Classifications

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  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D491/04—Ortho-condensed systems
  • C07D491/044—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring
  • C07D491/048—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring the oxygen-containing ring being five-membered
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/4965—Non-condensed pyrazines
  • A61K31/497—Non-condensed pyrazines containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/4985—Pyrazines or piperazines ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
  • A61K31/5365—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
  • A61K31/5375—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine
  • A61K31/5383—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D455/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinolizine ring systems, e.g. emetine alkaloids, protoberberine; Alkylenedioxy derivatives of dibenzo [a, g] quinolizines, e.g. berberine
  • C07D455/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinolizine ring systems, e.g. emetine alkaloids, protoberberine; Alkylenedioxy derivatives of dibenzo [a, g] quinolizines, e.g. berberine containing not further condensed quinolizine ring systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D498/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D498/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D498/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D519/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing more than one system of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system not provided for in groups C07D453/00 or C07D455/00
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• the present invention relates to Btk inhibitor compounds, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and to their use in therapy.
• the present invention relates to the use of Btk inhibitor compounds in the treatment of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (Btk) mediated disorders.
• Btk Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase
• B lymphocyte activation is key in the generation of adaptive immune responses. Derailed B lymphocyte activation is a hallmark of many autoimmune diseases and modulation of this immune response is therefore of therapeutic interest. Recently the success of B cell therapies in autoimmune diseases has been established. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with Rituximab (anti-CD20 therapy) is an accepted clinical therapy. More recent clinical trial studies show that treatment with Rituximab also ameliorates disease symptoms in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. This success supports the potential for future therapies in autoimmune diseases targeting B cell immunity.
• RRMS multiple sclerosis
• SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
• Btk Bruton's tyrosine kinase
• Btk in the regulation of the production of auto-antibodies in autoimmune diseases.
• regulation of Btk may affect BCR-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by B cells, indicating a broad potential for Btk in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
• Btk inhibitors may also show potential in the treatment of allergic responses [Gilfillan et al., Immunological Reviews 288 (2009) pp 149-169].
• Btk is also reported to be implicated in RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation [Shinohara et al, Cell 132 (2008) pp 794-806] and therefore may also be of interest for the treatment of bone resorption disorders.
• B cell malignancies Other diseases with an important role for dysfunctional B cells are B cell malignancies. Indeed anti-CD20 therapy is used effectively in the clinic for the treatment of follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia [Lim et al, Haematologica, 95 (2010) pp 135-143].
• the reported role for Btk in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis of B cells indicates there is potential for Btk inhibitors in the treatment of B cell lymphomas as well. Inhibition of Btk seems to be relevant in particular for B cell lymphomas due to chronic active BCR signaling [Davis et al, Nature, 463 (2010) pp 88-94].
• Btk inhibitor compounds have been described as kinase inhibitors, e.g. Imidazo[1,5-f][1,2,4]triazine compounds have been described in WO2005097800 and WO2007064993; Imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine compounds have been described in WO2005037836 and WO2001019828 as IGF-1R enzyme inhibitors.
• Btk inhibitors are not selective over Src-family kinases. With dramatic adverse effects reported for knockouts of Src-family kinases, especially for double and triple knockouts, this is seen as prohibitive for the development of Btk inhibitors that are not selective over the Src-family kinases.
• Lyn-deficient mice exhibit autoimmunity mimicking the phenotype of human lupus nephritis.
• Fyn-deficient mice also show pronounced neurological defects.
• Lyn knockout mice also show an allergic-like phenotype, indicating Lyn as a broad negative regulator of the IgE-mediated allergic response by controlling mast cell responsiveness and allergy-associated traits [Odom et al, J. Exp. Med., 199 (2004) pp 1491-1502].
• aged Lyn knock-out mice develop severe splenomegaly (myeloid expansion) and disseminated monocyte/macrophage tumors [Harder et al, Immunity, 15 (2001) pp 603-615].
• mice Female Src knockout mice are infertile due to reduced follicle development and ovulation [Roby et al, Endocrine, 26 (2005) pp 169-176].
• the double knockouts Src ⁇ / ⁇ Fyn ⁇ / ⁇ and Src ⁇ / ⁇ Yes ⁇ / ⁇ show a severe phenotype with effects on movement and breathing.
• the triple knockouts Src ⁇ / ⁇ Fyn ⁇ / ⁇ Yes ⁇ / ⁇ die at day 9.5 [Klinghoffer et al, EMBO J., 18 (1999) pp 2459-2471].
• mice die at birth, with surviving mice developing osteopetrosis, extramedullary hematopoiseis, anemia, leukopenia [Lowell et al, Blood, 87 (1996) pp 1780-1792].
• an inhibitor that inhibits multiple or all kinases of the Src-family kinases simultaneously may cause serious adverse effects.
• the present invention provides compounds which inhibit Btk activity, their use for treatment of Btk mediated diseases and disorders, in particular autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds and pharmaceutical carriers.
• the object of the present invention is to provide Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (Btk) inhibitor compounds, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and to their use in therapy.
• Btk Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase
• the present invention relates to the use of Btk inhibitor compounds in the treatment of Btk mediated disorders.
• the present invention provides Btk inhibitor compounds according to Formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof
• the invention relates to a compound having Formula II, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof,
• Halogen means fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. Fluorine, chlorine or bromine being preferred halogens; fluorine or chlorine being more preferred.
• alkyl refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having one of its hydrogen atoms replaced with a bond having the specified number of carbon atoms.
• an alkyl group contains, for example, from 1 to 6 carbon atoms (1-6C)Alkyl or from 1 to 3 carbon atoms (1-3C)Alkyl.
• alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl and neohexyl.
• an alkyl group is linear. In another embodiment, an alkyl group is branched.
• alkyl includes both branched- and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups, including all isomers, having the specified number of carbon atoms; for example, “(1-6C)Alkyl” includes all of the hexyl alkyl and pentyl alkyl isomers as well as n-, iso-, sec- and t-butyl, n- and isopropyl, ethyl and is methyl.
• Alkylene refers to both branched- and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups, including all isomers, having the specified number of carbons, and having two terminal end chain attachments; for example, the term “A-C 4 alkylene-B” represents, for example, A-CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —B, A-CH 2 —CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—CH 2 —B, A-CH 2 —CH(CH 2 CH 3 )—B, A-CH 2 —C(CH 3 )(CH 3 )—B, and the like.
• Haloalkyl means a branched or unbranched alkyl group having the recited number of carbon atoms, in which one and up to all hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen; halogen is as defined herein.
• branched or straight chained haloalkyl groups useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl and n-butyl substituted independently with one or more halos, e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.
• a halo(1-3C)alkyl means a branched or unbranched alkyl group having 1,2, or 3 carbon atoms, in which at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by a halogen.
• haloalkyl include, but are not limited to, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, and perfluoro-n-propyl.
• Alkoxy means an alkoxy group having the recited number of carbon atoms, the alkyl moiety having the same meaning as previously defined, e.g., “Alkoxy” refers to an alkyl-O— group represented by a linear or branched alkyl group of indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge; for example “(1-6C)Alkoxy” includes —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , —O(CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 , and the like.
• Cycloalkoxy means a cycloalkyl group having the recited number of carbon atoms, with the same meaning as previously defined, attached via a ring carbon atom to an exocyclic oxygen atom, such as cyclopropoxyl, cyclobutoxyl, or cyclopentoxyl.
• Cycloalkoxy refers to a cycloalkyl-O— group represented by a cycloalkyl group of indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge; for example “(3-6C)cycloalkoxy” includes —O-cyclopropyl, —O-cyclobutyl, —O-cyclopentyl, or —O-cyclohexyl.
• Heterocycloalkoxy means a cycloalkyl group having the recited number of carbon atoms, and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and/or S, with the same meaning as previously defined, attached via a ring carbon atom to an exocyclic oxygen atom.
• alkyl groups are unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 3 substituents on each carbon atom.
• Alkenyl means a branched or unbranched group having the recited number of carbon atoms, wherein a double bond exists between two carbon atoms, such as ethenyl, 2-propenyl, isobutenyl, 2-butenyl, and n-pentenyl.
• Alkynyl means a branched or unbranched group having the recited number of carbon atoms, wherein a triple bond exists between two carbon atoms, such as ethynyl, propynyl, 2-propynyl, n-butynyl, 2-butynyl, n-pentynyl, isopentynyl, isohexynyl or n-hexynyl.
• carrier means a hydrocarbon ring having the specified number of carbon atoms, the ring being saturated, unsaturated or aromatic.
• cycloalkyl means a cyclic ring of an alkane having the specified total ring carbon atoms; for example, “(3-6C)Cycloalkyl” includes cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
• heterocycloalkyl means a ring having the specified number of carbon atoms, the ring being saturated, unsaturated or aromatic.
• Heterocycloalkyl may be a 4-8 membered monocyclic or 8-10 membered bicyclic ring having 1-5 heteroatoms.
• Preferred number of heteroatoms is one or two.
• Preferred heteroatoms are N or O.
• heterocycloalkyl includes heterocycloalkyl with 1-3 carbon atoms, such as piperidine, morpholine, pyrrolidine and piperazine.
• Heterocycloalkyl includes, but is not limited to (1-5C)Heterocycloalkyl, (1-6C)Heterocycloalkyl, (2-5C)Heterocycloalkyl, (2-6C)Heterocycloalkyl, and (3-7C)Heterocycloalkyl.
• Heterocycloalkyl includes “heterocycloalkenyl”. Heterocycloalkenyl means an unsaturated ring having the specified number of carbon atoms.
• heterocycloalkenyl includes a heterocycloalkenyl with 2,3,4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms.
• Heterocycloalkyl also includes “heteroaryl”.
• Heteroaryl is a 5-6 membered monocyclic aromatic ring or a fused bicyclic aromatic ring having 6-10 members, and 1-6 heteroatoms selected from N, O or S.
• Preferred heteroaryl groups are tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, triazinyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiadiazolyl, thienyl, furyl, quinoline, isoquinoline and indole.
• heterocyclic and “heterocycloalkyl” have the same meaning.
• Cycloalkenyl means a cycloalkyl group having the recited number of carbon atoms, preferably 3-7 carbon atoms, and a double bond between at least two of the carbon atoms.
• “(3-7C)cycloalkenyl” includes a cycloalkenyl with 3,4,5, 6 or 7 carbon atoms.
• Preferred cycloalkenyl groups are cyclopentenyl or cyclohexenyl.
• Aryl means an aromatic hydrocarbon ring having between 6-10 carbon atoms, that may be a monocyclic aromatic ring or a fused bicyclic aromatic ring, such as phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl or indenyl.
• the preferred aryl group is phenyl.
• Di[alkyl]amino means an amino group, disubstituted with alkyl group(s), each independently containing the recited number of carbon atoms and having the same meaning as previously defined.
• Preferred di[alkyl]amino group is dimethylamino.
• Hydroxyalkyl means an alkyl group as previously defined, substituted with a hydroxyl group.
• Cycloalkyl(1-4C)alkyl means an alkyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms with the same meaning as previously defined, substituted with a cycloalkyl group having the recited number of carbon atoms as previously defined.
• Cycloalkoxy(1-4C)alkyl means an alkyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms with the same meaning as previously defined, substituted with a cycloalkoxy group having the recited number of carbon atoms as previously defined.
• the cycloalkoxy group is linked via the exocyclic oxygen to the alkyl group.
• Aryl(1-6C)alkyl means an alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms with the same meaning as previously defined, substituted with a aryl group having the recited number of carbon atoms as previously defined.
• Heteroaryl(1-6C)alkyl means an alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms with the same meaning as previously defined, substituted with a heteroaryl group having the recited number of carbon atoms as previously defined.
• Heterocycloalkyl(1-6C)alkyl means an alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms with the same meaning as previously defined, substituted with a heterocycloalkyl group having the recited number of carbon atoms as previously defined.
• Alkoxy(1-6C)alkyl means an alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms with the same meaning as previously defined, substituted with an alkoxy group the alkyl moiety of which having the recited number of carbon atoms as previously defined.
• alkoxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, methoxymethyl, 1-methoxyethyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, and 1,1-dimethoxyethyl.
• a circle in a ring of Formula I indicates that the ring is aromatic or that it has the requisite number of double bonds to complete the valence.
• the nitrogen if present in T, U, W, X, Y or Z, may carry a hydrogen.
• substituted means that one or more hydrogens on the designated atom/atoms is/are replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valency under the existing circumstances is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
• Stable compound or “stable structure” is defined as a compound or structure that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.
• the term pharmaceutically acceptable salt is well known in the art. It may be obtained during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or separately by reacting the free base function with a suitable mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, or sulfuric acid, or with an organic acid such as for example ascorbic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, fumaric acid, glycolic acid, succinic acid, propionic acid, acetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, and the like.
• the acid function can be reacted with an organic or a mineral base, like sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or lithium hydroxide.
• the compounds of this invention include the prodrugs, hydrates or solvates of the compounds.
• the use of the terms “salt”, “solvate”, “ester”, “prodrug” and the like, is intended to equally apply to the salt, solvate, ester and prodrug of enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, positional isomers, racemates or prodrugs of the inventive compounds.
• effective amount refers to an amount of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Iai), (Ibi), (Ici), (Idi), (Ie), (If) or (Ig), and/or an additional therapeutic agent, or a composition thereof, that is effective in producing the desired therapeutic, ameliorative, inhibitory or preventative effect when administered to a subject suffering from a BTK-mediated disease or disorder.
• effective amount can refer to each individual agent or to the combination as a whole, wherein the amounts of all agents administered are together effective, but wherein the component agent of the combination may not be present individually in an effective amount.
• a “subject” is a human or non-human mammal. In one embodiment, a subject is a human.
• the attachment point is at the last group, unless otherwise specified on the substituent group by a dash. A dash on the substituent group would then represent the point of attachment.
• the invention relates to a compound according to Formula I or II, wherein ring K is defined as:
• B 1 is C(R 7 ), B 2 is C(R 8 ), B 3 is C(R 9 ), and B 4 is C(R 10 ); or
• B 1 is N
• B 2 is N
• B 3 is C(R 9 )
• B 4 is C(R 10 );
• B 1 is N
• B 2 is C(R 8 )
• B 3 is N
• B 4 is C(R 10 );
• B 1 is N
• B 2 is C(R 8 )
• B 3 is C(R 9 )
• B 4 is N;
• B 1 is C(R 7 ), B 2 is C(R 8 ), B 3 is N, and B 4 is N; or
• B 1 is C(R 7 ), B 2 is N, B 3 is C(R 9 ), and B 4 is N.
• the invention in another aspect relates to a compound of Formula I or II, wherein ring K is defined as: B 1 is C(R 7 ), B 2 is C(R 8 ), B 3 is C(R 9 ), and B 4 is C(R 10 ), and wherein R 7 , R 8 , R 9 and R 10 each are H, halogen, (1-3C)alkyl, (1-3C)alkoxy or halo(1-3C)alkyl; any alkoxy may optionally be substituted with one, two or three halogen;
• the invention relates to a compound according to Formula I or II, wherein ring L is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazyl, triazinyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiadiazolyl, and isothiazolyl.
• the invention relates to a compound according to Formula I or II, wherein the ring system L is selected from the group consisting of:
• the invention relates to a compound according to Formula I or II wherein ring L is selected from the group consisting of pyridyl, pyrimidyl, and thiazolyl.
• ring L is pyridyl.
• the invention in another aspect relates to a compound according to Formula I or II wherein R 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, CN, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, oxetanyl, (1-3C)alkyl, (1-5C)alkoxy, and (1-5C)cycloalkoxy; the alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl and cycloalkoxy of which are optionally substituted with one or more halogen.
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, CN, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, oxetanyl, (1-3C)alkyl, (1-5C)alkoxy, and (1-5C)cycloalkoxy; the alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl and cycloalkoxy of which are optionally substituted with one or more halogen.
• the invention relates to a compound according to Formula I or II wherein R 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluorine, methyl, ethyl, propyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopropoxyl, and trifluoromethyl.
• the invention relates to a compound according to Formula I or II wherein R 11 is selected from the group consisting of H, 2 H, F, Cl, Br, methyl, C 2 H 3 , ethyl, cyclopropyl and vinyl.
• R 11 is H or halogen.
• R 11 is halogen.
• R 11 is F or Cl.
• the invention relates to a compound according to Formula I or II wherein A 1 -A 4 are C or N and bicyclic ring system E-G is selected from the group consisting of
• R 12 is H.
• the invention relates to a compound according to Formula I or II wherein A 1 -A 4 are C or N and bicyclic ring system E-G is
• the invention relates to a compound having Formula Ia
• the invention relates to a compound having Formula Ib
• the invention relates to a compound having Formula Ic
• the invention relates to a compound having Formula Id
• the invention relates to a compound having Formula Iai
• R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are each hydrogen.
• the invention relates to a compound having Formula Ibi
• the invention in another aspect of the invention relating to the compound according to Formula I or II, relates to a compound having Formula Ici
• the invention relates to a compound having Formula Idi
• the invention relates to a compound having Formula 1e
• R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 are independently selected from H, halogen, or (1-3C)alkoxy;
• R 11 is H, halogen or (1-3C)alkyl, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one, two or three halogen;
• R c is H or CH 3 ;
• R d is H or CH 3 .
• the invention in another aspect of the invention relating to the compound according to Formula Ie, relates to a compound having Formula 1f
• the invention relates to a compound having Formula 1 g
• R 11 is halogen
• the invention also relates to those compounds wherein all specific definitions for A 1 -A 4 , B 1 -B 4 , Q, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 6a , R 6b , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R c , R d , R e , R f , R g , R h , and R z and all substituent groups in the various aspects of the inventions defined here above occur in any combination within the definition of the Btk inhibitor compounds of Formula I, II, Ia, Ib, Ic, Id, Ie, If, Ig, Iai, Ibi, Ici, Idi, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• Non-limiting examples of the compounds of the present invention include:
• the compound according to Formula I is selected from the group consisting of:
• the Btk inhibitor compounds of the invention having Formula I or II inhibit the Btk kinase activity. All compounds of the invention have an EC 50 of 10 ⁇ M or lower. In another aspect the invention relates to compounds of Formula I which have an EC 50 of less than 100 nM. In yet another aspect the invention relates to compounds of Formula I or II which have an EC 50 of less than 10 nM.
• EC 50 means the concentration of the test compound that is required for 50% inhibition of its maximum effect in vitro.
• the invention relates to compounds of Formula I or II or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, which have an IC 50 of less than 100 nM. In yet another aspect the invention relates to the compounds of Formula I or II or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, which have an IC 50 of less than 10 nM.
• IC 50 means the concentration of the test compound that is required for 50% inhibition of its maximum effect in vitro.
• BTK enzymatic activity was determined with the LANCE (Lanthanide Chelate Excite) TR-FRET (Time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer) assay.
• the potency (IC 50 ) of each compound was determined from an eleven point (1:3 serial dilution; final compound concentration range in assay from 1 ⁇ M to 0.017 nM) titration curve using the following outlined procedure.
• each reaction was initiated by the addition of 2.5 ⁇ L Ix kinase buffer containing 8 ⁇ M biotinylated “A5” peptide (Biotin-EQEDEPEGDYFEWLE-NH2) (SEQ ID NO: 1), and 100 ⁇ M ATP.
• the final reaction in each well of 10 ⁇ L consists of 100 pM hBTK, 2 ⁇ M biotin-A5-peptide, and 25 ⁇ M ATP. Phosphorylation reactions were allowed to proceed for 120 minutes.
• reaction plates were read on a PerkinElmer EnVision plate reader using standard TR-FRET protocol.
• the Btk activity can also be determined in B cell lines such as Ramos cells or in primary cell assays, e.g. PBMC or whole blood from human, monkey, rat or mouse or isolated splenocytes from monkey, rat or mouse. Inhibition of Btk activity can be investigated measuring anti-IgM-induced MIP1 ⁇ Production (Ramos, PBMC, splenocytes), H 2 O 2 -induced Btk and PLC ⁇ 2 phosphorylation (Ramos cells), or anti-IgM-induced B cell proliferation or CD86 expression on primary B cells (PBMC and splenocytes).
• B cell lines such as Ramos cells or in primary cell assays, e.g. PBMC or whole blood from human, monkey, rat or mouse or isolated splenocytes from monkey, rat or mouse.
• Inhibition of Btk activity can be investigated measuring anti-IgM-induced MIP1 ⁇ Production (Ramos, PBMC, splenocytes
• Regulation of Btk activity can also be determined on human, monkey, rat or mouse mast cells following activation Fc ⁇ R induced degranulation, cytokine production and CD63 induced cell surface expression.
• regulation of Btk activity can be determined on CD14+ monocytes differentiated following treatment with M-CSF to osteoclasts and activated with RANKL.
• mice can be euthanized 3 h following compound administration.
• Spleens can be extracted from the treated mice for splenocyte isolation.
• Splenocytes can be plated in 96 well culture plates and stimulated with anti-IgM, without further addition of compounds.
• Anti-IgM-induced B cell stimulation and inhibition thereof by Btk inhibitors can be measured by B cell proliferation, MIP1 ⁇ production or CD86 expression on CD19+ splenocyte B cells.
• Efficacy of Btk inhibitors can also be investigated in the mouse collagen induced arthritis model using a therapeutic protocol with start of treatment following onset of disease, measuring disease score, X-ray analysis of bone destruction, cartilage breakdown and histology of joints
• Efficacy of Btk inhibitors on the regulation of activated mast cells can be investigated in vivo using the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis model.
• Btk inhibitors The effect of Btk inhibitors on bone resorption in vivo can be investigated using the rat OVX model.
• ovariectomized animals develop symptoms of osteoporosis that may be regulated using a Btk inhibitor.
• the compounds of Formula I can form salts which are also within the scope of this invention.
• Reference to a compound of Formula (I) herein is understood to include reference to salts thereof, unless otherwise indicated.
• the term “salt(s)”, as employed herein, denotes acidic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids, as well as basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic bases.
• zwitterions inner salts may be formed and are included within the term “salt(s)” as used herein.
• salts of the compounds of Formula (I) may be formed, for example, by reacting a compound of Formula (I) with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.
• Exemplary acid addition salts include acetates, ascorbates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates, fumarates, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, lactates, maleates, methanesulfonates, naphthalenesulfonates, nitrates, oxalates, phosphates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates, tartarates, thiocyanates, toluenesulfonates (also known as tosylates,) and the like.
• Exemplary basic salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium, and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as dicyclohexylamines, t-butyl amines, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like.
• alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium, and potassium salts
• alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts
• salts with organic bases for example, organic amines
• organic amines such as dicyclohexylamines, t-butyl amines
• salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like.
• Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quarternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g., methyl, ethyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g., dimethyl, diethyl, and dibutyl sulfates), long chain halides (e.g., decyl, lauryl, and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), aralkyl halides (e.g., benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others.
• lower alkyl halides e.g., methyl, ethyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides
• dialkyl sulfates e.g., dimethyl, diethyl, and dibutyl sulfates
• long chain halides e.g., decyl, lauryl, and
• the compounds of Formula I may have the ability to crystallize in more than one form, a characteristic known as polymorphism, and it is understood that such polymorphic forms (“polymorphs”) are within the scope of Formula I.
• Polymorphism generally can occur as a response to changes in temperature or pressure or both and can also result from variations in the crystallization process.
• Polymorphs can be distinguished by various physical characteristics known in the art such as x-ray diffraction patterns, solubility and melting point.
• the compounds of Formula I may contain asymmetric or chiral centers, and, therefore, exist in different stereoisomeric forms. It is intended that all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of Formula I as well as mixtures thereof, including racemic mixtures, form part of the present invention.
• the present invention embraces all geometric and positional isomers. For example, if a compound of Formula (I) incorporates a double bond or a fused ring, both the cis- and trans-forms, as well as mixtures, are embraced within the scope of the invention.
• Diastereomeric mixtures can be separated into their individual diastereomers on the basis of their physical chemical differences by methods well known to those skilled in the art, such as, for example, by chromatography and/or fractional crystallization.
• Enantiomers can be separated by converting the enantiomeric mixture into a diastereomeric mixture by reaction with an appropriate optically active compound (e.g. chiral auxiliary such as a chiral alcohol or Mosher's acid chloride), separating the diastereomers and converting (e.g. hydrolyzing) the individual diastereomers to the corresponding pure enantiomers.
• an appropriate optically active compound e.g. chiral auxiliary such as a chiral alcohol or Mosher's acid chloride
• some of the compounds of Formula I may be atropisomers (e.g. substituted biaryls) and are considered as part of this invention.
• Enantiomers can also be separated by use of chiral HPLC column.
• All stereoisomers for example, geometric isomers, optical isomers and the like
• of the present compounds including those of the salts, solvates, esters and prodrugs of the compounds as well as the salts, solvates and esters of the prodrugs, such as those which may exist due to asymmetric carbons on various substituents, including enantiomeric forms (which may exist even in the absence of asymmetric carbons), rotameric forms, atropisomers, and diastereomeric forms, are contemplated within the scope of this invention, as are positional isomers.
• Individual stereoisomers of the compounds of the invention may, for example, be substantially free of other isomers, or may be admixed, for example, as racemates or with all other, or other selected, stereoisomers.
• the chiral centers of the present invention can have the S or R configuration as defined by the IUPAC 1974 Recommendations.
• the use of the terms “salt”, “solvate”, “ester”, “prodrug” and the like, is intended to equally apply to the salt, solvate, ester and prodrug of enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, positional isomers, racemates or prodrugs of the inventive compounds.
• prodrugs means a compound (e.g, a drug precursor) that is transformed in vivo to yield a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate of the compound. The transformation may occur by various mechanisms (e.g. by metabolic or chemical processes), such as, for example, through hydrolysis in blood.
• prodrugs is provided by T. Higuchi and W. Stella, “Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems,” Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987.
• the compounds having Formula I or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof may form hydrates or solvates. It is known to those of skill in the art that charged compounds form hydrated species when lyophilized with water, or form solvated species when concentrated in a solution with an appropriate organic solvent.
• the compounds of this invention include the hydrates or solvates of the compounds listed.
• One or more compounds of the invention having Formula I or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof may exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like, and it is intended that the invention embrace both solvated and unsolvated forms.
• “Solvate” means a physical association of a compound of this invention with one or more solvent molecules. This physical association involves varying degrees of ionic and covalent bonding, including hydrogen bonding. In certain instances the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid. “Solvate” encompasses both solution-phase and isolatable solvates. Non-limiting examples of suitable solvates include ethanolates, methanolates, and the like. “Hydrate” is a solvate wherein the solvent molecule is H 2 O.
• the atoms may exhibit their natural isotopic abundances, or one or more of the atoms may be artificially enriched in a particular isotope having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number predominantly found in nature.
• the present invention is meant to include all suitable isotopic variations of the compounds of generic Formula I.
• different isotopic forms of hydrogen (H) include protium ( 1 H) and deuterium ( 2 H).
• Protium is the predominant hydrogen isotope found in nature. Enriching for deuterium may afford certain therapeutic advantages, such as increasing in vivo half-life or reducing dosage requirements, or may provide a compound useful as a standard for characterization of biological samples.
• Isotopically-enriched compounds within generic Formula I can be prepared without undue experimentation by conventional techniques well known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the Schemes and Examples herein using appropriate isotopically-enriched reagents and/or intermediates.
• Certain isotopically-labelled compounds of Formula I are useful in compound and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated (i.e., 3 H) and carbon-14 (i.e., 14 C) isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e., 2 H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability (e.g., increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements) and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.
• Isotopically labelled compounds of Formula I can generally be prepared by following procedures analogous to those disclosed in the Schemes and/or in the Examples hereinbelow, by substituting an appropriate isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.
• the compounds having Formula I and pharmaceutical compositions thereof can be used to treat or prevent a variety of conditions, diseases or disorders mediated by Bruton's Tyrosine kinase (Btk).
• Such conditions, diseases or disorders include, but are not limited to: (1) arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and osteoarthritis; (2) asthma and other obstructive airways diseases, including chronic asthma, late asthma, airway hyper-responsiveness, bronchitis, bronchial asthma, allergic asthma, intrinsic asthma, extrinsic asthma, dust asthma, adult respiratory distress syndrome, recurrent airway obstruction, and chronic obstruction pulmonary disease including emphysema; (3) autoimmune diseases or disorders, including those designated as single organ or single cell-type autoimmune disorders, for example Hashimoto's thyroiditis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune atrophic gastritis of pernicious anemia, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, autoimmune orchitis, Goodpasture'
• B-ALL marginal zone B cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma), Hodgkin lymphoma, NK and T cell lymphomas
• TEL-Syk and ITK-Syk fusion driven tumors myelomas including multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders kidney cancer, lung cancer, muscle cancer, bone cancer, bladder cancer, brain cancer, melanoma including oral and metastatic melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and angiogenic-associated disorders including solid tumors, and pancreatic cancer
• diabetes including Type I diabetes and complications from diabetes
• eye diseases, disorders or conditions including autoimmune diseases of the eye, keratoconjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, uveitis including uveitis associated with Behcet's
• the invention thus provides compounds of Formula (I) and salts, solvates and physiologically functional derivatives thereof for use in therapy, and particularly in the treatment of diseases and conditions mediated by inappropriate Btk activity.
• the inappropriate Btk activity referred to herein is any Btk activity that deviates from the normal Btk activity expected in a particular mammalian subject.
• Inappropriate Btk activity may take the form of, for instance, an abnormal increase in activity, or an aberration in the timing and or control of Btk activity.
• Such inappropriate activity may result then, for example, from overexpression or mutation of the protein kinase leading to inappropriate or uncontrolled activation.
• the present invention is directed to methods of regulating, modulating, or inhibiting Btk for the prevention and/or treatment of disorders related to unregulated or inappropriate Btk activity.
• the present invention provides a method of treatment of a mammal suffering from a disorder mediated by Btk activity, which comprises administering to said mammal an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or a physiologically functional derivative thereof.
• the present invention provides for the use of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a physiologically functional derivative thereof, in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a disorder mediated by Btk activity.
• said disorder mediated by Btk activity is asthma.
• said disorder is rheumatoid arthritis.
• said disorder is cancer.
• said disorder is ocular conjunctivitis.
• Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a method for treating diseases caused by or associated with Fc receptor signaling cascades, including FceRI and/or FcgRI-mediated degranulation as a therapeutic approach towards the treatment or prevention of diseases characterized by, caused by and/or associated with the release or synthesis of chemical mediators of such Fc receptor signaling cascades or degranulation.
• Fc receptor signaling cascades including FceRI and/or FcgRI-mediated degranulation
• Btk is known to play a critical role in immunotyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) signaling, B cell receptor signaling, T cell receptor signaling and is an essential component of integrin beta (1), beta (2), and beta (3) signaling in neutrophils.
• ITAM immunotyrosine-based activation motif
• compounds of the present invention can be used to regulate Fc receptor, ITAM, B cell receptor and integrin signaling cascades, as well as the cellular responses elicited through these signaling cascades.
• cellular responses include respiratory burst, cellular adhesion, cellular degranulation, cell spreading, cell migration, phagocytosis, calcium ion flux, platelet aggregation and cell maturation.
• a further aspect of the invention resides in the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the manufacture of a medicament to be used for the treatment of Btk-mediated diseases or Btk-mediated conditions.
• a further aspect of the invention resides in the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the manufacture of a medicament to be used for the treatment of chronic B cell disorders in which T cells play a prominent role.
• the invention resides in the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the manufacture of a medicament to be used for the treatment of Btk-mediated diseases or conditions.
• diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, the treatment of B cell lymphomas resulting from chronic active B cell receptor signaling.
• the compounds according to the invention may be used in therapies to treat or prevent diseases Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (Btk) mediated disorders.
• Btk mediated disorders or Btk mediated condition as used herein mean any disease state or other deleterious condition in which B cells, mast cells, myeloid cells or osteoclasts play a central role.
• diseases include but are not limited to, immune, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, allergies, infectious diseases, bone resorption disorders and proliferative diseases.
• Immune, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases that may be treated or prevented with the compounds of the present invention include rheumatic diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, infectious arthritis, progressive chronic arthritis, deforming arthritis, osteoarthritis, traumatic arthritis, gouty arthritis, Reiter's syndrome, polychondritis, acute synovitis and spondylitis), glomerulonephritis (with or without nephrotic syndrome), Goodpasture's syndrome, (and associated glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage), atherosclerosis, autoimmune hematologic disorders (e.g.
• hemolytic anemia aplasic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), and neutropenia
• autoimmune gastritis e.g.
• ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease irritable bowel syndrome
• host versus graft disease allograft rejection, chronic thyroiditis
• Graves' disease Sjorgren's disease, scleroderma, diabetes (type I and type II), active hepatitis (acute and chronic), pancreatitis, primary billiary cirrhosis, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, dermatomyositis, contact dermatitis, eczema, skin sunburns, vasculitis (e.g.
• Behcet's disease ANCA-associated and other vasculitudes, chronic renal insufficiency, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, inflammatory pain, idiopathic sprue, cachexia, sarcoidosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, uveitis, conjunctivitis, kerato conjunctivitis, otitis media, periodontal disease, Addison's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, septic shock, myasthenia gravis, pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, asthma, bronchitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, pneumoconiosis, pulmonary insufficiency syndrome, pulmonary emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, silicosis, chronic inflammatory pulmonary disease (e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and other inflammatory or obstructive disease on airways.
• chronic inflammatory pulmonary disease e.g. chronic
• Allergies that may be treated or prevented include, among others, allergies to foods, food additives, insect poisons, dust mites, pollen, animal materials and contact allergans, type I hypersensitivity allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis.
• Infectious diseases that may be treated or prevented include, among others, sepsis, septic shock, endotoxic shock, sepsis by Gram-negative bacteria, shigellosis, meningitis, cerebral malaria, pneumonia, tuberculosis, viral myocarditis, viral hepatitis (hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis C), HIV infection, retinitis caused by cytomegalovirus, influenza, herpes, treatment of infections associated with severe burns, myalgias caused by infections, cachexia secondary to infections, and veterinary viral infections such as lentivirus, caprine arthritic virus, visna-maedi virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, bovine immunodeficiency virus or canine immunodeficiency virus.
• Bone resorption disorders that may be treated or prevented include, among others, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, traumatic arthritis, gouty arthritis and bone disorders related with multiple myeloma.
• Proliferative diseases that may be treated or prevented include, among others, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (in particular the subtypes diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL)), B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with mature B cell, ALL in particular.
• non-Hodgkin lymphoma in particular the subtypes diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL)
• B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with mature B cell, ALL in particular.
• ALL acute lymphoblastic leukemia
• the compounds of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be used for the treatment of B cell lymphomas resulting from chronic active B cell receptor signaling.
• compositions in which at least one compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in combination with at least one other additional therapeutically active agent.
• the other additional therapeutically active agent is an anti-inflammatory agent, an immunosuppressant agent, or a chemotherapeutic agent.
• Anti-inflammatory agents include but are not limited to NSAIDs, non-specific and COX-2 specific cyclooxgenase enzyme inhibitors, gold compounds, corticosteroids, methotrexate, tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF) receptors antagonists, immunosuppressants and methotrexate.
• NSAIDs include, but are not limited to, ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, naproxen and naproxen sodium, diclofenac, combinations of diclofenac sodium and misoprostol, sulindac, oxaprozin, diflunisal, piroxicam, indomethacin, etodolac, fenoprofen calcium, ketoprofen, sodium nabumetone, sulfasalazine, tolmetin sodium, and hydroxychloroquine.
• NSAIDs also include COX-2 specific inhibitors such as celecoxib, valdecoxib, lumiracoxib and/or etoricoxib.
• the anti-inflammatory agent is a salicylate.
• Salicylates include by are not limited to acetylsalicylic acid or aspirin, sodium salicylate, and choline and magnesium salicylates.
• the anti-inflammatory agent may also be a corticosteroid.
• the corticosteroid may be cortisone, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, prednisolone sodium phosphate, or prednisone.
• the anti-inflammatory agent is a gold compound such as gold sodium thiomalate or auranofin.
• the invention also includes embodiments in which the anti-inflammatory agent is a metabolic inhibitor such as a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, such as methotrexate or a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor, such as leflunomide.
• a metabolic inhibitor such as a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, such as methotrexate or a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor, such as leflunomide.
• At least one anti-inflammatory agent is an anti-C5 monoclonal antibody (such as eculizumab or pexelizumab), a TNF antagonist, such as entanercept, or infliximab, which is an anti-TNF alpha monoclonal antibody.
• an anti-C5 monoclonal antibody such as eculizumab or pexelizumab
• TNF antagonist such as entanercept, or infliximab
• Still other embodiments of the invention pertain to combinations in which at least one active agent is an immunosuppressant agent, such as an immunosuppressant compound chosen from methotrexate, leflunomide, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, azathioprine, and mycophenolate mofetil.
• an immunosuppressant agent such as an immunosuppressant compound chosen from methotrexate, leflunomide, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, azathioprine, and mycophenolate mofetil.
• B-cells and B-cell precursors expressing BTK have been implicated in the pathology of B-cell malignancies, including, but not limited to, B-cell lymphoma, lymphoma (including Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma), hairy cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma, chronic and acute myelogenous leukemia and chronic and acute lymphocytic leukemia.
• BTK has been shown to be an inhibitor of the Fas/APO-1 (CD-95) death inducing signaling complex (DISC) in B-lineage lymphoid cells.
• DISC Fas/APO-1
• the fate of leukemia/lymphoma cells may reside in the balance between the opposing proapoptotic effects of caspases activated by DISC and an upstream anti-apoptotic regulatory mechanism involving BTK and/or its substrates (Vassilev et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 274, 1646-1656).
• BTK inhibitors are useful as chemosensitizing agents, and, thus, are useful in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, in particular, drugs that induce apoptosis.
• chemotherapeutic agents include topoisomerase I inhibitors (camptothecin or topotecan), topoisomerase II inhibitors (e.g. daunomycin and etoposide), alkylating agents (e.g. cyclophosphamide, melphalan and BCNU), tubulin directed agents (e.g. taxol and vinblastine), and biological agents (e.g. antibodies such as anti CD20 antibody, IDEC 8, immunotoxins, and cytokines).
• topoisomerase I inhibitors camptothecin or topotecan
• topoisomerase II inhibitors e.g. daunomycin and etoposide
• alkylating agents e.g. cyclophosphamide, melphalan and BCNU
• tubulin directed agents e
• Btk activity has also been associated with some leukemias expressing the bcr-abl fusion gene resulting from translocation of parts of chromosome 9 and 22. This abnormality is commonly observed in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Btk is constitutively phosphorylated by the bcr-abl kinase which initiates downstream survival signals which circumvents apoptosis in bcr-abl cells. (N. Feldhahn et al. J. Exp. Med. 2005 201(11):1837-1852).
• the invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition, which comprises a compound of Formula (I) and salts, solvates and physiological functional derivatives thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, or excipients.
• a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound of Formula (I) and salts, solvates and physiological functional derivatives thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, or excipients.
• the compounds of the Formula (I) and salts, solvates and physiological functional derivatives thereof are as described above.
• the carrier(s), diluent(s) or excipient(s) must be acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
• a process for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition including admixing a compound of the Formula (I), or salts, solvates and physiological functional derivatives thereof, with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients.
• compositions of the present invention may be presented in unit dose forms containing a predetermined amount of active ingredient per unit dose.
• a unit may contain, for example, 5 ⁇ g to 1 g, preferably 1 mg to 700 mg, more preferably 5 mg to 100 mg of a compound of the Formula (I), depending on the condition being treated, the route of administration and the age, weight and condition of the patient.
• Such unit doses may therefore be administered more than once a day.
• Preferred unit dosage compositions are those containing a daily dose or sub-dose (for administration more than once a day), as herein above recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of an active ingredient.
• such pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the pharmacy art.
• compositions of the present invention may be adapted for administration by any appropriate route, for example by the oral (including buccal or sublingual), rectal, topical, inhaled, nasal, ocular, sublingual, subcutaneous, local or parenteral (including intravenous and intramuscular) route, and the like, all in unit dosage forms for administration.
• Such compositions may be prepared by any method known in the art of pharmacy, for example by bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier(s) or excipient(s).
• Dosage forms include tablets, troches, dispersions, suspensions, solutions, capsules, creams, ointments, aerosols, and the like.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition adapted for administration by the oral route, for treating, for example, rheumatoid arthritis.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition adapted for administration by the nasal route, for treating, for example, allergic rhinitis.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition adapted for administration by the inhaled route, for treating, for example, asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD) or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).
• COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease
• ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition adapted for administration by the ocular route, for treating, diseases of the eye, for example, conjunctivitis.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition adapted for administration by the parenteral (including intravenous) route, for treating, for example, cancer.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, e.g. injection liquids in predetermined amounts, for example in sealed vials and ampoules, and may also be stored in a freeze dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of sterile liquid carrier, e.g. water, prior to use.
• sterile liquid carrier e.g. water
• the active agent may be compressed into solid dosage units, such as pills, tablets, or be processed into capsules or suppositories.
• the active agent can be applied as a fluid composition, e.g. as an injection preparation, in the form of a solution, suspension, emulsion, or as a spray, e.g. a nasal spray.
• solid dosage units For making solid dosage units, the use of conventional additives such as fillers, colorants, polymeric binders and the like is contemplated. In general any pharmaceutically acceptable additive which does not interfere with the function of the active compounds can be used. Suitable carriers with which the active agent of the invention can be administered as solid compositions include lactose, starch, cellulose derivatives and the like, or mixtures thereof, used in suitable amounts. For parenteral administration, aqueous suspensions, isotonic saline solutions and sterile injectable solutions may be used, containing pharmaceutically acceptable dispersing agents and/or wetting agents, such as propylene glycol or butylene glycol.
• compositions of the present invention which are adapted for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules or tablets; powders or granules; solutions or suspensions in aqueous or non-aqueous liquids; edible foams or whips; or oil-in-water liquid emulsions or water-in-oil liquid emulsions.
• the active is drug component can be combined with an oral, non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water and the like.
• an oral, non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water and the like.
• Powders are prepared by comminuting the compound to a suitable fine size and mixing with a similarly comminuted pharmaceutical carrier such as an edible carbohydrate, as, for example, starch or mannitol. Flavoring, preservative, dispersing and coloring agent can also be present.
• Capsules are made by preparing a powder mixture, as described above, and filling formed gelatin sheaths.
• Glidants and lubricants such as colloidal silica, talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate or solid polyethylene glycol can be added to the powder mixture before the filling operation.
• a disintegrating or solubilizing agent such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate or sodium carbonate can also be added to improve the availability of the medicament when the capsule is ingested.
• suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes and the like.
• Lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like.
• Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum and the like.
• Tablets are formulated, for example, by preparing a powder mixture, granulating or slugging, adding a lubricant and disintegrant and pressing into tablets.
• a powder mixture is prepared by mixing the compound, suitably comminuted, with a diluent or base as described above, and optionally, with a binder such as carboxymethylcellulose, an aliginate, gelatin, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone, a solution retardant such as paraffin, a resorption accelerator such as a quaternary salt and/or an absorption agent such as bentonite, kaolin or dicalcium phosphate.
• a binder such as carboxymethylcellulose, an aliginate, gelatin, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone
• a solution retardant such as paraffin
• a resorption accelerator such as a quaternary salt
• an absorption agent such as bentonite, kaolin or dicalcium phosphate.
• the powder mixture can be granulated by wetting with a binder such as syrup, starch paste, acadia mucilage or solutions of cellulosic or polymeric materials and forcing through a screen.
• a binder such as syrup, starch paste, acadia mucilage or solutions of cellulosic or polymeric materials and forcing through a screen.
• the powder mixture can be run through the tablet machine and the result is imperfectly formed slugs broken into granules.
• the granules can be lubricated to prevent sticking to the tablet forming dies by means of the addition of stearic acid, a stearate salt, talc or mineral oil.
• the lubricated mixture is then compressed into tablets.
• the compounds of the present invention can also be combined with a free flowing inert carrier and compressed into tablets directly without going through the granulating or slugging steps.
• a clear or opaque protective coating consisting of a sealing coat of shellac, a coating of
• Oral fluids such as solution, syrups and elixirs can be prepared in dosage unit form so that a given quantity contains a predetermined amount of the compound.
• Syrups can be prepared by dissolving the compound in a suitably flavored aqueous solution, while elixirs are prepared through the use of a non-toxic alcoholic vehicle.
• Suspensions can be formulated by dispersing the compound in a non-toxic vehicle.
• Solubilizers and emulsifiers such as ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols and polyoxy ethylene sorbitol ethers, preservatives, flavor additive such as peppermint oil or natural sweeteners or saccharin or other artificial sweeteners, and the like can also be added.
• dosage unit compositions for oral administration can be microencapsulated.
• the formulation can also be prepared to prolong or sustain the release, for example, by coating or embedding particulate material in polymers, wax or the like.
• the compounds of Formula (I), and salts, solvates and physiological functional derivatives thereof, can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles.
• liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine or phosphatidylcholines.
• the compounds of Formula (I) and salts, solvates and physiological functional derivatives thereof may also be delivered by the use of monoclonal antibodies as individual carriers to which the compound molecules are coupled.
• the compounds may also be coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers.
• Such polymers can include polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide-phenol, polyhydroxyethylaspartamidephenol, or polyethyleneoxidepolylysine substituted with palmitoyl residues.
• the compounds may be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates and cross-linked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.
• a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates and cross-linked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.
• Dosage forms for inhaled administration may conveniently be formulated as aerosols or dry powders.
• the compound or salt of Formula (I) is in a particle-size-reduced form, and more preferably the size-reduced form is obtained or obtainable by micronisation.
• the preferable particle size of the size-reduced (e.g. micronised) compound or salt or solvate is defined by a D50 value of about 0.5 to about 10 microns (for example as measured using laser diffraction).
• Aerosol formulations can comprise a solution or fine suspension of the active substance in a pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous or non-aqueous solvent. Aerosol formulations can be presented in single or multidose quantities in sterile form in a sealed container, which can take the form of a cartridge or refill for use with an atomising device or inhaler. Alternatively the sealed container may be a unitary dispensing device such as a single dose nasal inhaler or an aerosol dispenser fitted with a metering valve (metered dose inhaler) which is intended for disposal once the contents of the container have been exhausted.
• a metering valve metered dose inhaler
• the dosage form comprises an aerosol dispenser
• it preferably contains a suitable propellant under pressure such as compressed air, carbon dioxide or an organic propellant such as a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC).
• HFC propellants include 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane.
• the aerosol dosage forms can also take the form of a pump-atomiser.
• the pressurised aerosol may contain a solution or a suspension of the active compound. This may require the incorporation of additional excipients e.g. co-solvents and/or surfactants to improve the dispersion characteristics and homogeneity of suspension formulations. Solution formulations may also require the addition of co-solvents such as ethanol.
• Other excipient modifiers may also be incorporated to improve, for example, the stability and/or taste and/or fine particle mass characteristics (amount and/or profile) of the formulation.
• the pharmaceutical composition is a dry powder inhalable composition.
• a dry powder inhalable composition can comprise a powder base such as lactose, glucose, trehalose, mannitol or starch, the compound of Formula (I) or salt or solvate thereof (preferably in particle-size-reduced form, e.g. in micronised form), and optionally a performance modifier such as L-leucine or another amino acid, and/or metals salts of stearic acid such as magnesium or calcium stearate.
• the dry powder inhalable composition comprises a dry powder blend of lactose and the compound of Formula (I) or salt thereof.
• the lactose is preferably lactose hydrate e.g. lactose monohydrate and/or is preferably inhalation-grade and/or fine-grade lactose.
• the particle size of the lactose is defined by 90% or more (by weight or by volume) of the lactose particles being less than 1000 microns (micrometres) (e.g. 10-1000 microns e.g. 30-1000 microns) in diameter, and/or 50% or more of the lactose particles being less than 500 microns (e.g. 10-500 microns) in diameter. More preferably, the particle size of the lactose is defined by 90% or more of the lactose particles being less than 300 microns (e.g.
• the particle size of the lactose is defined by 90% or more of the lactose particles being less than 100-200 microns in diameter, and/or 50% or more of the lactose particles being less than 40-70 microns in diameter. It is preferable that about 3 to about 30% (e.g. about 10%) (by weight or by volume) of the particles are less than 50 microns or less than 20 microns in diameter.
• a suitable inhalation-grade lactose is E9334 lactose (10% fines) (Borculo Domo Ingredients, Hanzeplein 25, 8017 J D Zwolle, Netherlands).
• a pharmaceutical composition for inhaled administration can be incorporated into a plurality of sealed dose containers (e.g. containing the dry powder composition) mounted longitudinally in a strip or ribbon inside a suitable inhalation device.
• the container is rupturable or peel-openable on demand and the dose of e.g. the dry powder composition can be administered by inhalation via the device such as the DISKUS® device (GlaxoSmithKline).
• Dosage forms for ocular administration may be formulated as solutions or suspensions with excipients suitable for ophthalmic use.
• Dosage forms for nasal administration may conveniently be formulated as aerosols, solutions, drops, gels or dry powders.
• compositions adapted for administration by inhalation include fine particle dusts or mists, which may be generated by means of various types of metered, dose pressurized aerosols, nebulizers or insufflators.
• the compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof may be formulated as a fluid formulation for delivery from a fluid dispenser.
• a fluid dispenser may have, for example, a dispensing nozzle or dispensing orifice through which a metered dose of the fluid formulation is dispensed upon the application of a user-applied force to a pump mechanism of the fluid dispenser.
• Such fluid dispensers are generally provided with a reservoir of multiple metered doses of the fluid formulation, the doses being dispensable upon sequential pump actuations.
• the dispensing nozzle or orifice may be configured for insertion into the nostrils of the user for spray dispensing of the fluid formulation into the nasal cavity.
• a fluid dispenser of the aforementioned type is described and illustrated in WO-A-2005/044354, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
• the dispenser has a housing which houses a fluid discharge device having a compression pump mounted on a container for containing a fluid formulation.
• the housing has at least one finger-operable side lever which is movable inwardly with respect to the housing to cam the container upwardly in the housing to cause the pump to compress and pump a metered dose of the formulation out of a pump stem through a nasal nozzle of the housing.
• a particularly preferred fluid dispenser is of the general type illustrated in FIGS. 30-40 of WO-A-2005/044354.
• the invention further includes a pharmaceutical composition of a compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as hereinbefore described, in combination with packaging material suitable for said composition, said packaging material including instructions for the use of the composition for the use as hereinbefore described.
• Injectable Suspension mg/ml Compound of Formula I 10 Methylcellulose 5.0 Tween 80 0.5 Benzyl alcohol 9.0 Benzalkonium chloride 1.0 Water for injection to a total volume of 1 ml
• Tablet mg/tablet Compound of Formula I 25 Microcrystalline Cellulose 415 Providone 14.0 Pregelatinized Starch 43.5 Magnesium Stearate 2.5 500
• Aerosol Per canister Compound of Formula I 24 mg Lecithin, NF Liquid Concentrate 1.2 mg Trichlorofluoromethane, NF 4.025 gm Dichlorodifluoromethane, NF 12.15 gm
• the compound of the present invention when administered in combination with other therapeutic agents normally administered by the inhaled, intravenous, oral or intranasal route, that the resultant pharmaceutical composition may be administered by the same routes.
• compositions may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.
• a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention will depend upon a number of factors including, for example, the age and weight of the animal, the precise condition requiring treatment and its severity, the particular compound having Formula I, the nature of the formulation, and the route of administration, and will ultimately be at the discretion of the attendant physician or veterinarian.
• an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) for the treatment of diseases or conditions associated with inappropriate Btk activity will generally be in the range of 5 ⁇ g to 100 mg/kg body weight of recipient (mammal) per day and more usually in the range of 5 ⁇ g to 10 mg/kg body weight per day.
• This amount may be given in a single dose per day or more usually in a number (such as two, three, four, five or six) of sub-doses per day such that the total daily dose is the same.
• An effective amount of a salt or solvate, thereof, may be determined as a proportion of the effective amount of the compound of Formula (I) per se.
• a dosage for humans preferably contains 0.0001-25 mg of a compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof per kg body weight.
• the desired dose may be presented as one dose or as multiple subdoses administered at appropriate intervals throughout the day, or, in case of female recipients, as doses to be administered at appropriate daily intervals throughout the menstrual cycle.
• the dosage as well as the regimen of administration may differ between a female and a male recipient.
• the present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in admixture with pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliaries and optionally other therapeutic agents.
• the auxiliaries must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the composition and not deleterious to the recipients thereof.
• the invention further includes a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof in combination with at least one other therapeutically active agent.
• Combination therapies according to the present invention thus comprise the administration of at least one compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a physiologically functional derivative thereof, and the use of at least one other pharmaceutically active agent.
• the compound(s) of Formula (I) and the other pharmaceutically active agent(s) may be administered together or separately and, when administered separately this may occur simultaneously or sequentially in any order.
• the amounts of the compound(s) of Formula (I) and the other pharmaceutically active agent(s) and the relative timings of administration will be selected in order to achieve the desired combined therapeutic effect.
• a compound of Formula I may be combined with one or more other active agents such as: (1) TNF- ⁇ inhibitors such as infliximab (Remicade®), etanercept (Enbrel®), adalimumab (Humira®), certolizumab pegol (Cimzia®), and golimumab (Simponi®); (2) non-selective COX-I/COX-2 inhibitors (such as piroxicam, diclofenac, propionic acids such as naproxen, flubiprofen, fenoprofen, ketoprofen and ibuprofen, fenamates such as mefenamic acid, indomethacin, sulindac, etodolac, azapropazone, pyrazolones such as phen
• the present invention also provides for “triple combination” therapy, comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof together with beta 2 -adrenoreceptor agonist and an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid.
• this combination is for treatment and/or prophylaxis of asthma, COPD or allergic rhinitis.
• the beta 2 -adrenoreceptor agonist and/or the anti-inflammatory corticosteroid can be as described above and/or as described in WO 03/030939 A1.
• triple a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with the components of Advair® (salmeterol xinafoate and fluticasone propionate), Symbicort® (budesonide and formoterol fumarate), or Dulera® (mometasone furoate and formoterol).
• Advair® simeterol xinafoate and fluticasone propionate
• Symbicort® budesonide and formoterol fumarate
• Dulera® mitasone furoate and formoterol
• a compound of Formula I may be combined with one or more of an anticancer agents.
• an anticancer agents can be found in Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology by V. T. Devita and S. Hellman (editors), 6 th edition (Feb. 15, 2001), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers. A person of ordinary skill in the art would be able to discern which combinations of agents would be useful based on the particular characteristics of the drugs and the cancer involved.
• Such anti-cancer agents include, but are not limited to, the following: (1) estrogen receptor modulator such as diethylstibestral, tamoxifen, raloxifene, idoxifene, LY353381, LY117081, toremifene, fluoxymestero, and SH646; (2) other hormonal agents including aromatase inhibitors (e.g., aminoglutethimide, tetrazole anastrozole, letrozole and exemestane), luteinizing hormone release hormone (LHRH) analogues, ketoconazole, goserelin acetate, leuprolide, megestrol acetate and mifepristone; (3) androgen receptor up modulator such as finasteride and other 5 ⁇ -reductase inhibitors, nilutamide, flutamide, bicalutamide, liarozole, and abiraterone acetate; (4) retinoid receptor modulator such as
• inhibitors of inherent multidrug resistance including inhibitors of p-glycoprotein (P-gp), such as LY335979, XR9576, OC144-093, R101922, VX853 and PSC833 (valspodar); (10) inhibitor of cell proliferation and survival signaling such as inhibitors of EGFR (for example gefitinib and erlotinib), inhibitors of ERB-2 (for example trastuzumab), inhibitors of IGF 1R such as MK-0646 (dalotuzumab), inhibitors of CD20 (rituximab), inhibitors of cytokine receptors, inhibitors of MET, inhibitors of PI3K family kinase (for example LY294002), serine/threonine kinases (including but not limited to inhibitors of Akt such as described in (WO 03/086404, WO 03/086403, WO 03/086394, WO 03/08
• Cytotoxic/cytostatic agents refer to compounds which cause cell death or inhibit cell proliferation primarily by interfering directly with the cell's functioning or inhibit or interfere with cell mytosis, including alkylating agents, tumor necrosis factors, intercalators, hypoxia activatable compounds, microtubule inhibitors/microtubule-stabilizing agents, inhibitors of mitotic kinesins, inhibitors of histone deacetylase, inhibitors of kinases involved in mitotic progression, antimetabolites; biological response modifiers; hormonal/anti-hormonal therapeutic agents, haematopoietic growth factors, monoclonal antibody targeted therapeutic agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors and ubiquitin ligase inhibitors.
• cytotoxic agents include, but are not limited to, sertenef, cachectin, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, melphalan, uracil mustard, thiotepa, busulfan, carmustine, lomustine, streptozocin, tasonermin, lonidamine, carboplatin, altretamine, dacarbazine, procarbazine, prednimustine, dibromodulcitol, ranimustine, fotemustine, nedaplatin, oxaliplatin, temozolomide, heptaplatin, estramustine, improsulfan tosilate, trofosfamide, nimustine, dibrospidium chloride, pumitepa, lobaplatin, satraplatin, profiromycin, cisplatin, irofulven, dexifos
• hypoxia activatable compound is tirapazamine.
• proteasome inhibitors include but are not limited to lactacystin and bortezomib.
• microtubule inhibitors/microtubule-stabilising agents include vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, vinzolidine, vinorelbine, vindesine sulfate, 3′,4′-didehydro-4′-deoxy-8′-norvincaleukoblastine, podophyllotoxins (e.g., etoposide (VP-16) and teniposide (VM-26)), paclitaxel, docetaxol, rhizoxin, dolastatin, mivobulin isethionate, auristatin, cemadotin, RPR109881, BMS184476, vinflunine, cryptophycin, anhydrovinblastine, N,N-dimethyl-L-valyl-L-valyl-N-methyl-L-valyl-L-prolyl-L-proline-t-butylamide, TDX258, the epothilones (see for example U.S. Pat
• topoisomerase inhibitors are topotecan, hycaptamine, irinotecan, rubitecan, 6-ethoxypropionyl-3′,4′-O-exo-benzylidene-chartreusin, lurtotecan, 7-[2-(N-isopropylamino)ethyl]-(20S)camptothecin, BNP1350, BNPI1100, BN80915, BN80942, etoposide phosphate, teniposide, sobuzoxane, 2′-dimethylamino-2′-deoxy-etoposide, GL331, N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-9-hydroxy-5,6-dimethyl-6H-pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole-1-carboxamide, asulacrine, 2,3-(methylenedioxy)-5-methyl-7-hydroxy-8-methoxybenzo[c]-phenanth
• inhibitors of mitotic kinesins include, but are not limited to inhibitors of KSP, inhibitors of MKLP1, inhibitors of CENP-E, inhibitors of MCAK, inhibitors of Kif14, inhibitors of Mphosph1 and inhibitors of Rab6-KIFL.
• histone deacetylase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, vorinostat, trichostatin A, oxamflatin, PXD101, MG98, valproic acid and scriptaid.
• “Inhibitors of kinases involved in mitotic progression” include, but are not limited to, inhibitors of aurora kinase, inhibitors of Polo-like kinases (PLK; in particular inhibitors of PLK-1), inhibitors of bub-1 and inhibitors of bub-R1.
• PLK Polo-like kinases
• An example of an “aurora kinase inhibitor” is VX-680.
• Antiproliferative agents includes antisense RNA and DNA oligonucleotides such as G3139, ODN698, RVASKRAS, GEM231, and INX3001, and antimetabolites such as enocitabine, carmofur, tegafur, pentostatin, doxifluridine, trimetrexate, fludarabine, capecitabine, galocitabine, cytarabine ocfosfate, fosteabine sodium hydrate, raltitrexed, paltitrexid, emitefur, tiazofurin, decitabine, nolatrexed, pemetrexed, nelzarabine, 2′-deoxy-2′-methylidenecytidine, 2′-fluoromethylene-2′-deoxycytidine, N6-[4-deoxy-4-[N2-[2,4-tetradecadienoyl]glycylamino]-L-glycero-
• Non-limiting examples of suitable agents used in cancer therapy include, but are not limited to, abarelix; aldesleukin; alemtuzumab; alitretinoin; allopurinol; altretamine; amifostine; anastrozole; arsenic trioxide; asparaginase; azacitidine; bendamustine; bevacuzimab; bexarotene; bleomycin; bortezomib; busulfan; calusterone; capecitabine; carboplatin; carmustine; cetuximab; chlorambucil; cisplatin; cladribine; clofarabine; cyclophosphamide; cytarabine; dacarbazine; dactinomycin, actinomycin D; dalteparin; darbepoetin alfa; dasatinib; daunorubicin; degarelix; den
• the other therapeutic ingredient(s) may be used in the form of salts, for example as alkali metal or amine salts or as acid addition salts, or prodrugs, or as esters, for example lower alkyl esters, or as solvates, for example hydrates, to optimise the activity and/or stability and/or physical characteristics, such as solubility, of the therapeutic ingredient. It will be clear also that, where appropriate, the therapeutic ingredients may be used in optically pure form.
• compositions comprising a combination as defined above together with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier represent a further aspect of the invention.
• These combinations are of particular interest in respiratory diseases and are conveniently adapted for inhaled or intranasal delivery.
• the individual compounds of such combinations may be administered either sequentially or simultaneously in separate or combined pharmaceutical compositions.
• the individual compounds will be administered simultaneously in a combined pharmaceutical composition.
• Appropriate doses of known therapeutic agents will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art.
• the 8-amino-imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine, 4-amino-imidazo[1,5-f][1,2,4]triazine, 4-amino-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine and 4-amino-pyrrolo[1,2-f][1,2,4]triazine derivatives of the present invention can be prepared by methods well known in the art of organic chemistry. See, for example, J. March, ‘ Advanced Organic Chemistry’ 4 th Edition, John Wiley and Sons. During these synthetic sequences, it may be necessary and/or desirable to protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of the molecules concerned. This is achieved by means of conventional protecting groups, such as those described in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wutts ‘ Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis’ 3 rd Edition, John to Wiley and Sons, 1999. The protective groups are optionally removed at a convenient subsequent stage using methods well known in the art.
• the products of the reactions are optionally isolated and purified, if desired, using conventional techniques including, but not limited to, filtration, distillation, crystallization, chromatography, and the like. Such materials are optionally characterized using conventional means, including physical constants and spectral data.
• Reduction of 3-chloropyrazine-2-carbonitrile (II) can be accomplished by hydrogenation in the presence of a suitable catalyst system and solvent, for example Raney-Nickel ethanol to provide (3-chloropyrazin-2-yl)methanamine (III). This can then be reacted with the bicyclic carboxylic acid (IV).
• a suitable catalyst system and solvent for example Raney-Nickel ethanol
• the reaction of IV can be carried out in a solvent such as DMF, THF or DCM in the presence of a base such as DIPEA, N-methylmorpholine, 4-DMAP or triethylamine and in the presence of a coupling reagent such as PyBOP, TBTU, EDCI or HATU to form N-((3-chloropyrazin-2-yl)methyl)amide (V).
• a coupling reagent such as PyBOP, TBTU, EDCI or HATU
• Cyclisation chloropyrazine (V) can be performed using condensation reagents like phosphorousoxychloride under heating conditions to provide the 8-chloroimidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine derivatives VI.
• bromination can be accomplished using bromine or N-bromosuccinimide in a suitable solvent like DCM or DMF at appropriate temperature to obtain compounds of formula VII.
• 8-Aminoimidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine derivatives (VIII) can be prepared from compounds of formula VII using ammonia (gas) in isopropanol at elevated temperature in a pressure vessel (>4 atm).
• Compounds of formula I can be prepared from compounds of formula VIII using an appropriate boronic acid or pinacol ester (IX), in the presence of a suitable palladium catalyst system, for example bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene palladium(II)chloride complex or tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) in the presence of an inorganic base like potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate or potassium phosphate in a suitable solvent system like combinations of dioxane and water.
• a suitable palladium catalyst system for example bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene palladium(II)chloride complex or tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) in the presence of an inorganic base like potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate or potassium phosphate in a suitable solvent system like combinations of dioxane and water.
• Palladium catalysts and conditions to form either the pinacol esters or to couple the boronic acids or pinacol esters with the 1-bromoimidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-8-amine are well known to the skilled organic chemist—see, for example, Ei-ichi Negishi (Editor), Armin de Meijere (Associate Editor), Handbook of Organopalladium Chemistry for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, 2002.
• the bicyclic carboxylic compounds like IV can be readily prepared using methods well known to the skilled organic chemist, illustrated in schemes.
• the intermediate 2 was converted to hydroxymethylpyridine-5-carboxylate 5; and then the hydroxyl can be alkylated by ethyl 2-bromoacetate to compound under sodium hydride as base in THF to provide compound 9.
• the methyl ester was hydrolyzed to acid 11.
• Scheme IV shows the preparation of bicyclic acid 15.
• the common starting material 1 was bromoated using NBS to benzylic bromide 12.
• the benzylic bromide was used to alkylate methyl N-Cbz-glycineester to 13.
• the pyridine was reduced using the same condition, followed by lactam formation to 14 and hydrolysis of ester to acid 15.
• the bicyclic acid 19 was prepared using the synthetic scheme V.
• the common starting material 1 reacted with ethyl oxazylate in acetic anhydride with heating to provide the 1,2-unsaturated ester 16.
• Hydrogenation using palladium hydroxide on carbon as catalyst in acetic acid reduces the pyridine to piperidine 17.
• base such as triethyl amine in methanol
• the lactam 18 was formed.
• the methyl ester is hydrolyzed by treatment with sodium methoxide in methanol to trans bicyclic acid 19.
• Scheme VI illustrates the preparation of bicyclic acid 24. Niggishi coupling of methyl 6-bromonicotinate 20 with (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutyl)zinc(II) bromide catalyzed with palladium provides compound 21. The pyridine ring is then reduced using sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid to 22, followed by ring closure by heating in toluene to lactam 23. Hydrolysis of the ester provided 24. Substituted bicyclic acid 19 and 24 are prepared in the similar ways described in Schemes V and VI.
• the present invention also includes within its scope all stereoisomeric forms of the Btk inhibitor compounds according to the present invention resulting, for example, because of configurational or geometrical isomerism.
• stereoisomeric forms are enantiomers, diastereoisomers, cis and trans isomers etc.
• azepane-2-carboxylic acid is used as amino acid
• the present invention includes the aforementioned stereoisomers substantially free, i.e., associated with less than 5%, preferably less than 2% and in particular less than 1% of the other stereoisomer. Mixtures of stereoisomers in any proportion, for example a racemic mixture comprising substantially equal amounts of two enantiomers are also included within the scope of the present invention.
• chiral compounds For chiral compounds, methods for asymmetric synthesis whereby the pure stereoisomers are obtained are well known in the art, e.g. synthesis with chiral induction, synthesis starting from chiral intermediates, enantioselective enzymatic conversions, separation of stereoisomers using chromatography on chiral media. Such methods are described in Chirality in Industry (edited by A. N. Collins, G. N. Sheldrake and J. Crosby, 1992; John Wiley). Likewise methods for synthesis of geometrical isomers are also well known in the art.
• the Btk inhibitor compounds of the present invention which can be in the form of a free base, may be isolated from the reaction mixture in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts may also be obtained by treating the free base of Formula I with an organic or inorganic acid such as hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen iodide, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, methanesulphonic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, and ascorbic acid.
• an organic or inorganic acid such as hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen iodide, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, methanesulphonic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, and ascorbic acid.
• the Btk inhibitor compounds of the present invention may also exist as amorphous solids. Multiple crystalline forms are also possible. All the physical forms are included within the scope of the present invention.
• solvates Preparation of solvates is generally known.
• M. Caira et al, J. Pharmaceutical Sci., 93(3), 601-611 (2004) describe the preparation of the solvates of the antifungal fluconazole in ethyl acetate as well as from water.
• Similar preparations of solvates, hemisolvate, hydrates and the like are described by E. C. van Tonder et al, AAPS PharmSciTech., 5(1), article 12 (2004); and A. L. Bingham et al, Chem. Commun. 603-604 (2001).
• a typical, non-limiting, process involves dissolving the inventive compound in desired amounts of the desired solvent (organic or water or mixtures thereof) at a higher than ambient temperature, and cooling the solution at a rate sufficient to form crystals which are then isolated by standard methods.
• Analytical techniques such as, for example IR spectroscopy, show the presence of the solvent (or water) in the crystals as a solvate (or hydrate).
• Mass Spectrometry Electron Spray spectra were recorded on the Applied Biosystems API-165 single quad mass spectrometer in alternating positive and negative ion mode using Flow Injection. The mass range was 120-2000 Da. and scanned with a step rate of 0.2 Da. and the capillary voltage was set to 5000 V. N 2 gas was used for nebulisation.
• Method A LC-MS Column Agilent TC-C18, 50 ⁇ 2.1 mm, 5 ⁇ m A: H 2 O (0.1% TFA) Mobile Phase B: MeCN (0.05% TFA) Stop Time: 4.5 min Time (min) B % 0 1 0.4 1 3.4 90 3.9 100 Gradient 3.91 1 Sample injection volume 2 ⁇ l Flow Rate 0.8 ml/min Wavelength 220 nm Oven Tem. 50° C. MS polarity ESI POS
• solvent A H 2 O-0.1% TFA
• solvent B MeCN-0.1% TFA
• Method D LC-MS Mobile Phase: 0.1% TFA in MeCN and 0.1% TFA in Water
• Column Heater 50° C.
• Preparative HPLC was conducted on a column (50 ⁇ 10 mm ID, 5 ⁇ m, Xterra Prep MS C18) at a flow rate of 5 ml/min, injection volume 500 at room temperature and UV Detection at 210 nm.
• trans-1-benzyl 3-methyl 6-(acetoxymethyl)piperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate 8.8 g, 25.2 mmol
• MeOH 88 mL
• HCl 2.2 ml, 12M
• the resulting solution was stirred at reflux overnight and cooled to rt. After removal of solvent in vacuo, the residue was purified by chromatography to give 4.3 g of trans-1-benzyl 3-methyl 6-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate.
• trans-1-benzyl 3-methyl 6-(acetoxymethyl)piperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate 8.8 g, 25.2 mmol
• MeOH 88 ml
• HCl 2.2 ml, 12M
• the is resulting solution was stirred at reflux overnight. After this cooled to r.t and removal of the solvent in vacuo, the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel to give 4.3 g of trans-1-benzyl 3-methyl 6-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate.
• Methyl 6-(3-ethoxy-3-oxopropyl)piperidine-3-carboxylate (103.5 g, 0.425 mol) was refluxed in a mixture of TEA (100 ml, 0717 mol) and MeOH (500 ml) for 18 h and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silicagel chromatography (eluent: 3% 2N NH 3 in MeOH/DCM) to afford a mixture of cis/trans isomers methyl 3-oxooctahydroindolizine-6-carboxylate (94 g, 4/1 ratio). LCMS data: Ret. time 1.07 min; m/z 198 (M+H) + .
• HATU (15.91 g, 41.8 mmol) was added to a stirred, cooled 0° C. mixture of (6R,8aS)-3-oxooctahydroindolizine-6-carboxylic acid (7.3 g, 39.8 mmol), (3-chloropyrazin-2-yl)methanamine hydrochloride (7.89 g, 43.8 mmol) and DIPEA (10.44 ml, 59.8 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (25 ml) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. and then concentrated.
• NBS (6R,8aS)-6-(8-chloroimidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)hexahydroindolizin-3(2H)-one (1.9981 g, 6.87 mmol) in acetonitrile (25 ml) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO 3 , extracted with DCM, dried and concentrated in vacuo.
• N1,N1,N8,N8-tetramethylnaphthalene-1,8-diamine (3.66 g, 17.08 mmol) and Me 3 OBF 4 (2.52 g, 17.08 mmol) was added to a solution of (3S,6R)-1-benzyl 3-methyl 6-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate (1.75 g, 5.69 mmol) in dichloromethane (18 mL) at room temperature.
• the aqueous layer was acidified to pH 2 with 2M HCl and lyophilized to afford the crude trans-4-oxooctahydropyrido[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine-7-carboxylic acid (2.2 g, 92.4% yield), which was used in next step without purification.
• reaction mixture was poured into an ice-water mixture, neutralized with powdered sodium bicarbonate and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated under vacuum to give a crude product.
• N-bromosuccinimide (0.26 g, 1.43 mmol) was added to a solution of trans-7-(8-chloroimidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)hexahydropyrido[2,1-c][1,4]oxazin-4(3H)-one (0.40 g, 1.30 mmol) in dimethylformamide (4 mL) and stirred at 25° C. for 2 h under a stream of nitrogen. The reaction was quenched with aqueous NaHCO 3 (40 mL), and extracted with EA (20 mL ⁇ 3). The combined organic phase was washed with water (10 mL*5), followed by brine (10 mL).
• N-bromosuccinimide (146 mg, 0.82 mmol) was added to a solution of benzyl 7-(8-chloroimidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)-4-oxohexahydro-1H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrazine-2(6H)-carboxylate (300 mg, 0.68 mmol) in DMF (6 mL) and stirred at 25° C. for 2 h under N 2 . The reaction was quenched with NaHCO 3 and H 2 O, and extracted with EA (20 mL*3).
• N-bromosuccinimide (265.5 mg, 1.5 mmol) was added to a solution of (trans)-7-(8-chloroimidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)hexahydro-1H-quinolizin-4(6H)-one (380 mg, 1.25 mmol) in DMF (8 mL) and stirred at 25° C. for 2 h under a stream of N 2 .
• the reaction was partitioned with H 2 O (35 mL) and EA (10 mL*3).
• N-chlorosuccinimide (1.906 g, 14.28 mmol) was added to a stirred mixture of (6R,8aS)-6-(8-amino-1-bromoimidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)hexahydroindolizin-3(2H)-one (Intermediate 6, 5 g, 14.28 mmol) in acetic acid (50 mL) and the mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 1 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated.
• reaction mixture was evaporated, dissolved with DCM (0.5 mL), and added to a solution of (3-chloropyrazin-2-yl)methanamine hydrochloride (56.1 mg, 0.31 mmol), and triethylamine (0.079 mL, 0.57 mmol) in DCM (1 mL), at 0° C. under N2 atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred for 12 hrs at 15° C. Then the mixture was diluted with DCM (5 mL), and H 2 O (5 mL).
• the reaction was quenched by i-PrOH (20 mL) and stirred for another 60 mins.
• Step 4 (6R,8aS)—N-((3-chloropyrazin-2-yl)methyl)-1,1-dimethyl-3-oxohexahydro-1H-oxazolo[3,4-a]pyridine-6-carboxamide
• Step 5 (6R,8aS)-6-(8-chloroimidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)-1,1-dimethyltetrahydro-1H-oxazolo[3,4-a]pyridin-3(5H)-one
• Step 6 (6R,8aS)-6-(1-bromo-8-chloroimidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)-1,1-dimethyltetrahydro-1H-oxazolo[3,4-a]pyridin-3(5H)-one
• Step 7 (6R,8aS)-6-(8-amino-1-bromoimidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)-1,1-dimethyltetrahydro-1H-oxazolo[3,4-a]pyridin-3(5H)-one
• Step 1 (S)-1-((2S,5R)-5-(8-amino-1-bromoimidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)piperidin-2-yl)ethanol
• Step 2 1-bromo-3-((1S,6R,8aS)-3-imino-1-methylhexahydro-1H-oxazolo[3,4-a]pyridin-6-yl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-8-amine
• Step 1 (cis)-2-benzyl 7-methyl 4-oxohexahydro-1H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrazine-2,7(6H)-dicarboxylate
• Step 2 (cis)-2-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-4-oxooctahydro-1H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrazine-7-carboxylic acid
• Step 3 (cis)-2-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-4-oxooctahydro-1H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrazine-7-carboxylic acid
• Step 4 Cis-(7S,9aS)-benzyl7-(8-chloroimidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)-4-oxohexahydro-1H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrazine-2(6H)-carboxylate
• Step 5 Cis-(7S,9aS)-benzyl7-(1-bromo-8-chloroimidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)-4-oxohexahydro-1H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrazine-2(6H)-carboxylate
• N-bromosuccinimide (86.91 mg, 0.49 mmol) was added to a solution of racemic-(7S,9aS)-benzyl7-(8-chloroimidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)-4-oxohexahydro-1H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrazine-2(6H)-carboxylate (180 mg, 0.409 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was stirred at 25° C. for 1.5 h under N2. The reaction was partitioned with H 2 O (30 mL) and EA (10 mL ⁇ 3).
• Step 6 Cis-(7S,9aS)-benzyl7-(8-amino-1-bromoimidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)-4-oxohexahydro-1H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrazine-2(6H)-carboxylate
• 1 H NMR 400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d
• ⁇ 7.44-7.31 (m, 5H), 5.47 (br.
• Step 1 (6R,8aS)-6-(8-amino-1-bromo-5-fluoro-6-methoxy-5,6-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)hexahydroindolizin-3(2H)-one

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• 2014
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