US8176882B2 - Boiler for combustion of solid fuel - Google Patents

Boiler for combustion of solid fuel Download PDF

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Publication number
US8176882B2
US8176882B2 US12/267,915 US26791508A US8176882B2 US 8176882 B2 US8176882 B2 US 8176882B2 US 26791508 A US26791508 A US 26791508A US 8176882 B2 US8176882 B2 US 8176882B2
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Prior art keywords
combustion
air supply
boiler
fuel
supply means
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Expired - Fee Related, expires
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US12/267,915
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English (en)
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US20090120337A1 (en
Inventor
Werner BOOS
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IHT PROJEKT GmbH
IHT Project GmbH
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IHT Project GmbH
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Assigned to IHT INNOVATIVE HEIZTECHNIK GMBH reassignment IHT INNOVATIVE HEIZTECHNIK GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BOOS, WERNER
Publication of US20090120337A1 publication Critical patent/US20090120337A1/en
Assigned to IHT PROJEKT GMBH reassignment IHT PROJEKT GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: IHT INNOVATIVE HEIZTECHNIK GMBH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B80/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by means creating a distinct flow path for flue gases or for non-combusted gases given off by the fuel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B40/00—Combustion apparatus with driven means for feeding fuel into the combustion chamber
    • F23B40/04—Combustion apparatus with driven means for feeding fuel into the combustion chamber the fuel being fed from below through an opening in the fuel-supporting surface

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a boiler for combustion of solid fuel, especially biomass, with a boiler wall and a boiler cover, with one combustion site as the first combustion stage, with a primary air supply means, with an ignition means, with a supply means for conveyance of fuel to the combustion site, with a burn-up and calcination space as the second combustion stage, with a combustion chamber which is open to the top and with a flue, the burn-up and calcination space being located underneath the combustion site such that fuel can be moved from the combustion site into the burn-up and calcination space and further burns up or calcines there, the combustion site and the burn-up and calcination space being located jointly in the combustion chamber, and the flue adjoining the combustion chamber to the top so that the flue gases which are formed in the burn-up and calcination space burn up together with the flue gases which form over the combustion site in the flue.
  • the invention relates to a process for producing heat energy by burning a fuel, especially biomass, in a boiler, the fuel being burned in a first combustion stage and the fuel which has been burned up or partially burned up in the first combustion stage and which still has a portion of carbon, burning up or calcining further in the second combustion and calcination stage.
  • combustible substances are burned in order to use the thermal energy obtained in doing so for heating of media.
  • Heating takes place using a heat exchanger, for example an air-water heat exchanger, in which water is heated by the hot air which is formed when the fuels are burned.
  • a heat exchanger for example an air-water heat exchanger, in which water is heated by the hot air which is formed when the fuels are burned.
  • fossil fuels such as for example petroleum, natural gas or coal
  • renewable raw materials especially wood in the form of chips and pellets
  • These pellet boilers which are also called piece wood boilers are in the meantime available in a very large output range from roughly 5 to 100 kW.
  • biomass is defined as renewable raw materials. It includes not only wood, especially in the form of wood shavings, wood chips or wood pellets, but also grains as well as grain-like materials, such as rape or straw, the latter preferably in the form of rape press cake or straw pellets.
  • a boiler of the type underlying the present invention is known from European Patent Application EP 1 288 570 A2.
  • the first combustion stage in addition to the actual combustion site—the first combustion stage—there is a burn-up and calcination space as the second combustion stage in which the fuels which are only partially burned up in the first combustion stage and which still have a portion of carbon and thus still some energy value, can burn up further. Since the burn-up and calcination space is located underneath the combustion site, the fuel can easily travel from the first combustion stage to the second combustion stage by the fuel falling from the combustion site into the burn-up and calcination space.
  • Encapsulation of the first and second combustion stage within a common combustion chamber results in that the flue gases which form when the fuels burn up or calcine in the burn-up and calcination space and which have poorer exhaust gas values as a result of the somewhat lower temperatures prevailing there, are supplied to the flue and combustion gases which form when the fuel is burned on the first combustion stage, and burn up jointly with them within the flue in the high heat prevailing there, so that the exhaust gas values of the boiler are hardly adversely affected by the “poor” exhaust gas values from the second combustion stage.
  • a primary object of the present invention is to create a boiler for combustion of solid fuels, especially of biomass, and a process for producing thermal energy by burning of biomass, in which the emission values, especially of nitrogen oxides, are further reduced in a manner as simple as possible.
  • the primary air supply means is made and located within the combustion chamber and above the combustion site such that, on the one hand, air can be blown into the first combustion zone, and on the other hand, the flue gases which form when the fuels burn up or calcine in the burn-up and calcination space are routed essentially past the primary air supply means and the combustion site so that the flue gases of the second combustion stage do not adversely affect the combustion of the fuel at the combustion site.
  • the primary air supply means has an air supply channel and air nozzles which are made in a double-walled part of the combustion chamber which is used as the air channel.
  • the “poorer” flue gases from the burn-up and calcination space flow past the combustion site, but not past the air nozzles of the primary air supply means, so that the “poorer” flue gases are mixed with the air which is used as the combustion air from the air nozzles; under certain circumstances, this can lead to the flames being “smothered” at the combustion site.
  • the configuration and arrangement of the primary air supply means in accordance with the invention ensures that the poorer flue gases from the second combustion stage mix only above the primary air supply means with the flue gases which form when the fuel burns at the combustion site. This ensures that the combustion air which has been blown into the first combustion zone from the primary air supply means is not adversely affected by the “poorer” flue gases from the second combustion zone so that the flames cannot be “smothered” at the combustion site by the flue gases.
  • the joint arrangement of the combustion site and of the burn-up and calcination space within the combustion chamber and the arrangement of the flue above the combustion chamber also ensure that the “poorer” flue gases from the second combustion stage burn up jointly with the flue gases from the first combustion stage within the flue in the high heat prevailing there.
  • the primary air supply means has an air supply tube and a hollow body, especially a tube ring, with several air nozzles which are located above the combustion site and through which combustion air is blown into the first combustion zone.
  • the circular ring-shaped arrangement of the air nozzles enables optimum supply of the primary air which is used as the combustion air to the combustion site.
  • the air nozzles are arranged in the hollow body such that air is blown in perpendicular to the combustion site at an angle of about 5° to 45°; this leads to uniform burn-up of the fuel at the combustion site which is made preferably as a combustion plate.
  • the second primary air supply means by which combustion air is supplied to the carbon-containing ash contained in the burn-up and calcination space.
  • the second primary air supply means preferably likewise, has an air supply tube and a hollow body with several air nozzles through which air is blown onto the glowing fuel which has burned up or partially burned up in the burn-up and calcination space.
  • the air supply tube of the first primary air supply means and the air supply tube of the second primary air supply means can be connected to a common fan, but it is preferable that the first primary air supply means and the second primary air supply means are each connected to its own fan. In this way, it is possible for the amount and/or pressure of the air which is being blown by the first and second primary air supply means onto the fuel at the combustion site or onto the burned-up or partially burned-up fuels in the burn-up and calcination space to be set independently of one another.
  • the boiler is assigned a measurement sensor which measures at least one exhaust gas value of the boiler, especially the residual oxygen content of the flue gases in the exhaust gas channel of the boiler, then, depending on the measured exhaust gas value the amount and/or the pressure of the air is set by the second primary air supply means.
  • a secondary air supply means which has a secondary air supply tube and several air nozzles and/or several air slots.
  • the secondary air supply tube can be connected to the air nozzles or the air slots by the lower region of the flue which is connected to the combustion chamber being made double-walled. This double-walled region of the flue is then used as an air channel through which the secondary air flows from the secondary air supply tube to the air nozzles or air slots.
  • the formation of the above described secondary air supply means is, however, not absolutely necessary since, by way of corresponding adjustment of the amount of air via the first primary air supply means, not only can enough combustion air for combustion of the fuel located at the combustion site be made available, but moreover a sufficient secondary air supply when the volatile components burn above the combustion site, especially in the lower region of the flue, can also be ensured.
  • the object of the invention is achieved in that the flue gases which form in the second combustion and calcination stage can be routed such that they are first routed essentially past the first combustion stage so that the flue gases of the second combustion and calcination stage do not adversely affect the combustion of the fuel in the first combustion stage, and then, are supplied to the flue gases which form in the first combustion stage and burn up jointly with them at high heat. In this way, separation of the gasification in the second combustion stage from the gasification or combustion in the first combustion stage takes place for the most part.
  • the process is further executed by air being blown into the first combustion zone by a first primary air supply means which is located above the combustion site at which the fuel burns. Moreover it is advantageously provided that a second primary air supply means which is located underneath the combustion site blows air onto the burned-up or partially burned-up fuel in the burn-up and calcination space.
  • the first primary air supply means and the second primary air supply means can advantageously be set independently of one another.
  • At least one exhaust gas value of the boiler is measured, and depending on the measured exhaust gas value the amount and/or pressure of the air which is blown by the primary air supply means onto the burned-up or partially burned-up fuel in the burn-up and calcination space is set.
  • the heat which forms in the first combustion stage and/or in the second combustion and calcination stage can be used to heat the air which is supplied to the first combustion stage and the second combustion and calcination stage.
  • the amount of fuel which has been supplied by way of the supply means is set such that only the solid, degassed residual carbon which remains from the fuel drops over the edge of the combustion site into the underlying burn-up and calcination space.
  • the amount of combustion air which is blown through the first primary air supply means into the first combustion stage, and the size and speed of a movement element which may be present at the combustion site are taken into account and are likewise set accordingly.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of a boiler according to the prior art
  • FIG. 2 is a sketch of the internal structure of the boiler shown in FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the internal structure of a boiler in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 The figures show a boiler 1 for combustion of solid fuel, especially of grain 2 which is shown schematically in FIG. 3 , such as barley, rye, wheat or corn, and of grain-like substances, such as straw and rape. Grain will be addressed below, without the invention intending to be limited thereto.
  • FIGS. 1 & 2 show a boiler 1 which is known from European Patent Application EP 1 288 570 A2, while in FIG. 3 the internal structure of the boiler 1 in accordance with the invention is shown.
  • FIGS. 1 & 2 show a plurality of features which are shown in FIGS. 1 & 2 .
  • the boiler 1 both as shown in FIGS. 1 & 2 as also in FIG. 3 , comprises a cylindrical boiler wall 3 which is closed at the top by a round, heat-resistant and fireproof boiler cover 4 .
  • the actual combustion site which is made as a combustion plate 5 , on which the grain 2 is burned.
  • the grain 2 is moved from a storage tank 8 which is located outside the boiler 1 by a supply means 6 in the form of a conveyor worm through an opening 7 made in the middle of the combustion plate 5 to the combustion site.
  • the grain 2 which is located in the combustion site 5 is ignited using an ignition means which is made, for example, as an ignition electrode 9 , the combustion air which is necessary for combustion being supplied by way of a primary air supply means which is explained below.
  • the first combustion stage formed by the combustion plate 5 there is a burn-up and calcination space 10 as the second combustion stage in which the burned-up or partially burned-up grain 2 which drops over the edge of the combustion plate 5 is collected. Since only the easily burnable substances from the grain 2 burn in the first combustion stage, the grain residues 2 ′ which drop from the combustion plate 5 (shown schematically in FIG. 3 ) still contain carbon, and thus, also a usable portion of energy which is now being used by the grain residues 2 ′ burning or calcining further in the burn-up and calcination space 10 with the resulting heat being used in addition to the heat which forms in the first combustion stage.
  • the combustion site 5 and the burn-up and calcination space 10 are located in a common combustion chamber 11 which is upwardly open.
  • the combustion chamber 11 is connected at the top to a flue 12 so that the “poorer” combustion gases 13 which form in the burn-up and calcination space 10 together with the flue gases 14 which form over the combustion site 5 burn up at very high temperature within the flue 12 which preferably is made of a ceramic or which is lined with a ceramic.
  • the combustion chamber 11 thus ensures encapsulation of the two combustion stages so that the “poorer” flue gases 13 of the second combustion stage do not adversely affect the exhaust gas values of the boiler 1 .
  • the primary air supply means has an air supply tube 15 and a hollow body which is made as tube ring 16 in which several air nozzles 17 are formed such that the combustion air which is blown in by the primary air supply means is blown in at an angle of about 5° to 45° relative to a line that is perpendicular to the plane of the combustion plate 5 on which the grain is lying.
  • the primary air supply means especially the tube ring 16 , is located above the combustion plate 5 and spaced apart from the lower edge of the flue 12 such that the flue gases 13 which form when the grain residues 2 ′ burn up or calcine in the burn-up and calcination space 10 are routed passed the outside of the tube ring 16 and the combustion plate 5 , and thus, past the first combustion stage.
  • the primary air supply means 15 of the known boiler 1 shown in FIGS. 1 & 2 directly borders the lower edge of the flue 12 so that the poorer flue gases 13 are routed out of the burn-up and calcination space 10 within the primary air supply means.
  • the upper region 18 of the combustion chamber 11 which partially surrounds the combustion plate 5 is made double-walled. Because the primary air supply means in the known boiler 1 is thus not located within the combustion chamber 11 , but is part of the combustion chamber 11 , the “poorer” flue gases 13 flow along out of the burn-up and calcination space 10 directly underneath the air nozzles 17 , so that the flue gases 13 mix with the air of the primary air supply means which is being used as the combustion air. Under certain circumstances, this can lead to the flames of the grain 2 which is burning on the combustion plate 5 being smothered so that smoke can develop heavily in the first combustion stage, unintentionally.
  • the flue gases 13 are routed around the combustion zone with a sufficient distance so that mixing of the flue gases 13 with the combustion air which has been blown in by the air nozzles 17 in the first combustion stage does not take place.
  • the second primary air supply means in order to improve the calcination and burn-up of the grain residues 2 ′ which are located in the burn-up and calcination space 10 .
  • the second primary air supply means likewise has an air supply tube 19 and a tube ring 20 in which several air nozzles 21 are formed by which combustion air is blown onto the grain residues 2 ′.
  • the air supply tube 15 of the first primary air supply means and the air supply tube 19 of the second primary air supply means are jointly connected to one fan 22
  • the air supply tube 19 of the second primary air supply means is connected to a second, separate fan 23 . In this way it is possible to adjust the amount and pressure of the air which is blown onto the grain 2 and the grain residues 2 ′ by the first primary air supply means and the second primary air supply means, independently of one another.
  • FIGS. 1 & 2 Other advantageous details of the boiler 1 are explained below, especially using FIGS. 1 & 2 , and these details can also be implemented for the boiler 1 in accordance with the invention, regardless of whether they are shown in FIG. 3 .
  • a movement element 24 which stirs the grain 2 which is located on the combustion plate 5 and pushes the burned-up or partially burned-up grain residues 2 ′ over the edge of the combustion plate 5 so that they drop into the underlying burn-up and calcination space 10 .
  • the movement element 24 is matched to the shape of the combustion plate 5 and on its end has triangular blades 25 .
  • a second movement element 26 which stirs the grain residues 2 ′ which are located in the burn-up and calcination space 10 and from underneath stirs new, glowing grain residues 2 ′ which are dropping from the combustion plate 5 .
  • the two movement elements 24 , 26 are attached to a common shaft 27 which is driven by way of a motor 28 .
  • the end of an ash removal worm 29 using which the burned-out ash can be automatically routed out of the boiler 1 leads into the bottom of the burn-up and calcination space 10 .
  • the ash removal worm 29 can also be directed horizontally instead of obliquely downward as shown.
  • the secondary air supply means has a secondary air supply tube 30 and several air nozzles 31 and air slots 32 through which air is blown into the flames in the flue 12 .
  • the lower region 33 of the flue 12 which is connected to the combustion chamber 11 is made double-walled, yielding the advantage that the secondary air is heated by the heat prevailing in the combustion chamber 11 and in the flue 12 before it is blown into the interior of the flue 12 .
  • FIG. 1 also shows that the boiler 1 or the boiler wall 3 and the boiler cover 4 is surrounded by an air-water heat exchanger 34 which constitutes the actual outside wall of the boiler 1 .
  • the heat exchanger 34 has several passages 35 a , 35 b , the flue gas flowing down at least in one passage 35 b so that particles of dirt which rise at the same time during combustion in the flue 12 , settle in the subsequent downward flow and can drop into precipitation spaces 36 , 37 provided outside the combustion chamber 11 .
  • the execution of the heat exchanger reference is made to the versions in European Patent Application EP 1 288 570 A2 in this respect.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion Of Fluid Fuel (AREA)
  • Air Supply (AREA)
US12/267,915 2007-11-10 2008-11-10 Boiler for combustion of solid fuel Expired - Fee Related US8176882B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102007054114.9 2007-11-10
DE102007054114 2007-11-10
DE102007054114A DE102007054114A1 (de) 2007-11-10 2007-11-10 Heizkessel für die Verbrennung von festem Brennstoff

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US20090120337A1 US20090120337A1 (en) 2009-05-14
US8176882B2 true US8176882B2 (en) 2012-05-15

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EP (1) EP2058589B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE555348T1 (de)
DE (1) DE102007054114A1 (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110243074A (zh) * 2019-06-20 2019-09-17 范盛林 一种节能热水锅炉

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE202009008869U1 (de) 2009-06-26 2010-08-12 Jäger, Johann, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ofen
DE102009033006A1 (de) 2009-07-02 2011-01-05 Holthof, Bettina Brenner für die Verbrennung von festem Brennstoff
CN104266224B (zh) * 2014-09-24 2016-04-20 山东建筑大学 一种生物质成型燃料的自动引火点燃装置及点燃方法
JP7150291B2 (ja) * 2018-08-27 2022-10-11 株式会社エム・アイ・エス 燃焼装置
ES2925384T3 (es) 2019-09-26 2022-10-17 Oekofen Forschungs Und Entw M B H Dispositivo de calefacción
CN112377893A (zh) * 2020-12-01 2021-02-19 上海工业锅炉研究所有限公司 一种单锅筒四回程燃生物质角管锅炉水循环***

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2592980A (en) * 1949-07-13 1952-04-15 William B Van Wert Vertical flue boiler with internal heater
US4377153A (en) * 1981-04-01 1983-03-22 Flagg Rodger H Heating device
US4393814A (en) * 1981-04-08 1983-07-19 Raymond Sievert Multi-fueled boiler
US4614167A (en) * 1984-11-16 1986-09-30 Asea Stal Ab Combustion chamber having beds located one above the other and a method of controlling it
EP1288570A2 (de) 2001-08-31 2003-03-05 Werner Boos Heizkessel für die Verbrennung von festem Brennstoff
US7438024B2 (en) * 2005-10-20 2008-10-21 Robert Bast Wood-burning boiler
US20090107421A1 (en) * 2003-10-16 2009-04-30 Christian Herlt Gasification boiler for solid fuels, in particular for bales of straw, with optimised exhaust gas values
US20090183693A1 (en) * 2008-01-02 2009-07-23 Furman Dale C High efficiency wood or biomass boiler

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4098200A (en) * 1976-12-09 1978-07-04 Dauvergne Hector A Low pollution solid waste burner
EP0409790A1 (de) * 1989-07-19 1991-01-23 Willi Hager Feuerungsanlage
FR2857732A1 (fr) * 2003-07-15 2005-01-21 Perge Chaudiere de chauffage a combustible du type a elements individualises

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2592980A (en) * 1949-07-13 1952-04-15 William B Van Wert Vertical flue boiler with internal heater
US4377153A (en) * 1981-04-01 1983-03-22 Flagg Rodger H Heating device
US4393814A (en) * 1981-04-08 1983-07-19 Raymond Sievert Multi-fueled boiler
US4614167A (en) * 1984-11-16 1986-09-30 Asea Stal Ab Combustion chamber having beds located one above the other and a method of controlling it
EP1288570A2 (de) 2001-08-31 2003-03-05 Werner Boos Heizkessel für die Verbrennung von festem Brennstoff
US20090107421A1 (en) * 2003-10-16 2009-04-30 Christian Herlt Gasification boiler for solid fuels, in particular for bales of straw, with optimised exhaust gas values
US7438024B2 (en) * 2005-10-20 2008-10-21 Robert Bast Wood-burning boiler
US20090183693A1 (en) * 2008-01-02 2009-07-23 Furman Dale C High efficiency wood or biomass boiler

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110243074A (zh) * 2019-06-20 2019-09-17 范盛林 一种节能热水锅炉

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20090120337A1 (en) 2009-05-14
EP2058589A2 (de) 2009-05-13
ATE555348T1 (de) 2012-05-15
DE102007054114A1 (de) 2009-05-20
EP2058589B1 (de) 2012-04-25
EP2058589A3 (de) 2009-10-21

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