US1738565A - Method and apparatus for utilizing high-frequency sound waves - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for utilizing high-frequency sound waves Download PDF

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US1738565A
US1738565A US206443A US20644327A US1738565A US 1738565 A US1738565 A US 1738565A US 206443 A US206443 A US 206443A US 20644327 A US20644327 A US 20644327A US 1738565 A US1738565 A US 1738565A
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waves
sound waves
high frequency
mixture
liquid
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US206443A
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Claypoole Walter
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Texaco Inc
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Texaco Inc
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F31/00—Mixers with shaking, oscillating, or vibrating mechanisms
    • B01F31/80—Mixing by means of high-frequency vibrations above one kHz, e.g. ultrasonic vibrations
    • B01F31/84—Mixing by means of high-frequency vibrations above one kHz, e.g. ultrasonic vibrations for material continuously moving through a tube, e.g. by deforming the tube
    • B01F31/841—Mixing by means of high-frequency vibrations above one kHz, e.g. ultrasonic vibrations for material continuously moving through a tube, e.g. by deforming the tube with a vibrating element inside the tube
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S451/00—Abrading
    • Y10S451/91—Ultrasonic
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S8/00—Bleaching and dyeing; fluid treatment and chemical modification of textiles and fibers
    • Y10S8/12—Wave energy treatment of textiles

Definitions

  • a primaryobject of the present invention is to provide a method and means for producing and applying high frequency sound waves of sufiicient intensity to enable their use in various ways to eiiect beneficial physical changes. It has been discovered that where high frequency waves of this kind are apphed to a mixture of liquids or of a liquid and a solid the mixture will be transformed into a permanent emulsion. Thus if a quantity of mercury is placed in a vessel containing water and the mixture is subjected to high frequency sound waves, which are preferably above the range of audibility and which are 16 of sufficient intensit the mercury will. be finelydivided and tributed through the water in the form of a permanent colloidal solution. Similarly if parafline is placed on water and subjected to waves of this character it will be distributed in such a way as to form a permanent emulsion.
  • the invention contemplates a con tinuous process whereby the liquid or mixture in the course of flowing through a portion of the apparatus will be subjected to the influence of the emitted waves as a result of which a permanent emulsion will be formed.
  • the invention may also be utilized for the purpose of cracking or converting higher boiling oils into lower boiling oils. It is contemplated that suflicient ener may be employed in maintaining the igh frequency waves to brin about the necessary breaking up of the molecular structure for this purose. Vv'ith these and other incidental obects in view one form of the inventionmay now be particularly described with reference to the accompanying drawing which forms a part hereof.
  • the single view illustrates diagrammatically means for generating high frequency sound waves and for applying them to a com tinuous stream of liquid to be emulsified.
  • a vacuum tube 1 which may be taken as the source of the continuous series of high frequency electrical wayes which preferably have a frequency considerably above the range of audibility for sound waves.
  • a piezo electric crystal 2 is preferably inserted in the grid circuit of the vacuum tube for the purpose of establishing a fixed frequency which, as is well known, will be substantially the same as the 85 natural or resonant frequency of the crystal itself.
  • the usual form of oscillating circuit may be adopted and may comprise, as shown, an inductance 3 and a variable condenser 4 arranged in parallel in the plate circuit which is supplied by a suitable source of current such as the battery designated 5.
  • the plate circuit is suitably connected to the termlnals 6 of a high power amplifier 7 of any desired and satisfactory construction.
  • a capacity 8 althou h this is not essential and may be omitted if desired.
  • the filament of the vacuum tube may, as shown, be heated by current from a battery 9.
  • the electrical waves hav- may be made of any suitable material, such as quartz, and base natural or resonant frequency substantially the same as that of the crystals 2.
  • the efiect of the alternating electric stress acting on the crystal 11 is to set the latter into vibration and when the natural or resonant frequency of the crystal is substantially the same as the frequency of the electrical waves imposed upon it the vibrations will be of considerably greater magnitude than if these frequencies were materially different.
  • These vibrations of the crystal 11 will, therefore, set up high frequency sound waves in the surrounding medium, which waves will preferably be of such frequency as to be out of the range of audibility.
  • the crystal ll may be inserted in an enlarged ortion 12 of a tube 13.
  • the construction is preferably such that the area of cross section of the open passage surrounding the crystal will be substantially the same as the area of a cross section through a normal portion of the tube.
  • the liquid or mixture to be treated and which will preferably have been agitated sufliciently to create a temporary suspension of the sulphur particles' may enter at the end 14: of the tube and flow in the direction indicated by the arrow through the large portion 12 and to the opposite end 15 into a container.
  • the sulphur before being mixed with the oil will preferably be heated to a certain extent. This heating may be to the extent of introducing it in liquid form or even in vapor form in which case flowers of sulphur will be formed.
  • the liquid mixture Upon passing the crystal 11 the liquid mixture will be subjected to the effects of the constantly emitted high frequency sound waves with the result that -a permanent emulsion will be created of the liquids or liquid and solid entering the tube 14.
  • the rate of flow of the mixture through the tube 13 may be regulated in any suitable way so that it will be subjected to the influence of the sound waves for a sufiicient'period to insure complete emulsification. This may vary to a certain extent depending upon the nature of the constituents of the mixture.
  • the mixture may e partly or completely recycled or several crystals may be arranged in series so that the mixture will pass them successively.
  • An increase in volume "disclosed herein without departing of output may also be effected by arranging several tubes and crystals in parallel.
  • What-I claim is a 1.
  • a method of changing the physical characteristics of fluid bodies which comprises the generation of high frequency sound waves above the range of audibility in a restricted passage and continuously conducting a stream of fluid through said-passage.
  • a method of changing the physical characteristics of fluid bodies which comprises the generation of high frequency electrical waves, the conversion of'said electrical waves into sound waves above the range of audibility, and continuously passing a stream of fluid in proximity to the sound wave emitting source.
  • a method of creating a permanent emulsion which comprises the generation of high frequency electrical waves, the conversion of said waves into sound waves above the range of audibility, and the continuous passage in proximity to the source of said sound waves, of a mixture of constituents to be emulsified.
  • a method of creating a permanent emulsion which comprises the generation of high frequency electrical waves, the amplification of said electrical waves to high intensity, the conversion of said waves-into sound waves above the audible range, and the continuous passage in proximity to the source of said sound waves of a mixture of consituents to be emulsified.
  • apparatus for the production of physical effects upon fluid bodies means for setting up high frequency electrical waves, means for converting said electrical waves into sound waves, and means for conducting a fluid to be treated in proximity to the source of said sound waves.
  • 6.111 apparatus for the production of said means including a vacuum tube and an oscillating circuit, means for maintaining a fixed frequency in said circuit, means for converting said electrical waves into sound waves, said converting means includedin a piezo electric crystal having a natural requency substantially the same as that of the electrical waves, and means for conducting a fluid to be treated in proximity to the source of said sound waves.
  • apparatus for the production of physical effects upon fluid bodies means for setting up high frequency electrical waves, means for amplifying said waves, means for converting said amplified electrical waves into sound waves, and means for conducting a fluid to be treated in proximity to the source of said sound waves.
  • apparatus for creating a permanent emulsion means for producing high frequency sound waves above the range of audibility, and means for conducting a mixture to be emulsified in proximity to said sound wave emitting means.
  • a vibratory body located within the conduit and means for vibrating the body.
  • a vibratory body located within the conduit and means for vibrating the body at such high frequency as not to emit audible sound waves.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Physical Water Treatments (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)

Description

Dec. 10, 1929. w. CLAYPOOLE 1,738,565
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR UTILIZING HIGH FREQUENCY SOUND WAVES Filed July 18, 1927 1M Walter Clay od Patented Dec. 10, 1929 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE- WALTEB CLAYYOOLE, OF FOREST HILLS, NEW YORK, ASSIGNOR TO Tfifi TEXAS COH- V PANY, OF NEW YORK, N. Y., A CORPORATION OF DELAWARE mnon AND APPARATUS FOR UTILIZING HIGH-FEEQUENCY SOUND WAVES Application filed July 18,
A primaryobject of the present invention is to provide a method and means for producing and applying high frequency sound waves of sufiicient intensity to enable their use in various ways to eiiect beneficial physical changes. It has been discovered that where high frequency waves of this kind are apphed to a mixture of liquids or of a liquid and a solid the mixture will be transformed into a permanent emulsion. Thus if a quantity of mercury is placed in a vessel containing water and the mixture is subjected to high frequency sound waves, which are preferably above the range of audibility and which are 16 of sufficient intensit the mercury will. be finelydivided and tributed through the water in the form of a permanent colloidal solution. Similarly if parafline is placed on water and subjected to waves of this character it will be distributed in such a way as to form a permanent emulsion.
One-special beneficial use to which this effect of high frequency waves may be put is in the production of a permanent emulsion of sulphur in cutting oils. A small quantity of sulphur has been found desirable in connection with oils of this character employed for machine tools and the like, but difficulties have been experienced in the past in the way of maintaining the sulphur content in permanent emulsion when the cans containing the mixture are stored for any length of time. The present invention, therefore, contemplates a method for producing permanent suspension of sulphur particles in a body of oil so that even after a considerable period of storage the oil will still be in a condition for its intended purposes.
In the application of sound waves for the purposes above specified difliculties have been encountered in the way of providing a commercially feasible process due to the relatively small body of liquid on which the waves could be made to take effect. The peculiar properties of the waves have been found to e sufiiciently effective only within a relatively small distance from the source from which the waves are emitted. 'An important feature of the present invention, therefore, has been to create a method as well as an 1927. Serial No. 206,443.
apparatus for dealing with larger bodies of liquid without necessitating the use of a large number of sound wave emitting sources. To this end the invention contemplates a con tinuous process whereby the liquid or mixture in the course of flowing through a portion of the apparatus will be subjected to the influence of the emitted waves as a result of which a permanent emulsion will be formed. The invention may also be utilized for the purpose of cracking or converting higher boiling oils into lower boiling oils. It is contemplated that suflicient ener may be employed in maintaining the igh frequency waves to brin about the necessary breaking up of the molecular structure for this purose. Vv'ith these and other incidental obects in view one form of the inventionmay now be particularly described with reference to the accompanying drawing which forms a part hereof.
The single view illustrates diagrammatically means for generating high frequency sound waves and for applying them to a com tinuous stream of liquid to be emulsified. In the drawing there is disclosed a vacuum tube 1 which may be taken as the source of the continuous series of high frequency electrical wayes which preferably have a frequency considerably above the range of audibility for sound waves. A piezo electric crystal 2 is preferably inserted in the grid circuit of the vacuum tube for the purpose of establishing a fixed frequency which, as is well known, will be substantially the same as the 85 natural or resonant frequency of the crystal itself. The usual form of oscillating circuit may be adopted and may comprise, as shown, an inductance 3 and a variable condenser 4 arranged in parallel in the plate circuit which is supplied by a suitable source of current such as the battery designated 5. The plate circuit is suitably connected to the termlnals 6 of a high power amplifier 7 of any desired and satisfactory construction. In parallel with the platecircuit there may preferably be provided a capacity 8, althou h this is not essential and may be omitted if desired. The filament of the vacuum tube may, as shown, be heated by current from a battery 9.
In the amplifier 7 the electrical waves hav- ,may be made of any suitable material, such as quartz, and base natural or resonant frequency substantially the same as that of the crystals 2. As is well known the efiect of the alternating electric stress acting on the crystal 11 is to set the latter into vibration and when the natural or resonant frequency of the crystal is substantially the same as the frequency of the electrical waves imposed upon it the vibrations will be of considerably greater magnitude than if these frequencies were materially different. These vibrations of the crystal 11 will, therefore, set up high frequency sound waves in the surrounding medium, which waves will preferably be of such frequency as to be out of the range of audibility. Borrthe purpose of treating a liquid in the manner hereinbefore specified, the crystal llmay be inserted in an enlarged ortion 12 of a tube 13. The construction is preferably such that the area of cross section of the open passage surrounding the crystal will be substantially the same as the area of a cross section through a normal portion of the tube.
In operation the liquid or mixture to be treated and which will preferably have been agitated sufliciently to create a temporary suspension of the sulphur particles'may enter at the end 14: of the tube and flow in the direction indicated by the arrow through the large portion 12 and to the opposite end 15 into a container.- The sulphur before being mixed with the oil will preferably be heated to a certain extent. This heating may be to the extent of introducing it in liquid form or even in vapor form in which case flowers of sulphur will be formed. Upon passing the crystal 11 the liquid mixture will be subjected to the effects of the constantly emitted high frequency sound waves with the result that -a permanent emulsion will be created of the liquids or liquid and solid entering the tube 14.
The rate of flow of the mixture through the tube 13 may be regulated in any suitable way so that it will be subjected to the influence of the sound waves for a sufiicient'period to insure complete emulsification. This may vary to a certain extent depending upon the nature of the constituents of the mixture. In
order to permit a greater eed of flow past the crystal the mixture may e partly or completely recycled or several crystals may be arranged in series so that the mixture will pass them successively. An increase in volume "disclosed herein without departing of output may also be effected by arranging several tubes and crystals in parallel.
It will be understood that many modifications may be made in the form of a paratus 'om the spirit'of the present invention'a nd that the novel method of treating liquids is not limited to the particular use which has been explained. The invention will be found to be of considerable utility in all eases where it is desired to create a permanent suspension of solid or liquid-particles in a body of liquid. The invention may also be utilized in the performance of other physical elfects upon bodies of liquid such as may be brought about by the verted into lower boiling oils. The invention is to be understood as limited only by the scope of the claims which follow.
What-I claim is a 1. A method of changing the physical characteristics of fluid bodies which comprises the generation of high frequency sound waves above the range of audibility in a restricted passage and continuously conducting a stream of fluid through said-passage.
2. A method of changing the physical characteristics of fluid bodies. which comprises the generation of high frequency electrical waves, the conversion of'said electrical waves into sound waves above the range of audibility, and continuously passing a stream of fluid in proximity to the sound wave emitting source. a
3. A method of creating a permanent emulsion which comprises the generation of high frequency electrical waves, the conversion of said waves into sound waves above the range of audibility, and the continuous passage in proximity to the source of said sound waves, of a mixture of constituents to be emulsified.
4. A method of creating a permanent emulsion which comprises the generation of high frequency electrical waves, the amplification of said electrical waves to high intensity, the conversion of said waves-into sound waves above the audible range, and the continuous passage in proximity to the source of said sound waves of a mixture of consituents to be emulsified.
5. In apparatus for the production of physical effects upon fluid bodies means for setting up high frequency electrical waves, means for converting said electrical waves into sound waves, and means for conducting a fluid to be treated in proximity to the source of said sound waves.
6.111 apparatus for the production of said means including a vacuum tube and an oscillating circuit, means for maintaining a fixed frequency in said circuit, means for converting said electrical waves into sound waves, said converting means includin a piezo electric crystal having a natural requency substantially the same as that of the electrical waves, and means for conducting a fluid to be treated in proximity to the source of said sound waves.
7. In apparatus for the production of physical effects upon fluid bodies means for setting up high frequency electrical waves, means for amplifying said waves, means for converting said amplified electrical waves into sound waves, and means for conducting a fluid to be treated in proximity to the source of said sound waves.
8. In apparatus for creating a permanent emulsion means for producing high frequency sound waves above the range of audibility, and means for conducting a mixture to be emulsified in proximity to said sound wave emitting means.
5 9. In an emulsifying device a fluid conduit, a vibratory body located within the conduit and means for vibrating the body.
10. In an emulsifying device a fluid conduit, a vibratory body located Within the conduit and means for vibrating the body at such high frequency as not to emit audible sound waves.
11. The method of treating fluids which comprises passing them in a stream through a restricted passage and subjecting said stream in transit to high frequency vibrations above the audible limit.
In witness whereof I have hereutno set my hand this 9th day of July, 1927.
. WALTER OLAYPOOLE.
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Cited By (31)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2437456A (en) * 1941-05-14 1948-03-09 Calpat Corp Method of and apparatus for treating wells
US2448372A (en) * 1946-02-07 1948-08-31 Ultrasonic Corp Process of treatment by compression waves
US2522389A (en) * 1946-03-16 1950-09-12 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electric power source
US2558037A (en) * 1946-08-21 1951-06-26 American Viscose Corp Viscose production
US2578505A (en) * 1948-03-02 1951-12-11 Sperry Prod Inc Supersonic agitation
US2578377A (en) * 1947-06-24 1951-12-11 Sinclair Refining Co Catalytic conversion of hydrocarbons with finely divided catalysts utilizing sonic vibrations
US2578673A (en) * 1948-04-26 1951-12-18 Walton W Cushman Apparatus for pumping and sterilizing liquids
US2585103A (en) * 1948-03-08 1952-02-12 Otis A Brown Apparatus for ultrasonic treatment of liquids
US2595968A (en) * 1948-02-19 1952-05-06 Ball Ice Machine Co Manufacture of ice
US2598374A (en) * 1950-04-21 1952-05-27 Havens Process of treating tomato juice
US2616820A (en) * 1947-05-19 1952-11-04 Saint Gobain Vibratory cleansing of objects
US2637534A (en) * 1950-05-06 1953-05-05 Postans Ltd Method of obtaining the dispersion of a finely divided solid material in a liquid
US2637535A (en) * 1950-05-06 1953-05-05 Postans Ltd Process for manufacturing paints and colored plastics
US2714186A (en) * 1952-09-12 1955-07-26 Sorensen & Company Inc Variable frequency magnetostrictive transducer
US2769506A (en) * 1952-01-18 1956-11-06 Joe A Izen Apparatus for separating aerosols from gases
US2783760A (en) * 1953-12-29 1957-03-05 Franklin S Smith Destruction by shock waves of insect life in infested products
US2791403A (en) * 1953-10-30 1957-05-07 John L Hall Supersonic lubricant homogenizer
US2948879A (en) * 1955-04-27 1960-08-09 Jr Louis R Padberg High power short pulse transmitting apparatus
US2962695A (en) * 1955-05-13 1960-11-29 Harris Transducer Corp Resonant low-frequency transducer
US2968584A (en) * 1956-10-31 1961-01-17 Corning Glass Works Glass tube cleaning
US2980345A (en) * 1958-02-10 1961-04-18 Allis Chalmers Mfg Co Ultrasonic apparatus and methods of comminution
US2980123A (en) * 1955-11-14 1961-04-18 Jerome H Lemelson Ultrasonic apparatus
US3088831A (en) * 1960-08-25 1963-05-07 Crown Cork & Seal Co Air free packaging
US3249453A (en) * 1961-07-29 1966-05-03 Bayer Ag Ultrasonic preparation of finely dispersed dyestuff
US3373752A (en) * 1962-11-13 1968-03-19 Inoue Kiyoshi Method for the ultrasonic cleaning of surfaces
US3410532A (en) * 1965-10-24 1968-11-12 Albert G. Bodine Liquid treatment apparatus with sonic wave action
US4619406A (en) * 1976-12-22 1986-10-28 Can-Am Engineering Corporation Hydraulic system and method of improving the working properties thereof
US6083085A (en) * 1997-12-22 2000-07-04 Micron Technology, Inc. Method and apparatus for planarizing microelectronic substrates and conditioning planarizing media
US20040032793A1 (en) * 2002-08-14 2004-02-19 Roberto Falcon Mixing devices, systems and methods
US20060131440A1 (en) * 2004-12-02 2006-06-22 Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for dispersing small particles in a matrix
US20090040864A1 (en) * 2007-08-07 2009-02-12 International Business Machines Corporation Microfluid mixer, methods of use and methods of manufacture thereof

Cited By (37)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2437456A (en) * 1941-05-14 1948-03-09 Calpat Corp Method of and apparatus for treating wells
US2448372A (en) * 1946-02-07 1948-08-31 Ultrasonic Corp Process of treatment by compression waves
US2522389A (en) * 1946-03-16 1950-09-12 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electric power source
US2558037A (en) * 1946-08-21 1951-06-26 American Viscose Corp Viscose production
US2616820A (en) * 1947-05-19 1952-11-04 Saint Gobain Vibratory cleansing of objects
US2578377A (en) * 1947-06-24 1951-12-11 Sinclair Refining Co Catalytic conversion of hydrocarbons with finely divided catalysts utilizing sonic vibrations
US2595968A (en) * 1948-02-19 1952-05-06 Ball Ice Machine Co Manufacture of ice
US2578505A (en) * 1948-03-02 1951-12-11 Sperry Prod Inc Supersonic agitation
US2585103A (en) * 1948-03-08 1952-02-12 Otis A Brown Apparatus for ultrasonic treatment of liquids
US2578673A (en) * 1948-04-26 1951-12-18 Walton W Cushman Apparatus for pumping and sterilizing liquids
US2598374A (en) * 1950-04-21 1952-05-27 Havens Process of treating tomato juice
US2637534A (en) * 1950-05-06 1953-05-05 Postans Ltd Method of obtaining the dispersion of a finely divided solid material in a liquid
US2637535A (en) * 1950-05-06 1953-05-05 Postans Ltd Process for manufacturing paints and colored plastics
US2769506A (en) * 1952-01-18 1956-11-06 Joe A Izen Apparatus for separating aerosols from gases
US2714186A (en) * 1952-09-12 1955-07-26 Sorensen & Company Inc Variable frequency magnetostrictive transducer
US2791403A (en) * 1953-10-30 1957-05-07 John L Hall Supersonic lubricant homogenizer
US2783760A (en) * 1953-12-29 1957-03-05 Franklin S Smith Destruction by shock waves of insect life in infested products
US2948879A (en) * 1955-04-27 1960-08-09 Jr Louis R Padberg High power short pulse transmitting apparatus
US2962695A (en) * 1955-05-13 1960-11-29 Harris Transducer Corp Resonant low-frequency transducer
US2980123A (en) * 1955-11-14 1961-04-18 Jerome H Lemelson Ultrasonic apparatus
US2968584A (en) * 1956-10-31 1961-01-17 Corning Glass Works Glass tube cleaning
US2980345A (en) * 1958-02-10 1961-04-18 Allis Chalmers Mfg Co Ultrasonic apparatus and methods of comminution
US3088831A (en) * 1960-08-25 1963-05-07 Crown Cork & Seal Co Air free packaging
US3249453A (en) * 1961-07-29 1966-05-03 Bayer Ag Ultrasonic preparation of finely dispersed dyestuff
US3373752A (en) * 1962-11-13 1968-03-19 Inoue Kiyoshi Method for the ultrasonic cleaning of surfaces
US3410532A (en) * 1965-10-24 1968-11-12 Albert G. Bodine Liquid treatment apparatus with sonic wave action
US4619406A (en) * 1976-12-22 1986-10-28 Can-Am Engineering Corporation Hydraulic system and method of improving the working properties thereof
US6083085A (en) * 1997-12-22 2000-07-04 Micron Technology, Inc. Method and apparatus for planarizing microelectronic substrates and conditioning planarizing media
US6350691B1 (en) 1997-12-22 2002-02-26 Micron Technology, Inc. Method and apparatus for planarizing microelectronic substrates and conditioning planarizing media
US6354923B1 (en) 1997-12-22 2002-03-12 Micron Technology, Inc. Apparatus for planarizing microelectronic substrates and conditioning planarizing media
US20040032793A1 (en) * 2002-08-14 2004-02-19 Roberto Falcon Mixing devices, systems and methods
US6910797B2 (en) * 2002-08-14 2005-06-28 Hewlett-Packard Development, L.P. Mixing device having sequentially activatable circulators
US20060131440A1 (en) * 2004-12-02 2006-06-22 Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for dispersing small particles in a matrix
US20090040864A1 (en) * 2007-08-07 2009-02-12 International Business Machines Corporation Microfluid mixer, methods of use and methods of manufacture thereof
US8206025B2 (en) * 2007-08-07 2012-06-26 International Business Machines Corporation Microfluid mixer, methods of use and methods of manufacture thereof
US8517596B2 (en) 2007-08-07 2013-08-27 International Business Machines Corporation Using a microfluid mixer
US8585280B2 (en) 2007-08-07 2013-11-19 International Business Machines Corporation Manufacturing a microfluid mixer

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