US6204025B1 - Efficient linking of nucleic acid segments - Google Patents

Efficient linking of nucleic acid segments Download PDF

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US6204025B1
US6204025B1 US09/161,466 US16146698A US6204025B1 US 6204025 B1 US6204025 B1 US 6204025B1 US 16146698 A US16146698 A US 16146698A US 6204025 B1 US6204025 B1 US 6204025B1
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dna
primer
complementary
dna segments
segment
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Qiang Liu
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City of Hope
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    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6844—Nucleic acid amplification reactions
    • C12Q1/686—Polymerase chain reaction [PCR]

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  • This invention relates to a method for the efficient amplification of target DNA segments which is particularly advantageous for those target genes containing many small exons. Specifically, the method involves a rapid polymerase chain reaction technique for linking multiple gene segments from a single gene or multiple genes into a large DNA molecule suitable for further analysis.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • each gene segment is amplified separately and then analyzed.
  • each exon must be amplified individually using a separate PCR, and then linked together to form a long DNA molecule representing the entire gene (Ho, et al., 1989; Horton, et al., 1989).
  • Ho, et al., 1989 Horton, et al., 1989.
  • the more exons the gene of interest contains the more separate amplifications must be individually performed and the more PCRs are needed to link the segments together.
  • the preparation of a single gene for analysis can become prohibitively labor-intensive, and require a great deal of time, particularly when the small target exons must be individually scanned for mutations or polymorphisms.
  • the present invention provides a method of linking by PCR DNA segments which occur in non-adjacent portions of target DNA wherein each DNA segment contains a sequence complementary to a sequence in the DNA segment or segments to which it is to be linked, comprising using a) a first primer which is complementary to the antisense strand of the first DNA segment to be linked and a second primer which is complementary to the sense strand of the last DNA segment to be linked; and b) at least one polymerase lacking 3′ ⁇ 5′ exonuclease activity and at least one polymerase containing 3′ ⁇ 5′ exonuclease activity.
  • the present invention provides a method of producing and amplifying DNA containing at least three linked DNA segments which occur in non-adjacent portions of target DNA, comprising a) providing a first primer and a second primer for each DNA segment to be amplified, i) the first primer (termed the D primer) having a 3′ portion which is complementary to the 3′ end of the antisense strand of the DNA segment and a 5′ tail which is complementary to the 5′ end of the second primer for the previous DNA segment or to a sequence internal to the previous DNA segment; ii) the second primer (termed the U primer) having a 3′ portion which is complementary to the 3′ end of the sense strand of the DNA segment and a 5′ tail which is complementary to the 5′ end of the first primer for the subsequent segment or to a sequence internal to the subsequent DNA segment; b) amplifying the at least three DNA segments by multiplex PCR using the pairs of first and second primers; and c) subjecting the at least three amplified DNA segments to a linking
  • FIG. 1A is a schematic representation of the Multiplex and Linking PCR steps of the inventive process.
  • Four regions of the p53 gene were amplified by Multiplex PCR with the four primer pairs D 1 /U 1 , D 2 /U 2 , D 3 /U 3 and D 4 /U 4 .
  • Each primer contains a GC-rich tail and a sequence-specific region.
  • the tail of a U primer is complementary to the tail of subsequent D primer.
  • the four PCR amplified DNAs (D 1 U 1 , D 2 U 2 , D 3 U 3 and D 4 U 4 ) are linked and amplified by nested P and Q primers.
  • FIG. 1B provides an example showing two types of tails which can be used with the inventive process.
  • the type I tail of D 3 primers is not overlapped with the sequence-specific region of U 2 primer, while the Type II tail is overlapped by 4 bases.
  • Sense (SEQ ID NO:21) and antisense (SEQ ID NO:22) sequences of the p53 gene, and sense (SEQ ID NO:23) and antisense (SEQ ID NO:24) sequences of the F9 gene are included in the tail.
  • FIG. 1 C This schematic diagram illustrates the use of the type III tail, in which the tail sequence is complementary to an internal portion of the DNA sequence to be joined.
  • FIG. 2A shows the relative yields of PCR product of the p53 gene with varied amounts of Vent and fixed amounts of Tth, Taq, or Tfl enzymes. Fixed amounts of Tth, Tag, or Tfl and increasing amounts of Vent were used to link and amplify segments of the p53 gene. Relative yields of the linked PQ product were quantitated using a PhosphorImager (Molecular Dynamics) after 15 cycles.
  • PhosphorImager Molecular Dynamics
  • FIG. 3 demonstrates the effect of differing amounts of DNA template on the yield of PCR product.
  • the p53 gene was amplified using Tth/Vent DNA polymerases. Tth/Vent DNA polymerases were applied with increasing amounts of template DNA and the p53 PQ product quantitated.
  • Tth/Vent, Taq/Pfu or Tfl/Vent DNA polymerases were applied to the F9 gene. Tth/vent, Taq/Pfu or Tfl/Vent were applied to the F9 gene.
  • FIG. 4 presents the relative yields and accumulation of PCR product. Aliquots of identical radioactively labeled Linking PCR mixtures were removed from the thermocycler every 3 cycles from 9 to 30 cycles and the PQ PCR product was quantitated. Forty nanograms (4A), 20 ng (4B), or 10 ng (4C) of p53 DNA templates per 25 ⁇ l reaction were used.
  • FIG. 5 gives the relative yields of PCR products of the p53 and F9 genes with different annealing temperature.
  • the gene amplification method of the present invention can produce large amounts of DNA composed of several exons or a DNA composed of several non-contiguous DNA segments from the same gene or different genes, without requiring the time-consuming amplification of each separate gene segment.
  • Another advantage of the present invention is the easy, one-step linkage of the gene segments and amplification of the linked product.
  • the invention has multiple uses which include but are not limited to, the following: i) efficient scanning of mutations by methods such as restriction endonuclease fingerprinting when genomic DNA is analyzed from genes in which there are multiple short exons separated by long introns; ii) joining of different protein domains to generate a recombinant gene/RNA which has novel properties; and iii) linking RNAs together by generating cDNA, linking the cDNA with the primer that contains an RNA promoter sequence, and after linkage transcribing the linked segment to generate the RNA.
  • Multiplex PCR is the amplification of the desired regions (for example, exons) of the genetic material using a pair of primers for each individual region.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates in schematic form the amplification of four exons simultaneously with four primer pairs prior to the linking-step.
  • the primer pairs are designated D 1 /U 1 , D 2 /U 2 . . . D n /U n .
  • Each primer contains a GC-rich tail and a sequence-specific region, and the tail of each U primer is complementary to the tail of the subsequent D primer.
  • Three types of primer tails are contemplated for use with the invention. In type I primers the tail of the D primer does not overlap with the sequence-specific region of the previous U primer.
  • Type II primers the tail of the D primer overlaps the sequence-specific region adjacent to the previous U primer. See FIG. 1 B.
  • Type III primers contain a tail portion which is complementary to a sequence internal to the previous gene segment. See FIG. 1C for an example in schematic form.
  • Oligo 5 calculates primers' melting temperature (T m ) by the nearest neighbor method at 50 mM KCl and 250 pM DNA.
  • Type I tails do not overlap the sequence-specific region of the complementary primer, while type II tails overlap the sequence-specific region for four bases. Tails which overlap by more or fewer bases are also suitable for use with the invention.
  • Type III tails are complementary to an internal sequence within the previous gene segment.
  • sequence-specific region affects the yields and specificities of the Multiplex PCR.
  • the criteria are set as follows:
  • the T m value should be approximately 35° C. below the average T m value of the targeted regions. A T m value lower than this may result in low PCR yields, especially if the region of the gene segment to be amplified contains a high GC percentage.
  • the stringency for dimer or hairpin formation at the 3′ end should preferably be set at ⁇ 4 base pairs among all primers. This has the potential to cause a greater problem in Multiplex PCR than in ordinary PCRs using only two primers.
  • the stringency for false priming sites at the 3′ end should preferably be set at ⁇ 6 base pairs for all strands and for all regions.
  • Internal stability may be chosen based on the instructions in the Oligo 5 software package.
  • the tail is short (preferably less than 20 bases) and contains a high percentage of GC bases, which functions to provide consistent and balanced high yields of Multiplex PCR products, and an efficient and specific “linker” for the Linking PCR.
  • the criteria should be set as follows:
  • the GC content should preferably be from 60% to 70%.
  • the tail size is preferably 10-15 bases long and most preferably 12 bases long.
  • the stringency for false priming of the primer's antisense sequence at its 3′ end should preferably be ⁇ 6 bases for any strand and any target.
  • a type II tail is preferred.
  • the parameters of the PCR may be optimized according to Shuber, et al. (Shuber et al., 1995) or determined empirically.
  • Shuber, et al. (Shuber et al., 1995) was followed, except for the annealing temperature.
  • the optimal annealing temperature was determined empirically and was expected to be approximately 20-25° C. below the average T m of the gene regions being amplified. (Liu et al., 1997).
  • a preferred strategy for optimization of the Multiplex PCR step is as follows:
  • Concentrations of primer, Mg, DMSO, and the amount of TaqGold DNA polymerase should be optimized for each polymerase chain reaction.
  • the optimal annealing temperature should be approximately 20-25° C. lower than the average T m of the regions to be amplified, but ultimately should be determined empirically. If a region is not being efficiently amplified, adding an additional one or two bases to the sequence-specific region of the primer may increase the yield.
  • the common parameters of each PCR should be chosen to generate balanced high yields of the specific desired Multiplex PCR products.
  • the Taq DNA polymerase may be present in amounts as high as 2-6 units per 25 ⁇ l reaction. Rarely, the primer concentration may need further adjustment to achieve even, balanced yields of each DNA segment. If satisfactory results are still not achieved, a change in the primer sequence may be necessary.
  • TaqGold with hot-start was found important to prevent primer dimer formation and false priming.
  • One potential difficulty in the p53 gene was the amplifications of exons 10 and 11, which are separated by an intron of 800 base pairs.
  • our results showed no large PCR DNA spanning the two exons when the T m of the sequence-specific regions of the U 3 and D 4 primers was increased and their relative concentrations adjusted according to our preferred optimization scheme.
  • Amplified DNA segments produced by multiplex PCR or any other suitable method may be joined with the linking PCR method, with our without prior purification to remove unincorporated primers.
  • the antisense strands of U 1 and D 2 tails, U 2 and D 3 tails, and U 3 and D 4 tails are annealed and extended, so the four D 1 U 1 , D 2 U 2 , D 3 U 3 , and D 4 U 4 DNAs are linked into a D 1 U 4 molecule in numerical order. If the primers are complementary to a different region of the DNA segment to be joined, the complementary regions are annealed and extended.
  • PCR amplifies the joined template with nested primers such as P and Q. (FIG. 1 A).
  • Tails of 12-base size worked efficiently, although tails of 10-15 bases, or a greater range, are also suitable.
  • the tails of primers P and Q prevent “megapriming,” which occurs when a PQ product generated in an earlier cycle acts as a primer for a larger D 1 U 4 template in a subsequent cycle (Sarkar and Sommer, 1992; Sarkar and Sommer, 1990). Also, the tail acts as a switch from low amplification efficiency to high efficiency, depending on which template of D 1 U 4 or PQ to which the primer anneals (Liu, et al. 1997).
  • a solid or liquid macromolecular additive may be used in the linking PCR mixture.
  • Macromolecular additives such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) may reduce the amount of template needed to obtain a satisfactory result.
  • the nested primers P and Q should be designed using the same criteria and methods as described above for the D and U primers, except that the T m of the sequence-specific regions are preferably approximately 35-40° C. lower than the D 1 U 4 DNA product.
  • Tth/Vent DNA polymerases are preferably present at approximately 1U/0.1U or 1U/0.05U per 25 ⁇ l reaction.
  • the linkage of individual DNA segments is preferably tested by measuring the linking efficiencies of all the regions desired to be linked, and all shorter linked segments. For example, if the desired complete DNA sequence is made up of 4 segments, the linkage efficiency of 4, 3, and 2 segments would be measured with the appropriate primer pairs. Table 1 illustrates this suggested method.
  • the optimal annealing temperature should be determined using a large amount of DNA templates, and is generally associated with the percentage of GC bases in the DNA templates. See FIG. 5 .
  • the preferred DNA template concentration is determined as shown in FIG. 3, and is dependent on how many DNA segments are to be linked together.
  • the identity and quality of the Linking PCR product is preferably confirmed by direct sequencing. If the product is not of the correct sequence, the tails of the primers from the multiplex step and the P and Q primers should be double-checked.
  • Each of four primer pairs of D 1 /U 1 , D 2 /U 2 , D 3 /U 3 , and D 4 /U 4 were used to amplify exons 1, 2-4, 10 and 11 in the p53 gene.
  • Each primer contained a GC-rich tail and a sequence-specific region.
  • the tails of the U primers were complementary to the tails of each subsequent D primer.
  • This example used a type I tail, in which the tail of the D 3 primer is not overlapped with the sequence-specific region of the U 2 primer.
  • a hot-start at 92° C. for 10 minutes was included for enzyme activation. The denaturation was at 94° C.
  • the PCR mixture contained 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris/HCl, pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 200 ⁇ M of each dNTP, 5% DMSO, 3-4U of TaqGold DNA polymerase (Perkin Elmer), and 250 ng of genomic DNA per 25 ⁇ l of reaction. After purification in a Centricon®-100 microconcentrator (Amicon), the amount of DNA was determined by spectrophotometer at 260 nm. The four expected DNA products were obtained in similar molecular ratio, and the complementary tails did not cause obvious problems.
  • each primer pair of D 1 /U 1 , D 2 /U 2 , D 3 /U 3 , and D 4 /U 4 were used to amplify exons 1, 2-3, 4, and 5 of the F9 gene.
  • each primer contained a GC-rich tail and a sequence-specific region, and the tails of the U primers were complementary to the tails of each subsequent D primer.
  • This example uses a type II tail, in which the tail of the D 1 , D 2 , and D 3 primers overlapped for four bases the sequence-specific region of the corresponding U primers. (Table 1B, FIG. 1 B).
  • the PCR mixture and reaction parameters were the same as in example 1 with the exception that 5% DMSO was omitted from the reaction mixture.
  • the numbering system is based on GenBank Accession: X54156. F9 gene PCR products are D 1 U 1 (367 bp, 40.6% G + C), D 2 U 2 (784 bp, 31.4% G + C), D 3 U 3 (371 bp, 39.9% G + C), D 4 U 4 (330 bp, 36.4% G + C) and PQ (1702 bp, 35% G + C).
  • the numbering system is as described in Yoshitake, et al. (Yoshitake, et al., 1985).
  • 5′UT indicates the primer begins at a 5′ untranslated region; the letter I followed by a number indicates the primer begins at that intron; the number in parenthesis indicates the nucleotide at which the sequence begins; the following number indicates the sequence length; and the letter D or U indicates a downstream or upstream primer.
  • the underlined region is the tail and the capitalized region is the sequence-specific region.
  • c tT m and cT m represent the T m values of the tail and the sequence-specific region of a primer, respectively.
  • the anti-sense sequences of primer #4 have 7 bp false priming sites at the 31 end.
  • Linking PCR was performed as follows. Denaturation proceeded at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 55° C. for 30 seconds rammed to 72° C. within one minute, and then elongation at 72° C. for 2-3 minutes, for a total of 15 cycles.
  • the mixture contained 100 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris/HCl, pH 8.9, 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 50 ⁇ /ml BSA, 0.05% (v/v) Tween 20, 200 uM of each dNTP, 1U of Tth (Boehringer Mannheim) and 0.1 U of Vent (New England Biolabs) DNA polymerases, 20 ng each of the four DNAs, and 5 ⁇ Ci of alpha- 32 P-dCTP (300 Ci/mmol, Amershar) per 25 ⁇ l reaction; unless mentioned elsewhere.
  • PCR products were separated on a 2% agarose gel, which was then stained with ethidium bromide and UV photographed with an AlphaImagerTM 2000 CCD camera (Alpha Innotech).
  • the PCR was quantitated by PhosphorImager with ImageQuant software (Molecular Dynamics) after the dried gel was exposed for 30 minutes.
  • the PCR yields were quantitated as “random units,” i.e. the number of pixels in the PCR band minus the background.
  • Tth/Vent in ratios of 1:0.1 and 1:0.05 (lanes 2 and 3) generated the highest yield.
  • Relative linking PCR efficiencies were Tth/Vent or Tfl/Vent>Tfl/Pfu>Taq/Pfu>Tth/Pfu>Taq/Vent. Any single enzyme alone did not work optimally.
  • Tth and Vent were performed in linking exons of the F9 gene, changing both the amounts and ratio of the two enzymes in the reaction (FIG. 2 B). Amounts of Tth ranged from 0.125U to 4U, and amounts of Vent ranged from 0.0125U to 0.4U, with 4U Tth and 0.1U Vent generating the highest yield (lane 7). The results show that both the absolute amount of the two enzymes and the ratio influence the efficiency of the linking polymerase chain reaction. Similar results were achieved when linking PCR was performed with segments containing 15 base pairs of complementary sequence and when 49 ng of template DNA was used.
  • annealing temperature was studied using a Gradient Robocycler (Stratagene).
  • p53 gene using four templates with 12-base tails, linked product was formed with high yields at annealing temperatures from 50° C. up to 58° C.
  • F9 gene under the same conditions, high yields of linked product were formed at annealing temperatures from 47° C. up to 55° C.
  • the optimal annealing temperature is relatively low and has a broad range.
  • the optimal annealing temperature also is associated with the GC content of the templates.

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US20100124768A1 (en) * 2008-11-19 2010-05-20 Zach Serber Compositions and methods for the assembly of polynucleotides
WO2012124965A2 (ko) * 2011-03-16 2012-09-20 연세대학교 산학협력단 다중 타겟 위치의 단일 핵산서열로의 어셈블리 방법
US10287627B2 (en) 2014-02-08 2019-05-14 The Regents Of The University Of Colorado, A Body Corporate Multiplexed linking PCR
US10793851B2 (en) 2015-08-04 2020-10-06 The Regents Of The University Of Colorado, A Body Corporate Multiplexed binary assembly and quantitative tracking of bacterial populations
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US20100124768A1 (en) * 2008-11-19 2010-05-20 Zach Serber Compositions and methods for the assembly of polynucleotides
US20100136633A1 (en) * 2008-11-19 2010-06-03 Zach Serber Compositions and methods for the assembly of polynucleotides
US8110360B2 (en) 2008-11-19 2012-02-07 Amyris, Inc. Compositions and methods for the assembly of polynucleotides
US8221982B2 (en) 2008-11-19 2012-07-17 Amyris, Inc. Compositions and methods for the assembly of polynucleotides
US8546136B2 (en) 2008-11-19 2013-10-01 Amyris, Inc. Compositions and methods for the assembly of polynucleotides
KR101306988B1 (ko) * 2011-03-16 2013-09-10 연세대학교 산학협력단 다중 타겟 위치의 단일 핵산서열로의 어셈블리 방법
WO2012124965A3 (ko) * 2011-03-16 2012-12-27 연세대학교 산학협력단 다중 타겟 위치의 단일 핵산서열로의 어셈블리 방법
WO2012124965A2 (ko) * 2011-03-16 2012-09-20 연세대학교 산학협력단 다중 타겟 위치의 단일 핵산서열로의 어셈블리 방법
US10287627B2 (en) 2014-02-08 2019-05-14 The Regents Of The University Of Colorado, A Body Corporate Multiplexed linking PCR
US10793851B2 (en) 2015-08-04 2020-10-06 The Regents Of The University Of Colorado, A Body Corporate Multiplexed binary assembly and quantitative tracking of bacterial populations
CN113924370A (zh) * 2019-05-10 2022-01-11 香港中文大学 通过使用聚合酶连接区域的引物和分析法
GB2619438A (en) * 2019-05-10 2023-12-06 Univ Hong Kong Chinese Primers and assays for linking regions using polymerases
GB2597433B (en) * 2019-05-10 2024-05-08 Univ Hong Kong Chinese Primers and assays for linking regions using polymerases
US11999950B2 (en) 2019-05-10 2024-06-04 The Chinese University Of Hong Kong Primers and assays for linking regions using polymerases
GB2619438B (en) * 2019-05-10 2024-06-05 Univ Hong Kong Chinese Primers and assays for linking regions using polymerases

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ATE361377T1 (de) 2007-05-15
EP1019540B1 (de) 2007-05-02
AU9577998A (en) 1999-04-23
DE69837711T2 (de) 2008-01-10
CA2303420A1 (en) 1999-04-08
JP2001518310A (ja) 2001-10-16
WO1999016904A1 (en) 1999-04-08
DE69837711D1 (de) 2007-06-14

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