA diagnostics. This can be seen from the fact that practically the majority of the proteins listed in Tables 1 and 2 are not registered for a patent for these purposes. Only a few proteins are so characteristic that a relevance for RA was assumed. This applies, for example, to BiP (Heavy Chain Binding Protein), which is the target of an immune response in RA.
- BiP Heavy Chain Binding Protein
- a post-translational modification in the form of glycosylation has to be taken into account, since this is part of epitopes, which is necessary both for the detection of autoantibodies from RA and for the differentiation between RA and non-RA autoantibodies.
- the post-translational amino acid converted from arginine to citrulline as an essential epitope for RA-associated autoantibodies (6).
- the Sa antigen (5), the RA33 antigen and the calpastatin are of similar importance for RA diagnosis.
- the new approach presented here according to the invention relates to the immunoma of RA.
- the immunoma of RA encompasses all of the autoreactive antibodies that occur in RA and all of the autoantigens or auto-epitopes they recognize. It was unexpectedly found that it is possible for the first time to clearly define a disease as RA by considering the combination of RA-associated autoantibodies. It was shown for the first time that different patterns of autoantibodies exist that only occur in RA. These patterns also include autoantigens or auto-activities that in themselves appeared to be insignificant for RA.
- the totality of RA-associated autoantibodies and autoantigens is information that - together with other techniques (ProteinArray technology (27), data processing) - i.a. can be used as a tool for diagnosis and classification of RA. Even an expert in this area could not have reached this degree of utilization by concluding analogies.
- the immunoma of the RA or even subsets of the immunoma of the RA can be used to clearly differentiate the RA from other diseases or the healthy state.
- an economic use of the unexpected invention is only possible due to the possibilities of high-throughput technologies that are available today or are still in development. This relates in particular to the multi-parameter analysis of auto-reactivities, since it is necessary here to carry out a large number of examinations in parallel and using the smallest patient sample quantities.
- Proteins or partial protein sequences of the components listed in Table 2 or proteins and partial protein sequences which are encoded by the genes listed in Table 1, including any post-translational modifications that may be necessary for the discrimination of RA and non-RA, are synthesized and provided for the creation of auto-activity profiles.
- the synthesis can be carried out by any molecular biological approach known per se or else by any protein chemical approach.
- the semi-artificial (in vitro translation) or artificial synthesis according to the prior art is suitable for producing the proteins or partial protein sequences mentioned.
- the proteins are applied separately in spatially resolvable positions to a carrier matrix according to the known. The position and identity of each immobilized protein, peptide, modified protein or modified peptide are known.
- the microformat allows the parallel detection of thousands of different antigens and / or autoantigens (proteins / peptides) in the submicroliter range of human sera. It is preferred to create a protein array, a high-density filter or a high-density glass carrier or another matrix produced in the high-density process, which is coupled or uncoated to the proteins or partial protein sequences.
- proteins or partial protein sequences can be stamped onto derivatized or coated / activated glass supports, or the application takes place in the ink jet process, capillary or by direct synthesis on the array using photolithographic masks or digital micromirrors.
- glass supports, membranes and filters, polystyrene matrices, nanowell plates and microparticles can also be used (29).
- the ProteinArray is incubated with a suitable dilution of patient sera or patient articular effusions. During this incubation, any antibodies that are specific for one or more protein components can bind to these protein antigens. This is followed by a washing step in order to remove unbound antibodies and serum components. This is followed by incubation with a second antibody which, on the one hand, is suitable for marking an antigen-antibody reaction by binding the first antibody and, on the other hand, a suitable marking which allows visualization and quantification, suitably a covalently coupled fluorescent dye or a covalently coupled enzyme that can form a dye from a precursor. This is followed by a further washing step in order to remove excess secondary antibodies.
- the suspension array uses plastic particles as a matrix, which are coated with the proteins mentioned.
- the optical properties of the particles that are coupled to a particular protein differ from those that are coupled to another protein.
- the immunomeasurement is carried out analogously by incubation with patient sera or others Body fluids.
- Another optical (fluorescent) signal is set directly or again indirectly by means of a suitable second antibody via the antibody binding.
- the analysis is then carried out in a multicolor fluorescence activated cell (FAC) scan.
- FAC multicolor fluorescence activated cell
- Time-resolved protein arrays (31) A polystyrene surface is coupled with various proteins or partial protein sequences from Tables 1 and 2.
- the antibodies of the patient sera to be analyzed are biotinylated using an active biotin ester. Alternatively, in order to avoid inter-patient fluctuations due to different biotinylation efficiency, biotinylated secondary antibodies which are specific for human antibodies can also be used.
- Patient antibodies are then incubated with the protein-coupled polystyrene surfaces. After the subsequent washing step, detection is carried out using streptavidin, which is coupled with a fluorescent europium chelate. The detection is carried out after a washing and drying step by means of laser-excited, time-resolved solid-phase fluorescence analysis.
- Data patterns and multifactorial analysis parameters e.g. the autoreactivities resulting from the proteins / autoantigens listed in Tables 1 and 2; e.g. the autoreactivities RF / citrullin / BIP / Calpastatin / Calreticulin / RA33
- the autoreactivities RF / citrullin / BIP / Calpastatin / Calreticulin / RA33 are determined as completely as possible.
- Data samples from individual patients with more than two out of six missing values are excluded a priori from the analysis.
- the evaluation of the immunodetection system delivers either a negative or a positive result for each patient and each auto-reactivity.
- continuous values ProteinArray, ELISA
- ELISA electrospray sorbent assays
- control group-related analysis against a suitable control group, e.g. age- and sex-matched healthy controls or control patients with another disease
- first step triple matrix characters of each clinical diagnosis category are entered into the first reference classification mask. Each patient is then classified according to the highest positional match between the patient mask and a clinical reference mask.
- second step those data columns that have the triple matrix character "0" for all reference masks are eliminated, since these are not able to discriminate between the disease entities.
- the CLASSIF1 algorithm temporarily eliminates either individual ones
- Parameters or combinations of two parameters in all permutations from the classification process The entire data set is then reclassified. Parameters by her temporary removals affect the classification result are informative, since apparently no essential information is lost. The information content of each parameter is in the meantime made available by the algorithm, used again after the operation, and the next parameter or the next pair of parameters is temporarily extracted and analyzed analogously. The temporary removal and reinsertion is carried out until the information content of all parameters, either individually or in combination, is known. Parameters that have proven to be uniform either individually or in combination with another parameter are eliminated. The remaining sequence of informative parameters forms the reference classification mask for the respective clinical prediction category.
- the classification is optimized by classifying the percentile threshold values 10/90%, 15/85%, 20/80%, 25/75% and 30/70% with subsequent selection of the best discriminating pair.
- the best classification results are typically achieved between the 10/90% and 25/75% percentile pairs.
- Negative and positive predictive values in a confusion matrix provide information about how well reference and test samples are discriminated by the pattern or patterns used.
- the data patterns of each patient are subjected to a multifactorial analysis.
- the multifactors for five parameter patterns were obtained by multiplying or dividing the various parameters in all possible combinations, followed by standardizing the five data columns against the mean values of the RA reference group.
- the mean values for each parameter of the other patient groups e.g. OA, reA, PsoA, others
- Multifactors of all parameter permutations were determined either by multiplication if the parameter mean of the patient group in question was increased compared to the reference value (RA), or by division if the value was decreased.
- the multifactorial database contains the measured parameters (RF / Citrullin / BiP / Calpastatin / Calreticulin / RA33). 26 multifators were classified by the CLASSIFl algorithm. For this purpose, all numbers of each database column were either transformed into - (smaller than the lower percentile of the value distribution of the reference patients [RA]), 0 (between lower and upper percentile) or + (larger than the upper percentile) triple matrix characters , Following the transformation of the database columns, a confusion matrix between clinical diagnosis and computer classification is established.
- this confusion matrix represents the specificity of the reference samples and the sensitivity for the samples to be tested. These are further optimized during the subsequent iterative learning process. An optimal classification is achieved if all samples are correctly classified, i.e. if all diagonal values of the Confusion Matrix reach 100% and the values of the non-diagonal fields are 0%.
- the learning process serves to eliminate non-informative parameters and thus to enrich the discriminatory parameters.
- BiP binding protein heavy chain binding protein
- DPNII from Diplococcus pneumoniae dNTP deoxynucleotide triphosphate (equimolar mixture of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP) dNTP deoxynucleotide triphosphate
- HLA system histocompatibility antigens HLA - human leucocyte antigen
- HLA-DR4 HLA trait that has an increased association with rheumatoid arthritis hnRNP heterogenous ribonucleoprotein (RA33)
- RT Reverse Transcriptase (RT Sa antigen 50k protein from human spleen and placenta
- GenBank sequences Partitioning of the GenBank sequences into a non-redundant set of gene-oriented clusters.
- Citrulline is an essential constituent of antigenic determinants recognized by rheumatoid arthritis-specif ⁇ c autoantibodies. JClin Invest 101: 273.
- Genomics 65 1. 20. Altman, R., G. Alarcon, D. Appelrouth, D. Bloch, D. Borenstein, K. Brandt, C. Brown, T. D.
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DE10292329T DE10292329D2 (de) | 2001-05-30 | 2002-05-30 | Werkzeuge zur Diagnostik, molekularen Definition und Therapieentwicklung chronischer entzündlicher Gelenkerkrankungen |
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WO2005058352A2 (en) * | 2003-12-17 | 2005-06-30 | Entelos, Inc. | Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with galectin-3 antagonists |
JP2006520896A (ja) * | 2003-03-10 | 2006-09-14 | ティーシーピー イノベーションズ リミテッド | イムノアッセイ |
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JP2006520896A (ja) * | 2003-03-10 | 2006-09-14 | ティーシーピー イノベーションズ リミテッド | イムノアッセイ |
WO2005058352A2 (en) * | 2003-12-17 | 2005-06-30 | Entelos, Inc. | Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with galectin-3 antagonists |
WO2005058352A3 (en) * | 2003-12-17 | 2005-10-13 | Entelos Inc | Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with galectin-3 antagonists |
WO2007023306A1 (en) * | 2005-08-26 | 2007-03-01 | Immunodiagnostic Systems Limited | Diagnostic assay and therapeutic treatment for bone disorders (osteoporosis) |
US8697384B2 (en) | 2008-01-23 | 2014-04-15 | Herlev Hospital | YKL-40 as a general marker for non-specific disease |
US8580520B2 (en) | 2008-09-15 | 2013-11-12 | Herlev Hospital | YKL-40 as a marker for gastrointestinal cancers |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE10225853A1 (de) | 2003-05-15 |
EP1395683A2 (de) | 2004-03-10 |
WO2002097125A3 (de) | 2003-09-18 |
DE10292329D2 (de) | 2004-07-01 |
AU2002317172A1 (en) | 2002-12-09 |
US20060204968A1 (en) | 2006-09-14 |
CN1537173A (zh) | 2004-10-13 |
JP2004533830A (ja) | 2004-11-11 |
DE10127572A1 (de) | 2002-12-05 |
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