US3912551A - Pin for a steel chain - Google Patents

Pin for a steel chain Download PDF

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Publication number
US3912551A
US3912551A US405852A US40585273A US3912551A US 3912551 A US3912551 A US 3912551A US 405852 A US405852 A US 405852A US 40585273 A US40585273 A US 40585273A US 3912551 A US3912551 A US 3912551A
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United States
Prior art keywords
pin
chain
blank
steel
surface layer
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Expired - Lifetime
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US405852A
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English (en)
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Kumakichi Araya
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16G—BELTS, CABLES, OR ROPES, PREDOMINANTLY USED FOR DRIVING PURPOSES; CHAINS; FITTINGS PREDOMINANTLY USED THEREFOR
    • F16G15/00—Chain couplings, Shackles; Chain joints; Chain links; Chain bushes
    • F16G15/12—Chain links
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21L—MAKING METAL CHAINS
    • B21L9/00—Making chains or chain links, the links being composed of two or more different parts, e.g. drive chains
    • B21L9/02—Making chains or chain links, the links being composed of two or more different parts, e.g. drive chains of roller-chain or other plate-link type
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C10/00—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces
    • C23C10/60—After-treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C12/00—Solid state diffusion of at least one non-metal element other than silicon and at least one metal element or silicon into metallic material surfaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16G—BELTS, CABLES, OR ROPES, PREDOMINANTLY USED FOR DRIVING PURPOSES; CHAINS; FITTINGS PREDOMINANTLY USED THEREFOR
    • F16G13/00—Chains
    • F16G13/02—Driving-chains
    • F16G13/06—Driving-chains with links connected by parallel driving-pins with or without rollers so called open links
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16G—BELTS, CABLES, OR ROPES, PREDOMINANTLY USED FOR DRIVING PURPOSES; CHAINS; FITTINGS PREDOMINANTLY USED THEREFOR
    • F16G15/00—Chain couplings, Shackles; Chain joints; Chain links; Chain bushes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12951—Fe-base component
    • Y10T428/12958—Next to Fe-base component

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A pin for a steel chain of a medium carbon alloy steel blank, a surface of which blank comprising a surface layer comprising a ferrite phase having at least one element diffused and permeated, and fine and globular compound particles of said element dispersed in said surface layer, said blank being quenched and tempered.
  • roller chains and chains integral with rollers are required to have a higher efficiency, and particularly in case of high speed operation, there is a tendency of using a small pitch chain in order to avoid an influence effected by the centrifugal force or noises caused by the chain perse, gradually increasing tension exerted on the chain, and further in machineries of some kind, which repeat rapid acceleration, rapid reduction, or reverse, instantaneous tension acted at that time is extremely great.
  • a pin acts as a shearing and bending member, thus requiring a strength and a toughness, and the pin constitutes a bushing and a bearing, thus requiring also the wear resistance, and particularly in case of high speed operation, lubrication is scattered and is difficult to be reached the bearing portion, and also, even if lubrication is applied, the surface pressure of the bearing is inevitably increased due to the high tension.
  • Chains are very often used under the extremely bad condition such that the chains are merely applied with grease once before being put in use and never applied thereafter, and therefore it is important to treat them so as to have a surface hardness as high as possible and a good wear resistance.
  • pins it is preferable for pins to employ material which has a toughness to some extent, and a low carbon case hardening steel is used in genera], and this steel is substantially C 0.23% and for other alloy elements, ther are Cr, Nb, Mo, Mn, etc.
  • this steel is substantially C 0.23% and for other alloy elements, ther are Cr, Nb, Mo, Mn, etc.
  • the chains have been cut during their use, in most cases, due to the fatigue failure of a link plate, and the pin of the low carbon case hardening steel has scarecely been fractured.
  • the chain receives a great tension as described, there is in many cases fractured the pin in a state of approximate static fracture due to the shearing and bending before the link plate is broken.
  • the strength of the low carbon case hardening steel is not sufficient thereby proposing a method for increasing the strength in which the medium carbon alloy steel is quenched and tempered.
  • the tensile strength of the chain incorporating a pin having the surface strength about equal to that of the low carbon case hardening steel by carburizing or carburizing and nitriding a blank of said medium carbon steel is considerably lower than that of the chain incorporating a pin of the low carbon case hardening steel.
  • quenching process is different due to the difference of carbon concentration between the surface and the core portion and producing a compression stress on the surface to prevent generation ofcracks in the brittle surface while in carburizing the medium carbon alloy steel, quenching process is not so different between the surface and the core portion and there is little compression redidual stress so that cracks are produced by bending stress and immediately affecting to the core portion. That is to say, in case of using the pin of the medium carbon alloy steel in order to obtain the chain having a great tensile strength, there is a fatal defect such that the surface strength can not be made greater and the wear resistance is forced to be reduced.
  • This invention relates to a pin for a steel chain in which at least one element among Si, B, Cr, W, Mo. V, Ti, Al, Be, Zr, No, etc. is diffused and permeated in the surface of a medium carbon alloy steel blank to form a surface layer of a ferrite phase, and fine and globular compound particles of said element are dispersed in said surface layer and thereafter quenching and tempei'ing are applied thereto.
  • An object of this invention is to provide a pin for a steel chain which uses a medium'carbon alloy steel as a blank to increase the tensile strength and to improve the wear resistance.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide a pin for a steel chain which is highly durable against the load at the time of high speed operation or shocks, or even in a state of inferior lubrication.
  • FIG. 1 is a fragmentary sectional view of a roller chain showing main portion thereof;
  • FIG. 2 is an explanatory view showing a section of the pin according to this invention.
  • a principal feature of this invention is to obtain a pin for a chain having a tensile strength extremely greater than that of a conventional pin of a low carbon case hardening steel, by refining a medium carbon alloy steel blank wherein at least one or several kinds of elements such as Ni, Cr, Mn, Si, Mo, V, etc. is added into carbon of about 0.23 to 0.5%.
  • a layer comprising a relatively soft and uniform ferrite phase is formed on the surface of the medium carbon alloy steel blank, and a great number of carbide or nitride particles of extremely hard, fine and globular elements such as Ni, Cr, Mn, Si, etc. as described above are dispersed in said surface layer.
  • the particles are, for example, easily embedded into the layer by pressure acted on a frictional surface between the pin and the bushing to well fit to counterpart surfaces and dispersing the pressure applied, and on the other hand, since the particles per se dispersed in the surface layer is very hard, the mud, gravel, or the like invaded into a gap between the pin and the bushing are crushed and pulverized, thereby surfaces of bushing or the like being not damaged, and further these particles slightly project from the surface at an early stage of the wear, and the projection acts as a resistant body against the wear so as to remarkably reduce the wear, and portions other than the projection function as if an oil reserver to effect lubrication, thus conveniently preventing further wear.
  • the surface layer described in the second feature as previously described is made difficult to change in structure in a heat treatment of the medium carbon alloy steel blank.
  • a surface layer is formed by diffusing and permeating at least one of elements such as Si, B, Cr, W, Mo, Ti, Al, Be, Sr, Ta, Nb, etc., which enlarge or boundary in a constitutional diagram of steel, in the surface of said blank.
  • the structure becomes a ferrite phase irrespective of temperature thereby the structure of the surface layer becoming difficult to be changed and enabling the blank to be quenched and tempered, and further there is no fear of producing cracks in the surface due to the relatively soft ferrite phase even when bending load is applied to the pin, and furthermore the surface layer is never stripped off because of the provision of extremely strong adherence between the surface layer and the blank even when impact load is received.
  • the fine and globular particles dispersed in the surface layer are formed in the form of compound of said element such as Ni, Cr, etc. and carbon or nitrogen.
  • This carbon or nitrogen is originally contained in the blank or contained therein as a result of carrying out carburizing or carburizing and nitriding before or after the diffusion or simultaneously thereof, thus facilitating formation of carbides or nitrides.
  • a bushing 2 is idly mounted on a pinl secured to a pin link plate 4, said pin 1 and said bushing comprise a bearing portion, and a roller link plate is secured to the bushing 2 to form a bended portion of the chain, and further a roller 3 is rotatably fitted into said bushing 2 and is meshed with a sprocket not shown.
  • a roller link plate is secured to the bushing 2 to form a bended portion of the chain, and further a roller 3 is rotatably fitted into said bushing 2 and is meshed with a sprocket not shown.
  • EXAMPLE 3 Metal nitrides are also formed by using the carburizing and nitriding agents comprising the following composition, instead of using the carburizer as described in Example 2.
  • the chain incorporating the pin 1 made of the medium carbon alloy steel as processed in the foregoing is good in wear resistance and the strength thereof is extremely improved as compared with the conventional type. Further, under the bad conditions such as high speed and heavy load or impact load or inferior lubrication, etc., the present chain has its good durability and is most suitable particularly for use of power transmission.
  • the invention may be applicable to the bushing 2, the roller 3, the pin link plate 4, and the roller link plate 5 other than the pin 1, when necessary, and in addition, corrosion resistance as a feature of the chromizing process may be provided, thus being applicable to chains in various modes including size and extensively improving quality.
  • a steel chain link cylindrical pin comprised of an chrome carbide particles dispersed therein. alloy of iron and from 0.23 to 0.5% of a medium car- 2.
  • the pin of claim 1 having a H value of from 1000 bon, and having a surface layer which is at least 3p. in to 1500.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
US405852A 1972-10-31 1973-10-11 Pin for a steel chain Expired - Lifetime US3912551A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP47108522A JPS4965944A (fr) 1972-10-31 1972-10-31

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3912551A true US3912551A (en) 1975-10-14

Family

ID=14486920

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US405852A Expired - Lifetime US3912551A (en) 1972-10-31 1973-10-11 Pin for a steel chain

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US3912551A (fr)
JP (1) JPS4965944A (fr)
BE (1) BE806835A (fr)
DE (1) DE2354565A1 (fr)
FR (1) FR2205154A5 (fr)
GB (1) GB1441782A (fr)

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4711676A (en) * 1985-05-17 1987-12-08 Tsubakimoto Chain Company Carburized pin for chain
US4832762A (en) * 1984-09-28 1989-05-23 Nippon Kokan Kabushiki Kaisha Method for producing thin steel sheet of high magnetic permeability
EP0899355A1 (fr) * 1997-08-25 1999-03-03 AMSTED Industries Incorporated Procédé de cémentation d'axes pour chaínes à rouleaux
US20030176252A1 (en) * 2002-03-12 2003-09-18 Borgwarner Morse Tec Japan K. K. Silent chain
WO2003093698A1 (fr) * 2002-05-02 2003-11-13 Joh. Winklhofer & Söhne GmbH und Co. KG Chaine articulee a axes d'articulation nitrures
NL1023383C2 (nl) * 2003-05-09 2004-11-15 Rexnord Flattop Europe Bv Kettingpen voor scharnierbandkettingen.
WO2005083297A1 (fr) * 2004-02-18 2005-09-09 Joh. Winklhofer & Soehne Gmbh Und Co.Kg Chaine d'entrainement, en particulier chaine d'entrainement de commande, conçue pour des moteurs a combustion interne, en particulier des moteurs diesels
WO2005090824A1 (fr) * 2004-03-19 2005-09-29 Daimlerchrysler Ag Chaines a articulations et procede de production associe
US20060207690A1 (en) * 2005-03-21 2006-09-21 Amsted High strength steel and method of making same
WO2007009521A1 (fr) 2005-07-22 2007-01-25 Iwis Motorsysteme Gmbh & Co. Kg Chaîne articulée à surface d'appui nitrurée comportant une couche d'oxydation
US20100058592A1 (en) * 2006-05-30 2010-03-11 Schaeffler Kg Method for hardening running surfaces of roller bearing components
EP2192327A1 (fr) * 2007-09-27 2010-06-02 Daido Kogyo Co., Ltd. Chaîne à maillons
CN101614264B (zh) * 2009-07-13 2011-05-04 吉林市吉瑞石油机械有限公司 一种链条及链轮
WO2015002775A1 (fr) * 2013-07-03 2015-01-08 Borgwarner Inc. Élément coulissant, maillon de chaîne, et chaîne comprenant ledit maillon
CN108424999A (zh) * 2018-04-27 2018-08-21 宁夏石炭井炭化实业公司 一种浅槽分选机传动链条零部件的热处理工艺

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT8221139V0 (it) * 1982-03-15 1982-03-15 Catene Calibrate Regina Catene di passo corto a rulli girevoli a perni forati ad alta resistenza all'allungamento.
GB2160614A (en) * 1984-06-21 1985-12-24 Thames Water Authority Improvements in or relating to drive chains
US4765840A (en) * 1987-04-28 1988-08-23 Nauchno-Issledovatelsky Institut Tekhnologii Avtomobilnoi Promyshlennosti Composition for depositing diffusion carbide coatings on iron-carbon alloy articles
GB2204327B (en) * 1987-05-01 1991-07-31 Nii Tekh Avtomobil Promy Deposition of diffusion carbide coatings on iron-carbon alloy articles
GB2206898B (en) * 1987-07-01 1991-07-31 Electric Power Res Inst Chromized coatings containing vanadium
JP3199225B2 (ja) * 1996-12-12 2001-08-13 株式会社椿本チエイン サイレントチェーン
FR2770273B1 (fr) * 1997-10-27 1999-12-10 Sedis Chaine mecanique autolubrifiante et son utilisation dans un escalier mecanique
JP5021966B2 (ja) * 2006-07-06 2012-09-12 本田技研工業株式会社 耐摩耗性部品及びその製造方法

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1929252A (en) * 1931-12-09 1933-10-03 Moore Drop Forging Company Nitrided ferrous article
US1977280A (en) * 1931-08-21 1934-10-16 Electro Metallurg Co Case-hardening
US3811929A (en) * 1970-03-04 1974-05-21 Kito Kk Metallic cementation

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR848328A (fr) * 1938-07-05 1939-10-26 Anciens Ets Skoda Objets en acier moulé à surface cémentée
GB647748A (en) * 1947-03-20 1950-12-20 Franz Halla Improvements in and relating to the hardening of the surface of metals or metal alloys
FR1239431A (fr) * 1959-07-16 1960-08-26 Sedis Transmissions Mec Rouleau pour chaîne de transmission et son procédé de fabrication
FR1253262A (fr) * 1959-12-15 1961-02-10 Sedis Transmissions Mec Perfectionnement aux chaînes de transmission et procédé pour leur fabrication

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1977280A (en) * 1931-08-21 1934-10-16 Electro Metallurg Co Case-hardening
US1929252A (en) * 1931-12-09 1933-10-03 Moore Drop Forging Company Nitrided ferrous article
US3811929A (en) * 1970-03-04 1974-05-21 Kito Kk Metallic cementation

Cited By (29)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4832762A (en) * 1984-09-28 1989-05-23 Nippon Kokan Kabushiki Kaisha Method for producing thin steel sheet of high magnetic permeability
US4711676A (en) * 1985-05-17 1987-12-08 Tsubakimoto Chain Company Carburized pin for chain
EP0899355A1 (fr) * 1997-08-25 1999-03-03 AMSTED Industries Incorporated Procédé de cémentation d'axes pour chaínes à rouleaux
US20030176252A1 (en) * 2002-03-12 2003-09-18 Borgwarner Morse Tec Japan K. K. Silent chain
US20050176539A1 (en) * 2002-05-02 2005-08-11 Joh. Winklhofer & Sohne Gmbh Und Co. Kg Sprocket chain comprising nitrated joint pins
WO2003093698A1 (fr) * 2002-05-02 2003-11-13 Joh. Winklhofer & Söhne GmbH und Co. KG Chaine articulee a axes d'articulation nitrures
US7243783B2 (en) 2003-05-09 2007-07-17 Rexnord Flat Top Europe B.V. Chain pin for hinge conveyor chains
US20040244177A1 (en) * 2003-05-09 2004-12-09 Hartman Stephan David Chain pin for hinge conveyor chains
US7097032B2 (en) 2003-05-09 2006-08-29 Rexnord Flattop Europe B.V. Chain pin for hinge conveyor chains
US20060249358A1 (en) * 2003-05-09 2006-11-09 Hartman Stephan D Chain pin for hinge conveyor chains
NL1023383C2 (nl) * 2003-05-09 2004-11-15 Rexnord Flattop Europe Bv Kettingpen voor scharnierbandkettingen.
WO2005083297A1 (fr) * 2004-02-18 2005-09-09 Joh. Winklhofer & Soehne Gmbh Und Co.Kg Chaine d'entrainement, en particulier chaine d'entrainement de commande, conçue pour des moteurs a combustion interne, en particulier des moteurs diesels
WO2005090824A1 (fr) * 2004-03-19 2005-09-29 Daimlerchrysler Ag Chaines a articulations et procede de production associe
US20060207690A1 (en) * 2005-03-21 2006-09-21 Amsted High strength steel and method of making same
WO2007009521A1 (fr) 2005-07-22 2007-01-25 Iwis Motorsysteme Gmbh & Co. Kg Chaîne articulée à surface d'appui nitrurée comportant une couche d'oxydation
US20100058592A1 (en) * 2006-05-30 2010-03-11 Schaeffler Kg Method for hardening running surfaces of roller bearing components
US8479396B2 (en) * 2006-05-30 2013-07-09 Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG Method for hardening running surfaces of roller bearing components
US20100307128A1 (en) * 2007-09-27 2010-12-09 Daido Kogyo Co., Ltd. Link chain
EP2192327A4 (fr) * 2007-09-27 2011-01-12 Daido Kogyo Kk Chaîne à maillons
US8146340B2 (en) 2007-09-27 2012-04-03 Daido Kogyo Co., Ltd. Link chain
EP2192327A1 (fr) * 2007-09-27 2010-06-02 Daido Kogyo Co., Ltd. Chaîne à maillons
CN101614264B (zh) * 2009-07-13 2011-05-04 吉林市吉瑞石油机械有限公司 一种链条及链轮
WO2015002775A1 (fr) * 2013-07-03 2015-01-08 Borgwarner Inc. Élément coulissant, maillon de chaîne, et chaîne comprenant ledit maillon
CN105452722A (zh) * 2013-07-03 2016-03-30 博格华纳公司 滑动构件、链节以及包括该链节的链
KR20160037909A (ko) * 2013-07-03 2016-04-06 보르그워너 인코퍼레이티드 슬라이딩 부재， 및 체인용 링크 및 당해 링크를 구비한 체인
CN108730447A (zh) * 2013-07-03 2018-11-02 博格华纳公司 滑动构件、链节以及包括该链节的链
US10208833B2 (en) 2013-07-03 2019-02-19 Borgwarner Inc. Sliding member, chain link, and chain comprising said link
CN105452722B (zh) * 2013-07-03 2019-12-24 博格华纳公司 滑动构件、链节以及包括该链节的链
CN108424999A (zh) * 2018-04-27 2018-08-21 宁夏石炭井炭化实业公司 一种浅槽分选机传动链条零部件的热处理工艺

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2354565A1 (de) 1974-05-02
JPS4965944A (fr) 1974-06-26
FR2205154A5 (fr) 1974-05-24
GB1441782A (en) 1976-07-07
DE2354565B2 (fr) 1979-05-03
BE806835A (fr) 1974-02-15

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