Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
  • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
  • B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
  • B22D11/0605—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars formed by two belts, e.g. Hazelett-process

Definitions

• This invention relates to a method and apparatus for the continuous casting of metals, and particularly the casting of metal strip.
• relatively pure aluminum product such as foil can be continuously strip cast on a commercial basis.
• Building products can likewise be contin ⁇ uously strip cast, principally because surface quality in the case of such building products is less critical than in other aluminum products, such as can stock.
• surface quality problems appear, and strip casting has generally been unsuitable for use in making many aluminum alloy products.
• a number of strip casting machines have been pro- belt strip casting machine, but such machines have not achieved widespread acceptance in the casting of many metals, and particularly metal alloys with wide freezing ranges.
• twin belt strip casting equipment two moving belts are provided which define between them a moving mold for the metal to be cast. Cooling of the belts is typically effected by contacting a cooling fluid with the side of the belt opposite the side in contact with .the molten metal.
• the belt is subjected to extremely high thermal gradients, with molten metal in contact with the belt on one side and a water coolant, for example, in contact with the belt on the other side.
• the dynamically unstable thermal gradients cause distortion in the belt, and consequently neither the upper nor the lower belt is flat.
• the product thus produced has areas of segregation and porosity as de ⁇ scribed below.
• the supply of the molten metal to the belt just as it passes around a supporting pulley means that the molten metal must be cooled very quickly; otherwise, molten metal will flow off the belt into the area surrounding the equipment, representing a hazard to workers.
• the '487 patent casts the molten metal on a single belt, and uses the second belt only as a "hugger" belt to maintain the cast ribbon in contact with the chilled belt.
• Block casting In cent to each other on a pair of opposing tracks. Each set of chilling blocks rotates in the opposite direction to form therebetween a casting cavity into which a molten metal such as an aluminum alloy is introduced. The liquid metal in contact with the chilling blocks is cooled and solidified by the heat capacity of the chilling blocks themselves. Block casting thus differs both in concept and in execution from continuous belt casting. Block casting depends on the heat transfer which can be effected by the chilling blocks. Thus, heat is transferred from the molten metal to the chilling blocks in the casting section of the equipment and then ex ⁇ tracted on the return loop. Block casters require precise dimensional control to prevent flash (i.e.
• twin drum casters such as in U.S. Patents 3,790,216, 4,054,173, 4,303,181, or 4,751,958.
• Such devices include a source of molten metal supplied to the space between a pair of counter-rotating, internally cooled drums.
• the twin drum casting approach differs from the other techniques described above in that the drums exert a compres- sive force on the solidified metal, and thus effect hot reduction of the alloy immediately after freezing. While twin drum casters have enjoyed the greatest extent of commer ⁇ cial utilization, they nonetheless suffer from serious disad ⁇ vantages, not the least of which is an output substantially lower than that achieved in many prior art devices described above.
• twin drum casting approach while providing acceptable surface quality in the casting of high purity aluminum (e.g. foil), suffers from poor surface quality when used in the casting of aluminum with high alloy content and wide freezing range.
• Another problem encountered in the use of twin drum casters is center-line segregation of the alloy due to deformation during solidification. method for continuously casting thin metallic strip at high speeds and improved surface quality as compared to methods currently employed.
• the method and apparatus described in the foregoing application substantially mini ⁇ mizes the formation of thermal gradients over the thickness of the belts which caused distortion of belts used in the prior art.
• This invention provides even further improvements over the method and apparatus to improve both heat transfer characteristics and the reduction of cracking in the metal.
• the concepts of the present invention reside in a tinuous belt casting utilizing a pair of continuous belts formed of a heat conductive material positioned adjacent to each other to define a molding zone therebetween.
• the belts are mounted on at least two pulley means and each pass around pulley means whereby each belt defines a curved surface about the pulley means and a substantially flat, and preferably horizontal, surface after the belt passes around the pulley means.
• the system also employs means for supplying to the curved surfaces of the belts a molten metal whereby the molten metal solidifies on the surface of the belts in the molding zone to form a cast strip of metal, thereby trans ⁇ ferring heat from the molten metal and the cast metal to the belts. Substantially all of the heat transfer to the belts from the molten metal and the cast strip is thereafter re ⁇ moved from the belts while they are out of contact with either the molten metal or the cast strip.
• the molten metal is supplied to the belt on the curved section around the pulley means.
• the metal is supplied to the belt in the straight sec ⁇ tion of the belt after it passes around the entry pulley and cooled concurrently from the backside as solidification occurs. It has been found that the supply of molten metal to the curved section of the belt has the advantage of increased mechanical stability to resist thermal distortions of the casting belt and thereby maintaining more uniform thickness and better thermal contact between the strip and belt and cast strip.
• the apparatus includes a pair of belts, each substantially horizontally disposed, with one being positioned above the other to define a substantially horizontal molding zone between the belts.
• horizontal is intended to refer to the disposition of the belts at angles plus or minus 30°. In some instances, it may be desirable to orient the belts at an angle within the range.
• the supply of molten metal comes from a conventional tundish provided with nozzle means through which the molten metal flows in a substantially horizontal stream.
• molten metal from the nozzle means flows in a substantially hori ⁇ zontal stream into the space defined between the belts pre ⁇ ceding the nip of the pulleys for solidification in the molding zone defined by the nozzle means and the belts passing around each of the pulleys.
• the cast strip is substantially solidified by the time it reaches the nip of the pulleys on which the belts are mounted.
• the horizontal stream of molten metal flowing into the space between the belts preceding the nip insures that the molten metal is always maintained in contact with the surface of both belts as the metal is being cast.
• the concepts of the present invention also reside in a method and apparatus for strip casting of metals for continuous belt casting in which the molten metal is cast on curved surfaces of a pair of opposing belts so that solidifi ⁇ cation of the metal occurs prior to the nip between the entry pulleys in the molding zone, and then the entry pulleys at the nip exert a compressive force on the cast metal strip to effect elongation of that strip. It has been found that the features of solidification prior to the nip followed by the exertion of a compressive force by the nip serve to improve the surface quality of the cast metal strip and to reduce the tendency of the strip to crack.
• each belt is carried on at least two pulleys to define a molding zone therebetween.
• Each belt passes around an entry pulley whereby each belt defines a curved surface about that pulley and also a substantially flat, and preferably horizontal, surface after the belt passes around the pulley.
• each of the belts is heated by heat transfer from the cast metal to the belt.
• the heat thus transferred to the belt is substan ⁇ tially all removed from the belts while they are out of con ⁇ tact with either the molten metal or the cast strip.
• the method and apparatus employed in the practice of the invention utilize a positive control means to control the gap in the molding zone at the nip between the entry pulleys for the twin belts.
• control can be achieved by a variety of mechanisms.
• means to exert tension between the axis of the entry pulleys can be in the form of a hydraulic cylinder to control the gap between the axes of the entry pulleys or like mechanical means such as a mechanical screw jack to control the relative position of the axes of the entry pulleys with respect to each other.
• use can be made of a spacer block to establish the desired space between the axis of the entry pulleys and a tension member relative to each other.
• the molten metal is supplied to the belt on the curved section around the pulley means.
• the metal is supplied to the belt in the straight sec ⁇ tion of the belt after it passes around the entry pulley and cooled concurrently from the backside as solidification occurs.
• the supply of molten metal to the curved section of the belt has the advantage increased mechanical stability to resist thermal distortions of the casting belt and thereby maintaining more uniform thickness and better thermal contact between the strip and belt and consequent improvements in the quality of the surface of the cast strip.
• the positive control of the nip between the entry pulleys in the molding zone provides improved surface quality in the cast strip. Without limiting the invention as to theory, it is believed that the positive control of the nip between the entry pulleys serves to enhance heat transfer as the molten metal is solidified, thereby minimizing the ten ⁇ dency to form interdendritic eutectic exudater.
• the positive control of the nip be ⁇ tween the entry pulleys substantially eliminates cracking of the cast metal strip.
• the pulleys also causes the cast metal strip, formed prior to the nip, to be subjected to compressive forces by the entry pulleys, thereby causing the cast metal strip to be elon ⁇ gated. That in turn insures that the cast metal strip is always in compression as distinguished from tension in the molding zone, thus minimizing cracking of the strip due to tension.
• the concepts of the present invention can be em ⁇ ployed in the strip casting of most metals, including steel, copper, zinc and lead, but are particularly well suited to the casting of thin aluminum alloy strip, while overcoming the problems of the prior art.
• Fig. 1 is a schematic illustration of the casting method and apparatus embodying the present invention.
• Fig. 2 is a perspective view of one casting appa ⁇ ratus embodying the invention.
• Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the entry of molten metal to the apparatus illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2.
• Fig. 4 is a detailed view of the mechanism sup ⁇ porting the belts in the apparatus of Figs. 1 and 2. the edge containment means employed in the practice of the invention.
• Fig. 6 is a schematic illustration of the casting method and apparatus embodying the concept of another feature of the present invention.
• Fig. 7 is a perspective view of the apparatus schematically illustrated in Fig. 6.
• Fig. 8 is a cross-sectional view of entry of molten metal of the embodiment illustrated in Figs. 6 and 7.
• the apparatus includes a pair of endless belts 10 and 12 carried by a pair of upper pulleys 14 and 16 and a pair of corresponding lower pulleys 18 and 20 of Fig. 1.
• Each pulley is mounted for rotation about an axis 21, 22, 24, and 26 respectively of Fig. 2.
• the pulleys are of a suitable heat resistant type, and either or both of the upper pulleys 14 and 16 is driven by a suitable motor means not illustrated in the drawing for purposes of simplicity.
• the same is equally true for the lower pulleys 18 and 20.
• Each of the belts 10 and 12 is an endless belt, and is preferably formed of a metal which has low reactivity of suitable metal alloys may be employed as well known by those skilled in the art. Good results have been achieved using steel and copper alloy belts.
• the pulleys are positioned, as illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2, one above the other with a molding gap therebetween.
• the gap is dimen ⁇ sioned to correspond to the desired thickness of the metal strip being cast.
• the thickness of the metal strip being cast is thus determined by the dimensions of the nip between belts 10 and 12 passing over pulleys 14 and 18 along a line passing through the axis of pulleys 14 and 18 which is perpendicular to the belts 10 and 12.
• the thickness of the strip being cast is limited by the heat capacity of the belts be ⁇ tween which the molding takes place.
• molten metal to be cast is supplied to the molding zone through suitable metal supply means 28 such as a tundish.
• suitable metal supply means 28 such as a tundish.
• the inside of tundish 28 corresponds in width to the width of the product to be cast, and can have a width up to the width of the narrower of the belts 10 and 12.
• the tundish 28 includes a metal supply delivery casting nozzle 30 to deliver a horizontal stream of molten metal to the molding zone between the belts 10 and 12.
• Such tundishes are conven ⁇ tional in strip casting.
• the stream of molten metal flowing substantially horizontally from the nozzle fills the molding zone between the curvature of each belt 10 and 12 to the nip of the pulleys 14 and 18. It begins to solidify and is substantially solidified by the point at which the cast strip reaches the nip of pulleys 14 and 18.
• Supplying the horizontally flowing stream of molten metal to the molding zone where it is in contact with a curved section of the belts 10 and 12 passing about pulleys 14 and 18 serves to limit distortion and thereby maintain better thermal contact between the molten metal and each of the belts as well as improving the quality of the top and bottom surfaces of the cast strip.
• the casting apparatus of the invention includes a pair of cooling means 32 and 34 positioned opposite that portion of the endless belt in contact with the metal being cast in the molding gap between belts 10 and 12.
• the cooling means 32 and 34 thus serve to cool the belts 10 and 12 just after they pass over pulleys 16 and 20, respectively, and before they come into contact with the molten metal.
• the coolers 32 and 34 are positioned as shown on the return run of belts 10 and 12, respectively.
• the cooling means 32 and 34 can be conventional cooling means such as fluid cooling nozzles positioned to spray a cooling 12 to cool the belts through their thicknesses.
• scratch brush means 36 and 38 which frictionally engage the endless belts 10 and 12, respectively, as they pass over pulleys 14 and 18 to clean any metal or other forms of debris from the surface of the endless belts 10 and 12 before they receive molten metal from the tundish 28.
• molten metal flows horizontally from the tundish through the casting nozzle 30 into the casting or molding zone defined between the belts 10 and 12 where the belts 10 and 12 are heated by heat transfer from the cast strip to the belts 10 and 12.
• the cast metal strip remains between and conveyed by the casting belts 10 and 12 until each of them is turned past the centerline of pulleys 16 and 20.
• the cooling means 32 and 34 cool the belts 10 and 12, respectively, and remove therefrom substantially all of the heat transferred to the belts in the molding zone.
• the belts are cleaned by the scratch brush means 36 and 38 while passing over pulleys 14 and 18, they approach each other to once again define a molding zone.
• the casting nozzle 30 is formed of an upper wall 40 and a lower wall 42 defining a central opening 44 therebe- the belts 10 and 12 as they pass around pulleys 14 and 18, respectively.
• the distal ends of the walls 40 and 42 of the casting nozzle 30 are in substantial proximity of the surface of the casting belts 10 and 12, respectively, and define with the belts 10 and 12 a casting cavity or molding zone 46 into which the molten metal flows through the central opening 44.
• a casting cavity or molding zone 46 into which the molten metal flows through the central opening 44.
• suffi ⁇ cient setback (defined as the distance between first contact 47 of the molten metal 46 and the nip 48 defined as the closet approach of the entry pulleys 14 and 18) should be provided to allow substantially complete solidification prior to the nip 48.
• the molten metal contacts the belt after the nip 48 in the straight section.
• solidification is substan ⁇ tially complete prior to the nip 48, and in prior art belt caster solidification does not begin until after the nip 48.
• the importance of freezing before the nip 48 in the present invention is that the belts 10 and 12 are much more stable when held in tension on the curved surface of the pulley and distort much less than if the molten metal 46 as in prior art. Moreover, in the practice of the present invention, there is a momentary high thermal gradient over the belts 10 and 12 when first contacted by molten metal 46. Because each belt is in tension and is well supported prior to the nip by the pulleys 14 and 18, the belts are more stable against distortion arising from that momentary thermal gradient. In addition, the space between the belts at the time that they first come into contact with the molten metal is substantially larger then the gap between the belts cor ⁇ responding to the thickness of the cast strip.
• any distortion in the belts have little effect on the metal being cast at that location.
• the high thermal gradient largely dissipates before the belts 10 and 12 reach the nip 48, and thus any distortions that do occur diminish as the belts approach the nip.
• the thickness of the strip that can be cast is, as those skilled in the art will appreciate, related to the thickness of the belts 10 and 12, the return temperature of the casting belts and the exit temperature of the strip and belts. In addition, the thickness of the strip depends also on the metal being cast. It has been found that aluminum strip having a thickness of 0.100 inches using steel belts having a thickness of 0.08 inches provides a return tempera ⁇ ture of 300°F and an exit temperature of 800°F. The interre ⁇ lationship of the exit temperature with belt and strip thick ⁇ ness is described in detail in co-pending application Serial No. 07/902,997. For example, for casting aluminum strip for 0.06 inches, the exit temperature is 900°F when the return temperature is 300°F and the exit temperature is 960°F when the return temperature is 400°F.
• One of the advantages of the method and apparatus of the present invention is that there is no need to employ a thermal barrier coating on the belts to reduce heat flow and thermal stress, as is typically employed in the prior art.
• the absence of fluid cooling on the back side of the belt while the belt is in contact with hot metal in the molding zone significantly reduces thermal gradients and eliminates problems of film boiling occurring when the critical heat flux is exceeded.
• the method and apparatus of the present invention also minimizes cold frming, a condition where cold belt sections exist in three locations of (1) before metal entry and (2) on each of the two sides of mold zone of the belt. Those conditions can cause severe belt distortion.
• the concepts of the present invention also obviate the need to employ parting agents as have been used in the prior art to prevent sticking of the cast metal strip to either of the belts.
• the belts 10 and 12 are supported at least in the first por ⁇ tion of the molding zone by a plurality of pulleys positioned to maintain both belts in a manner to ensure that the belts are substantially flat. That is illustrated in Fig. 4 of the drawings which illustrates the pulley 18 and the belts 10 and 12 as they face each other to define a mold cavity defining the solid strip 50.
• the lower pulleys 52 thus support the belt 12 as it passes over pulley 18.
• each of those pulleys is mounted for rotation about an axis parallel to and extending transversely beneath belt 12 to maintain the belt in a substantially flat configuration, and thus assist in supporting both the weight of the belt and the weight of the metal strip 50 being cast.
• a corresponding set of backup rolls 54 are mounted in tangential contact with the upper belt 10 and thus serve to exert sufficient pressure on the belt 10 to maintain the belt 10 in contact with the strip 50 as it is transformed from molten metal to a solid strip.
• the backup rolls in contact with the upper belt are not fixed, but rather float, although it is possible to utilize a system in which some of the backup rolls 54 float while others are fixed, depending on the application.
• the upper set of backup rolls 54 are set in vertical slots so that gravity the belts 10 and 12 and the cast strip 50. These backup rolls serve to isolate the solidifying metal from mechanical vibrations of downstream equipment and to improve heat trans ⁇ fer, thereby cooling the strip 50 and making it stronger.
• FIG. 5 and 6 illustrate a simple mechanism including a pillow block 45 and 47 on each of the axes 21 and 24 of the entry pulleys 14 and 18, respectively, secured to each other by means of a tension member 49.
• the tension member may be either fixed or adjustable; it has been found that good results are obtained by simply using a turnbuckle 49 as the tension member to prevent relative displacement of axes 21 and 24 relative to each other.
• tension members may likewise be used.
• a hydraulic cylinder as the tension member to prevent relative displacement of the axes 21 and 24 relative to each other.
• the use of such a hydraulic cylinder has the further advantage that it is adjustable, and thus the tension can be conveniently changed depending on the application and the metal being cast.
• the importance of the belts 10 and 12 are much more stable when held in tension on the curved surface of the pulley and distort much less than if the molten metal 46 first contacts the belts 10 and 12 in the straight section as in prior art. Moreover, in the practice of the present invention, there is a momentary high thermal gradient over the belts 10 and 12 when first con ⁇ tacted by molten metal 46. Because each belt is in tension and is well supported prior to the nip by the pulleys 14 and 18, the belts are more stable against distortion arising from that momentary thermal gradient.
• the space between the belts at the time that they first come into contact with the molten metal is substantially larger then the gap between the belts corresponding to the thickness of the cast strip.
• any distortion in the belts have little effect on the metal being cast at that location.
• the high thermal gradient largely dissipates before the belts 10 and 12 reach the nip 48, and thus any distortions that do occur diminish as the belts approach the nip.
• the metal solidifying between the curved surfaces in the molding zone prior to the nip has a dimension or thickness greater than the corresponding dimension or thickness of the nip itself. That insures that when the solidified cast metal is advanced to the nip 48, it has a larger dimension than that of the nip, thereby insuring that the nip 48 exerts a compressive force on the cast metal strip characteristics but also to reduce the tendency of the strip to crack.
• the compressive force exerted on the cast metal strip after solidification between the point of solidification and the nip itself insures good thermal con ⁇ tact between the cast metal strip and the belts.
• the amount of compressive force is not critical to the practice of the invention. It has been found that the compressive force should be sufficiently high as to insure good thermal contact between the cast metal strip and the belt as well as sufficiently high so as to cause elongation.
• the elongation is preferably sufficient to insure that the cast metal strip, while it is conveyed from the nip 48 through the remainder of the molding zone, is in a state of compression as distinguished from tension. As is described herein above, it has been found that maintaining the cast strip under compressive force serves to minimize cracking that would otherwise occur if the cast strip were maintained under tension.
• the percent elongation be relatively low, generally below 15 percent, and most preferably below 10 percent. Good results have been achieved by the practice of the invention when the percent elongation is less than 5 percent.
• the thickness of the strip that can be cast is, as those skilled in the art will appreciate, related to the thickness of the belts 10 and 12, the return temperature of the casting belts and the exit temperature of the strip and belts.
• the thickness of the strip depends also strip having a thickness of 0.100 inches using steel belts having a thickness of 0.08 inches provides a return tempera ⁇ ture of 300°F and an exit temperature of 800°F.
• the interre ⁇ lationship of the exit temperature with belt and strip thick ⁇ ness is described in detail in co-pending application Serial No. 07/902,997.
• the exit temperature is 900°F when the return temperature is 300 C F and the exit temperature is 960°F when the return temperature is 400°F.
• the concepts of the present invention also obviate the need to employ parting agents as have been used in the prior art to prevent sticking of the cast metal strip to either of the belts.
• one or more belts having longitudinal grooves on the surface of the belt in contact with the metal being cast have been used in single drum casters as de ⁇ scribed in U.S. Patent No. 4,934,443.
• the inven ⁇ tion it is sometimes desirable to provide means along the respective edges of the belts to contain the metal and pre ⁇ vent it from flowing outwardly in a transverse direction from the belt.
• a conventional edge dam for that purpose such as used on twin drum casting the drawings showing a pair of edge dam members 56 which are positioned adjacent to the edge of belts 10 and 12.
• the edge dam members 56 are composed of a pair of walls extending substantially perpendicularly from the surfaces of the belts 10 and 12 to prevent the flow of molten metal outwardly from the molding zone defined between the belts.
• the edge dam elements 56 have a leading edge 58 which is mounted forward of the casting nozzle 30 so that molten metal supplied by the casting nozzle 30 is confined between the belts 10 and 20 and the opposing edge dam elements 56.
• edge dams can likewise be used in the practice of the inven ⁇ tion.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Continuous Casting (AREA)
• Heating, Cooling, Or Curing Plastics Or The Like In General (AREA)
• Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
• Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)

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• 1994
  • 1994-12-22 CA CA 2178587 patent/CA2178587A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1994-12-22 WO PCT/US1994/014993 patent/WO1995017274A1/en active IP Right Grant
  • 1994-12-22 JP JP51764395A patent/JP3497170B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1994-12-22 BR BR9408373A patent/BR9408373A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1994-12-22 EP EP95907962A patent/EP0735931B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1994-12-22 AU AU18604/95A patent/AU692236B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 1994-12-22 DE DE69426362T patent/DE69426362T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1994-12-22 DK DK95907962T patent/DK0735931T3/da active
  • 1994-12-22 ES ES95907962T patent/ES2151953T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime

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