US20150267281A1 - Martensitic steels with 1700-2200 mpa tensile strength - Google Patents

Martensitic steels with 1700-2200 mpa tensile strength Download PDF

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US20150267281A1
US20150267281A1 US14/361,293 US201214361293A US2015267281A1 US 20150267281 A1 US20150267281 A1 US 20150267281A1 US 201214361293 A US201214361293 A US 201214361293A US 2015267281 A1 US2015267281 A1 US 2015267281A1
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steels
steel
mpa
alloy
temperature
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Rongjie Song
Narayan S. Pottore
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ArcelorMittal Investigacion y Desarrollo SL
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Arcelormittal Lnvestigacion Y Desarrollo S.L.
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/14—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing titanium or zirconium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/46—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/52—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/12—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, or niobium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/008—Martensite
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • C21D6/005—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Mn

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to martensitic steel compositions and methods of production thereof. More specifically, the martensitic steels have tensile strengths ranging from 1700 to 2200 MPa. Most specifically, the invention relates to thin gage (thickness of ⁇ 1 mm) ultra high strength steel with an ultimate tensile strength of 1700-2200 MPa and methods of production thereof.
  • Low-carbon steels with martensitic microstructure constitute a class of Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) with the highest strengths attainable in sheet steels.
  • AHSS Advanced High Strength Steels
  • ArcelorMittal has been producing martensitic steels with tensile strength ranging from 900 to 1500 MPa for two decades. Martensitic steels are increasingly being used in applications that require high strength for side impact and roll over vehicle protection, and have long been used for applications such as bumpers that can readily be rolled formed.
  • thin gage (thickness of ⁇ 1 mm) ultra high strength steel with ultimate tensile strength of 1700-2200 MPa with good roll formability, weldability, punchability and delayed fracture resistance is in demand for the manufacture of hang on automotive parts such as bumper beams.
  • Light gauge, high strength steels are required to fend off competitive challenges from alternative materials, such as lightweight 7xxx series of aluminum alloys.
  • Carbon content has been the most important factor in determining the ultimate tensile strength of martensitic steels.
  • the steel has to have sufficient hardenability so as to fully transform to martensite when quenched from a supercritical annealing temperature.
  • the present invention comprises a martensitic steel alloy that has an ultimate tensile strength of at least 1700 MPa.
  • the alloy may have an ultimate tensile strength of at least 1800 MPa, at least 1900 MPa, at least 2000 MPa or even at least 2100 MPa.
  • the martensitic steel alloy may have an ultimate tensile strength between 1700 and 2200 MPa.
  • the martensitic steel alloy may have a total elongation of at least 3.5% and more preferably at least 5%.
  • the martensitic steel alloy may be in the form of a cold rolled sheet, band or coil and may have a thickness of less than or equal to 1 mm.
  • the martensitic steel alloy may contain between 0.22 and 0.36 wt. % carbon. More specifically, the alloy may contain between 0.22 and 0.28 wt. % carbon or in the alternative the alloy may contain between 0.28 and 0.36 wt. % carbon.
  • the martensitic steel alloy may further contain between 0.5 and 2.0 wt. % manganese.
  • the alloy may also contain about 0.2 wt. % silicon.
  • the optionally may contain one or more of Nb, Ti, B, Al, N, S, P.
  • FIGS. 1 a and 1 b are schematic illustrations of annealing procedures useful in producing the alloys of the present invention
  • FIGS. 2 a , 2 b and 2 c are SEM micrographs of experimental steels with 2.0% Mn-0.2% Si and various carbon contents ( 2 a has 0.22% C; 2 b has 0.25% C; and 2 c has 0.28% C) after hot rolling and simulated coiling at 580° C.;
  • FIG. 3 is a plot of the tensile properties at room temperature of experimental steel hot bands useful in producing alloys of the present invention
  • FIGS. 4 a - 4 b are SEM micrographs of experimental steels with 0.22% C-0.2% Si-0.02% Nb and two different Mn contents ( 4 a has 1.48% and 4 b has 2.0%) after hot rolling and simulated coiling at 580° C.;
  • FIG. 5 is a plot of the tensile properties at room temperature of another experimental steel hot bands useful in producing alloys of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 6 a - 6 b are SEM micrographs of experimental steels with 0.22% C-2.0% Mn-0.2% Si and different Nb contents ( 6 a has 0% and 6 b has 0.018%) after hot rolling and simulated coiling at 580° C.;
  • FIG. 7 is a plot of the tensile properties at room temperature of yet another experimental steel hot bands useful in producing alloys of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 8 a - 8 f illustrate the effects of soaking temperature (830, 850 and 870° C.) and steel composition ( FIGS. 8 a & 8 b show varied C, 8 c & 8 d show varied Mn and 8 e & 8 f show varied Nb) on the tensile properties of steels of the present invention;
  • FIGS. 9 a - 9 f show the effects of quenching temperature (780,810 and 840° C.) and steel composition ( FIGS. 9 a & 9 b show varied C, 9 c & 9 d show varied Mn and 9 e & 9 f show varied Nb) on tensile properties of additional steels of the present invention;
  • FIGS. 10 a and 10 b are schematic depictions of the additional anneal cycles useful in producing alloys of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 11 a and 11 b plot the tensile properties at room temperature of hot bands useful in producing steels of the present invention, after hot rolling and simulated coiling at 580° C.;
  • FIGS. 12 a - 12 d are SEM micrographs at 1000 ⁇ of the microstructure of hot band steels after hot rolling and simulated coiling at 660° C.;
  • FIGS. 13 a - 13 b plot the tensile properties of experimental hot band steels at room temperature
  • FIGS. 14 a - 14 d represent the effects of soaking temperature (830° C., 850° C. and 870° C.), coiling temperature (580° C. and 660° C.), and alloy composition (Ti, B and Nb additions to the base steel) on the tensile properties of the steels after anneal simulation;
  • FIGS. 15 a - 15 d show the effects of quenching temperature (780° C., 810° C. and 840° C.), coiling temperature (580° C. and 660° C.), and alloy composition (Ti, B and Nb additions to the base steel) on the tensile properties of the steels after anneal simulation;
  • FIGS. 16 a - 16 c are even more schematic depictions of anneal cycles useful in producing the alloys of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 17 a to 17 e are SEM micrographs at 1,000 ⁇ of hot rolled steels (0.28 to 0.36% C) after hot rolling and simulated coiling at 580° C.;
  • FIGS. 18 a and 18 b plot the corresponding tensile properties of the hot rolled steels of FIGS. 17 a - 17 e , at room temperature (after hot rolling and simulated coiling at 580° C.);
  • FIGS. 19 a - 19 e are SEM micrographs at 1,000 ⁇ of hot rolled steels (0.28 to 0.36% C) after hot rolling and simulated coiling at 660° C.;
  • FIGS. 20 a and 20 b plot the corresponding tensile properties of the hot rolled steels of FIGS. 19 a - 19 e , at room temperature (after hot rolling and simulated coiling at 660° C.);
  • FIGS. 21 a - 21 d represents the effects of soaking temperature (830° C., 850° C. and 870° C.), coiling temperature (580° C. and 660° C.), and alloy composition (C content and B addition to the base steel) on the tensile properties of the steels after annealing simulation;
  • FIGS. 22 a - 22 d show the effects of quenching temperature (780° C., 810° C. and 840° C.), coiling temperature (580° C. and 660° C.), and alloy composition (C content and B addition to the base steel) on the tensile properties of the steels after annealing simulation;
  • FIGS. 23 a - 23 d illustrates the effect of composition and annealing cycle on ( 23 a - 23 b ) tensile strength and ( 23 c - 23 d ) ductility;
  • FIGS. 24 a - 24 l are micrographs of four alloys which were annealed using various soak/quenching temperature pairs.
  • FIGS. 25 a - 25 d show the tensile properties of the steels with 0.5% to 2.0% Mn after coiling at 580° C., cold rolling (50% cold rolling reduction for the steel with 0.5 and 1.0% Mn and 75% cold rolling reduction for the steel with 2.0% Mn) and various annealing cycles.
  • the present invention is a family of martensitic steels with tensile strength ranging from 1700 to 2200 MPa.
  • the steel may be thin gauge (thickness of less than or equal to 1 mm) sheet steel.
  • the present invention also includes the process for producing the very high tensile strength martensitic steels. Examples and embodiments of the present invention are presented below.
  • Table 1 shows the chemical compositions of some steels within the present invention, which includes a range of carbon content from 0.22 to 0.28 wt % (steels 2, 4 and 5), manganese content from 1.5 to 2.0 wt % (steels 1 and 3) and niobium content from 0 to 0.02 wt % (alloys 2 and 3).
  • the remainder of the steel composition is iron and inevitable impurities.
  • the plates After shearing and reheating the pre-rolled 20 mm thick plates to 1230° C. for 2 hours, the plates were hot rolled from a thickness of 20 mm to 3.5 mm.
  • the finish rolling temperature was about 900° C.
  • the hot bands of each composition were held in a furnace at 580° C. for 1 hour, followed by a 24-hour furnace cooling to simulate the industrial coiling process.
  • Both surfaces of the hot rolled bands were ground to remove any decarburized layer. They were then subjected to 75% lab cold rolling to obtain full hard steels with final thickness of 0.6 mm for further annealing simulations.
  • FIGS. 1( a ) and 1 ( b ) A schematic illustration of the heat treatment is shown in FIGS. 1( a ) and 1 ( b ).
  • FIG. 1( a ) illustrates the annealing processes with different soaking temperatures from 830° C. to 870° C.
  • FIG. 1( b ) illustrates the annealing processes with different quenching temperatures from 780° C. to 840° C.
  • the annealing process included reheating the cold rolled strips (0.6 mm thick) to 870° C., 850° C. and 830° C. respectively followed by isothermal holding for 60 seconds.
  • the samples were immediately transferred to the second salt pot maintained at a temperature of 810° C. and isothermally held for 25 s. This was followed by a water quench.
  • the samples were then reheated to 200° C. for 60 s in an oil bath, followed by air cooling to room temperature to simulate overage treatment.
  • the holding times at soaking, quenching and overaging temperatures were chosen to closely approximate industrial conditions for this gauge.
  • the analysis includes reheating of cold rolled strips to 870° C. for 60 seconds, followed by immediate cooling to 840° C., 810° C. and 780° C. After a 25 second isothermal hold at the quenching temperature, the specimens were quenched in water. The steels were then reheated to 200° C. for 60 seconds followed by air cooling to simulate the overage treatment. Three ASTM-T standard specimens were prepared from each annealed blank for tensile testing at room temperature.
  • the samples processed at 870° C. soaking temperature and quenched from 810° C. were selected for bend testing.
  • a 90° free V-bend with the bending axis in the rolling direction was employed for bendability characterization.
  • a dedicated Instron mechanical testing system with 90° die block and punches was utilized for this test.
  • a series of interchangeable punches with different die radius facilitated the determination of minimum die radius at which the samples could be bent without microcracks.
  • the test was run at a constant stroke of 15 mm/sec until the sample was bent by 90°.
  • a 80 KN force and 5 second dwell time was deployed at the maximum bend angle after which the load was released and the specimen was allowed to spring back.
  • the range of die radius varied from 1.75 to 2.75 mm with 0.25 mm incremental increase.
  • the sample surface after bend testing was observed under 10 ⁇ magnification.
  • a crack length on the sample bending surface that is smaller than 0.5 mm is considered to be a “micro crack”, and any that is larger than 0.5 mm is recognized as a crack and the test marked as a failure. Samples with no visible crack are identified as “passed test”.
  • FIGS. 2 a , 2 b and 2 c are SEM micrographs of experimental steels with 2.0% Mn-0.2% Si and various carbon contents ( 2 a has 0.22% C; 2 b has 0.25% C; and 2 c has 0.28% C) after hot rolling and simulated coiling at 580° C.
  • the increase in carbon content resulted in an increase in the volume fraction and the colony size of pearlite.
  • the corresponding tensile properties at room temperature of the experimental steels are plotted in FIG. 3 , where strength in MPa (top half of the graph) and ductility in percentage (bottom half of the graph) are plotted against carbon content.
  • UTS means ultimate tensile strength
  • YS means yield strength
  • TE means total elongation
  • UE means uniform elongation.
  • FIGS. 4 a - 4 b are SEM micrographs of experimental steels with 0.22% C-0.2% Si-0.02% Nb and two different Mn contents ( 4 a has 1.48% and 4 b has 2.0%) after hot rolling and simulated coiling at 580° C.
  • An increase in the Mn content resulted in an increase in the volume fraction and in size of pearlite colony.
  • the large grain size in the higher Mn steel can be attributed to grain coarsening during finish rolling and subsequent cooling.
  • the hot rolling finish temperature was about 900° C., which is in the austenite region for both of the experimental steels but it is much higher than the Ar a temperature for the higher Mn steel.
  • the austenite in the higher Mn steel had a greater opportunity to coarsen, resulting in a coarser ferrite-pearlite microstructure after phase transformation.
  • FIGS. 6 a - 6 b are SEM micrographs of experimental steels with 0.22% C-2.0% Mn-0.2% Si and different Nb contents ( 6 a has 0% and 6 b has 0.018%) after hot rolling and simulated coiling at 580° C.
  • An increase in the Nb content resulted in an increase in the volume fraction and colony size of pearlite, which can be explained by higher hardenability of the steel with Nb and lower temperature of pearlite formation.
  • FIGS. 8 a - 8 f illustrate the effects of soaking temperature (830, 850 and 870° C.) and steel composition ( FIGS. 8 a & 8 b show varied C, 8 c & 8 d show varied Mn and 8 e & 8 f show varied Nb) on the tensile properties of steels.
  • the decrease in soaking temperature from 870 to 850° C. resulted in an increase of 28-76 MPa in yield strength (YS) and 30-103 MPa in ultimate tensile strength (UTS), which may be attributed to the smaller grain size at lower soaking temperature.
  • a further decrease in soaking temperature from 850 to 830° C. did not lead to a significant change in UTS.
  • FIGS. 9 a - 9 f show the effects of quenching temperature (780, 810 and 840° C.) and steel composition ( FIGS. 9 a & 9 b show varied C, 9 c & 9 d show varied Mn and 9 e & 9 f show varied Nb) on tensile properties of the investigated steels.
  • quenching temperature 7.80, 810 and 840° C.
  • steel composition FIGS. 9 a & 9 b show varied C
  • 9 c & 9 d show varied Mn
  • 9 e & 9 f show varied Nb
  • FIGS. 8 a , 8 b , 9 a , and 9 b show that an increase in the C content resulted in a significant increase in tensile strength but had little effect on ductility.
  • the increase in YS and UTS is 163 and 233 MPa, respectively, when C content is increased from 0.22 to 0.28 wt %.
  • the increase in Mn content from 1.5 to 2.0 wt % has barely any effect on strength and ductility (see FIGS. 8 c , 8 d , 9 c and 9 d ).
  • Nb (about 0.02 wt %) led to an increase in YS up to 94 MPa with almost no effect on UTS but a decrease in total elongation of 2.4% (see FIGS. 8 e , 8 f , 9 e and 9 f ).
  • Table 2 summarizes the effects of C, Mn and Nb on tensile properties and bendability of the experimental steels after 75% cold rolling and annealing.
  • the annealing cycle included: heating the cold rolled bands (about 0.6 mm thick) to 870° C., isothermal hold for 60 seconds at soaking temperature, immediate cooling to 810° C., 25 seconds isothermal holding at that temperature, followed by rapid water quench.
  • the panels were then reheated to 200° C. in an oil bath and held for 60 seconds, followed by air cooling to simulate overage treatment.
  • the data shows that carbon has the strongest effect on strength and a slight effect on bendability.
  • the addition of Nb increases yield strength and improves bendability. The improvement in bendability is achieved in spite of marginally inferior elongation.
  • An increase in the Mn content from 1.5 to 2.0% in the Nb bearing steel has no significant effect on tensile properties but results in a big improvement in bendability.
  • Mn content 1.0 and 2.0% Mn
  • Table 3 shows the chemical compositions of investigated steels.
  • the alloy design analyzed the effects of incorporated Ti (steels 1 and 2), B (steels 2 and 3) and Nb (alloys 3 and 4).
  • the plates After shearing and reheating the pre-rolled 20 mm thick plates to 1230° C. for 2 hours, the plates were hot rolled from a thickness of 20 mm to 3.5 mm.
  • the finish rolling temperature was about 900° C.
  • the hot bands of each composition were held in a furnace at 580° C. and 660° C. respectively for 1 hour, followed by a 24-hour furnace cooling to simulate the industrial coiling process.
  • the use of two different coiling temperatures was designed to understand the available process window during hot rolling for the manufacture of this product.
  • a recheck of hot band compositions was performed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP). In comparison with ingot derived data, a carbon loss is generally observed in the hot bands.
  • ICP inductively coupled plasma
  • Three JIS-T standard specimens were prepared from each hot band for room temperature tensile tests.
  • Microstructure characterization of hot bands was carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) at the quarter thickness location of longitudinal cross-sections.
  • FIGS. 10 a and 10 b A schematic of the anneal cycles is shown in FIGS. 10 a and 10 b .
  • FIG. 10 a illustrates the annealing processes with different soaking temperatures from 830° C. to 870° C.
  • FIG. 10 b illustrates the annealing processes with different quenching temperatures from 780° C. to 840° C.
  • the annealing process includes reheating the cold band (about 1.0 mm thick) to 870° C., 850° C. and 830° C. for 100 s, respectively, to investigate the effect of soaking temperature on final properties. After immediate cooling to 810° C. and isothermal holding for 40 s, water quench was applied. The steels were then reheated to 200° C. for 100 s, and followed by air cooling to simulate overaging treatment.
  • the annealing process includes reheating the cold band to 870° C. for 100 s and immediate cooling to 840° C., 810° C. and 780° C. respectively to investigate the effect of quenching temperature on the mechanical properties of the steels.
  • Water quench was employed after 40 s isothermal hold at the quenching temperature.
  • the steels were then reheated to 200° C. for 100 s, and followed by air cooling to simulate the overaging treatment.
  • Table 4 shows the chemical compositions of the steels with different Ti, B and Nb contents after hot rolling. Compared with the compositions of ingots (Table 3), there was about 0.03% carbon and 0.001% B loss after hot rolling.
  • FIGS. 11 a and 11 b show the tensile properties (JIS-T standard) of experimental steels (of Table 4) at room temperature, after hot rolling and simulated coiling at 580° C.
  • the base composition consists of 0.28% C-1.0% Mn-0.2% Si.
  • FIG. 11 a graphically depicts the strength of the four alloys, while FIG. 11 b plots their ductility. It can be seen that the addition of Ti, B and Nb led to significant increases in the ultimate tensile strength from 571 to 688 MPa yield strength from 375 to 544 MPa, and a decrease in total and uniform elongations (TE: from 32 to 13%; UE: from 17 to 11%). The addition of Nb to the Ti—B steel resulted in a pronounced drop in total elongation from 28 to 13%.
  • FIGS. 12 a - 12 d the microstructure of steels after hot rolling and simulated coiling at 660° C. consist of ferrite and pearlite for each laboratory processed experimental steel.
  • FIGS. 12 a - 12 d are SEM micrographs at 1000 ⁇ of the base alloy, base alloy+Ti, base alloy+Ti & B, and base alloy+Ti, B and Nb, respectively. The addition of B seems to result in slightly larger sized pearlite islands ( FIG. 12 c ).
  • the ferrite-pearlite microstructure is elongated along the rolling direction in the Nb added steel ( FIG. 12 d ), which may be attributed to the Nb addition retarding austenite recrystallization during hot rolling.
  • the finish rolling occurred in the austenite non-recrystallization region, and the elongated ferrite-pearlite microstructure was transformed directly from the deformed austenite.
  • FIGS. 13 a - 13 b The corresponding tensile properties of the experimental steels at room temperature are shown in FIGS. 13 a - 13 b .
  • FIG. 13 a graphically depicts the strength of the four alloys, while FIG. 13 b plots their ductility. It can be seen that the addition of Nb (0.03%) led to significant increases in ultimate tensile strength from 535 to 588 MPa and yield strength from 383 to 452 MPa, and slight decreases in total elongation from 31.3 to 29.0% and uniform elongation from 17.8 to 16.4%.
  • FIGS. 14 a - 14 d represent the effects of soaking temperature (830° C., 850° C. and 870° C.), coiling temperature (580° C. and 660° C.), and alloy composition (Ti, B and Nb additions to the base steel) on the tensile properties of the steels after anneal simulation.
  • FIGS. 14 a and 14 b plot the strengths of the four alloys at different soaking temperatures and at coiling temperatures of 580° C. and 660° C., respectively.
  • FIGS. 14 c and 14 d plot the ductilities of the four alloys at different soaking temperatures and at coiling temperatures of 580° C. and 660° C., respectively.
  • FIGS. 15 a - 15 d show the effects of quenching temperature (780° C., 810° C. and 840° C.), coiling temperature (580° C. and 660° C.), and alloy composition (Ti, B and Nb additions to the base steel) on the tensile properties of the steels after anneal simulation.
  • FIGS. 15 a and 15 b plot the strengths of the four alloys at different quenching temperatures and at coiling temperatures of 580° C. and 660° C., respectively.
  • FIGS. 15 c and 15 d plot the ductilities of the four alloys at different quenching temperatures and at coiling temperatures of 580° C. and 660° C., respectively.
  • Table 5 summarizes the effect of Ti, B and Nb on the tensile properties and bendability of the steels after 50% cold rolling and annealing after simulated coiling at 580° C.
  • the annealing process consisted of reheating the cold band (about 1.0 mm thick) to 850° C. for 100 seconds, immediate cooling to 810° C., 40 seconds isothermal hold at “quench” temperature, followed by water quench.
  • the steels were then reheated to 200° C. for 100 seconds followed by air cooling to simulate overaging treatment (OA).
  • OA overaging treatment
  • Example 1 The steel with 0.28% C-2.0% Mn-0.2% Si was presented in Example 1 above. We can compare its behavior with the steel of Example 2 containing 0.28% C-1.0% Mn-0.2% Si to investigate the effect of Mn (1.0 and 2.0%) on tensile properties. The detailed chemical compositions of both steels are shown in Table 6.
  • Table 7 displays the tensile properties of the steels with 1.0% and 2.0% Mn respectively after hot rolling and simulated coiling at 580° C.
  • the steel with the lower Mn content showed a lower strength than the steel with the higher Mn content (51 MPa lower in YS and 61 MPa lower in UTS). This may facilitate a higher extent of cold rolling for the low Mn steel.
  • Table 8 shows the tensile properties of the steels with 1.0% and 2.0% Mn respectively after cold rolling (50% cold rolling reduction for the steel with 1.0% Mn and 75% cold rolling reduction for the steel with 2.0% Mn) and various annealing cycles. It can be seen that at the same annealing treatment of 870° C. (soaking), 840° C. (quench) and 200° C. (overaging), Mn content had no significant effect on strength. At the same quenching temperature of 810° C., the decrease in soaking temperature from 870 to 830° C. did not affect the strength of the steel with 1.0% Mn, but significantly increased the strength of the steel with 2.0% Mn by about 90 MPa.
  • Table 9 lists the tensile properties and bendability of the steels with 1.0% and 2.0% Mn after anneal simulation.
  • the steel with 1.0% Mn demonstrated a better bendability (3.5t compared to 4.0t) at a comparable strength level.
  • Bendability pass is defined as micro crack length smaller than 0.5 mm at 10 ⁇ magnification.
  • the carbon equivalent (C eq ) should be less than 0.44.
  • the carbon equivalent for the present steels is defined as:
  • the weld integrity is determined to be unacceptable.
  • the present examples are designed to reduce the Ceq and still meet the strength and ductility needs.
  • High carbon content is beneficial for increasing strength but deteriorates weldability.
  • Mn is another element which deteriorates weldability.
  • the motivation is to maintain a certain amount of carbon content (at least 0.28%) to achieve sufficient ultra-high strength and to study the effect of Mn content on UTS.
  • the inventors look to reduce Mn content to improve the weldability but at maintain an ultra-high strength level.
  • Table 10 shows the chemical compositions of investigated steels in Example 3.
  • the alloy design incorporated the understanding of the effect of C content and B addition on tensile properties in the final annealed products.
  • the plates After shearing and reheating the pre-rolled 20 mm thick plates to 1230° C. for 2 hours, the plates were hot rolled from a thickness of 20 mm to 3.5 mm.
  • the finish rolling temperature was about 900° C.
  • the hot bands of each composition were held in a furnace at 580° C. and 660° C. respectively for 1 hour, followed by a 24-hour furnace cooling to simulate industrial coiling process.
  • the use of two different coiling temperatures was designed to understand the available process window during hot rolling for the manufacture of this product.
  • Hot band Three JIS-T standard specimens were prepared from each hot rolled steel (also known as a “hot band”) for room temperature tensile tests. Microstructure characterization of hot bands was carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) at the quarter thickness location of longitudinal cross-sections.
  • FIGS. 16 a - 16 c A schematic of the anneal cycles is shown in FIGS. 16 a - 16 c .
  • FIG. 16 a depicts the anneal cycle with varied soaking temperature from 830° C. to 870° C.
  • FIG. 16 b depicts the anneal cycle with varied quenching temperature from 780° C. to 840° C.
  • FIG. 16 c depicts the anneal cycle with varied combinations of soaking and quenching temperatures.
  • the annealing process includes reheating the cold band (about 1.0 mm thick) to 870° C., 850° C. and 830° C. for 100 seconds, respectively, to investigate the effect of soaking temperature on the final properties. After immediate cooling to 810° C. and isothermal holding for 40 seconds, water quench was applied. The steels were then reheated to 200° C. for 100 seconds, followed by air cooling to simulate overaging treatment.
  • the annealing process includes reheating the cold band to 870° C. for 100 seconds and immediate cooling to 840° C., 810° C. and 780° C. respectively to investigate the effect of quenching temperature on the mechanical properties of the steels.
  • Water quench was employed after 40 seconds of isothermal hold at the quenching temperature.
  • the steels were then reheated to 200° C. for 100 seconds, followed by air cooling to simulate overaging treatment.
  • the annealing cycle includes reheating the cold rolled steels to 790° C., 810° C. and 830° C. for 100 seconds respectively, immediate cooling to various quench temperatures (770° C., 790° C. and 810° C. respectively), isothermal holding for 40 seconds, followed by water quench.
  • the steels were then reheated to 200° C. for 100 seconds, followed by air cooling to simulate overaging treatment.
  • ASTM-T standard tensile specimens were prepared from each annealed band for room temperature tensile test.
  • the samples processed by one annealing cycle were selected for bend testing.
  • This annealing cycle involved the reheating of the cold band (about 1.0 mm thick) to 850° C. for 100 seconds, immediate cooling to 810° C., 40 seconds isothermal hold at the quench temperature, followed by water quench.
  • the steels were then reheated to 200° C. for 100 seconds, followed by air cooling to simulate overaging treatment.
  • a 90° free V-bend test along the rolling direction was employed for bendability characterization.
  • the range of die radius varied from 2.75 to 4.00 mm at 0.25 mm increments.
  • a crack length on the sample at the outer bend surface that is smaller than 0.5 mm is considered to be a “micro crack”, and a crack larger than 0.5 mm is recognized as a failure.
  • a sample without any length of visible crack is identified as “passed the test”.
  • FIGS. 17 a to 17 e are SEM micrographs at 1,000 ⁇ of hot rolled steels (0.28 to 0.36% C) after hot rolling and simulated coiling at 580° C.
  • FIG. 17 a is an SEM of the steel with 0.28C.
  • FIG. 17 b is an SEM of the steel with 0.28C-0.002B.
  • FIG. 17 c is an SEM of the steel with 0.32C.
  • FIG. 17 d is an SEM of the steel with 0.32C-0.002B.
  • FIG. 17 e is an SEM of the steel with 0.36C.
  • FIGS. 18 a and 18 b The corresponding tensile properties of the experimental steels at room temperature (after hot rolling and simulated coiling at 580° C.) are shown in FIGS. 18 a and 18 b .
  • FIG. 18 a plots the strength of the alloys versus carbon content, with and without boron.
  • FIG. 18 b plots the ductility of the alloys versus carbon content, with and without boron.
  • the increase in carbon content from 0.28% to 0.36% led to an increase in ultimate tensile strength from 529 to 615 MPa and yield strength from 374 to 417 MPa. Total and uniform elongations remained similar at 29% and 15%, respectively.
  • the addition of 0.002% boron in 0.28 and 0.32% C steels resulted in an increase in UTS of about 40 MPa.
  • FIGS. 19 a - 19 e are SEM micrographs at 1,000 ⁇ of hot rolled steels (0.28 to 0.36% C) after hot rolling and simulated coiling at 660° C.
  • FIG. 19 a is an SEM of the steel with 0.28C.
  • FIG. 19 b is an SEM of the steel with 0.28C-0.002B.
  • FIG. 19 c is an SEM of the steel with 0.32C.
  • FIG. 19 d is an SEM of the steel with 0.32C-0.002B.
  • FIG. 19 e is an SEM of the steel with 0.36C.
  • the addition of boron led to a slight grain coarsening, which may be attributed to B retarding phase transformation during cooling.
  • the finish rolling occurred in the austenite region with relatively coarse austenite grain size for the B added steels, and the coarse austenite transformed directly to a coarse ferrite-pearlite microstructure.
  • FIGS. 20 a and 20 b The corresponding tensile properties at room temperature (after hot rolling and simulated coiling at 660° C.) are represented in FIGS. 20 a and 20 b .
  • FIG. 20 a plots the strength of the alloys versus carbon content, with and without boron.
  • FIG. 20 b plots the ductility of the alloys versus carbon content, with and without boron.
  • the increase in carbon content from 0.28% to 0.36% did not significantly impact tensile properties.
  • the addition of 0.002% boron in 0.28 and 0.32% C steels resulted in a slight decrease in strength which may be due to grain coarsening. Based on the observed strength levels, the steels should be easily cold rolled to light gauges without any difficulty.
  • FIGS. 21 a - 21 d represents the effects of soaking temperature (830° C., 850° C. and 870° C.), coiling temperature (580° C. and 660° C.), and alloy composition (C content and B addition to the base steel) on the tensile properties of the steels after annealing simulation.
  • FIGS. 21 a and 21 b plot the strengths of the five alloys at different soaking temperatures and at coiling temperatures of 580° C. and 660° C., respectively.
  • FIGS. 21 c and 21 d plot the ductilities of the five alloys at different soaking temperatures and at coiling temperatures of 580° C. and 660° C., respectively.
  • martensitic steels with UTS level of 2000 to greater than 2100 MPa and TE of 3.5-5.0% can be obtained in the laboratory using the 0.32 and 0.36% C steel compositions at soak temperatures of 830 and 850° C.
  • a decrease in the soaking temperature from 870° C. to 850° C. resulted in a slightly increase in strength for most of the steels.
  • the increase in coiling temperature had no significant effect on strength but slightly improved ductility in most of cases.
  • the increase in C content from 0.28 to 0.36% resulted in an increase in UTS of approximately 200 MPa.
  • the addition of 0.002% B to the base steel led to a decrease in strength for the lower coiling temperature of 580° C. but not for the coiling temperature of 660° C. There was no significant effect of B addition on ductility regardless of coiling temperature.
  • FIGS. 22 a - 22 d show the effects of quenching temperature (780° C., 810° C. and 840° C.), coiling temperature (580° C. and 660° C.), and alloy composition (C content and B addition to the base steel) on the tensile properties of the steels after annealing simulation.
  • FIGS. 22 a and 22 b plot the strengths of the five alloys at different quenching temperatures and at coiling temperatures of 580° C. and 660° C., respectively.
  • FIGS. 22 c and 22 d plot the ductilities of the five alloys at different quenching temperatures and at coiling temperatures of 580° C. and 660° C., respectively.
  • martensitic steels with a UTS close to or exceeding 2100 MPa and a TE of 3.5-5.0% can be obtained in the laboratory using the steel with 0.36% C at the soaking temperature of 870° C. and various quench temperatures.
  • the steels with not only 0.36% C but also 0.32% C could be heat treated to obtain a UTS level of 2000-2100 MPa and a TE of 3.5-5.0% at soaking temperatures of 830 and 850° C.
  • a soak temperature of about 850° C. can help to achieve optimal mechanical properties.
  • FIGS. 23 a - 23 d illustrates the effect of composition and annealing cycle on ( 23 a - 23 b ) tensile strength and ( 23 c - 23 d ) ductility.
  • FIGS. 22 a and 22 b plot the strengths of the five alloys at three different soak/quenching temperature pairs (790° C./770° C., 810° C./790° C., and 830° C./810° C.) and at coiling temperatures of 580° C. and 660° C., respectively.
  • FIGS. 22 c and 22 d plot the ductilities of the five alloys at the three different soak/quenching temperature pairs and at coiling temperatures of 580° C. and 660° C., respectively.
  • FIGS. 24 a - 24 d are micrographs of four of the five alloys which were coiled at 660° C., cold rolled and annealed using the soak/quenching temperature pair 790° C./770° C. As can be seen, ferrite formed after the annealing cycle for all four of the steel compositions.
  • FIGS. 24 e - 24 h are micrographs of four of the five alloys which were annealed using the soak/quenching temperature pair 810° C./790° C.
  • FIGS. 24 i - 24 l are micrographs of four of the five alloys which were annealed using the soak/quenching temperature pair 830° C./810° C. Most of the steels show the highest strength after annealing at these temperatures, which may be due to the almost fully martensitic microstructure obtained.
  • Table 11 summarizes the effects of C and B on the tensile properties and bendability of the steels after 50% cold rolling and annealing after simulated coiling at 580° C.
  • the annealing process consisted of reheating the cold band (about 1.0 mm thick) to 850° C. for 100 seconds, immediate cooling to 810° C., 40 seconds isothermal hold at “quench” temperature, followed by water quench.
  • the steels were then reheated to 200° C. for 100 seconds, followed by air cooling to simulate overaging treatment (OA).
  • OA overaging treatment
  • Table 13 displays the tensile properties of the steels with 0.5% to 2.0% Mn and the additions of Ti and B after hot rolling and simulated coiling at 580° C.
  • the increase in Mn content from 0.5% to 1.0% led to an increase in both yield and tensile strengths and yield ratio but no significant effect on ductility.
  • the addition of B in Ti added steels with 0.5% to 1.0% Mn resulted in an increase in strength.
  • the addition of Ti was beneficial for increasing both strength and yield ratio, which may be attributed to the effect of Ti precipitation hardening.
  • the steels with the lower Mn content showed a lower strength than the steel with the higher Mn content. This may facilitate a higher extent of cold rolling for the low Mn steel.
  • FIGS. 25 a - 25 d show the tensile properties of the steels with 0.5% to 2.0% Mn after coiling at 580° C., cold rolling (50% cold rolling reduction for the steel with 0.5 and 1.0% Mn and 75% cold rolling reduction for the steel with 2.0% Mn) and various annealing cycles.
  • the X-axis of FIGS. 25 a - 25 d indicates soak and quench temperature, i.e., 870/840 means soaking at 870° C. and quenching at 840° C. It can be seen that at the same annealing treatment of 850° C.-810° C. (soaking-quenching temperature) and 200° C.
  • the increase in Mn content from 0.5% to 1.0% had no significant effect on strength for the steel with Ti, but resulted in an increase in strength for the steel with both Ti and B additions and an increase in ductility.
  • the further increase in Mn content to 2.0% led to a pronounced increase in UTS of over 100 MPa, YS of over 50 MPa and a decrease in ductility. This effect was not applicable for high soaking temperature of 870° C., at which the steels with 2.0% Mn did not show an increase in strength. This indicates that the steel with 2.0% Mn is more sensitive to the soaking temperature, which may be due to grain coarsening at higher anneal temperatures.
  • Table 14 lists the tensile properties and bendability of the steels with 0.5% to 2.0% Mn after anneal simulation, which were previously coiled at 580° C.
  • the steel “28C-0.5Mn—Ti” demonstrated a better bendability than the steel “28C-1.0Mn—Ti” (3.5t compared to 4.0t) at a comparable UTS level of 1900 MPa.

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