US3903798A - Method and means of generating gravity waves - Google Patents
Method and means of generating gravity waves Download PDFInfo
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- US3903798A US3903798A US690702A US69070267A US3903798A US 3903798 A US3903798 A US 3903798A US 690702 A US690702 A US 690702A US 69070267 A US69070267 A US 69070267A US 3903798 A US3903798 A US 3903798A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63G—OFFENSIVE OR DEFENSIVE ARRANGEMENTS ON VESSELS; MINE-LAYING; MINE-SWEEPING; SUBMARINES; AIRCRAFT CARRIERS
- B63G7/00—Mine-sweeping; Vessels characterised thereby
- B63G7/02—Mine-sweeping means, Means for destroying mines
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D1/00—Blasting methods or apparatus, e.g. loading or tamping
- F42D1/04—Arrangements for ignition
- F42D1/06—Relative timing of multiple charges
Definitions
- ABSTRACT [52] U.S. Cl. .1 102/10; l8l/ll6; 102/22 [51] '3 F42) U06 A method and means of generating a wave pattern in 158] held of Search [OZ/l0 22 24; a body of water with a period and magnitude sufficient 181/5 C to sweep pressure type mines comprising the placement and detonation of a plurality of small explosive [56] References C'ted charges in a predetermined space-time relationship.
- This invention relates to the generation of a long period, gravitational wave in an aqueous medium. More particularly, the invention contemplates the generation of a high magnitude gravity wave with a long period which has a practicable application as a sweep for pressure-responsive, submarine mines.
- a common type of submarine mine is actuated by a pressure variation caused by the proximity of a moving vessel.
- This type of mine employs an actuation circuit which is insensitive to short duration pressure varia tions and other pressure variations not produced by ship movements. The aforementioned selective sensitivity renders this type mine difficult to sweep by generation of an artificial signal.
- An economical method of generating signals of a magnitude sufficient to neutralize this type of mine in a harbor or large open body of water employing low cost and conveniently portable apparatus has awaited the technological advance devised by applicant and herein fully disclosed.
- an object of this invention to provide an improved method and means for sweeping, destroying, and neutralizing pressure sensitive marine mines.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a method for the generation of a large displacement, long period wave in a body of water.
- this invention has as its object the generation of a large amplitude, long period wave in a body of water as means for sweeping pressure type mines.
- a further specific object of this invention is to provide a method for the production of a large amplitude, long period, surface wave in a body of water by the timely detonation of spaced explosive charges.
- FIG. I is a vertical elevation showing the placement of explosive charges and an idealized hypothetical wave generated thereby;
- FIG. 2 is a plan elevation showing the placement of charges to generate a wave to sweep a harbor having a mine field.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 there is shown three explosive charges ll, 12, and 13, which are evenly spaced by a distance S and at a depth h beneath the surface.
- a surface disturbance accompanying the detonation will radiate omnidirectionally outward in the familiar concentric pattern.
- this surface disturbance shown in profile as a damped sine wave 14 having a circular wave front 17 (FIG. 2), approaches the second explosive charge 12, it, too, is detonated, such that the wave generated by the detonation of charge 12 reinforces wave 14 to produce a larger amplitude wave illustrated in profile at 15.
- This wave continues in the direction of the line of explosive charges as an ever widening wave front 18, until charge 13 is approached.
- Charge 13 is then timely detonated to provide reinforcement for the traveling wave to produce a wave having a profile 16.
- This wave continues through successive explosive reinforcements until a desired wave form shown at 19 is obtained and the wave continues in its direction of travel until a pressure type mine, shown diagrammatically at 20, is encountered, whereupon detonation of the mine occurs.
- F108. 1 and 2 shows a three charge generating array, wherein all of the charges are at the same depth and in a linear arrangement. While such an arrangement is suitable for illustrative purposes the actual practice may require other, more complex, arrangements.
- the second charge may consist of a plurality of charges placed equal distance from, and radially oriented with respect to, the first charge. The exact placement is dependent upon the desired travel and shaping requirements of the generated wave. In a similar fashion the depth of the charge placement may be varied to accommodate various water depths and the wave or pressure profile desired to be generated. These variations are considered to-be understood equivalents to one proficient in the fields of hydrokinetics and may be optionally incorporated in practicing the wave generation method of this invention, if desired.
- the pressure type marine mine is sensitive to a particular pressure pattern dependent upon the hull shape and speed of a particular type vessel.
- Each vessel type has its associated characteristic pressure pattern, termed signature.
- signature is characterized by a short duration positive portion, termed bow portion, followed by a long duration negative portion, and terminated by another short duration positive portion, termed stern portion.
- the important aspect for minesweeping purposes is the reinforcement by successive detonations of the long period negative portion of the damped sine wave pattern created by a single detonation.
- the positive portion of the waveform is likewise reinforced but for mine-sweeping applications this is less important. While the exact detailed signature for each craft type is difficult to synthesize a reasonable facsimile of the fundamental frequencies may be generated.
- a pressure signature may be synthesized by varying the depth placement and relative positional placement of the individual charges.
- the type of explosive material used is known, as well as the size and shape of the charge.
- the individual effects of each type, size, and shape are known parameters to those cognizant of marine ordnance, but, because the specifics of such parameters have no direct contribution toward the understanding of the instant invention, the details are not included herein. It is noted, however, for purposes of completeness, that one may use, to good effect, a readily available charge of RDX explosive material having a mass of approximately 300 pounds.
- the charges may be secured in position by any of several known methods or even, if desired, placed on the bottom of the body of water,
- timing of the detonation of the successive individual charges is quite critical if optimum wave reinforcement and profile shaping are to be obtained.
- the sequence for timing is given by the formula:
- T delay in seconds from the detonation of the previous or first charge to the detonation of the suc cessive individual charge.
- S is the distance to the preceding or first charge in feet.
- g is the acceleration of gravity in feet per second per second.
- the charges may be launched or jettisoned by any conventional craft including marine craft, both surface and submarine, as well as aircraft, both fixed and rotary wing to timely place the individual charges in their desired positions. It will be appreciated that, when a surface vessel, as shown in FIG. 2 is used for placing the charges, the timing of the detonation of the individual charges will be such that the surface vessel may have time to take up a position where the surface will be relatively undisturbed by the action of the charges.
- a wave may be generated to carry amphibious landing and assault vehicles over breastwork type defenses to launch an assault at periods of low tide and thereby enhance the surprise aspects of such a maneuver.
- the method also has applicability to peaceful industrial endeavors such as clearing log-jams, or launching strategically placed logs in the timber or pulp wood industries. This method may also be successfully employed in the clearing of beaches, an increasingly important aspect of hydromechanics, or in the movement of large volumes of sand and bottom material as encountered in the clearing of channels or the forming of offshore bars, reefs, etc.
- a method of generating a gravity wave disturbance on the surface of an aqueous medium of such a magnitude and frequency that it simulates the pressure disturbance of said aqueous medium produced by the passage of a marine vehicle therethrough to detonate marine mines located within said aqueous medium comprising the steps of:
- a method for generating a gravity wave within an aqueous medium which simulates the pressure signature of a predetermined vehicle moving therein for detonating pressure sensitive marine mines located therein comprising the sequential steps of:
- s is the separation distance expressed in feet from said first charge to said additional explosive charges
- h is the depth of said selective ones of said additional charges beneath the surface of said aqueous medium expressed in feet.
- a method according to claim 1 in which the step of positioning a predetermined number of additional charges includes placing said additional charges along charges from a moving surface vehicle.
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Abstract
A method and means of generating a wave pattern in a body of water with a period and magnitude sufficient to sweep pressure type mines comprising the placement and detonation of a plurality of small explosive charges in a predetermined space-time relationship.
Description
United States Patent 1191 McGraw Sept. 9, 1975 [54] METHOD AND MEANS OF GENERATING 2,619,186 11/1952 Carlisle 181/5 C GRAVITY WAVES 3,048,235 8/1962 ltria 4 4 i Y 1 i 1 181/,5 C 3,262,388 7/1966 McCarty v i i i 1 102/18 Inventor: Charles M w, l n a- 3,354,826 ll/l967 Axelson et al. 102 22 [73] Assignee: The United States of America as represented the secretary of the Primary ExaminrVerlin R, Pendegrass Navy Washington Attorney, Agent, or FirmL0uis A. Miller; Don D. 22 Filed: Dec. 6, 1967 y; il iam Skeer [21] Appl, No; 690,702
[57] ABSTRACT [52] U.S. Cl. .1 102/10; l8l/ll6; 102/22 [51] '3 F42) U06 A method and means of generating a wave pattern in 158] held of Search [OZ/l0 22 24; a body of water with a period and magnitude sufficient 181/5 C to sweep pressure type mines comprising the placement and detonation of a plurality of small explosive [56] References C'ted charges in a predetermined space-time relationship.
UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,320,248 5/1943 Shimek .7 |8l/.5 C 5 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures PATENTED 9 975 Fi .1 XL N Fig.2
Charles 7. McGmw INVENTOR.
BY J/ M AGENT METHOD AND MEANS OF GENERATING GRAVITY WAVES The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States of America for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor.
This invention relates to the generation of a long period, gravitational wave in an aqueous medium. More particularly, the invention contemplates the generation of a high magnitude gravity wave with a long period which has a practicable application as a sweep for pressure-responsive, submarine mines.
A common type of submarine mine is actuated by a pressure variation caused by the proximity of a moving vessel. This type of mine employs an actuation circuit which is insensitive to short duration pressure varia tions and other pressure variations not produced by ship movements. The aforementioned selective sensitivity renders this type mine difficult to sweep by generation of an artificial signal. An economical method of generating signals of a magnitude sufficient to neutralize this type of mine in a harbor or large open body of water employing low cost and conveniently portable apparatus has awaited the technological advance devised by applicant and herein fully disclosed.
Accordingly, an object of this invention to provide an improved method and means for sweeping, destroying, and neutralizing pressure sensitive marine mines.
Another object of this invention is to provide a method for the generation ofa large displacement, long period wave in a body of water.
More particularly, this invention has as its object the generation of a large amplitude, long period wave in a body of water as means for sweeping pressure type mines.
A further specific object of this invention is to provide a method for the production of a large amplitude, long period, surface wave in a body of water by the timely detonation of spaced explosive charges.
Other objects and many of the attendant advantages will be readily appreciated as the subject invention becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. I is a vertical elevation showing the placement of explosive charges and an idealized hypothetical wave generated thereby;
FIG. 2 is a plan elevation showing the placement of charges to generate a wave to sweep a harbor having a mine field.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, there is shown three explosive charges ll, 12, and 13, which are evenly spaced by a distance S and at a depth h beneath the surface. Assuming the first charge 11 is detonated, a surface disturbance accompanying the detonation will radiate omnidirectionally outward in the familiar concentric pattern. When this surface disturbance, shown in profile as a damped sine wave 14 having a circular wave front 17 (FIG. 2), approaches the second explosive charge 12, it, too, is detonated, such that the wave generated by the detonation of charge 12 reinforces wave 14 to produce a larger amplitude wave illustrated in profile at 15. This wave continues in the direction of the line of explosive charges as an ever widening wave front 18, until charge 13 is approached. Charge 13 is then timely detonated to provide reinforcement for the traveling wave to produce a wave having a profile 16. This wave continues through successive explosive reinforcements until a desired wave form shown at 19 is obtained and the wave continues in its direction of travel until a pressure type mine, shown diagrammatically at 20, is encountered, whereupon detonation of the mine occurs.
The direction of travel and extent of the wave front as well as the waveform are dependent upon the relative positions of the charges, among other parameters. Thus F108. 1 and 2 shows a three charge generating array, wherein all of the charges are at the same depth and in a linear arrangement. While such an arrangement is suitable for illustrative purposes the actual practice may require other, more complex, arrangements. Thus the second charge may consist of a plurality of charges placed equal distance from, and radially oriented with respect to, the first charge. The exact placement is dependent upon the desired travel and shaping requirements of the generated wave. In a similar fashion the depth of the charge placement may be varied to accommodate various water depths and the wave or pressure profile desired to be generated. These variations are considered to-be understood equivalents to one proficient in the fields of hydrokinetics and may be optionally incorporated in practicing the wave generation method of this invention, if desired.
The pressure type marine mine is sensitive to a particular pressure pattern dependent upon the hull shape and speed of a particular type vessel. Each vessel type has its associated characteristic pressure pattern, termed signature. Generally speaking, each signature is characterized by a short duration positive portion, termed bow portion, followed by a long duration negative portion, and terminated by another short duration positive portion, termed stern portion. The important aspect for minesweeping purposes is the reinforcement by successive detonations of the long period negative portion of the damped sine wave pattern created by a single detonation. The positive portion of the waveform is likewise reinforced but for mine-sweeping applications this is less important. While the exact detailed signature for each craft type is difficult to synthesize a reasonable facsimile of the fundamental frequencies may be generated.
A pressure signature may be synthesized by varying the depth placement and relative positional placement of the individual charges. Of considerble importance is the type of explosive material used, as well as the size and shape of the charge. The individual effects of each type, size, and shape are known parameters to those cognizant of marine ordnance, but, because the specifics of such parameters have no direct contribution toward the understanding of the instant invention, the details are not included herein. It is noted, however, for purposes of completeness, that one may use, to good effect, a readily available charge of RDX explosive material having a mass of approximately 300 pounds.
The generation of pressure waves in a fluid medium have many variables, including the density of the fluid as effected by both temperature and salinity. These variables preclude the synthesis of a pressure signature being an exact science, especially as generated by the use of explosive charges; thus, the precise placement of charges must be arrived at by somewhat empirical methods. This provides no great disadvantage in actual use, for such placements may be, once determined, stored in tabular form for the limited types of ships for which a minesweeper commander may be expected to provide countermeasure sweeps.
The charges may be secured in position by any of several known methods or even, if desired, placed on the bottom of the body of water,
The timing of the detonation of the successive individual charges is quite critical if optimum wave reinforcement and profile shaping are to be obtained. The sequence for timing is given by the formula:
where T is delay in seconds from the detonation of the previous or first charge to the detonation of the suc cessive individual charge.
S is the distance to the preceding or first charge in feet.
g is the acceleration of gravity in feet per second per second.
It is the depth in feet of the individual charge. Several methods of assuring the proper timing interval are available to assure the timely detonation of the explosive charges either precision clockwork, condition responsive, or remotely triggered detonators may be used, if desired, for this purpose.
The charges may be launched or jettisoned by any conventional craft including marine craft, both surface and submarine, as well as aircraft, both fixed and rotary wing to timely place the individual charges in their desired positions. It will be appreciated that, when a surface vessel, as shown in FIG. 2 is used for placing the charges, the timing of the detonation of the individual charges will be such that the surface vessel may have time to take up a position where the surface will be relatively undisturbed by the action of the charges.
While the invention has been described as a method of generating a pressure signature for the sweeping of pressure mines, the ease and efficiency of generating large displacement waves will suggest many other uses to the experienced craftsman in the fields of hydrody namics and marine warfare. For example, a wave may be generated to carry amphibious landing and assault vehicles over breastwork type defenses to launch an assault at periods of low tide and thereby enhance the surprise aspects of such a maneuver. The method also has applicability to peaceful industrial endeavors such as clearing log-jams, or launching strategically placed logs in the timber or pulp wood industries. This method may also be successfully employed in the clearing of beaches, an increasingly important aspect of hydromechanics, or in the movement of large volumes of sand and bottom material as encountered in the clearing of channels or the forming of offshore bars, reefs, etc.
Obviously, other embodiments and modifications of the subject invention will readily come to the mind of one skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing description and the drawings.
What is claimed is:
l. A method of generating a gravity wave disturbance on the surface of an aqueous medium of such a magnitude and frequency that it simulates the pressure disturbance of said aqueous medium produced by the passage of a marine vehicle therethrough to detonate marine mines located within said aqueous medium, said method comprising the steps of:
positioning a first explosive charge at a predetermined location with respect to the location of said marine mines and at a predetermined depth beneath the surface of said aqueous medium;
positioning a predetermined number of additional explosive charges at predetermined depths within said aqueous medium and between said first explosive charge and said marine mines so as to effectively assemble an array of positioned explosive charges lying in a substantially horizontal configuration and extending outwardly from said first explosive charge toward said marine mines;
detonating said first explosive charge, thereby generating a gravity wave surface disturbance which has a displacement associated high pressure period followed by a low pressure period which is of a predetermined time duration and which travels out wardly from the location of said first explosive charge toward said marine mines on the surface of said aqueous medium; and successively detonating selective ones of said additional explosive charges in a predetermined time relationship with respect to the detonation of said first explosive charge as to effect reinforcement of said high pressure disturbance and lengthen the duration of said low pressure period, said time relationship being predetermined with relation to the distance between said first explosive charge and said selective ones of said additional explosive charges and the depth below the surface of said selective ones of said additional charges. 2. A method for generating a gravity wave within an aqueous medium which simulates the pressure signature of a predetermined vehicle moving therein for detonating pressure sensitive marine mines located therein comprising the sequential steps of:
positioning a first explosive charge at a predetermined location with respect to the location of said pressure sensitive mines and at a predetermined depth beneath the surface of said aqueous medium;
positioning a predetermined number of additional explosive charges at predetermined depths within said aqueous medium in predetermined substantially horizontal spatial relationships with said first explosive charge and with each other; detonating said first explosive charge to create a gravity wave disturbance in said aqueous medium which radiates omnidirectionally therefrom; and
successively detonating selective ones of said additional explosive charges in such timed relationship with respect to the detonation of said first explosive charge as to effect reinforcement of the aforesaid gravity wave disturbance, so as to effectively lengthen the period thereof along predetermined directions to simulate the pressure signature of a marine vehicle as said gravity wave radiates within said aqueous medium the interval between the det onations being determined in accordance with the expression where T is the delay in seconds from the detonation of said first charge to the detonation of said additional explosive charges,
s is the separation distance expressed in feet from said first charge to said additional explosive charges,
3 is the acceleration of gravity expressed in feet per second per second. and
h is the depth of said selective ones of said additional charges beneath the surface of said aqueous medium expressed in feet.
3. A method according to claim 1 in which the step of positioning a predetermined number of additional charges includes placing said additional charges along charges from a moving surface vehicle.
Claims (5)
1. A method of generating a gravity wave disturbance on the surface of an aqueous medium of such a magnitude and frequency that it simulates the pressure disturbance of said aqueous medium produced by the passage of a marine vehicle therethrough to detonate marine mines located within said aqueous medium, said method comprising the steps of: positioning a first explosive charge at a predetermined location with respect to the location of said marine mines and at a predetermined depth beneath the surface of said aqueous medium; positioning a predetermined number of additional explosive charges at predetermined depths within said aqueous medium and between said first explosive charge and said marine mines so as to effectively assemble an array of positioned explosive charges lying in a substantially horizontal configuration and extending outwardly from said first explosive charge toward said marine mines; detonating said first explosive charge, thereby generating a gravity wave surface disturbance which has a displacement associated high pressure period followed by a low pressure period which is of a predetermined time duration and which travels outwardly from the location of said first explosive charge toward said marine mines on the surface of said aqueous medium; and successively detoNating selective ones of said additional explosive charges in a predetermined time relationship with respect to the detonation of said first explosive charge as to effect reinforcement of said high pressure disturbance and lengthen the duration of said low pressure period, said time relationship being predetermined with relation to the distance between said first explosive charge and said selective ones of said additional explosive charges and the depth below the surface of said selective ones of said additional charges.
2. A method for generating a gravity wave within an aqueous medium which simulates the pressure signature of a predetermined vehicle moving therein for detonating pressure sensitive marine mines located therein comprising the sequential steps of: positioning a first explosive charge at a predetermined location with respect to the location of said pressure sensitive mines and at a predetermined depth beneath the surface of said aqueous medium; positioning a predetermined number of additional explosive charges at predetermined depths within said aqueous medium in predetermined substantially horizontal spatial relationships with said first explosive charge and with each other; detonating said first explosive charge to create a gravity wave disturbance in said aqueous medium which radiates omnidirectionally therefrom; and successively detonating selective ones of said additional explosive charges in such timed relationship with respect to the detonation of said first explosive charge as to effect reinforcement of the aforesaid gravity wave disturbance, so as to effectively lengthen the period thereof along predetermined directions to simulate the pressure signature of a marine vehicle as said gravity wave radiates within said aqueous medium the interval between the detonations being determined in accordance with the expression
3. A method according to claim 1 in which the step of positioning a predetermined number of additional charges includes placing said additional charges along a substantially horizontal line extending from the location of said first charge toward the location of said pressure sensitive marine mines.
4. A method according to claim 2 in which the step of positioning a predetermined number of additional charges includes submerging the said additional charges to the same depth.
5. A method according to claim 2 in which the step of positioning a predetermined number of additional charges includes positioning said additional charges equidistant from one another and said first explosive charge by timely jettisoning individual ones of said charges from a moving surface vehicle.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US690702A US3903798A (en) | 1967-12-06 | 1967-12-06 | Method and means of generating gravity waves |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US690702A US3903798A (en) | 1967-12-06 | 1967-12-06 | Method and means of generating gravity waves |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3903798A true US3903798A (en) | 1975-09-09 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US690702A Expired - Lifetime US3903798A (en) | 1967-12-06 | 1967-12-06 | Method and means of generating gravity waves |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2581446A1 (en) * | 1985-05-02 | 1986-11-07 | Nielli Philippe | Explosive process using modular pieces making possible the controlled creation of repetitive tremors and shock waves through gases, air, liquids and solids for military and civil use |
| US5708230A (en) * | 1996-07-01 | 1998-01-13 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Ocean surface-delivered ordnance explosive mine and obstacle clearance method |
| US10059413B2 (en) * | 2015-01-27 | 2018-08-28 | Calzoni S.R.L. | Mine sweeping apparatus |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2320248A (en) * | 1942-01-07 | 1943-05-25 | Soconyvacuum Oil Company Inc | Method for seismic surveying |
| US2619186A (en) * | 1948-01-24 | 1952-11-25 | Standard Oil Dev Co | Seismic exploration method |
| US3048235A (en) * | 1954-07-20 | 1962-08-07 | Texaco Inc | Geophysical exploration |
| US3262388A (en) * | 1964-04-24 | 1966-07-26 | Albert M Mccarty | Electric firing circuit for explosive charges |
| US3354826A (en) * | 1966-10-24 | 1967-11-28 | Carl A Axelson | Multiple explosive, line charge, package |
-
1967
- 1967-12-06 US US690702A patent/US3903798A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2320248A (en) * | 1942-01-07 | 1943-05-25 | Soconyvacuum Oil Company Inc | Method for seismic surveying |
| US2619186A (en) * | 1948-01-24 | 1952-11-25 | Standard Oil Dev Co | Seismic exploration method |
| US3048235A (en) * | 1954-07-20 | 1962-08-07 | Texaco Inc | Geophysical exploration |
| US3262388A (en) * | 1964-04-24 | 1966-07-26 | Albert M Mccarty | Electric firing circuit for explosive charges |
| US3354826A (en) * | 1966-10-24 | 1967-11-28 | Carl A Axelson | Multiple explosive, line charge, package |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2581446A1 (en) * | 1985-05-02 | 1986-11-07 | Nielli Philippe | Explosive process using modular pieces making possible the controlled creation of repetitive tremors and shock waves through gases, air, liquids and solids for military and civil use |
| US5708230A (en) * | 1996-07-01 | 1998-01-13 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Ocean surface-delivered ordnance explosive mine and obstacle clearance method |
| US10059413B2 (en) * | 2015-01-27 | 2018-08-28 | Calzoni S.R.L. | Mine sweeping apparatus |
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