US20220354848A9 - Inhibitors of alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconic acid semialdehyde decarboxylase - Google Patents

Inhibitors of alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconic acid semialdehyde decarboxylase Download PDF

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US20220354848A9
US20220354848A9 US17/325,068 US202117325068A US2022354848A9 US 20220354848 A9 US20220354848 A9 US 20220354848A9 US 202117325068 A US202117325068 A US 202117325068A US 2022354848 A9 US2022354848 A9 US 2022354848A9
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alkyl
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aryl
disease
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US20210379069A1 (en
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Roberto Pellicciari
Paride LISCIO
Nicola GIACCHE
Francesca DE FRANCO
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TES PHARMA Srl
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Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to compounds capable of modulating the activity of ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconic acid semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD).
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconic acid semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • the compounds of the disclosure may be used in methods for the prevention and/or the treatment of diseases and disorders associated with defects in NAD + biosynthesis, e.g., metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases, kidney diseases, and diseases associated with ageing.
  • ACMSD is a critical enzyme for tryptophan metabolism, and regulates NAD + biosynthesis from tryptophan.
  • ACMSD is a zinc-dependent amidohydrolase that participates in picolinic acid (PA), quinolinic acid (QA) and NAD + homeostasis.
  • PA picolinic acid
  • QA quinolinic acid
  • NAD + homeostasis stands at a branch point of the NAD + biosynthetic pathway from tryptophan and determines the final fate of the amino acid, i.e., transformation into PA, complete oxidation through the citric acid cycle, or conversion into NAD + through QA synthesis.
  • ACMSD has been purified from liver, kidney, and brain human tissues. There are two isoforms ACMSD1 and ACMSD2 derived from a differential splicing of ACMSD gene transcription but only ACMSD1 is endowed with enzymatic activity.
  • ACMSD1 directs ACMS ( ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconic acid semialdehyde) to the acetyl-CoA pathway, and when ACMSD1 is inhibited, ACMS is non-enzymatically converted to quinolinic acid (QA) leading to the formation of NAD + and an increase in the intracellular level of NAD + .
  • ACMS ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconic acid semialdehyde
  • NAD + Increased levels of NAD + have been shown to protect against neuronal degeneration, improve muscle function and oxidative metabolism in mice, and enhance lifespan in worms. Whilst reduced levels of NAD + have been associated with a range of pathophysiological states including type 2 diabetes (T2D), hyperlipidemia (elevated cholesterol and TAGs), mitochondrial diseases, neutropenia, cancers, and kidney disorders.
  • ACMSD thus represents a novel approach to increase NAD + levels and modify disease pathophysiologies associated with defects in NAD + biosynthesis.
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconic acid semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Compounds of Formula (I) or (II), as defined herein, may be used in the treatment of a disease or disorder in which ACMSD plays a role.
  • the disclosure features methods of treating a disease or disorder associated with abnormalities in NAD + biosynthesis by administering to subjects suffering from or susceptible to developing the disease or disorder a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds that increases intracellular NAD + by ACMSD1 inhibition, in an amount sufficient to activate sirtuins (SIRTs) and the downstream targets of SIRTs, such as PGC-1 ⁇ , FoxO1 and/or superoxide dismutase (SOD).
  • SIRTs sirtuins
  • PGC-1 ⁇ FoxO1
  • SOD superoxide dismutase
  • the methods of the present disclosure can be used in the treatment of NAD + dependent diseases by inhibiting ACMSD.
  • Inhibition of ACMSD may provide a novel approach to the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases, kidney diseases, diseases associated with ageing and other ACMSD dependent diseases, or diseases characterized by defective NAD + synthesis.
  • X is H, S, SR 2 , NR 2 , NR 2 R 2′ , O, OH, OR h , F, Br, or Cl;
  • W is N or C
  • Y 1 is O, NR 4 , or S(O) q ;
  • each Y 2 is independently O, NH or S;
  • R 1 is absent or C 6 -C 10 arylene or heteroarylene, wherein the heteroarylene comprises one or two 5- to 7-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and wherein the C 6 -C 10 arylene or heteroarylene are optionally substituted with one to two R e ;
  • R 2 is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R 2 is H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; or
  • R 2 and R 2′ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring comprising 1-3 additional heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;
  • R 3 is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R 4 is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • each R 5 is independently at each occurrence H or C1-C 4 alkyl
  • each R 6 is independently at each occurrence H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R 7 is H, A, B, or C
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x , —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x , —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, —(CH 2 ) r oxadiazolone, —(CH 2 ) r tetrazolone, —(CH 2 ) r thiadiazolol, —(CH 2 ) r isoxazol-3-ol, —(CH 2 ) r P(O)(OH)OR x , —(CH 2 ) r S(O) 2 OH, —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NHCN, or —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 alkyl, wherein —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, —(CH 2 ) r oxadiazolone, —(CH 2 ) r tetra
  • B is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 OC 1 -C 4 alkyl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 OC 1 -C 4 alkyl, —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NR g R g′ , —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 NR g R g′ , —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NR g R g′ , —(CH 2 ) r S(O) 2 NR g R g′ , —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 NR g R g′ , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R i , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r NH 2 CO 2 R x , —(C(R 6 ) 2
  • C is —(CH 2 ) r CN, —(CH 2 ) s OH, halogen, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C 6 -C 10 aryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S—C 6 -C 10 aryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r heteroaryl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r heteroaryl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r heterocycloalkyl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r OH, —OR y , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHCN, —CH ⁇ CHCO 2 R x , or —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 C 1 -C 4 alkyl, wherein the aryl and heteroaryl are substituted with one to three substituents each independently
  • R c is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, halogen, —CN, —OR x , or —CO 2 R x ;
  • R d is methyl, CF 3 , CR f F 2 , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t C 6 -C 10 aryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t -5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t -5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl;
  • each R e is independently at each occurrence C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, halogen, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, —NHR z , —OH, or —CN;
  • R f is absent, H, or methyl
  • R g is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, OH, —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 6 alkyl), or S(O) 2 N(C 1 -C 6 alkyl) 2 ;
  • R g′ is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, C 6 -C 10 aryl, or 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen and —OH, and wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl, halogen, and —OH;
  • R h is H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from NH 2 , C 1 -C 4 alkylamino, C 1 -C 4 dialkylamino, and C(O)NH 2 ; and wherein the heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl and C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl;
  • R i is (i) —(CH 2 ) s OC(O)C 1 -C 6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is substituted with one or more NH 2 ; (ii) (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OH; or (iii) C 1 -C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from OH and 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S;
  • R i is absent, H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or —CN;
  • each R x is independently at each occurrence H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or C 6 -C 10 aryl;
  • each R y and R z is independently H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl;
  • each m, p, q, r, and t is independently 0, 1 or 2;
  • n 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • s 1 or 2;
  • o 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
  • R f when X is O; R f is H; W is C; R j is —CN; L is —SCH 2 —; R 1 is phenylene or pyridine; and R 7 is tetrazole; then R c is not H;
  • R f when X is O, R f is H; W is N; R i is absent; R d is methyl, optionally substituted 5- to 10-membered aryl, optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl; L is —SCH 2 — or —OCH 2 —; and R 1 is phenylene; then R 7 is not —COH, —CH 2 COOH,
  • R f when X is O, R f is H, W is N, R j is absent, L is —NHCH 2 —, —CH 2 NH—, or —NH—C(O)—, and R 1 is phenylene, then R d is not phenyl.
  • X is H, S, SR 2 , NR 2 , NR 2 R2, O, OH, OR h , F, Br, or Cl;
  • W is N or C
  • Y 1 is O, NR 4 , or S(O) q ;
  • each Y 2 is independently O, NH or S;
  • R 1 is absent, C 6 -C 10 arylene, heteroarylene, or C 3 -C 8 cycloalkylene, wherein the heteroarylene comprises one or two 5- to 7-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and wherein the C 6 -C 10 arylene, heteroarylene, and C 3 -C 8 cycloalkylene are optionally substituted with one to two R e ;
  • R 2 is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R 2′ is H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; or
  • R 2 and R 2′ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring comprising 1-3 additional heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;
  • R 3 is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R 4 is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • each R 5 is independently at each occurrence H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • each R 6 is independently at each occurrence H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R 7 is H, A, B, or C
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x , —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r tetrazole, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r oxadiazolone, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r tetrazolone, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r thiadiazolol, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r isoxazol-3-ol, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r P(O)(OH)OR x , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 OH, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHCN, or —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 alkyl, wherein
  • B is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 OC 1 -C 4 alkyl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 OC 1 -C 4 alkyl, —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NR g R g′ , —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 NR g R g′ , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NR g R g′ , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 NR g R g′ , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 NR g R g′ , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R w , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r NH 2 CO 2 R
  • C is —(CH 2 ) r CN, —(CH 2 ) s OH, halogen, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C 6 -C 10 aryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S—C 6 -C 10 aryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r heteroaryl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r heteroaryl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r heterocycloalkyl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r OH, —OR y , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHCN, —CH ⁇ CHCO 2 R x , or —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 C 1 -C 4 alkyl, wherein the aryl and heteroaryl are substituted with one to three substituents each independently
  • R c is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, halogen, —CN, —OR x , or —CO 2 R x ;
  • R d is methyl, CF 3 , CR f F 2 , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t C 6 -C 10 aryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t -5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t -5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl;
  • each R e is independently at each occurrence C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, halogen, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, —NHR z , —OH, or —CN;
  • R f is absent, H, or methyl
  • R g is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, OH, —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 6 alkyl), or S(O) 2 N(C 1 -C 6 alkyl) 2 ;
  • R g′ is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, C 6 -C 10 aryl, or 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen and —OH, and wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl, halogen, and —OH;
  • R h is H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from NH 2 , C 1 -C 4 alkylamino, C 1 -C 4 dialkylamino, and C(O)NH 2 ; and wherein the heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl and C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl;
  • R i is (i) —(CH 2 ) s OC(O)C 1 -C 6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is substituted with one or more NH 2 ; (ii) (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OH; or (iii) C 1 -C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from OH and 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S;
  • R i is absent, H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or —CN;
  • each R x is independently at each occurrence H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or C 6 -C 10 aryl;
  • each R y and R z is independently H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl;
  • each m, p, q, r, and t is independently 0, 1 or 2;
  • n 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • s 1 or 2;
  • o 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
  • R f when X is O; R f is H; W is C; R j is —CN; L is —SCH 2 —; R 1 is phenylene or pyridine; and R 7 is tetrazole; then R c is not H;
  • R f when X is O, R f is H; W is N; R i is absent; R d is methyl, optionally substituted 5- to 10-membered aryl, optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl; L is —SCH 2 — or —OCH 2 —; and R 1 is phenylene; then R 7 is not —COOH, —CH 2 COOH,
  • R f when X is O, R f is H, W is N, R j is absent, L is —NHCH 2 —, —CH 2 NH—, or —NH—C(O)—, and R 1 is phenylene, then R d is not phenyl.
  • compositions comprising a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I) or (II) for use as a medicament.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or (II) for use as a medicament.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of treating a disease or disorder by inhibition of ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing the disease or disorder a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II).
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of preventing a disease or disorder by inhibition of ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing the disease or disorder a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II).
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of reducing the risk of a disease or disorder by inhibition of ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing the disease or disorder a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II).
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of treating a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a disease or disorder associated with reduced NAD + levels a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II).
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of preventing a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a disease or disorder associated with reduced NAD + levels a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II).
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a disease or disorder associated with reduced NAD + levels a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II).
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of treating a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a metabolic disorder a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II) that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ).
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of preventing a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a metabolic disorder a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II) that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ).
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of reducing the risk of a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a metabolic disorder a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II) that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ).
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of promoting oxidative metabolism comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a metabolic disorder a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II) that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ).
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I) or (II) for use in treating a disease or disorder by inhibition of ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD).
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I) or (II) for use in preventing a disease or disorder by inhibition of ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD).
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I) or (II) for use in reducing the risk of a disease or disorder by inhibition of ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD).
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I) or (II) that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) for use in treating a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I) or (II) that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) for use in preventing a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I) or (II) that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) for use in reducing the risk of a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I) or (II) that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) for use in promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides use of a compound of Formula (I) or (II) for treating a disease or disorder by inhibition of ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD).
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides use of a compound of Formula (I) or (II) for preventing a disease or disorder by inhibition of ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD).
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides use of a compound of Formula (I) or (II) for reducing the risk of a disease or disorder by inhibition of ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD).
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides use of a compound of Formula (I) or (II) that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) for promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • a compound of Formula (I) or (II) that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) for promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides use of a compound of Formula (I) or (II) in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease or disorder by inhibition of ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD).
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides use of a compound of Formula (I) or (II) in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing a disease or disorder by inhibition of ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD).
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides use of a compound of Formula (I) or (II) in the manufacture of a medicament for reducing the risk of a disease or disorder by inhibition of ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD).
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides use of a compound of Formula (I) or (II) in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides use of a compound of Formula (I) or (II) in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides use of a compound of Formula (I) or (II) in the manufacture of a medicament for reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides use of a compound of Formula (I) or (II) that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides use of a compound of Formula (I) or (II) that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides use of a compound of Formula (I) or (II) that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) in the manufacture of a medicament for reducing the risk of a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • a compound of Formula (I) or (II) that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) in the manufacture of a medicament for reducing the risk of a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides use of a compound of Formula (I) or (II) that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) in the manufacture of a medicament for promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • a compound of Formula (I) or (II) that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) in the manufacture of a medicament for promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure may be administered alone or in combination with other compounds, including other ACMSD modulating compounds, or other therapeutic agents.
  • the terms “including,” “containing,” and “comprising” are used in their open, non-limiting sense.
  • the words “comprise” and “contain” and variations of the words, for example “comprising” and “comprises”, mean “including but not limited to” and do not exclude other moieties, additives, components, integers or steps.
  • the singular encompasses the plural unless the context otherwise requires.
  • the specification is to be understood as contemplating plurality as well as singularity, unless the context requires otherwise.
  • an element may mean one element or more than one element.
  • yield refers to a mass of the entity for which the yield is given with respect to the maximum amount of the same entity that could be obtained under the particular stoichiometric conditions. Concentrations that are given as percentages refer to mass ratios, unless indicated differently.
  • alkyl refers to a saturated, straight or branched hydrocarbon chain.
  • the hydrocarbon chain preferably contains from one to eight carbon atoms (C 1-8 -alkyl), more preferred from one to six carbon atoms (C 1-6 -alkyl), in particular from one to four carbon atoms (C 1-4 -alkyl), including methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, secondary butyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tertiary pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl and octyl.
  • alkyl represents a C 1-4 -alkyl group, which may in particular include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, secondary butyl, and tertiary butyl.
  • alkylene means the corresponding biradical (-alkyl-).
  • cycloalkyl or “carbocycle” as used herein refers to a cyclic alkyl group, preferably containing from three to ten carbon atoms (C 3-10 -cycloalkyl or C 3-10 -carbocycle), such as from three to eight carbon atoms (C 3-8 -cycloalkyl or C 3-10 -carbocycle), preferably from three to six carbon atoms (C 3-6 -cycloalkyl or C 3-10 -carbocycle), including cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.
  • cycloalkyl as used herein may also include polycyclic groups such as for example bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, decalinyl and adamantyl.
  • cycloalkylene means the corresponding biradical (-cycloalkyl-). Alkyl and cycloalkyl groups may be optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents.
  • substituents on alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, haloalkyl, alkoxy, heteroaryl, aryl, carbocyclyl, hydroxyl, carbamoyl, oxo, and —CN.
  • alkenyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain or cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more double bonds, including di-enes, tri-enes and poly-enes.
  • the alkenyl group comprises from two to eight carbon atoms (C 2-8 -alkenyl), such as from two to six carbon atoms (C 2-6 -alkenyl), in particular from two to four carbon atoms (C 2-4 -alkenyl), including at least one double bond.
  • alkenyl groups include ethenyl; 1- or 2-propenyl; 1-, 2- or 3-butenyl, or 1,3-but-dienyl; 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- or 5-hexenyl, or 1,3-hex-dienyl, or 1,3,5-hex-trienyl; 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-octenyl, or 1,3-octadienyl, or 1,3,5-octatrienyl, or 1,3,5,7-octatetraenyl, or cyclohexenyl.
  • alkenylene means the corresponding biradical (-alkenyl-).
  • Alkenyl groups may be optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents.
  • substituents on alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, haloalkyl, alkoxy, heteroaryl, aryl, carbocyclyl, hydroxyl, carbamoyl, oxo, and —CN.
  • alkynyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing one or more triple bonds, including di-ynes, tri-ynes and poly-ynes.
  • the alkynyl group comprises of from two to eight carbon atoms (C 2-8 -alkynyl), such as from two to six carbon atoms (C 2-6 -alkynyl), in particular from two to four carbon atoms (C 2-4 -alkynyl), including at least one triple bond.
  • alkynyl groups examples include ethynyl; 1- or 2-propynyl; 1-, 2- or 3-butynyl, or 1,3-but-diynyl; 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- or 5-hexynyl, or 1,3-hex-diynyl, or 1,3,5-hex-triynyl; 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-octynyl, or 1,3-oct-diynyl, or 1,3,5-oct-triynyl, or 1,3,5,7-oct-tetraynyl.
  • alkynylene means the corresponding biradical (-alkynyl-).
  • Alkynyl groups may be optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents.
  • substituents on alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, haloalkyl, alkoxy, heteroaryl, aryl, carbocyclyl, hydroxyl, carbamoyl, oxo, and —CN.
  • halo and “halogen” as used herein refer to fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
  • a trihalomethyl group represents, e.g., a trifluoromethyl group, or a trichloromethyl group.
  • halo and halogen designate fluoro or chloro.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, which is substituted one or more times with one or more halogen.
  • haloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, trichloromethyl, etc.
  • alkoxy refers to an “alkyl-O—” group, wherein alkyl is as defined above.
  • hydroxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group (as defined hereinabove), which alkyl group is substituted one or more times with hydroxy.
  • Examples of hydroxyalkyl groups include HO—CH 2 —, HO—CH 2 —CH 2 — and CH 3 —CH(OH)—.
  • oxy refers to an “—O—” group.
  • amine refers to primary (R—NH 2 , R ⁇ H), secondary ((R) 2 —NH, (R) 2 ⁇ H) and tertiary ((R) 3 —N, R ⁇ H) amines.
  • a substituted amine is intended to mean an amine where at least one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by the substituent.
  • aryl as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, includes carbocyclic aromatic ring systems derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon by removal of a hydrogen atom.
  • Aryl furthermore includes bi-, tri- and polycyclic ring systems.
  • preferred aryl moieties include phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, indanyl, fluorenyl, biphenyl, indenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, pentalenyl, azulenyl, and biphenylenyl.
  • Preferred “aryl” is phenyl, naphthyl or indanyl, in particular phenyl, unless otherwise stated. Any aryl used may be optionally substituted.
  • arylene means the corresponding biradical (-aryl-).
  • Aryl groups may be optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents.
  • substituents on aryl groups include, but are not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, haloalkyl, alkoxy, heteroaryl, aryl, carbocyclyl, hydroxyl, and —CN.
  • heteroaryl refers to aromatic groups containing one or more heteroatoms selected from O, S, and N, preferably from one to four heteroatoms, and more preferably from one to three heteroatoms. Heteroaryl furthermore includes bi-, tri- and polycyclic groups, wherein at least one ring of the group is aromatic, and at least one of the rings contains a heteroatom selected from O, S, and N. Heteroaryl also include ring systems substituted with one or more oxo moieties.
  • heteroaryl moieties include N-hydroxytetrazolyl, N-hydroxytriazolyl, N-hydroxyimidazolyl, furanyl, triazolyl, pyranyl, thiadiazinyl, benzothiophenyl, dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl, xanthenyl, isoindanyl, acridinyl, benzisoxazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, phteridinyl, azepinyl, diazepinyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, carbazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, benzimid
  • Non-limiting examples of partially hydrogenated derivatives are 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, 1,4-dihydronaphthyl, and 1-octalin.
  • heteroarylene means the corresponding biradical (-heteroaryl-).
  • Heteroaryl groups may be optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents. Examples of substituents on heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, haloalkyl, alkoxy, heteroaryl, aryl, carbocyclyl, hydroxyl, and —CN.
  • heterocyclyl refers to cyclic non-aromatic groups containing one or more heteroatoms selected from O, S, and N, preferably from one to four heteroatoms, and more preferably from one to three heteroatoms. Heterocyclyl furthermore includes bi-, tri- and polycyclic non-aromatic groups, and at least one of the rings contains a heteroatom selected from O, S, and N. Heterocyclyl also include ring systems substituted with one or more oxo moieties.
  • heterocyclic groups are oxetane, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolyl, 3H-pyrrolyl, oxolanyl, furanyl, thiolanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolidinyl, 3H-pyrazolyl, 1,2-oxazolyl, 1,3-oxazolyl, 1,2-thiazolyl, 1,3-thiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, piperidinyl, pyridinyl, oxanyl, 2-H-pyranyl, 4-H-pyranyl, thianyl, 2H-thiopyranyl, pyridazinyl, 1,2-diazinanyl, pyrimidinyl, 1,3-diazinanyl, pyrazinyl, piperazinyl, 1,4-dioxinyl, 1,4-dioxany
  • heterocyclylene means the corresponding biradical (-heterocyclyl-).
  • Heterocyclyl groups may be optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents. Examples of substituents on heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited, to alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, haloalkyl, alkoxy, heteroaryl, aryl, carbocyclyl, hydroxyl, and —CN.
  • N-heterocyclic ring refers to a heterocyclyl or a heteroaryl, as defined hereinabove, having at least one nitrogen atom, and being bound via a nitrogen atom.
  • Examples of such N-heterocyclic rings are pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolyl, 3H-pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolidinyl, 3H-pyrazolyl, 1,2-oxazolyl, 1,2-thiazolyl, 1,3-thiazolyl, piperidinyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, piperazinyl, morpholino, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, etc.
  • the structural formula of the compound represents a certain isomer for convenience in some cases, but the present disclosure includes all isomers, such as geometrical isomers, optical isomers based on an asymmetrical carbon, stereoisomers, tautomers, and the like. Accordingly, it should be understood that the definition of compounds of Formula (I) or (II) include each and every individual isomer corresponding to the Formula: Formula (I) or (II), including cis-trans isomers, stereoisomers and tautomers, as well as racemic mixtures of these and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the definition of compounds of Formula (I) or (II) are also intended to encompass all R- and S-isomers of a chemical structure in any ratio, e.g., with enrichment (i.e., enantiomeric excess or diastereomeric excess) of one of the possible isomers and corresponding smaller ratios of other isomers.
  • a crystal polymorphism may be present for the compounds represented by Formula (I) or (II). It is noted that any crystal form, crystal form mixture, or anhydride or hydrate thereof is included in the scope of the present disclosure.
  • so-called metabolite which is produced by degradation of the present compound in vivo is included in the scope of the present disclosure.
  • “Isomerism” means compounds that have identical molecular formulae but differ in the sequence of bonding of their atoms or in the arrangement of their atoms in space. Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “stereoisomers”.
  • stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are termed “diastereoisomers”, and stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other are termed “enantiomers” or sometimes optical isomers.
  • enantiomers or sometimes optical isomers.
  • a mixture containing equal amounts of individual enantiomeric forms of opposite chirality is termed a “racemic mixture”.
  • a carbon atom bonded to four non-identical substituents is termed a “chiral center”.
  • Chiral isomer means a compound with at least one chiral center. Compounds with more than one chiral center may exist either as an individual diastereomer or as a mixture of diastereomers, termed “diastereomeric mixture”. When one chiral center is present, a stereoisomer may be characterized by the absolute configuration (R or S) of that chiral center. Absolute configuration refers to the arrangement in space of the substituents attached to the chiral center. The substituents attached to the chiral center under consideration are ranked in accordance with the Sequence Rule of Cahn, Ingold and Prelog. (Cahn et al., Angew. Chem. Inter. Edit.
  • Diastereoisomers i.e., non-superimposable stereochemical isomers
  • the optical isomers can be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixtures according to conventional processes, for example by formation of diastereoisomeric salts by treatment with an optically active acid or base.
  • appropriate acids include, without limitation, tartaric, diacetyltartaric, dibenzoyltartaric, ditoluoyltartaric and camphorsulfonic acid.
  • the mixture of diastereomers can be separated by crystallization followed by liberation of the optically active bases from these salts.
  • An alternative process for separation of optical isomers includes the use of a chiral chromatography column optimally chosen to maximize the separation of the enantiomers.
  • Still another available method involves synthesis of covalent diastereoisomeric molecules by reacting compounds of Formula (I) or (II) with an optically pure acid in an activated form or an optically pure isocyanate.
  • the synthesized diastereoisomers can be separated by conventional means such as chromatography, distillation, crystallization or sublimation, and then hydrolyzed to obtain the enantiomerically pure compound.
  • the optically active compounds of Formulae (I) can likewise be obtained by utilizing optically active starting materials and/or by utilizing a chiral catalyst.
  • isomers may be in the form of a free acid, a free base, an ester or a salt.
  • Examples of chiral separation techniques are given in Chiral Separation Techniques, A Practical Approach, 2 nd ed. by G. Subramanian, Wiley-VCH, 2001.
  • “Geometric isomer” means the diastereomers that owe their existence to hindered rotation about double bonds. These configurations are differentiated in their names by the prefixes cis and trans, or Z and E, which indicate that the groups are on the same or opposite side of the double bond in the molecule according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules.
  • atropic isomers are a type of stereoisomer in which the atoms of two isomers are arranged differently in space. Atropic isomers owe their existence to a restricted rotation caused by hindrance of rotation of large groups about a central bond. Such atropic isomers typically exist as a mixture, however as a result of recent advances in chromatography techniques; it has been possible to separate mixtures of two atropic isomers in select cases.
  • Tautomer is one of two or more structural isomers that exist in equilibrium and is readily converted from one isomeric form to another. This conversion results in the formal migration of a hydrogen atom accompanied by a switch of adjacent conjugated double bonds. Tautomers exist as a mixture of a tautomeric set in solution. In solid form, usually one tautomer predominates. In solutions where tautomerization is possible, a chemical equilibrium of the tautomers will be reached. The exact ratio of the tautomers depends on several factors, including temperature, solvent and pH. The concept of tautomers that are interconvertable by tautomerizations is called tautomerism.
  • keto-enol tautomerism a simultaneous shift of electrons and a hydrogen atom occurs.
  • Ring-chain tautomerism arises as a result of the aldehyde group (—CHO) in a sugar chain molecule reacting with one of the hydroxy groups (—OH) in the same molecule to give it a cyclic (ring-shaped) form as exhibited by glucose.
  • tautomeric pairs are: ketone-enol, amide-nitrile, lactam-lactim, amide-imidic acid tautomerism in heterocyclic rings (e.g., in nucleobases such as guanine, thymine and cytosine), amine-enamine and enamine-enamine. It is to be understood that the compounds of the present disclosure may be depicted as different tautomers. It should also be understood that when compounds have tautomeric forms, all tautomeric forms are intended to be included in the scope of the present disclosure, and the naming of the compounds does not exclude any tautomer form.
  • crystal polymorphs means crystal structures in which a compound (or a salt or solvate thereof) can crystallize in different crystal packing arrangements, all of which have the same elemental composition. Different crystal forms usually have different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectral, melting points, density hardness, crystal shape, optical and electrical properties, stability and solubility. Recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, storage temperature, and other factors may cause one crystal form to dominate. Crystal polymorphs of the compounds can be prepared by crystallization under different conditions.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure can exist in either hydrated or unhydrated (the anhydrous) form or as solvates with other solvent molecules.
  • hydrates include monohydrates, dihydrates, etc.
  • solvates include ethanol solvates, acetone solvates, etc.
  • Solvate means solvent addition forms that contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of solvent. Some compounds have a tendency to trap a fixed molar ratio of solvent molecules in the crystalline solid state, thus forming a solvate. If the solvent is water the solvate formed is a hydrate; and if the solvent is alcohol, the solvate formed is an alcoholate. Hydrates are formed by the combination of one or more molecules of water with one molecule of the substance in which the water retains its molecular state as H 2 O.
  • a “subject” or “subject in need thereof” is a subject having a disease or disorder associated with ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) dysfunction or inhibited by ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD).
  • a “subject” includes a mammal.
  • the mammal can be e.g., any mammal, e.g., a human, primate, bird, mouse, rat, fowl, dog, cat, cow, horse, goat, camel, sheep or a pig.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
  • isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium
  • isotopes of carbon include C-13 and C-14.
  • X is H, S, SR 2 , NR 2 , NR 2 R 2′ , O, OH, OR h , F, Br, or Cl. In certain embodiments, X is O, OH, OR h , F, Br, or Cl. In certain embodiments, X is H, S, SR 2 , NR 2 , or NR 2 R 2′ . In certain embodiments, X is H. In certain embodiments, X is S. In certain embodiments, X is SR 2 . In certain embodiments, X is NR 2 . In certain embodiments, X is NR 2 R 2′ . In certain embodiments, X is O. In certain embodiments, X is OH. In certain embodiments, X is OR h . In certain embodiments, X is F. In certain embodiments, X is Br. In certain embodiments, X is Cl.
  • R 2 is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R 2 is H. In certain embodiments, R 2 is C 1 -C 4 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R 2 is —CH 3 .
  • R 2′ is H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, R 2′ is H. In certain embodiments, R 2′ is C 1 -C 4 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R 2′ is C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl.
  • R 2 and R 2′ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring comprising 1-3 additional heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.
  • R 2 and R 2′ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 6-membered heterocycloalkyl ring.
  • R h is H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from NH 2 , C 1 -C 4 alkylamino, C 1 -C 4 dialkylamino, and C(O)NH 2 ; and wherein the heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl and C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl.
  • R h is H.
  • R h is C 1 -C 4 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from NH 2 , C 1 -C 4 alkylamino, C 1 -C 4 dialkylamino, and C(O)NH 2 .
  • R h is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl and C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl.
  • R f is absent, H, or methyl. In certain embodiments, R f is absent. In certain embodiments, R f is H. In certain embodiments, R f is methyl.
  • W is N or C. In certain embodiments, W is N. In certain embodiments, W is C.
  • R i is absent, H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or —CN. In certain embodiments, R i is absent. In certain embodiments, R i is H. In certain embodiments, R i is C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R i is —CN.
  • W is N and R i is absent. In certain embodiments, W is C and R i is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or —CN. In certain embodiments, W is C and R i is —CN.
  • R c is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, halogen, —CN, —OR x , or —CO 2 R x .
  • R c is H.
  • R c is C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R c is C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl.
  • R c is halogen.
  • R c is —CN.
  • R c is —OR x .
  • R c is —CO 2 R x .
  • R x is independently at each occurrence H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or C 6 -C 10 aryl. In certain embodiments, R x is H. In certain embodiments, R x is C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R x is C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • R d is methyl, CF 3 , CR f F 2 , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t C 6 -C 10 aryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t -5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t -5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl.
  • R d is methyl. In certain embodiments, R d is CF 3 . In certain embodiments, R d is CR f F 2 . In certain embodiments, R d is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t C 6 -C 10 aryl. In certain embodiments, R d is —CH 2 C 6 -C 10 aryl. In certain embodiments, R d is —CH 2 C 6 aryl. In certain embodiments, R d is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t -5- or 6-membered heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R d is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t -5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl.
  • R d is optionally substituted C 6 -C 10 aryl. In certain embodiments, R d is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R d is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl.
  • R f is absent, H, or methyl. In certain embodiments, R f is absent. In certain embodiments, R f is H. In certain embodiments, R f is methyl.
  • t is 0, 1, or 2. In certain embodiments, t is 0. In certain embodiments, t is 1. In certain embodiments, t is 2.
  • L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m CH ⁇ CH(C(R 5 ) 2 ) p —
  • W is N and L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m CH ⁇ CH(C(R 5 ) 2 ) p —. In certain embodiments, W is N and L is
  • W is N and L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p —. In certain embodiments, W is N and L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p cyclopropyl-. In certain embodiments, W is N and L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 CH ⁇ CH—. In certain embodiments, W is N and L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m NR 3 C ⁇ (O)(C(R 5 ) 2 ) p —.
  • W is N and L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m phenyl(C(R 5 ) 2 ) p —. In certain embodiments, W is N and L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m pyridinyl(C(R 5 ) 2 ) p —. In certain embodiments, W is N and L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m thiophenyl(C(R 5 ) 2 ) p —.
  • W is N and L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p , such as —SCH 2 — or —NHCH 2 —.
  • W is N and L is —SCH 2 —.
  • W is N and L is —NHCH 2 —.
  • L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m CH ⁇ CH(C(R 5 ) 2 ) p —, —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) o —, —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m C ⁇ (O)O(C(R 5 ) 2 ) p —,
  • W is C and L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m CH ⁇ CH(C(R 5 ) 2 ) p —. In certain embodiments, W is C and L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) o —. In certain embodiments, W is C and L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p —. In certain embodiments, W is C and L is
  • W is C and L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 CH ⁇ CH—. In certain embodiments, W is C and L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m C ⁇ (O)(CH 2 ) p —. In certain embodiments, W is C and L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m C ⁇ (O)O(C(R 5 ) 2 ) p —. In certain embodiments, W is C and L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m C ⁇ (O)NR 3 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p —.
  • W is C and L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m NR 3 C ⁇ (O)(C(R 5 ) 2 ) p —. In certain embodiments, W is C and L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m phenyl(C(R 5 ) 2 ) p —. In certain embodiments, W is C and L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m pyridinyl(C(R 5 ) 2 ) p —. In certain embodiments, W is C and L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m thiophenyl(C(R 5 ) 2 ) p —.
  • Y 1 is O, NR 4 , or S(O) q . In certain embodiments, Y 1 is O. In certain embodiments, Y 1 is NR 4 . As described above, R 4 is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R 4 is H. In certain embodiments, R 4 is C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • Y 1 is S(O) q . As described above, q is 0, 1, or 2. In certain embodiments, q is 0. In certain embodiments, Y 1 is S. In certain embodiments, q is 1. In certain embodiments, q is 2.
  • each R 5 is independently at each occurrence H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • R 5 is H. In certain embodiments, R 5 is C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • R 3 is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R 3 is H. In certain embodiments, R 3 is C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • each m and p is independently 0, 1 or 2.
  • m is 0.
  • m is 1.
  • m is 2.
  • p is 0.
  • p is 1.
  • p is 2.
  • o is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. In certain embodiments, o is 0. In certain embodiments, o is 1. In certain embodiments, o is 2. In certain embodiments, o is 3. In certain embodiments, o is 4.
  • R 1 is absent or C 6 -C 10 arylene or heteroarylene, wherein the heteroarylene comprises one or two 5- to 7-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and wherein the C 6 -C 10 arylene or heteroarylene are optionally substituted with one to two R e .
  • R 1 is absent.
  • R 1 is C 6 -C 10 arylene, which is optionally substituted with one to two R e .
  • R 1 is heteroarylene, wherein the heteroarylene comprises one or two 5- to 7-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and optionally substituted with one to two R.
  • R 1 is C 3 -C 8 cycloalkylene, such as C 3 cycloalkylene, C 4 cycloalkylene, C 5 cycloalkylene, C 6 cycloalkylene, C 7 cycloalkylene, or C 5 cycloalkylene
  • each R e is independently at each occurrence C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, halogen, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, —NHR z , —OH, or —CN.
  • R 7 is H, A, B, or C. In certain embodiments, R 7 is H. In certain embodiments, R 7 is A. In certain embodiments, R 7 is B. In certain embodiments, R 7 is C.
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x , —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x , —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, —(CH 2 ) r oxadiazolone, —(CH 2 ) r tetrazolone, —(CH 2 ) r thiadiazolol, —(CH 2 ) r isoxazol-3-ol, —(CH 2 ) r P(O)(OH)OR x , —(CH 2 ) r S(O) 2 OH, —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NHCN, or —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 alkyl, wherein —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, —(CH 2 ) r oxadiazolone, —(CH 2 )
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x , —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r tetrazole, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r oxadiazolone, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r tetrazolone, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r thiadiazolol, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r isoxazol-3-ol, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r P(O)(OH)OR x , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 OH, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHCN, or —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r tetrazole. In certain embodiments, A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r oxadiazolone. In certain embodiments, A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r tetrazolone. In certain embodiments, A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r thiadiazolol. In certain embodiments, A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r isoxazol-3-ol. In certain embodiments, A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r P(O)(OH)OR x .
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 OH. In certain embodiments, A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHCN. In certain embodiments, A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 alkyl.
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x . In certain embodiments, A is —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x . In certain embodiments, A is —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole. In certain embodiments, A is —(CH 2 ) r oxadiazolone. In certain embodiments, A is —(CH 2 ) r tetrazolone. In certain embodiments, A is —(CH 2 ) r thiadiazolol. In certain embodiments, A is —(CH 2 ) r isoxazol-3-ol.
  • A is —(CH 2 ) r P(O)(OH)OR x . In certain embodiments, A is —(CH 2 ) r S(O) 2 OH. In certain embodiments, A is —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NHCN. In certain embodiments, A is —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 alkyl.
  • —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, —(CH 2 ) r oxadiazolone, —(CH 2 ) r tetrazolone, —(CH 2 ) r thiadiazolol, —(CH 2 ) r isoxazol-3-ol are optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, wherein —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r COOH or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, wherein —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • A is —COOH, —CH 2 COOH, -tetrazole, or —(CH 2 )tetrazole, wherein tetrazole and —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole are optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • B is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 OC 1 -C 4 alkyl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 OC 1 -C 4 alkyl, —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NR g R g′ , —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 NR g R g′ , —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NR g R g′ , —(CH 2 ) r S(O) 2 NR g R g′ , —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 NR g R g′ , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R i , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r NH 2 CO 2 R x , —(C(R 6 ) 2
  • B is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NR g R g′ . In certain embodiments, B is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 NR g R g′ . In certain embodiments, B is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 NR g R g′ .
  • B is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 OC 1 -C 4 alkyl. In certain embodiments, B is —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 OC 1 -C 4 alkyl. In certain embodiments, B is —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NR g R g′ . In certain embodiments, B is —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 NR g R g′ . In certain embodiments, B is —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NR g R g′ .
  • B is —(CH 2 ) r S(O) 2 NR g R g′ . In certain embodiments, B is —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 NR g R g′ . In certain embodiments, B is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R i . In certain embodiments, B is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r NH 2 CO 2 R x . In certain embodiments, B is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r P(O)(OR x ) 2 .
  • B is —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r P(O)(OR x ) 2 .
  • B is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 OH.
  • B is —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 OH.
  • B is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r P(O) 2 OR x .
  • B is —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r P(O) 2 OR x .
  • C is —(CH 2 ) r CN, —(CH 2 ) s OH, halogen, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C 6 -C 10 aryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S—C 6 -C 10 aryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r heteroaryl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r heteroaryl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r heterocycloalkyl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r OH, —OR y , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHCN, —CH ⁇ CHCO 2 R x , or —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 C 1 -C 4 alkyl, wherein the aryl and heteroaryl are substituted with one to three substituent
  • C is —(CH 2 ) r CN. In certain embodiments, C is —(CH 2 ) s OH. In certain embodiments, C is halogen. In certain embodiments, C is —(C(R) 2 ) r C 6 -C 10 aryl. In certain embodiments, C is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S—C 6 -C 10 aryl. In certain embodiments, C is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, C is —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, C is-O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r heterocycloalkyl.
  • C is —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r OH. In certain embodiments, C is —OR y . In certain embodiments, C is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHCN. In certain embodiments, C is —CH ⁇ CHCO 2 R x . In certain embodiments, C is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • the aryl and heteroaryl are substituted with one to three substituents each independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, halogen, and OH, and wherein the heterocycloalkyl is substituted with one to two ⁇ O or ⁇ S.
  • each R 6 is independently at each occurrence H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R 6 is H. In certain embodiments, R 6 is C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • each R x is independently at each occurrence H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • R x is H.
  • R x is C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R x is C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • each Y 2 is independently O, NH or S.
  • Y 2 is O.
  • Y 2 is NH.
  • Y 2 is S.
  • each r independently is 0, 1 or 2. In certain embodiments, r is 0. In certain embodiments, r is 1. In certain embodiments, r is 2.
  • s is 1 or 2. In certain embodiments, s is 1. In certain embodiments, s is 2.
  • R g is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, OH, —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 6 alkyl), or —S(O) 2 N(C 1 -C 6 alkyl) 2 .
  • R g is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, C 6 -C 10 aryl, or 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen and —OH, and wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl, halogen, and —OH.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) having one, two, or three of the following features:
  • R c is CN
  • R d is 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, such as thiophenyl; d) L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p , such as —SCH 2 —; e) R 1 is phenylene; f) R 7 is A, such as COOH or tetrazole.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) having one, two, or three of the following features:
  • R d is CF 3 ; c) L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p , such as —SCH 2 —; d) R 1 is phenylene; e) R 7 is A, such as COOH or tetrazole.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) having one, two, or three of the following features:
  • R c is CN
  • R d is 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, such as thiophenyl; d) L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p , such as —SCH 2 —; e) R 1 is absent; f) R 7 is A, such as COOH or tetrazole.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) having one, two, or three of the following features:
  • R d is CF 3 ; c) L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p , such as —SCH 2 —; d) R 1 is absent; e) R 7 is A, such as COOH or tetrazole.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) having one, two, or three of the following features:
  • R d is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t C 6 -C 10 aryl or —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t -5- or 6-membered heteroaryl);
  • L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p , such as —SCH 2 —;
  • R 1 is phenylene;
  • R 7 is A, such as COOH or tetrazole.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) having one, two, or three of the following features:
  • R d is —CF 3 ; c) L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p , such as —SCH 2 —; d) R 1 is phenylene; e) R 7 is A, such as COOH or tetrazole.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) having one, two, or three of the following features:
  • R c is CN
  • R d is 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, such as thiophenyl; d) L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p , such as —SCH 2 —; e) R 1 is phenylene; f) R 7 is A, such as —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) having one, two, or three of the following features:
  • R d is CF 3 ; c) L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p , such as —SCH 2 —; d) R 1 is phenylene; e) R 7 is A, such as —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) having one, two, or three of the following features:
  • R c is CN
  • R d is 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, such as thiophenyl; d) L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p , such as —SCH 2 —; e) R 1 is absent; f) R 7 is A, such as —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) having one, two, or three of the following features:
  • R d is CF 3 ; c) L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p , such as —SCH 2 —; d) R 1 is absent; e) R 7 is A, such as —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) having one, two, or three of the following features:
  • R d is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t C 6 -C 10 aryl or —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t -5- or 6-membered heteroaryl);
  • L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p , such as —SCH 2 —;
  • R 1 is phenylene;
  • R 7 is A, such as —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) having one, two, or three of the following features:
  • R d is —CF 3 ; c) L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p , such as —SCH 2 —; d) R 1 is phenylene; e) R 7 is A, such as —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (Ia) having at least one of the following features:
  • R d is 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl
  • L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p ;
  • R 7 is A or C
  • R d is thiophenyl.
  • L is —SCH 2 — or —NHCH 2 —.
  • R 7 is C.
  • C is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C 6 -C 10 aryl, substituted with one to three substituents each independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, halogen and OH.
  • R 7 is A.
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, wherein —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r COOH or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, wherein —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • A is —COOH, —CH 2 COOH, -tetrazole, or —(CH 2 )tetrazole, wherein tetrazole and —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole are optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • Formula (Ia) has one, two, three or four of the features (a) to (d).
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (Ib) having at least one of the following features:
  • L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p ;
  • R 7 is A
  • L is —SCH 2 — or —NHCH 2 —.
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, wherein —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r COOH or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, wherein —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • A is —COOH, —CH 2 COOH, -tetrazole, or —(CH 2 )tetrazole, wherein tetrazole and —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole are optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • Formula (Ib) has one, two, or three of the features (a) to (c).
  • R d is 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl
  • L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p ;
  • R 7 is A
  • R d is thiophenyl.
  • L is —SCH 2 — or —NHCH 2 —.
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, wherein —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r COOH or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, wherein —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • A is —COOH, —CH 2 COOH, -tetrazole, or —(CH 2 )tetrazole, wherein tetrazole and —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole are optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • Formula (Ic) has one, two, three or four of the features (a) to (d).
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (Id) having at least one of the following features:
  • L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p ;
  • R 7 is A
  • L is —SCH 2 — or —NHCH 2 —.
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, wherein —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r COOH or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, wherein —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • A is —COOH, —CH 2 COOH, -tetrazole, or —(CH 2 )tetrazole, wherein tetrazole and —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole are optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • Formula (Id) has one, two, or three of the features (a) to (c).
  • R d is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t C 6 -C 10 aryl or —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t -5- or 6-membered heteroaryl);
  • L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p ;
  • R 7 is A.
  • L is —SCH 2 — or —NHCH 2 —.
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, wherein —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r COOH or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, wherein —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • A is —COOH, —CH 2 COOH, -tetrazole, or —(CH 2 )tetrazole, wherein tetrazole and —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole are optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • Formula (Ie) has one, two, three, or four of the features (a) to (d).
  • L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p ;
  • R 7 is A
  • L is —SCH 2 — or —NHCH 2 —.
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, wherein —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r COOH or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, wherein —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • A is —COOH, —CH 2 COOH, -tetrazole, or —(CH 2 )tetrazole, wherein tetrazole and —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole are optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R c is CN.
  • Formula (If) has one, two, or three of the features (a) to (c).
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (Ig) having at least one of the following features:
  • L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p ;
  • R 7 is A
  • L is —SCH 2 — or —NHCH 2 —.
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, wherein —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r COOH or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, wherein —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • A is —COOH, —CH 2 COOH, -tetrazole, or —(CH 2 )tetrazole, wherein tetrazole and —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole are optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • Formula (Ig) has one, two, or three of the features (a) to (c).
  • the compound of Formula (I) is a compound selected from:
  • the compound of Formula (I) or (II) is a compound selected from:
  • the compound of Formula (I) is a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or tautomer thereof, selected from:
  • the compound of Formula (I) or (II) is a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or tautomer thereof, selected from:
  • references are intended to encompass not only the above general formula, but also each and every of the embodiments, etc. discussed in the following. It should also be understood, that unless stated to the opposite, such references also encompass isomers, mixtures of isomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and prodrugs of the compounds of Formula (I) or (II).
  • the compounds of the present disclosure can be prepared in a number of ways well known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis.
  • compounds of the present disclosure can be synthesized using the methods described below, together with synthetic methods known in the art of synthetic organic chemistry, or variations thereon as appreciated by those skilled in the art. Preferred methods include but are not limited to those methods described below.
  • the final products of the reactions described herein may be isolated by conventional techniques, e.g., by extraction, crystallisation, distillation, chromatography, etc.
  • R 1 , R c , R d , and L are defined as in Formula (I).
  • X is a good leaving group, i.e., Cl, Br, —SCH 3 , or S(O) 2 CH 3
  • R 1 , R 2 , R c , R d , and p are defined as in Formula (I).
  • compounds of Formula (I) can be prepared using intermediates Ic and Id as outlined in General Scheme B.
  • X is a good leaving group, i.e., Cl, Br, —SCH 3 , or S(O) 2 CH 3
  • R 1 , R 2 , R c , R d , and p are defined as in Formula (I).
  • R 1 , R c , and R d are defined as in Formula (I).
  • compounds of Formula (I) can also be prepared using intermediates Ig, Ih, Ij, Ik, and Im as outlined in General Scheme D.
  • Olefination of intermediate Ig using a base i.e., potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ) and diethyl (cyanomethyl)phosphonate in a solvent, i.e., tetrahydrofuran (THF), water (H 2 O), optionally at an elevated temperature provides Intermediate Ih.
  • R 1 , R c , and R d are defined as in Formula (I).
  • compounds of Formula (I) can be prepared using intermediates In and Io as outlined in General Scheme D.
  • a base i.e., sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), etc.
  • a solvent i.e., methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), water (H 2 O), etc.
  • R c , R d , R 1 , and R 7 are defined as in Formula (I).
  • the general procedure for the synthesis of compounds (e.g., I-17 to I-30) with general Formula I include the final coupling between one equivalent of the corresponding substituted 6-mercapto-2-oxo-4,5-disubstituted-1,2-dihydro-pyridine derivative and a stoichiometric amount of the L-R 1 -R 7 intermediates using two equivalent of DIPEA as base and acetone as solvent to provide the final compound.
  • a mixture of enantiomers, diastereomers, cis/trans isomers resulting from the process described above can be separated into their single components by chiral salt technique, chromatography using normal phase, reverse phase or chiral column, depending on the nature of the separation.
  • the compound of Formula (I) or (II) may be provided in any form suitable for the intended administration, in particular including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and prodrugs of the compound of Formula (I) or (II).
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts refer to salts of the compounds of Formula (I) or (II) which are considered to be acceptable for clinical and/or veterinary use.
  • Typical pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those salts prepared by reaction of the compounds of Formula (I) or (II) and a mineral or organic acid or an organic or inorganic base. Such salts are known as acid addition salts and base addition salts, respectively. It will be recognized that the particular counter-ion forming a part of any salt is not of a critical nature, so long as the salt as a whole is pharmaceutically acceptable and as long as the counter-ion does not contribute undesired qualities to the salt as a whole. These salts may be prepared by methods known to the skilled person.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are, e.g., those described and discussed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17. Ed. Alfonso R. Gennaro (Ed.), Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., U.S.A., 1985 and more recent editions and in Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts include acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids, e.g., hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, hydroiodic, metaphosphoric, or phosphoric acid; and organic acids e.g., succinic, maleic, acetic, fumaric, citric, tartaric, benzoic, trifluoroacetic, malic, lactic, formic, propionic, glycolic, gluconic, camphorsulfuric, isothionic, mucic, gentisic, isonicotinic, saccharic, glucuronic, furoic, glutamic, ascorbic, anthranilic, salicylic, phenylacetic, mandelic, embonic (pamoic), ethanesulfonic, pantothenic, stearic, sulfinilic, alginic and galacturonic acid; and arylsulfonic, for example benzenesulfonic,
  • the compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be provided in dissoluble or indissoluble forms together with a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent such as water, ethanol, and the like.
  • Dissoluble forms may also include hydrated forms such as the mono-hydrate, the dihydrate, the hemihydrate, the trihydrate, the tetrahydrate, and the like.
  • the compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be provided as a prodrug.
  • prodrug used herein is intended to mean a compound which—upon exposure to certain physiological conditions—will liberate the compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which then will be able to exhibit the desired biological action.
  • a typical example is a labile carbamate of an amine.
  • prodrugs are known to enhance numerous desirable qualities of pharmaceuticals (e.g., solubility, bioavailability, manufacturing, etc.), the compounds of the present disclosure can be delivered in prodrug form.
  • the present disclosure is intended to cover prodrugs of the presently claimed compounds, methods of delivering the same and compositions containing the same.
  • “Prodrugs” are intended to include any covalently bonded carriers that release an active parent drug of the present disclosure in vivo when such prodrug is administered to a subject.
  • Prodrugs in the present disclosure are prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compound in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compound.
  • Prodrugs include compounds of the present disclosure wherein a hydroxy, amino, sulfhydryl, carboxy or carbonyl group is bonded to any group that may be cleaved in vivo to form a free hydroxyl, free amino, free sulfhydryl, free carboxy or free carbonyl group, respectively.
  • prodrugs include, but are not limited to, esters (e.g., acetate, dialkylaminoacetates, formates, phosphates, sulfates and benzoate derivatives) and carbamates (e.g., N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyl) of hydroxy functional groups, esters (e.g., C 1-6 alkyl esters, e.g., methyl esters, ethyl esters, 2-propyl esters, phenyl esters, 2-aminoethyl esters, morpholinoethanol esters, etc.) of carboxyl functional groups, N-acyl derivatives (e.g., N-acetyl) N-Mannich bases, Schiff bases and enaminones of amino functional groups, oximes, acetals, ketals and enol esters of ketone and aldehyde functional groups in compounds of the disclosure, and the like. See Bundegaard, H., Design of est
  • the compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters or prodrugs thereof are administered orally, nasally, transdermally, pulmonary, inhalationally, buccally, sublingually, intraperintoneally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, rectally, intrapleurally, intrathecally and parenterally.
  • the compound is administered orally.
  • One skilled in the art will recognize the advantages of certain routes of administration.
  • the dosage regimen utilizing the compounds is selected in accordance with a variety of factors including type, species, age, weight, sex and medical condition of the patient; the severity of the condition to be treated; the route of administration; the renal and hepatic function of the patient; and the particular compound or salt thereof employed.
  • An ordinarily skilled physician or veterinarian can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drug required to prevent, counter or arrest the progress of the condition.
  • the compounds described herein, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are used in pharmaceutical preparations in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include inert solid fillers or diluents and sterile aqueous or organic solutions.
  • the compounds will be present in such pharmaceutical compositions in amounts sufficient to provide the desired dosage amount in the range described herein.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising at, as an active ingredient, at least one compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined herein, and optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, diluents and/or carriers.
  • the compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered alone or in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients, in either single or multiple doses.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents and excipients include inert solid diluents or fillers, sterile aqueous solutions and various organic solvents.
  • a “pharmaceutical composition” is a formulation containing the compounds of the present disclosure in a form suitable for administration to a subject.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents as well as any other known adjuvants and excipients in accordance with conventional techniques such as those disclosed in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition, 2000, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, carriers, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means an excipient that is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable, and includes excipient that is acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” as used in the specification and claims includes both one and more than one such excipient.
  • compositions formed by combining a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined herein, with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients can be readily administered in a variety of dosage forms such as tablets, powders, lozenges, syrups, suppositories, injectable solutions and the like.
  • the carrier is a finely divided solid such as talc or starch which is in a mixture with the finely divided active component.
  • the active component is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.
  • compositions may be specifically prepared for administration by any suitable route such as the oral and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intrathecal, intravenous and intradermal) route. It will be appreciated that the preferred route will depend on the general condition and age of the subject to be treated, the nature of the condition to be treated and the active ingredient chosen.
  • compositions for oral administration include solid dosage forms such as capsules, tablets, dragees, pills, lozenges, powders, and granules. Where appropriate, they can be prepared with coatings such as enteric coatings or they can be prepared so as to provide controlled release of the active ingredient such as sustained or prolonged release according to methods well known in the art.
  • a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined herein may suitably be combined with an oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water, or the like.
  • suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents, flavouring agents, and colourants may be added to the mixture, as appropriate.
  • suitable binders include, e.g., lactose, glucose, starch, gelatin, acacia gum, tragacanth gum, sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes, or the like.
  • Lubricants include, e.g., sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, or the like.
  • Disintegrating agents include, e.g., starch, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum, sodium starch glycolate, crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, or the like. Additional excipients for capsules include macrogels or lipids.
  • the active compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is mixed with one or more excipients, such as the ones described above, and other pharmaceutical diluents such as water to make a solid pre-formulation composition containing a homogenous mixture of a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • excipients such as the ones described above
  • other pharmaceutical diluents such as water
  • Liquid compositions for either oral or parenteral administration of the compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof include, e.g., aqueous solutions, syrups, elixirs, aqueous or oil suspensions and emulsion with edible oils such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil, or peanut oil.
  • Suitable dispersing or suspending agents for aqueous suspensions include synthetic or natural gums such as tragacanth, alginate, acacia, dextran, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, gelatin, methylcellulose, or polyvinylpyrrolidone.
  • compositions for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous and non-aqueous injectable solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions as well as sterile powders to be reconstituted in sterile injectable solutions or dispersions prior to use.
  • suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor ELTM (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
  • the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringeability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
  • isotonic agents for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as manitol, sorbitol, and sodium chloride in the composition.
  • Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying that yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof. Depot injectable compositions are also contemplated as being within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • solutions containing a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in sesame or peanut oil, aqueous propylene glycol, or in sterile aqueous solution may be employed.
  • aqueous solutions should be suitably buffered if necessary and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic with sufficient saline or glucose.
  • aqueous solutions are especially suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administration.
  • the oily solutions are suitable for intra-articular, intra-muscular and subcutaneous injection purposes.
  • compositions of a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may include one or more additional ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavouring agents, colourant, surface active agents, thickeners, preservatives, e.g., methyl hydroxybenzoate (including anti-oxidants), emulsifying agents and the like.
  • additional ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavouring agents, colourant, surface active agents, thickeners, preservatives, e.g., methyl hydroxybenzoate (including anti-oxidants), emulsifying agents and the like.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount refers to an amount of a pharmaceutical agent to treat, ameliorate, or prevent an identified disease, disorder, or condition, or to exhibit a detectable therapeutic or inhibitory effect. The effect can be detected by any assay method known in the art. The precise effective amount for a subject will depend upon the subject's body weight, size, and health; the nature and extent of the condition; and the therapeutic or combination of therapeutics selected for administration.
  • the disease or disorder to be treated is a disease or disorder associated with ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) dysfunction.
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • the therapeutically effective amount can be estimated initially either in cell culture assays, e.g., in cells, or in animal models, usually rats, mice, rabbits, dogs, or pigs.
  • the animal model may also be used to determine the appropriate concentration range and route of administration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for administration in humans.
  • Therapeutic/prophylactic efficacy and toxicity may be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., ED 50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population) and LD 50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population).
  • the dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LD 50 /ED 50 .
  • compositions that exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred.
  • the dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed, sensitivity of the patient, and the route of administration.
  • Dosage and administration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the active agent(s) or to maintain the desired effect.
  • Factors which may be taken into account include the severity of the disease state, general health of the subject, age, weight, and gender of the subject, diet, time and frequency of administration, drug combination(s), reaction sensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy.
  • Long-acting pharmaceutical compositions may be administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or once every two weeks depending on half-life and clearance rate of the particular formulation.
  • a suitable dosage of the compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof will depend on the age and condition of the patient, the severity of the disease to be treated and other factors well known to the practicing physician.
  • the compound may be administered for example either orally, parenterally or topically according to different dosing schedules, e.g., daily or with intervals, such as weekly intervals.
  • a single dose will be in the range from 0.01 to 500 mg/kg body weight, preferably from about 0.05 to 100 mg/kg body weight, more preferably between 0.1 to 50 mg/kg body weight, and most preferably between 0.1 to 25 mg/kg body weight.
  • the compound may be administered as a bolus (i.e., the entire daily dose is administered at once) or in divided doses two or more times a day. Variations based on the aforementioned dosage ranges may be made by a physician of ordinary skill taking into account known considerations such as weight, age, and condition of the person being treated, the severity of the affliction, and the particular route of administration.
  • the compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may also be prepared in a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more further active substances alone, or in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, or excipients in either single or multiple doses.
  • suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents and excipients are as described herein above, and the one or more further active substances may be any active substances, or preferably an active substance as described in the section “combination treatment” herein below.
  • the present disclosure relates to a method of preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder in which ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) plays a role comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder in which ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) plays a role comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder by inhibition of ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing the disease or disorder a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder by inhibition of ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing the disease or disorder associated with ACMSD a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • the present disclosure relates to a method of treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder in which nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) modulation plays a role comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • the present disclosure relates to a method of treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder in which nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) modulation plays a role comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.
  • the present disclosure relates to a method of treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a disease or disorder associated with reduced NAD + levels a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • the present disclosure relates to a method of treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a disease or disorder associated with reduced NAD + levels a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a metabolic disorder a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction is an inherited mitochondrial disease, a common metabolic disorder, a neurodegenerative disease, an aging related disorder, a kidney disorder, or a chronic inflammatory disease.
  • the disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction is a common metabolic disorder such as obesity or type II diabetes.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a metabolic disorder a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.
  • the disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction is an inherited mitochondrial disease, a common metabolic disorder, a neurodegenerative disease, an aging related disorder, a kidney disorder, or a chronic inflammatory disease.
  • the disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction is a common metabolic disorder such as obesity or type II diabetes.
  • the present disclosure relates to a method of promoting oxidative metabolism comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a metabolic disorder a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ).
  • the present disclosure relates to a method of promoting oxidative metabolism comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a metabolic disorder a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient, that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ).
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient, that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ).
  • the present disclosure relates to a method for the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or condition that can be mediated by ACMSD inhibition, wherein the medicament comprises a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the present disclosure relates to a method for the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or condition that can be mediated by ACMSD inhibition, wherein the medicament comprises a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.
  • the present disclosure relates to a compound for use in a method for treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or condition that can be mediated by ACMSD inhibition, wherein the compound comprises a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the present disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition for use in a method for treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or condition that can be mediated by ACMSD inhibition, wherein the composition comprises one or more compounds of compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to the use of a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder by inhibition of ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD).
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder by inhibition of ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate-s-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD).
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate-s-semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • the present disclosure relates to the use of a compound of a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • a compound of a compound of Formula (I) or (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • the present disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to the use of a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • the present disclosure relates to the use of a compound of a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • the present disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient, in the manufacture of a medicament for promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder by inhibition of ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD).
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • compositions comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient, for use in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder by inhibition of ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD).
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • the present disclosure relates to a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as a medicament for treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • a compound of Formula (I) or (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as a medicament for treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • the present disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient, for use as a medicament for treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier diluent, or excipient
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as a medicament for treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • compositions comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient, for use as a medicament for treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • the present disclosure relates to a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as a medicament for promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • the present disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient, for use as a medicament for promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • compositions comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient, for use in treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier diluent, or excipient
  • the present disclosure relates to a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in for treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • the present disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient, for use in for treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • compositions comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient, for use in promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • the disease or disorder associate with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels is a chronic liver disease including, but is not limited to, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), drug induced cholestasis, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis (PNAC), bacterial overgrowth or sepsis associated cholestasis, autoimmune hepatitis, chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver transplant associated graft versus host disease, living donor transplant liver regeneration, congenital hepatic fibrosis, choledocholithiasis, granulomatous liver disease, intra- or extrahepatic malignancy, Sjo
  • PBC
  • the disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction is an inherited mitochondrial disease, a common metabolic disorder, a neurodegenerative disease, an aging related disorder, a kidney disorder, or a chronic inflammatory disease.
  • the present disclosure relates to a method of treating, preventing, reducing the risk of, or ameliorating a disease or disorder by inhibition of ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD), comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or (II) or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or (II).
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • treating describes the management and care of a patient for the purpose of reversing, inhibiting, or combating a disease, condition, or disorder and includes the administration of a compound of the present disclosure (i.e., a compound of Formula (I) or (II)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph or solvate thereof, to reverse the disease, condition, or disorder, eliminate the disease, condition, or disorder, or inhibit the process of the disease, condition, or disorder.
  • a compound of the present disclosure i.e., a compound of Formula (I) or (II)
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph or solvate thereof to reverse the disease, condition, or disorder, eliminate the disease, condition, or disorder, or inhibit the process of the disease, condition, or disorder.
  • a compound of the present disclosure i.e., a compound of Formula (I) or (II)
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph or solvate thereof can also be used to prevent a disease, condition, or disorder or one or more symptoms of such disease, condition, or disorder.
  • preventing or “prevent” describes reducing or eliminating the onset of the symptoms or complications of the disease, condition, or disorder.
  • a compound of the present disclosure i.e., a compound of Formula (I) or (II)
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph or solvate thereof can also be used to alleviate one or more symptoms of such disease, condition, or disorder.
  • the term “alleviate” is meant to describe a process by which the severity of a sign or symptom of a disorder is decreased.
  • a sign or symptom can be alleviated without being eliminated.
  • treatment is curative or ameliorating.
  • compositions, medicaments, and compounds for use, as defined herein are useful for treatment of a disease or disorder in which ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) modulation plays a role.
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • the compounds may be used either in human or in veterinary medicine and the patient may be any mammal, but especially a human.
  • the treatment may include administering to any mammal, but especially a human, suffering from a disease or disorder in which ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) modulation plays a role, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined herein.
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • the present disclosure also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined herein, for use in a disease or disorder associated with ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) dysfunction, such as obesity, type II diabetes and its complications (e.g., diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or chronic kidney disease.
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • AChSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • the methods, medicaments and compounds for use of the present disclosure are useful to treat, alleviate the symptoms of, or delay the onset of a disorder associated with aberrant mitochondrial function.
  • Disorders associated with aberrant mitochondrial function include, for example, metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, aging related disorders, and chronic inflammatory disorders.
  • Mitochondrial disorders also include diseases with inherited and/or acquired mitochondrial dysfunction (i.e., Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Type 2A2, Mitochondrial Encephalopathy Lactic Acidosis and Stroke (MELAS), Leigh syndrome, Barth syndrome, and Leber's optic neuropathy), fatty acid oxidation disorders, inherited forms of deafness and blindness, and metabolic abnormalities induced by exposure to toxic chemicals and/or drugs (e.g., cisplatin induced deafness).
  • diseases with inherited and/or acquired mitochondrial dysfunction i.e., Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Type 2A2, Mitochondrial Encephalopathy Lactic Acidosis and Stroke (MELAS), Leigh syndrome, Barth syndrome, and Leber's optic neuropathy
  • fatty acid oxidation disorders inherited forms of deafness and blindness
  • metabolic abnormalities induced by exposure to toxic chemicals and/or drugs e.g., cisplatin induced deaf
  • Metabolic disorders include, for example, type II diabetes, obesity, hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance (i.e., hyperinsulinemia, metabolic syndrome, syndrome X), hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia (e.g., dyslipidemia), hypertriglylceridemia, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, kidney disease, ketoacidosis, thrombotic disorders, nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, sexual dysfunction, dermatopathy, dyspepsia, hypoglycemia, cancer, and edema.
  • type II diabetes i.e., hyperinsulinemia, metabolic syndrome, syndrome X
  • hypercholesterolemia hypertension
  • hyperlipoproteinemia e.g., dyslipidemia
  • hypertriglylceridemia e.g., cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, kidney disease, ketoacidosis, thrombotic disorders, nephropathy,
  • Neurodegenerative disorders include diseases such as photoreceptor degeneration (i.e., retinitis pigmentosa), Dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
  • Chronic inflammatory diseases include diseases such as celiac disease, vasculitis, lupus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), irritable bowel disease, atherosclerosis, arthritis, and psoriasis.
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Aging related disorders include diseases such as cancer, dementia, cardiovascular disease (i.e., arteriosclerosis), hypertension, diabetes mellitus (type I or type II), arthritis, cataracts, Alzheimer's disease, macular degeneration, and osteoporosis.
  • cardiovascular disease i.e., arteriosclerosis
  • hypertension i.e., arteriosclerosis
  • diabetes mellitus type I or type II
  • arthritis cataracts
  • Alzheimer's disease macular degeneration
  • osteoporosis osteoporosis
  • the subject can be suffering from or susceptible to developing a metabolic disorder.
  • Subjects suffering from or at risk of developing a metabolic disorder are identified by methods known in the art.
  • diabetes can be diagnosed by measuring fasting blood glucose levels or insulin or by glucose tolerance test. Normal adult glucose levels are between about 60-126 mg/dl. Normal insulin levels are about 7 mU/mL ⁇ 3 mU.
  • Hypertension can be diagnosed by a blood pressure reading consistently at or above about 140/90.
  • Cardiovascular disease can be diagnosed by measuring cholesterol levels. For example, LDL cholesterol above about 137 or total cholesterol above about 200 is indicative of cardiovascular disease.
  • Hyperglycemia can be diagnosed by a blood glucose level higher than about 10 mmol/l (180 mg/dl).
  • Glucose intolerance can be diagnosed by glucose levels of 140 to 199 mg per dL (7.8 to 11.0 mmol) after conducting a 75 g oral two-hour glucose tolerance test.
  • Insulin resistance can be diagnosed by a fasting serum insulin level of greater than approximately 60 pmol/L.
  • Hypoglycemia can be diagnosed by a blood glucose level lower than about 2.8 to 3.0 mmol/L (50 to 54 mg/dl). Obesity can be diagnosed, for example, by body mass index. Body mass index (BMI) is measured in kg/m 2 (or lb/in 2 ⁇ 704.5).
  • waist circumference estimates fat distribution
  • waist-to-hip ratio estimates fat distribution
  • skinfold thickness if measured at several sites, estimates fat distribution
  • bioimpedance based on principle that lean mass conducts current better than fat mass (i.e., fat mass impedes current), estimates % fat
  • Overweight individuals are characterized as having a waist circumference of >94 cm for men or >80 cm for women and waist to hip ratios of ⁇ 0.95 in men and ⁇ 0.80 in women.
  • Obese individuals are characterized as having a BMI of 30 to 34.9, being greater than 20% above “normal” weight for height, having a body fat percentage >30% for women and 25% for men, and having a waist circumference >102 cm (40 inches) for men or 88 cm (35 inches) for women.
  • Individuals with severe or morbid obesity are characterized as having a BMI of ⁇ 35.
  • Efficacy of treatment is determined in association with any known method for diagnosing the metabolic disorder. Alleviation of one or more symptoms of the metabolic disorder indicates that the compound confers a clinical benefit.
  • Kidney disorders include acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  • AKI acute kidney injury
  • CKD chronic kidney disease
  • the subject can be suffering from or susceptible to developing acute kidney injury (AKI).
  • the acute kidney injury can be characterized by one or more clinical criteria or conditions (i.e., an abrupt decrease in the ability of the kidneys to excrete nitrogenous waste products from the blood, resulting in azotemia).
  • Subjects suffering from or at risk of developing acute kidney injury (AKI) are identified by methods known in the art.
  • the acute kidney injury can be characterized by an increase in serum creatinine by at least 50% over baseline, an absolute increase in serum creatinine of at least 0.3 mg/dL over baseline, a reduction in glomerular filtration rate of at least 25% compared to baseline, a decrease in urine output to 0.5 ml per kilogram of body weight or less per hour persisting for at least 6 hours, or any combination thereof.
  • An acute kidney injury may be caused by ischemia, drugs or toxic agents (i.e., radiocontrast media, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), alcohol, or a chemotherapy agent), viruses, and obstruction.
  • the subject can be suffering from or susceptible to developing chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  • Chronic kidney disease is defined as either (1) having kidney damage as defined by structural or functional abnormalities of the kidney for 3 months or longer with or without a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or (2) having a GFR of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 for 3 months or longer with or without kidney damage.
  • GFR glomerular filtration rate
  • Subjects suffering from or at risk of developing a chronic kidney disease (CKD) are identified by methods known in the art. Structural or functional abnormalities are manifested by symptoms such as either pathologic abnormalities or markers of kidney damage, including abnormalities identified in imaging studies or the composition of blood or urine.
  • CKD can be diagnosed by testing for specific marker.
  • markers of kidney damage include a plasma creatinine concentration of above about 1.6 mg/dL and a blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration of above about 20 mg/dL. Typically, both of these markers are elevated in individuals with CKD.
  • Additional markers of kidney damage can include hematuria (i.e., any detectable amount of blood in the urine), proteinuria (i.e., protein concentrations in urine above about 100 mg/dL), albuminuria (i.e., albumin concentrations in urine above about 100 mg/dL), an intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration in the blood above about 150 pg/mL, or blood phosphate levels of above about 4.5 mg/dL.
  • One specific marker of kidney disease is a GFR rate above normal (i.e., a GFR above about 90 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ), however a below normal GFR also indicates CKD.
  • the methods of the present disclosure are useful to treat, alleviate the symptoms of, or delay the onset of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and/or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
  • the subject can be suffering from or susceptible to developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and/or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
  • Subjects suffering from or at risk of developing a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and/or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are identified by methods known in the art. For example, NAFLD and/or NASH can be diagnosed by liver biopsy.
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a disease with fat deposition in the liver, which occurs in patients whose alcohol ingestion history is not long enough to cause liver injury.
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease can be further classified into simple fatty liver, steatohepatitis and cirrhosis.
  • Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis refers to a pathology associated with inflammation, liver cell necrosis, ballooning and fibrosis. The onset of nonalcoholic simple fatty liver is induced by fat deposition in liver cells, and this fat accumulation is defined by the balance between increasing factors (influx and synthesis of fats in liver cells) and decreasing factors (catabolism of fats and their release from liver cells).
  • Nonalcoholic simple fatty liver will progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
  • Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is progressive and may finally progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • the disclosure includes a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in a combination therapy.
  • a compound, compositions, medicaments and compounds for use of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may also be used to advantage in combination with one or more other therapeutic agents.
  • Such therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to other ACMSD inhibitors; anti-diabetic agents such as PPARy agonists, PPAR ⁇ / ⁇ dual agonists, PPARS agonists, biguanides, protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B), dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, alpha glucoside hydrolase inhibitors, alpha-amylase inhibitors, insulin secreatagogues, A2 antagonists, insulin or insulin mimetics, glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, non-thiazolidinediones, glycokinase, and 11 HSD-1 inhibitor; anti-obesity agents such as uncoupling Protein (UCP-1, UCP-2, and UCP-3) activators, ⁇ 3 adrenergic receptor ( ⁇ 3), thyroid hormone p agonists, fatty acid synthase (PAS
  • NA nicotinamide ribose
  • NN nicotinamide mononucleotide
  • NA nicotinic acid
  • nicotinamide compounds that inhibit NAD + consumption such as PARP inhibitors and CD38 inhibitors.
  • PPARy agonists useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, glitazones (e.g., balaglitazone, ciglitazone, darglitazone, englitazone, isaglitazone (MCC-555), pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, troglitazone, CLX-0921, 5-BTZD, and the like); GW-0207, LG-100641, LY-300512, LY-519818, R483 (Roche), T131 (Tularik), and compounds disclosed in WO97/27857, 97/28115, 97/28137 and 97/27847; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof.
  • glitazones e.g., balaglitazone, ciglitazone, darglitazone, englitazone, isaglitazone (MCC-555), pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, tro
  • PPAR ⁇ / ⁇ dual agonists useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, CLX-0940, GW-1536, GW1929, GW-2433, KRP-297, L-796449, LR-90, MK-0767, SB 219994, and muraglitazar, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof
  • KRP-297 is 5-[(2,4-Dioxo-5-thiazolidinyl)methyl]-2-methoxy-N-[[4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] methyl]benzamide, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof.
  • PPAR ⁇ agonists useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, GW 501516, GW 590735, and compounds disclosed in JP 10237049, WO 02/14291, and WO 2018/125983; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof.
  • Biguanides useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, buformin, metformin, and phenformin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof.
  • Metformin Glucophage®
  • Glucophage® is indicated for patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, particularly those with refractory obesity. Physician's Desk Reference® page 1080-1086, (56th ed. 2002).
  • Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) inhibitors useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, A-401,674, KR 61639, OC-060062, OC-83839, OC-297962, MC52445, MC52453, and the compounds disclosed in WO 02/26707, WO 02/26743, JP 2002114768, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof.
  • Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors such as isoleucine thiazolidide; NVP-DPP728; P32/98; and LAP 237, P 3298, TSL 225, valine pyrrolidide, TMC-2A/2B/2C, CD-26 inhibitors, FE 999011, P9310/K364, VIP 0177, DPP4, SDZ 274A444; and the compounds disclosed in WO 03/00449; WO 03/004496; EP 1 258 476; WO 02/083128; WO 021062764; WO 03/000250; WO 03/002530; WO 03/002531; WO 03/002553; WO 03/002593; WO 03/000180; and WO 03/000181.
  • DPP-IV Dipeptidyl peptidase IV
  • Sulfonylureas useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, acetohexamide, chloropropamide, diabinese, glibenclamide, glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride, gliclazide, glipentide, gliquidone, glisolamide, tolazamide, and tolbutamide, pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof.
  • Meglitinides useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, repaglinide and nateglinide, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof.
  • Alpha glucoside hydrolase inhibitors useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, acarbose, adiposine, camiglibose, emiglitate, miglitol, voglibose, pradimicin-Q, salbostatin, CKD-711, MDL-25,637, MDL-73,945, and MOR 14, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof, and the compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • Alpha-amylase inhibitors useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, tendamistat, trestatin, and A1-3688, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof, and the compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,451,455, 4,623,714, and 4,273,765.
  • Insulin secreatagogues useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, linogliride and A-4166, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof.
  • Fatty acid oxidation inhibitors useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, clomoxir, and etomoxir, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof.
  • A2 antagonists useful in the present disclosure include, but are not ‘limited to, midaglizole, isaglidole, deriglidole, idazoxan, earoxan, fluparoxan, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof.
  • Insulin or insulin mimetics useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, biota, LP-100, novarapid, insulin detemir, insulin lispro, insulin glargine, insulin zinc suspension (lente and ultralente), Lys-Pro insulin, GLP-1 (73-7) (insulintropin), and GLP-1 (7-36)-NH2), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof.
  • Glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, CP-368, 296, CP-316,819, BAYR3401, and compounds disclosed in WO 01/94300, and WO 02/20530, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof.
  • GLP-1 agonists useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, exendin-3 and exendin-4, and compounds disclosed in US 2003087821 and NZ 504256, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof.
  • Non-thiazolidinediones useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, JT-501, and farglitazar (GW-2570/GI-262579), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof.
  • Glycokinase activators useful in this disclosure include, but are not limited to, fused heteroaromatic compounds such as those disclosed in US 2002103199, and isoindolin-1-one-substituted propionamide compounds such as those disclosed in WO 02/48106.
  • Serotonin (5HT) transport inhibitors useful in this disclosure include, but are not limited to, paroxetine, fluoxetine, fenfluramine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, and imipramine.
  • Norepinephrine (NE) transport inhibitors useful in this disclosure include, but are not limited to, GW 320659, despiramine, talsupram, and nomifensine.
  • Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB-1) antagonist/inverse agonists useful in the present disclosure include: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,532,237, 4,973,587, 5,013,837, 5,081,122, 5,112,820, 5,292,736, 5,624,941 and 6,028,084, and PCT Application Nos.
  • CB-1 antagonists/inverse agonists useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, rimonabant (Sanofi Synthelabo), SR-147778 (Sanofi Synthelabo), BAY 65-2520 (Bayer), and SLY 319 (Solvay).
  • CCK-A agonists useful in the present disclosure include GI 181771, and SR 146,131.
  • Ghrelin antagonists useful in the present disclosure include: PCT Application Nos. WO 01/87335, and WO 02/08250.
  • Histamine 3 (H3) antagonist/inverse agonists useful in the present disclosure include: PCT Application No.
  • H3 antagonists/inverse agonists useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, thioperamide, 3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propyl N-4-pentenyl)carbamate, clobenpropit, iodophenpropit, imoproxifan, GT2394 (Gliatech), and A331440.
  • MHLR Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor
  • MCH2R melanin-concentrating hormone 2 receptor
  • Specific MCH1R antagonists useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, T-226296 (Takeda), SB 568849, and SNAP 7941.
  • Neuropeptide Y1 (NPY1) antagonists useful in the present disclosure include: U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,836, and PCT Application Nos.
  • NPY1 antagonists useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, BIBP3226, J-115814, BIBO 3304, LY-357897, CP-671906, and GI-264879A.
  • Neuropeptide Y2 (NPY2) agonists useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, peptide YY (PYY), and PYY3_36, peptide YY analogs, PYY agonists, and the compounds disclosed in WO 03/026591, WO 03/057235, and WO 03/027637.
  • Neuropeptide Y5 (NPY5) antagonists useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, the compounds described in: U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • WO 97/19682 WO 97/20820, WO 97/20821, WO 97/20822, WO 97/20823, WO 98/27063, WO 00/107409, WO00/185714, WO 00/185730, WO 00/64880, WO 00/68197, WO 00/69849, wo 01/09120, wo 01/85714, WO 01/85730, WO 01/07409, WO 01/02379, WO 01/02379, WO 01/23388, WO 01/23389, WO 01/44201, WO 01/62737, WO 01/62738, WO 01/09120, WO 02/20488, WO 02/22592, WO 02/48152, WO 02/49648, and WO 01/14376.
  • NPY5 antagonists useful in the combinations of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to GW-569180A, GW-594884A, GW-587081X, GW-548118X, FR 235,208, FR226928, FR 240662, FR252384, 1229U91, GI-264879A, CGP71683A, LY-377897, LY366377, PD-160170, SR-120562A, SR-120819A, JCF-104, and H409/22.
  • Additional specific NPY5 antagonists useful in the combinations of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to the compounds described in Norman et al., J. Med. Chem.
  • Leptin includes, but is not limited to, recombinant human leptin (PEG-OB, Hoffman La Roche) and recombinant methionyl human leptin (Amgen).
  • Leptin derivatives e.g., truncated forms of leptin
  • useful in the present disclosure include: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,552,524, 5,552,523, 5,552,522, 5,521,283, and PCT International Publication Nos.
  • WO 96/23513 WO 96/23514, WO 96/23515, WO 96/23516, WO 96/23517, WO 96/23518, WO 96/23519, and WO 96/23520.
  • Opioid antagonists useful in the present disclosure include: PCT Application No. WO 00/21509.
  • Specific opioid antagonists useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, nalmefene (Revex®), 3-methoxynaltrexone, naloxone, and naltrexone.
  • Orexin antagonists useful in the present disclosure include: PCT Patent Application Nos. WO 01/96302, WO 01/68609, WO 02/51232, WO 02/51838, and WO 03/023561.
  • Specific orexin antagonists useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, SB-334867-A.
  • Acyl-estrogens useful in the present disclosure include oleoyl-estrone (del Mar-Grasa, M. et al., Obesity Research, 9:202-9 (2001)).
  • Cholecystokinin-A (CCK-A) agonists useful in the present disclosure include U.S. Pat. No. 5,739,106.
  • Specific CCK-A agonists include, but are not limited to, AR-R 15849, GI181771, JMv-180, A-71378, A-71623 and SR146131.
  • ciliary neurotrophic factors useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, GI-181771 (GlaxoSmithKline), SR146131 (Sanofi Synthelabo), butabindide, PD170,292, PD 149164 (Pfizer).
  • CNTF derivatives useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, axokine (Regeneron), and PCT Application Nos. WO 94/09134, WO 98/22128, and WO 99/43813.
  • Growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) agonists useful in the present disclosure include: U.S. Pat. No. 6,358,951, and U.S. Patent Application Nos.
  • GHS agonists include, but are not limited to, NN703, hexarelin, MK-0677, SM-130686, CP424 391, L-692,429 and L-163,255.
  • 5HT2c agonists useful in the present disclosure include: U.S. Pat. No. 3,914,250, and PCT Application Nos. WO 02/36596, WO 02/48124, WO 02/10169, WO 01/66548, WO 02/44152, WO 02/51844, WO 02/40456, and WO 02/40457.
  • Specific 5HT2c agonists useful in this disclosure include, but are not limited to, BVT933, DPCA37215, 1K264, PNU 22394, WAY161503, R-1065, and YM 348.
  • Mc4r agonists useful in the present disclosure include: PCT Application Nos. WO 99/64002, WO 00/74679, WO 01/991752, WO 01/74844, WO 01/70708, WO 01/70337, WO 01/91752, WO 02/059095, WO 02/059107, WO 02/059108, WO 02/059117, wo 02/12166, WO 02111715, WO 02/12178, WO 02/15909, WO 02/068387, WO 02/068388, WO 02/067869, WO 03/007949, and WO 03/009847.
  • Specific Mc4r agonists useful in the present disclosure include CIR86036 (Chiron), ME-10142, and ME-10145 (Melacure).
  • Monoamine reuptake inhibitors useful in the present disclosure include: PCT Application Nos. WO 01/27068, and WO 01/62341.
  • Specific monoamine reuptake inhibitors useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, sibutramine (Meridia O/Reductil®) disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,746,680, 4,806,570, and 5,436,272, and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2002/0006964.
  • Serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and releasers, useful in the present disclosure include: dexfenfluramine, fluoxetine, and other serotonin reuptake inhibitors, including, but not limited to, those in U.S. Pat. No. 6,365,633, and PCT Patent Application Nos. WO 01/27060, and WO 01/162341.
  • 11 ⁇ HSD-1 inhibitor useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, BVT 3498, BVT 2733, and those compounds disclosed in WO 01/90091, WO 01/90090, WO 01/90092.
  • Uncoupling Protein (UCP-1, UCP-2, and UCP-3) activators useful in the present disclosure include: PCT Patent Application No. WO 99/00123.
  • UCP-1, UCP-2, and UCP-3 activators useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, phytanic acid, 4-[(E)-2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-napthalenyl)-1-propenyl]benzoic acid (TTNPB), and retinoic acid.
  • ⁇ 3 adrenergic receptor ( ⁇ 3) agonists useful in the present disclosure include: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,705,515 and 5,451,677 and PCT Patent Application Nos. WO 01/74782, and WO 02/32897.
  • Specific 3 agonists useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, AD9677/TAK677 (Dainippon/Takeda), CL-316,243, SB 418790, BRL-37344, L-796568, BMS-196085, BRL-35135A, CGP12177A, BTA-243, GW 427353, Trecadrine, Zeneca D7114, and SR 59119A.
  • Thyroid hormone p agonists useful in the present disclosure include: PCT Application No. WO 02/15845 and Japanese Patent Application No. JP 2000256190.
  • Specific thyroid hormone 3 agonists useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, KB-2611 (KaroBioBMS).
  • Specific fatty acid synthase (PAS) inhibitors useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, Cerulenin and C75.
  • Specific phosphodieterase (PDE) inhibitors useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, theophylline, pentoxifylline, zaprinast, sildenafil, arnrinone, milrinone, cilostamide, rolipram, and cilomilast.
  • Lipase inhibitors useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in PCT Application No. WO 01/77094, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,598,089, 4,452,813, 5,512,565, 5,391,571, 5,602,151, 4,405,644, 4,189,438, and 4,242,453.
  • lipase inhibitors useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, tetrahydrolipstatin (orlistat/Xenical®), Triton WR1339, RHC80267, lipstatin, teasaponin, and diethylumbelliferyl phosphate, FL-386, WAY-121898, Bay-N-3176, valilactone, esteracin, ebelactone A, ebelactone B, and RHC 80267.
  • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin and fluvastatin.
  • HMG-CoA synthase inhibitors are the beta-lactone derivatives disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,806,564, 4,816,477, 4,847,271, and 4,751,237; the beta-lactam derivatives disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,983,597 and U.S. Ser. No. 07/540,992 filed Jun. 20, 1990; and the substituted oxacyclopropane analogues disclosed in European Patent Publication EP 0 411 703.
  • Examples of squalene epoxidase inhibitors are disclosed in European Patent Publication EP 0 318 860 and in Japanese Patent Publication J02 169-571A.
  • Examples of LDL-receptor gene inducer molecules are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,182,298 filed Mar. 18, 1991.
  • Other cholesterol lowering agents include niacin, probucol, fibric acids (i.e., clofibrate and gemfibrozil), and LDL-receptor gene inducers.
  • PARP inhibitors include, but are not limited to, iodonitocoumarin, 5-iodo-6-nitrocoumarin, 3,4-dihydro-5-methyl-isoquinolinone, 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide, 3-methoxybenzamide, 8-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-hydro-quinazolin-4-one, 2- ⁇ 3-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-3,6-dihydro-1(2h)-pyridinyl]propyl ⁇ -8-methyl-4(3h)-quinazolinone, 5-fluoro-1-[4-(4-phenyl-3,6-dihydropyridin-1(butyl]quinazoline-2,4(1h,3h)-dione, 3-(4-chlorophenyl) quinoxaline-5-carboxamide, 2-(3′-methoxyphenyl)benzimidazole-4-carboxam, benzamide, 3-aminobenzamide
  • the above compounds are only illustrative of the ACMSD inhibitors, anti-diabetic agents, anti-obesity agents, cholesterol lower agent, compounds that boost NAD levels, compounds that inhibit NAD + consumption that can be used in the compositions of the present disclosure.
  • the methods of the present disclosure may employ any anti-obesity agent and any anti-diabetic agent, and are not limited to any particular structural class of compounds.
  • “combination therapy” includes the administration of a compound of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph or solvate thereof, and at least a second agent as part of a specific treatment regimen intended to provide the beneficial effect from the co-action of these therapeutic agents.
  • the beneficial effect of the combination includes, but is not limited to, a cooperative, e.g., synergistic, effect and/or a pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic co-action, or any combination thereof, resulting from the combination of therapeutic agents.
  • Administration of these therapeutic agents in combination typically is carried out over a defined time period (usually minutes, hours, days or weeks depending upon the combination selected).
  • “Combination therapy” may be, but generally is not, intended to encompass the administration of two or more of these therapeutic agents as part of separate monotherapy regimens that incidentally and arbitrarily result in the combinations of the present disclosure.
  • “Combination therapy” is intended to embrace administration of these therapeutic agents in a sequential manner, wherein each therapeutic agent is administered at a different time and in any order, or in alternation and in any order, as well as administration of these therapeutic agents, or at least two of the therapeutic agents, in a substantially simultaneous manner.
  • Substantially simultaneous administration can be accomplished, for example, by administering to the subject a single capsule having a fixed ratio of each therapeutic agent or in multiple, single capsules for each of the therapeutic agents.
  • Sequential or substantially simultaneous administration of each therapeutic agent can be effected by any appropriate route including, but not limited to, oral routes, intravenous routes, intramuscular routes, and direct absorption through mucous membrane tissues.
  • the therapeutic agents can be administered by the same route or by different routes.
  • a first therapeutic agent of the combination selected may be administered by intravenous injection while the other therapeutic agents of the combination may be administered orally.
  • all therapeutic agents may be administered orally or all therapeutic agents may be administered by intravenous injection.
  • the sequence in which the therapeutic agents are administered is not narrowly critical.
  • the activity of compounds as inhibitors of ACMSD1 is determined in a spectrophotometrical in vitro assay.
  • the pre-assay mixture is incubated and a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and ACMSD1 solution is then added.
  • the effect of ACMS concentration on the enzyme activity is investigated by varying 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (30H-HA) concentration in the pre-assay mixture.
  • Kinetic parameters are calculated from the initial velocity data using a Lineweaver-Burk plot.
  • the mouse hepatocytes cell lines are grown and plated.
  • the cells are maintained in culture at 37° C. and once the cells are attached, different concentrations of a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or DMSO are added.
  • Primary hepatocytes are harvested about 24 hrs later.
  • HEK293T cells are seeded and transfected to transiently express ACMSD.
  • the cells are then stimulated with different concentrations of a compound of Formula (I) or (II), and then lysed to measure the ACMSD activity in a spectrophotometrical in vitro assay.
  • the amount of the whole protein content in cell lysates is detected by Bradford analysis and used to get the specificity activity of the enzyme normalized in all samples.
  • Primary hepatocytes are treated with different concentrations of a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or MEHP (control) after seeding.
  • the compound is replaced every 24 hours, and then cells are directly harvested and lysed to detect NAD + content through LC MS/MS (liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectroscopy).
  • SOD2 activity is determined at indicated times after treatment with a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, using a SOD Assay Kit. Absorbance is determined and results are expressed in U/ml/mg of protein according to the standard curve and measured protein concentration.
  • NAD + is extracted using acidic extraction method and samples are collected and homogenized. After insoluble protein parts are pelleted, the samples are separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and analyzed by mass-spectrometry. The proteins in the pellet are quantified by Bradford assay and are used for normalization.
  • HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
  • Cells (AML-12, Hepa-1.6, HEK-293, primary human and murine hepatocytes) are treated with different concentrations of a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and the gene expression of ACMSD, Pgc1a, Sod1, and Sod2 (MnSOD) is determined using RT-qPCR.
  • Total RNA is extracted from cells and the extracted RNA is treated with DNase and used for reverse transcription (RT).
  • MDCK cells are cultured in base medium to a final concentration of 10%. Cells are plated into 96 wells and 24 hours after cell plating the medium is changed with fresh medium supplemented with 1% FBS. Cisplatin is then used to induce cell injury. Different concentrations of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (in DMSO) are added in combination with cisplatin or prior to adding cisplatin. Caspase 3/7 activity (Promega) is determined according to standard procedures using a luminescent signal readout on a plate reader. Each experiment/condition is performed in triplicate. Caspase activity is analyzed as percentage effect normalized to the cisplatin alone and vehicle treated cells.
  • HePG2 and AML-12 cells are seeded and a dose-response of the compound is performed at various concentrations. Cells are stimulated and the supernatant is used to perform LDH release as a measure of necrosis while the cells are lysed to detect ATP levels for determining cell viability.
  • the Predictor hERG assay kit is stably transfected with hERG potassium channel and a high-affinity red fluorescent hERG channel ligand and is used for the determination of hERG channel affinity binding of compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Compounds that bind to the hERG channel protein are identified by their ability to displace the tracer which results in a lower fluorescence polarization.
  • ACMSD1 silencing Bacterial feeding RNAi experiments to determine the effects of downregulation or silencing of acmsd-1 on gene expression and survival are carried out in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. elegans ). The clones used for the bacterial feeding experiments are acmsd-1, SIR-2.1 and DAF-16. Total RNA is extracted from cells and the extracted RNA is treated with DNase, and used for reverse transcription (RT).
  • Worms are grown on NGM agar plates additionally containing Carbenicillin and IPTG and seeded with bacterial cultures. After RNAi treatment, worms are transferred to plates containing paraquat and seeded with RNAi bacteria. Control animals are grown on RNAi bacteria containing an empty vector (control) and then transferred to plates containing paraquat and seeded with RNAi bacteria. Quantification of gene expression of sod-3 at mRNA levels and protein levels using RT-qPCR and survival analyses are performed. The movement of worms is recorded at days 1, 3, and 5 of adulthood.
  • mice are fed with regular chow or a high fat diet (HFD).
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is dosed daily and blood and tissues are harvested for RNA isolation, lipid measurements and histology. Oxygen consumption is measured and histological analysis and transmission electron microscopy are performed. An oral glucose tolerance test and an intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test are also performed to quantify glucose and to measure plasma insulin concentrations.
  • Animals are fed a high-fat diet (HFD).
  • HFD high-fat diet
  • the animals are treated once/day with a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 14 days.
  • Blood samples are collected and glucose concentrations of each blood sample are determined.
  • initial blood samples are collected and then compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are administered. Diet-access is then restricted, and a second blood sample is collected. The mice are subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test and blood glucose concentrations are determined.
  • the animals receive a primed-continuous [3- 3 H]glucose infusion and a blood sample is then collected to determine plasma insulin, glucose and [3- 3 H]glucose concentrations and to calculate basal endogenous glucose appearance rates.
  • the mice then receive vehicle or a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, via gavage.
  • the animals receive a [3- 3 H]glucose infusion containing insulin causing a moderate net-increase in plasma insulin concentrations. Blood glucose concentrations are measured and target glycemia is established by adjusting the rate of glucose infusion.
  • 2-deoxy-D-[1- 14 C] glucose is then given intravenously and blood samples are collected. The mice are then sacrificed. Gastrocnemius muscle and epididymal adipose tissue are collected and plasma [ 3 H]- and [ 14 C]-radioactivity is determined in deproteinized plasma.
  • Body weights are assessed and brown adipose tissue (BAT) and gonadal white adipose tissue (WAT) are dissected and weighed. Volume oxygen (VO 2 ) and volume carbon dioxide production (VCO 2 ) are measured and are reported as average VO 2 per hour normalized to body weight (mL/h/kg). Activity counts by infrared beam interruptions and food intake are simultaneously measured.
  • BAT brown adipose tissue
  • WAT gonadal white adipose tissue
  • VCO 2 volume carbon dioxide production
  • NAFD Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  • NASH Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
  • mice are fed a ‘Western’ HF-HSD (high fat-high sucrose diet) or normal chow diet (NCD) as control.
  • the animals are then treated with a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 4, 12 or 20 weeks, and then sacrificed.
  • Body weight and food intake are monitored weekly and total fat mass is analysed.
  • An intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) is also performed and tail vein glucose levels are measured after glucose administration. Insulin resistance is calculated using the Homeostasis Model of Insulin Resistance.
  • the mice are then sacrificed by blood sampling via cardiac puncture. Plasma is obtained and tissues were collected together with the plasma for further biochemical and molecular analyses or for histological analysis.
  • NAFD Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  • NASH Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
  • mice weighing 25 g are either fed a methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCD to induce NASH) or chow diet (as a control). Animal experiments and evaluation of NAFLD and NASH are conducted as described above in for C57BL/6J mice fed the high fat and high sucrose diet.
  • LDL-R knockout mice are sacrificed about 12 weeks after the initiation of the atherogenic diet, after which the heart and aorta are perfused with PBS and subsequently fixed. Atherosclerosis and biochemistry parameters are measured with the appropriate commercially available kits.
  • LPS lipopolysaccharide
  • mice are intraperitoneally injected with LPS, and blood is taken from the tail vein. TNF ⁇ levels are quantified with a Mouse TNF ⁇ ELISA assay. Blood cell counts are determined.
  • Compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are dissolved in water and added to a standard powder diet at the appropriate concentration. The diet supply is changed every three days and administered ad libitum for one month. Tissues are collected for histological analysis. For the muscle quadriceps samples, the spectrophotometric activity of cI, cII, cIII, and cIV, as well as CS, is measured. NAD + is extracted from tissues using acidic and alkaline extraction methods, respectively, and analysed with mass spectrometry.
  • Deletor and WT male mice are administered either chow diet (CD) or a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, admixed with the CD.
  • CD chow diet
  • the mice are regularly monitored for weight, food consumption, and physical endurance and their exercise capability is measured. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, as well as spontaneous moving and feeding activities, are recorded.
  • Tissue sections are collected and prepared from the quadriceps, liver, and BAT. Frozen sections from quadriceps are assayed for in situ histochemical COX and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities, crista content in both BAT and muscle is determined from electron micrographs and skeletal muscle samples are analysed for citrate synthase activity.
  • SDH succinate dehydrogenase
  • C57BL/6J WT mice are fed a standard commercial diet and divided into four groups: control; cisplatin; a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, alone.
  • the mice are sacrificed and tissue samples and serum are collected. Serum creatinine and BUN levels are measured and the proinflammatory cytokines TNF- ⁇ , IL-1b, and IL-6 from serum or homogenates from kidney tissue are quantified.
  • Mouse kidneys are collected and stained for analysis. Tubular damage is examined and scored based on the percentage of cortical tubular necrosis. Neutrophil infiltration is quantitatively assessed on stained tissue by counting the number of neutrophils per high-power field.
  • C57BL/6J WT mice are numbered and kept in acclimatization for a period and then randomized into different treatment groups based on their body weight. Different groups are maintained on a specified diet for a period of time. Body weight measurements are taken and food consumption is evaluated. Blood is collected by retro-orbital puncture under mild anesthesia and used for analysis of basal blood urea nitrogen levels (BUN).
  • BUN basal blood urea nitrogen levels
  • Mice are anesthetized and placed on a surgical platform. Both kidneys are exposed through incisions and renal pedicles are occluded using vascular clamps. The clamp is then removed and the surgical site is sutured. The sham-operated group is subjected to similar surgical procedures, except that the occluding clamp is not applied. Animals are monitored until recovery from anesthesia and returned to their home cage. Animals are observed every day for general clinical signs and symptoms and mortality.
  • mice are individually housed in metabolic cages and urine is collected for estimation of urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium. Blood is also collected by retro orbital puncture under mild anesthesia and plasma is used for analysis of blood urea nitrogen levels (BUN) and serum creatinine. Animals are then euthanized and organs are collected. One kidney is fixed and the other is flash frozen and used for the estimation of lipid peroxidation, GSH, MPO and SOD levels.
  • CD-1 (ICR) mice are treated with a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, by oral gavage once per day.
  • CD-1 mice are divided into four groups: (1) young mice with sham injury; (2) young mice with ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury; (3) adult mice with sham injury; and (4) adult mice with I/R injury.
  • mice receiving a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are randomized into two groups: mice receiving a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and mice receiving the vehicle as a control.
  • the serum creatinine level is measured and BUN measurements are recorded. Renal tissue is then evaluated and tubular injury is scored.
  • C57BL6 mice are treated with compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof by oral gavage once per day. The animals are allowed to recover, and they are sacrificed 48,72, and 96 hrs post cisplatin injection.
  • the serum creatinine level is measured as a primary endpoint.
  • Tubular injury is scored on a scale of 0-4 on the basis of the percentage of tubules with necrosis, dilatation, or cell swelling: 0, less than 5%; 1, 5-25%; 2, 25-50%; 3, 50-75%; and 4, over 75%. All high-power fields ( ⁇ 400) in the cortex and outer medulla are evaluated by a pathologist in a blinded manner.
  • C57BL6 mice (12-15 weeks old). are treated with compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, via IP injection following Cecal ligation and puncture induced Sepsis.
  • Primary endpoint at 48 hrs:serum creatinine.
  • Secondary endpoints at 48 hours include: Macrophage phenotype marker (IF stain), Plasma NGAL, Plasma and kidney markers of inflammation (IL-6, IL-18, TNF), and Kidney Injury markers (KIM-1, NGAL, TIMP2 and IGFBP7).
  • Addition endpoints include; cell death (IF: Annexin V and Propidium Iodide; Caspase 3/7), autophagy, biogenesis (PGC-1 ⁇ , mitochondrial DNA), OXPHOS (Complex I, III, IV activity), Sirt1 and Sirt3 expression, AMPK (Total, P-AMPK, P-ACC, and HIF-1 ⁇ .
  • AML-12 cells are treated with different concentrations of a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Cells are then lysed, and analyzed by SDS-PAGE/western blot. Blocking and antibody incubations are then done and each protein present is detected with its specific antibody.
  • the present disclosure also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined herein, in a method for inhibiting the activity of ACMSD.
  • the method includes contacting a cell with a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the method further provides that the compound is present in an amount effective to produce a concentration sufficient to selectively inhibit ACMSD in the cell.
  • the preferred compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are compounds capable of reducing or preferably inhibiting ACMSD and increasing NAD + levels and/or activating SIRTs and the downstream targets of SIRTs, such as PGC-1 ⁇ , FoxO1 and/or SOD.
  • said inhibition is determined as the IC 50 of said compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, with respect to said ACMSD inhibition assay.
  • Preferred compounds of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof have an IC 50 at or below 1 ⁇ M, more preferably less than 300 nM, for example less than 100 nM, such as less than 50 nM with respect to inhibition of ACMSD.
  • Embodiment I As follows:
  • Embodiment I-1 A compound represented by Formula (I):
  • X is H, S, SR 2 , NR 2 , NR 2 R 2′ , O, OH, OR h , F, Br, or Cl;
  • W is N or C
  • Y 1 is O, NR 4 , or S(O) q ;
  • each Y 2 is independently O, NH or S;
  • R 1 is absent or C 6 -C 10 arylene or heteroarylene, wherein the heteroarylene comprises one or two 5- to 7-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and wherein the C 6 -C 10 arylene or heteroarylene are optionally substituted with one to two R e ;
  • R 2 is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R 2′ is H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; or
  • R 2 and R 2′ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring comprising 1-3 additional heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;
  • R 3 is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R 4 is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • each R 5 is independently at each occurrence H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • each R 6 is independently at each occurrence H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R 7 is H, A, B, or C
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x , —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x , —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, —(CH 2 ) r oxadiazolone, —(CH 2 ) r tetrazolone, —(CH 2 ) r thiadiazolol, —(CH 2 ) r isoxazol-3-ol, —(CH 2 ) r P(O)(OH)OR x , —(CH 2 ) r S(O) 2 OH, —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NHCN, or —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 alkyl, wherein —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, —(CH 2 ) r oxadiazolone, —(CH 2 ) r tetra
  • B is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 OC 1 -C 4 alkyl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 OC 1 -C 4 alkyl, —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NR g R g′ , —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 NR g R g′ , —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NR g R g′ , —(CH 2 ) r S(O) 2 NR g R g′ , —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 NR g R g′ , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R i , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r NH 2 CO 2 R x , —(C(R 6 ) 2
  • C is —(CH 2 ) r CN, —(CH 2 ) s OH, halogen, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C 6 -C 10 aryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S—C 6 -C 10 aryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r heteroaryl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r heteroaryl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r heterocycloalkyl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r OH, —OR y , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHCN, —CH ⁇ CHCO 2 R x , or —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 C 1 -C 4 alkyl, wherein the aryl and heteroaryl are substituted with one to three substituents each independently
  • R c is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, halogen, —CN, —OR x , or —CO 2 R x ;
  • R d is methyl, CF 3 , CR f F 2 , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t C 6 -C 10 aryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t -5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t -5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl;
  • each R e is independently at each occurrence C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, halogen, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, —NHR z , —OH, or —CN;
  • R f is absent, H, or methyl
  • R g is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, OH, —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 6 alkyl), or S(O) 2 N(C 1 -C 6 alkyl) 2 ;
  • R g′ is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, C 6 -C 10 aryl, or 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen and —OH, and wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl, halogen, and —OH;
  • R h is H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from NH 2 , C 1 -C 4 alkylamino, C 1 -C 4 dialkylamino, and C(O)NH 2 ; and wherein the heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl and C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl;
  • R i is (i) —(CH 2 ) s OC(O)C 1 -C 6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is substituted with one or more NH 2 ; (ii) (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OH; or (iii) C 1 -C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from OH and 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S;
  • R j is absent, H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or —CN;
  • each R x is independently at each occurrence H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or C 6 -C 10 aryl;
  • each R y and R z is independently H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl;
  • each m, p, q, r, and t is independently 0, 1 or 2;
  • n 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • s 1 or 2;
  • o 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
  • R f when X is O; R f is H; W is C; R j is —CN; L is —SCH 2 —; R 1 is phenylene or pyridine; and R 7 is tetrazole; then R c is not H;
  • R f when X is O, R f is H; W is N; R i is absent; R d is methyl, optionally substituted 5- to 10-membered aryl, optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl; L is —SCH 2 — or —OCH 2 —; and R 1 is phenylene; then R 7 is not —COOH, —CH 2 COOH,
  • R f when X is O, R f is H, W is N, R j is absent, L is —NHCH 2 —, —CH 2 NH—, or —NH—C(O)—, and R 1 is phenylene, then R d is not phenyl.
  • Embodiment I-2 The compound of Embodiment I-1, wherein X is O, OH, OR h , F, Br, or Cl.
  • Embodiment I-3 The compound of Embodiment I-1, wherein X is H, S, SR 2 , NR 2 , or NR 2 R 2′ .
  • Embodiment I-4 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-3, wherein R f is absent.
  • Embodiment I-5 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-3, wherein R f is H or methyl.
  • Embodiment I-6 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-5, wherein W is N.
  • Embodiment I-7 The compound of Embodiment I-6, wherein R i is absent.
  • Embodiment I-8 The compound of any one Embodiments I-1 to I-5, wherein W is C.
  • Embodiment I-9 The compound of Embodiment I-8, wherein R i is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or —CN.
  • Embodiment I-10 The compound of Embodiment I-8 or I-9, wherein R i is —CN.
  • Embodiment I-11 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-10, wherein R c is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —CN, or halogen.
  • Embodiment I-12 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-11, wherein R c is —CN or halogen.
  • Embodiment I-13 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-12, wherein R c is —CN.
  • Embodiment I-14 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-13, wherein R d is methyl.
  • Embodiment I-15 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-13, wherein R d is optionally substituted 5- to 10-membered aryl.
  • Embodiment I-16 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-13, wherein R d is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl.
  • Embodiment I-17 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-13, wherein R d is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl.
  • Embodiment I-18 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-13, wherein R d is methyl, cyclohexyl, pyridinyl, thiazolyl, phenyl, or thienyl.
  • Embodiment I-20 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-13, wherein R d is methyl.
  • Embodiment I-21 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-13, wherein R d is —CF 3 .
  • Embodiment I-22 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-13, wherein R d is CR f F 2 .
  • Embodiment I-23 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-13, wherein R d is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C 6 -C 10 aryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r -5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r -5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl.
  • Embodiment I-24 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-13, wherein R d is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • Embodiment I-25 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-24, wherein L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p —.
  • Embodiment I-26 The compound of Embodiment I-25, wherein Y 1 is S.
  • Embodiment I-27 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-24, wherein L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m NR 3 C ⁇ (O)(C(R 5 ) 2 ) p — or —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p cyclopropyl-.
  • Embodiment I-28 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-27, wherein R 1 is C 6 -C 10 arylene.
  • Embodiment I-29 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-27, wherein R 1 is heteroarylene.
  • Embodiment I-30 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-27, wherein R 1 is absent.
  • Embodiment I-31 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-30, wherein R 7 is A.
  • Embodiment I-32 The compound of Embodiment I-31, wherein A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, wherein the —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • Embodiment I-33 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-30, wherein R 7 is B.
  • Embodiment I-34 The compound of Embodiment I-31, wherein B is —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NR g R g′ , or —(CH 2 ) r S(O) 2 NR g R g′ ,
  • Embodiment I-35 The compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-30, wherein R 7 is C.
  • Embodiment I-36 The compound of Embodiment I-31, wherein C is —(CH 2 ) r CN, —(CH 2 ) s OH, or —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C 6 -C 10 aryl, wherein the aryl is substituted with one to three substituents each independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, halogen, and OH.
  • Embodiment I-37 A compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or tautomer thereof, selected from the group consisting of
  • Embodiment I-38 A compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or tautomer thereof, selected from the group consisting of
  • Embodiment I-39 A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.
  • Embodiment I-40 The pharmaceutical composition according to Embodiment I-39, which comprises one or more further therapeutic agents.
  • Embodiment I-41 A method of treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder inhibited by ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing the disease or disorder a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Embodiment I-42 A method of treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a disease or disorder associated with reduced NAD + levels a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Embodiment I-43 The method of any one of Embodiments I-41 to I-42, wherein the disease is chronic liver disease selected from primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), drug induced cholestasis, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis (PNAC), bacterial overgrowth or sepsis associated cholestasis, autoimmune hepatitis, chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver transplant associated graft versus host disease, living donor transplant liver regeneration, congenital hepatic fibrosis, choledocholithiasis, granulomatous liver disease, intra- or extrahepatic malignancy, Sjogren's syndrome, Sarcoidosis, Wilson's
  • Embodiment I-44 A method of treating a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a metabolic disorder a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ).
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Embodiment I-45 The method of Embodiment I-44, wherein said disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction is an inherited mitochondrial disease, a common metabolic disorder, a neurodegenerative disease, an aging related disorder, a kidney disorder, or a chronic inflammatory disease.
  • Embodiment I-46 The method of Embodiment I-45, wherein the common metabolic disorder is obesity or type II diabetes.
  • Embodiment I-47 A method of promoting oxidative metabolism comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a metabolic disorder a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of any one of Embodiments I-1 to I-38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ).
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Embodiment I-48 A compound of any of Embodiments I-1 to I-38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use as a medicament.
  • Embodiment I-49 A compound of any of Embodiments I-1 to I-38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Embodiment I-50 A compound of any of Embodiments I-1 to I-38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Embodiment I-51 A compound of any of Embodiments I-1 to I-38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • Embodiment I-52 Use of a compound of any of Embodiments I-1 to I-38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) dysfunction.
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Embodiment I-53 Use of a compound of any of Embodiments I-1 to I-38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Embodiment I-54 Use of a compound of any of Embodiments I-1 to I-38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Embodiment I-55 Use of a compound of any of Embodiments I-1 to I-38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • Embodiment I-56 Use of a compound of any of Embodiments I-1 to I-38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) dysfunction.
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Embodiment I-57 Use of a compound of any of Embodiments I-1 to I-38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Embodiment I-58 Use of a compound of any of Embodiments I-1 to I-38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Embodiment I-59 Use of a compound of any of Embodiments I-1 to I-38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • Embodiment I-60 A method of treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder inhibited by ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing the disease or disorder a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment I-39.
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Embodiment I-61 A method of treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a disease or disorder associated with reduced NAD + levels a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment I-39.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Embodiment I-62 The method of any one of Embodiments I-60 to I-61, wherein the disease is chronic liver disease selected from primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), drug induced cholestasis, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis (PNAC), bacterial overgrowth or sepsis associated cholestasis, autoimmune hepatitis, chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver transplant associated graft versus host disease, living donor transplant liver regeneration, congenital hepatic fibrosis, choledocholithiasis, granulomatous liver disease, intra- or extrahepatic malignancy, Sjogren's syndrome, Sarcoidosis, Wilson's disease
  • Embodiment I-63 A method of treating a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a metabolic disorder a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment I-39.
  • Embodiment I-64 The method of Embodiment I-63, wherein said disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction is an inherited mitochondrial disease, a common metabolic disorder, a neurodegenerative disease, an aging related disorder, a kidney disorder, or a chronic inflammatory disease.
  • Embodiment I-65 The method of claim 64 , wherein the common metabolic disorder is obesity or type II diabetes.
  • Embodiment I-66 A method of promoting oxidative metabolism comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a metabolic disorder a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment I-39.
  • Embodiment I-67 A pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment I-39 for use as a medicament.
  • Embodiment I-68 A pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment I-39 for use in treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Embodiment I-69 A pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment I-39 for use in for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Embodiment I-70 A pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment I-39 for use in promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • Embodiment I-71 Use of pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment I-39 for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) dysfunction.
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Embodiment I-72 Use of a pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment I-39 for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Embodiment I-73 Use of pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment I-39 for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Embodiment I-74 Use pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment I-39 for promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • Embodiment I-75 Use of pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment I-39 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) dysfunction.
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Embodiment I-76 Use of pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment I-39 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Embodiment I-77 Use of pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment I-39 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Embodiment I-78 Use of pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment I-39 in the manufacture of a medicament for promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • Embodiment II-1 A compound represented by Formula (II):
  • X is H, S, SR 2 , NR 2 , NR 2 R 2′ , O, OH, OR h , F, Br, or Cl;
  • W is N or C
  • L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m CH ⁇ CH(C(R 5 ) 2 ) p —, —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) o —, —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p ,
  • Y 1 is O, NR 4 , or S(O) q ;
  • each Y 2 is independently O, NH or S;
  • R 1 is absent, C 6 -C 10 arylene, heteroarylene, or C 3 -C 8 cycloalkylene, wherein the heteroarylene comprises one or two 5- to 7-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and wherein the C 6 -C 10 arylene, heteroarylene, and C 3 -C 8 cycloalkylene are optionally substituted with one to two R e ;
  • R 2 is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R 2′ is H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; or
  • R 2 and R 2′ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring comprising 1-3 additional heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;
  • R 3 is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R 4 is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • each R 5 is independently at each occurrence H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • each R 6 is independently at each occurrence H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R 7 is H, A, B, or C
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x , —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r tetrazole, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r oxadiazolone, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r tetrazolone, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r thiadiazolol, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r isoxazol-3-ol, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r P(O)(OH)OR x , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 OH, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHCN, or —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 alkyl, wherein
  • B is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 OC 1 -C 4 alkyl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 OC 1 -C 4 alkyl, —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NR g R g′ , —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 NR g R g′ , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NR g R g′ , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 NR g R g′ , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 NR g R g′ , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R w , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r NH 2 CO 2 R
  • C is —(CH 2 ) r CN, —(CH 2 ) s OH, halogen, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C 6 -C 10 aryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S—C 6 -C 10 aryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r heteroaryl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r heteroaryl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r heterocycloalkyl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r OH, —OR y , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHCN, —CH ⁇ CHCO 2 R x , or —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 C 1 -C 4 alkyl, wherein the aryl and heteroaryl are substituted with one to three substituents each independently
  • R c is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, halogen, —CN, —OR x , or —CO 2 R x ;
  • R d is methyl, CF 3 , CR f F 2 , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t C 6 -C 10 aryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t -5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t -5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl;
  • each R e is independently at each occurrence C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, halogen, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, —NHR z , —OH, or —CN;
  • R f is absent, H, or methyl
  • R g is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, OH, —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 6 alkyl), or S(O) 2 N(C 1 -C 6 alkyl) 2 ;
  • R g′ is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, C 6 -C 10 aryl, or 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen and —OH, and wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl, halogen, and —OH;
  • R h is H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from NH 2 , C 1 -C 4 alkylamino, C 1 -C 4 dialkylamino, and C(O)NH 2 ; and wherein the heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl and C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl;
  • R i is (i) —(CH 2 ) s OC(O)C 1 -C 6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is substituted with one or more NH 2 ; (ii) (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OH; or (iii) C 1 -C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from OH and 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S;
  • R i is absent, H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or —CN;
  • each R x is independently at each occurrence H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or C 6 -C 10 aryl;
  • each R y and R z is independently H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl;
  • each m, p, q, r, and t is independently 0, 1 or 2;
  • n 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • s 1 or 2;
  • o 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
  • R f when X is O; R f is H; W is C; R i is —CN; L is —SCH 2 —; R 1 is phenylene or pyridine; and R 7 is tetrazole; then R c is not H;
  • R f when X is O, R f is H; W is N; R i is absent; R d is methyl, optionally substituted 5- to 10-membered aryl, optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl; L is —SCH 2 — or —OCH 2 —; and R 1 is phenylene; then R 7 is not —COOH, —CH 2 COOH,
  • R f when X is O, R f is H, W is N, R i is absent, L is —NHCH 2 —, —CH 2 NH—, or —NH—C(O)—, and R 1 is phenylene, then R d is not phenyl.
  • Embodiment II-2 A compound represented by Formula (I):
  • X is H, S, SR 2 , NR 2 , NR 2 R 2′ , O, OH, OR h , F, Br, or Cl;
  • W is N or C
  • Y 1 is O, NR 4 , or S(O) q ;
  • each Y 2 is independently O, NH or S;
  • R 1 is absent or C 6 -C 10 arylene or heteroarylene, wherein the heteroarylene comprises one or two 5- to 7-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and wherein the C 6 -C 10 arylene or heteroarylene are optionally substituted with one to two R e ;
  • R 2 is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R 2′ is H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; or
  • R 2 and R 2′ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring comprising 1-3 additional heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;
  • R 3 is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R 4 is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • each R 5 is independently at each occurrence H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • each R 6 is independently at each occurrence H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R 7 is H, A, B, or C
  • A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x , —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x , —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, —(CH 2 ) r oxadiazolone, —(CH 2 ) r tetrazolone, —(CH 2 ) r thiadiazolol, —(CH 2 ) r isoxazol-3-ol, —(CH 2 ) r P(O)(OH)OR x , —(CH 2 ) r S(O) 2 OH, —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NHCN, or —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 alkyl, wherein —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, —(CH 2 ) r oxadiazolone, —(CH 2 ) r tetra
  • B is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 OC 1 -C 4 alkyl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 OC 1 -C 4 alkyl, —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NR g R g′ , —Y 2 (C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S(O) 2 NR g R g′ , —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NR g R g′ , —(CH 2 ) r S(O) 2 NR g R g′ , —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 NR g R g′ , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R i , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r NH 2 CO 2 R x , —(C(R 6 ) 2
  • C is —(CH 2 ) r CN, —(CH 2 ) s OH, halogen, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C 6 -C 10 aryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r S—C 6 -C 10 aryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r heteroaryl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r heteroaryl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r heterocycloalkyl, —O(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r OH, —OR y , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHCN, —CH ⁇ CHCO 2 R x , or —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C(O)NHS(O) 2 C 1 -C 4 alkyl, wherein the aryl and heteroaryl are substituted with one to three substituents each independently
  • R c is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, halogen, —CN, —OR x , or —CO 2 R x ;
  • R d is methyl, CF 3 , CR f F 2 , —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t C 6 -C 10 aryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t -5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) t -5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl;
  • each R e is independently at each occurrence C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, halogen, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, —NHR z , —OH, or —CN;
  • R f is absent, H, or methyl
  • R g is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, OH, —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 6 alkyl), or S(O) 2 N(C 1 -C 6 alkyl) 2 ;
  • R g′ is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, C 6 -C 10 aryl, or 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen and —OH, and wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl, halogen, and —OH;
  • R h is H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from NH 2 , C 1 -C 4 alkylamino, C 1 -C 4 dialkylamino, and C(O)NH 2 ; and wherein the heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl and C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl;
  • R i is (i) —(CH 2 ) s OC(O)C 1 -C 6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is substituted with one or more NH 2 ; (ii) (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OH; or (iii) C 1 -C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from OH and 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S;
  • R j is absent, H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or —CN;
  • each R x is independently at each occurrence H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or C 6 -C 10 aryl;
  • each R y and R z is independently H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl;
  • each m, p, q, r, and t is independently 0, 1 or 2;
  • n 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • s 1 or 2;
  • o 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
  • R f when X is O; R f is H; W is C; R j is —CN; L is —SCH 2 —; R 1 is phenylene or pyridine; and R 7 is tetrazole; then R c is not H;
  • R f when X is O, R f is H; W is N; R i is absent; R d is methyl, optionally substituted 5- to 10-membered aryl, optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl; L is —SCH 2 — or —OCH 2 —; and R 1 is phenylene; then R 7 is not —COOH, —CH 2 COOH,
  • R f when X is O, R f is H, W is N, R j is absent, L is —NHCH 2 —, —CH 2 NH—, or —NH—C(O)—, and R 1 is phenylene, then R d is not phenyl.
  • Embodiment II-3 The compound of Embodiment II-1 or II-2, wherein X is O, OH, OR h , F, Br, or Cl.
  • Embodiment II-4 The compound of Embodiment II-1 or II-2, wherein X is H, S, SR 2 , NR 2 , or NR 2 R 2′ .
  • Embodiment II-5 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-4, wherein R f is absent.
  • Embodiment II-6 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-4, wherein R f is H or methyl.
  • Embodiment II-7 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-6, wherein W is N.
  • Embodiment II-8 The compound of Embodiment II-7, wherein R i is absent.
  • Embodiment II-9 The compound of any one Embodiments II-1 to II-6, wherein W is C.
  • Embodiment II-10 The compound of Embodiment II-9, wherein R i is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or —CN.
  • Embodiment II-11 The compound of Embodiments II-9 or II-10, wherein R i is —CN.
  • Embodiment II-12 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-11, wherein R c is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —CN, or halogen.
  • Embodiment II-13 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-12, wherein R c is —CN or halogen.
  • Embodiment II-14 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-12, wherein R c is —CN.
  • Embodiment II-15 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-14, wherein R d is methyl.
  • Embodiment II-16 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-14, wherein R d is optionally substituted 5- to 10-membered aryl.
  • Embodiment II-17 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-14, wherein R d is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl.
  • Embodiment II-18 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-14, wherein R d is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl.
  • Embodiment II-19 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-14, wherein R d is methyl, cyclohexyl, pyridinyl, thiazolyl, phenyl, or thienyl.
  • Embodiment II-20 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-14, wherein R d is methyl, cyclohexyl, pyridinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, or optionally substituted phenyl.
  • Embodiment II-21 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-14, wherein R d is methyl.
  • Embodiment II-22 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-14, wherein R d is —CF 3 .
  • Embodiment II-23 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-14, wherein R d is CR f F 2 .
  • Embodiment II-24 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-14, wherein R d is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C 6 -C 10 aryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r -5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r -5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl.
  • Embodiment II-25 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-14, wherein R d is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • Embodiment II-26 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-25, wherein L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p —.
  • Embodiment II-27 The compound of Embodiment II-26, wherein Y 1 is S.
  • Embodiment II-28 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-25, wherein L is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m NR 3 C ⁇ (O)(C(R 5 ) 2 ) p — or —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) m Y 1 (C(R 5 ) 2 ) p cyclopropyl-.
  • Embodiment II-29 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-28, wherein R 1 is C 6 -C 10 arylene.
  • Embodiment II-30 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-28, wherein R 1 is heteroarylene.
  • Embodiment II-31 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-28, wherein R 1 is absent.
  • Embodiment II-32 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-31, wherein R 7 is A.
  • Embodiment II-33 The compound of Embodiment II-32, wherein A is —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r CO 2 R x or —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole, wherein the —(CH 2 ) r tetrazole is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • Embodiment II-34 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-31, wherein R 7 is B.
  • Embodiment II-35 The compound of Embodiment II-32, wherein B is —(CH 2 ) r C(O)NR g R g′ , or —(CH 2 ) r S(O) 2 NR g R g′ ,
  • Embodiment II-36 The compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-31, wherein R 7 is C.
  • Embodiment II-37 The compound of Embodiment II-32, wherein C is —(CH 2 ) r CN, —(CH 2 ) s OH, or —(C(R 6 ) 2 ) r C 6 -C 10 aryl, wherein the aryl is substituted with one to three substituents each independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, halogen, and OH.
  • Embodiment II-38 A compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or tautomer thereof, selected from the group consisting of
  • Embodiment II-39 A compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or tautomer thereof, selected from the group consisting of
  • Embodiment II-40 A compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or tautomer thereof, selected from the group consisting of
  • Embodiment II-41 A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.
  • Embodiment II-42 The pharmaceutical composition according to Embodiment II-41, which comprises one or more further therapeutic agents.
  • Embodiment II-43 A method of treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder inhibited by ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing the disease or disorder a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Embodiment II-44 A method of treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a disease or disorder associated with reduced NAD + levels a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Embodiment II-45 The method of any one of Embodiments II-43 to II-44, wherein the disease is chronic liver disease selected from primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), drug induced cholestasis, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis (PNAC), bacterial overgrowth or sepsis associated cholestasis, autoimmune hepatitis, chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver transplant associated graft versus host disease, living donor transplant liver regeneration, congenital hepatic fibrosis, choledocholithiasis, granulomatous liver disease, intra- or extrahepatic malignancy, Sjogren's syndrome, Sarcoidosis, Wilson's
  • Embodiment II-46 A method of treating a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a metabolic disorder a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ).
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Embodiment II-47 The method of Embodiment II-46, wherein said disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction is an inherited mitochondrial disease, a common metabolic disorder, a neurodegenerative disease, an aging related disorder, a kidney disorder, or a chronic inflammatory disease.
  • Embodiment II-48 The method of Embodiment II-47, wherein the common metabolic disorder is obesity or type II diabetes.
  • Embodiment II-49 A method of promoting oxidative metabolism comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a metabolic disorder a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of any one of Embodiments II-1 to II-40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that increases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ).
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Embodiment II-50 A compound of any of Embodiments II-1 to II-40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use as a medicament.
  • Embodiment II-51 A compound of any of Embodiments II-1 to II-40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Embodiment II-52 A compound of any of Embodiments II-1 to II-40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Embodiment II-53 A compound of any of Embodiments II-1 to II-40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • Embodiment II-54 Use of a compound of any of Embodiments II-1 to II-40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) dysfunction.
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Embodiment II-55 Use of a compound of any of Embodiments II-1 to II-40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Embodiment II-56 Use of a compound of any of Embodiments II-1 to II-40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Embodiment II-57 Use of a compound of any of Embodiments II-1 to II-40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • Embodiment II-58 Use of a compound of any of Embodiments II-1 to II-40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) dysfunction.
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Embodiment II-59 Use of a compound of any of Embodiments II-1 to II-40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Embodiment II-60 Use of a compound of any of Embodiments II-1 to II-40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Embodiment II-61 Use of a compound of any of Embodiments II-1 to II-40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • Embodiment II-62 A method of treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder inhibited by ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing the disease or disorder a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment II-41.
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Embodiment II-63 A method of treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a disease or disorder associated with reduced NAD + levels a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment II-41.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Embodiment II-64 The method of any one of Embodiments II-62 to II-63, wherein the disease is chronic liver disease selected from primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), drug induced cholestasis, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis (PNAC), bacterial overgrowth or sepsis associated cholestasis, autoimmune hepatitis, chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver transplant associated graft versus host disease, living donor transplant liver regeneration, congenital hepatic fibrosis, choledocholithiasis, granulomatous liver disease, intra- or extrahepatic malignancy, Sjogren's syndrome, Sarcoidosis, Wilson's
  • Embodiment II-65 A method of treating a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a metabolic disorder a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment II-41.
  • Embodiment II-66 The method of Embodiment II-65, wherein said disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction is an inherited mitochondrial disease, a common metabolic disorder, a neurodegenerative disease, an aging related disorder, a kidney disorder, or a chronic inflammatory disease.
  • Embodiment II-67 The method of Embodiment II-66, wherein the common metabolic disorder is obesity or type II diabetes.
  • Embodiment II-68 A method of promoting oxidative metabolism comprising administering to the subject suffering from or susceptible to developing a metabolic disorder a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment II-41.
  • Embodiment II-69 A pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment II-41 for use as a medicament.
  • Embodiment II-70 A pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment II-41 for use in treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Embodiment II-71 A pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment II-41 for use in for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Embodiment II-72 A pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment II-41 for use in promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • Embodiment II-73 Use of pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment II-41 for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate-s-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) dysfunction.
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate-s-semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Embodiment II-74 Use of a pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment II-41 for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Embodiment II-75 Use of pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment II-41 for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Embodiment II-76 Use pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment II-41 for promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • Embodiment II-77 Use of pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment II-41 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) dysfunction.
  • ACMSD ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -carboxymuconate- ⁇ -semialdehyde decarboxylase
  • Embodiment II-78 Use of pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment II-41 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disease or disorder associated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) levels.
  • NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • Embodiment II-79 Use of pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment II-41 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Embodiment II-80 Use of pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment II-41 in the manufacture of a medicament for promoting oxidative metabolism.
  • the analytical HPLC measurements were made on a Shimadzu LC-20AProminence equipped with a CBM-20A communication bus module, two LC-20AD dual piston pumps, a SPD-M20A photodiode array detector and a Rheodyne 7725i injector with a 20 ⁇ L stainless steel loop.
  • Step 1 m-Tolyl-acetic acid ethyl ester (8.2)
  • Step 2 (3-Bromomethyl-phenyl)-acetic acid ethyl ester (8.3)
  • NBS 10.1 g, 58.9 mmol
  • BPO 70%) (68 mg, 0.28 mmol) were added to a solution of intermediate 8.2 (10 g, 56.11 mmol) in CH 3 CN (300 mL). Stirring was continued at reflux for 4h. The volatile were removed under reduced pressure. The crude residue was partitioned between EtOAc (300 mL) and a saturated NaHCO 3 aqueous solution (300 mL). The organic phase was collected and dried over Na 2 SO 4 . The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (dry load) eluting with PET/Et 2 O from 2% to 4% for product. The title compound 8.3 (10 g, 38.89 mmol) was obtained as a yellowish oil.
  • NBS (434.6 mg, 2.4 mmol) and BPO (70%) (8 mg, 0.022 mmol) were added to a solution of intermediate 9.2 (300 mg, 2.22 mmol) in CH 3 CN (20 mL). Stirring was continued at reflux for 4h. The volatile were removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was partitioned between EtOAc (300 mL) and a saturated NaHCO 3 aqueous solution (300 mL). The organic phase was collected and dried over Na 2 SO 4 . The title compound 9.3 (250 mg, 1.16 mmol) was obtained as a yellowish solid. Yield 53%.
  • Step 2 3′-Bromomethyl-3,5-difluoro-4-methoxy-biphenyl (10.4)
  • Step 1 [3-(5-Cyano-6-oxo-4-thiophen-2-yl-1,6-dihydro-pyrimidin-2-ylsulfanylmethyl)-phenyl]-acetic acid (12.1)
  • Step 2 [3-(4-Chloro-5-cyano-6-thiophen-2-yl-pyrimidin-2-ylsulfanylmethyl)-phenyl]-acetic acid (12.2)
  • Step 1 3-(5-Cyano-6-oxo-4-thiophen-2-yl-1,6-dihydro-pyrimidin-2-ylsulfanylmethyl)-benzoic acid (13.2)
  • NBS (338 mg, 1.9 mmol) and BPO (70%) (28.7 mg, 0.11 mmol) were added to a solution of intermediate 16.1 (0.5 mL, 2.37 mmol) in CH 3 CN (15 mL). Stirring was continued at reflux for 4h. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was partitioned between EtOAc (100 mL) and a saturated NaHCO 3 aqueous solution (100 mL). The organic phase was collected and dried over Na 2 SO 4 . The title compound 16.2 (250 mg, 1.18 mmol) was obtained as a yellowish solid after flash chromatography purification (eluting with PET/EtOAc). Yield 50%.
US17/325,068 2018-11-20 2021-05-19 Inhibitors of alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconic acid semialdehyde decarboxylase Pending US20220354848A9 (en)

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US20210379069A1 (en) 2021-12-09
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US20230381177A1 (en) 2023-11-30
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