TWI813691B - 包括具有部分反射內表面的光導光學元件的光學系統 - Google Patents
包括具有部分反射內表面的光導光學元件的光學系統 Download PDFInfo
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- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
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- G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
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Abstract
本發明提供一種光學系統,所述光學系統包括:光導光學元件(Light-guide Optical Element,LOE)(100),其具有一對平行主外表面(102,104);以及一組相互平行的反射器表面(106a,106b,106c),其在LOE內成斜角。反射器表面(106a,106b,106c)中的至少之一對於與法線成的60度以上的入射角具有高反射率並且對於與法線成的小於35度的入射角具有部分反射率。
Description
本發明涉及用於平視顯示器的光學系統,並且特別地涉及採用具有部分反射內表面的光導光學元件(LOE)的光學系統。
各種顯示器,特別是用於增強現實或虛擬實境的平視顯示器(HUD)和近眼顯示器,採用具有一對平行主外表面的光導光學元件(Light-guide Optical Element,LOE)來傳送在LOE內通過內反射傳播的准直圖像。圖像逐漸從LOE耦出,通常直接朝向眼睛或者進入將圖像傳送到眼睛的另一LOE。在一類這樣的裝置中,通過LOE內的相互平行的部分反射表面組實現了從LOE耦出圖像,其中,相對於LOE的主外表面傾斜地部署相互平行的部分反射表面組。通過一系列部分反射表面的逐漸耦出實現耦合進入LOE的光學孔徑的增加。
傳統LOE對作為入射角的函數的部分反射表面的反射率有嚴格的要求,通常要求圖像照明在某些角度範圍的高透射(接近完全透射),以及在相對於小平面(facet)的平面的其他角度處的部分反射。實際上,難以實現接近完全透射。在第1A圖和第1B圖中示意性地示出了一個典型示例,其中,具有平行主表面12和14的LOE 10包括部分反射表面16(在本文中也可互換地被稱為“小平面”)組。以對應於從輸入光學孔徑(未示出)中的給定位置生成的圖像的給定像素的角度,示例性光線如射線18通過主表面12和14處的內反射沿LOE傳播。
在典型的應用中,由射線18例示的圖像照明以比部分反射表面16與主表面12和14成的角度更陡的角度傳播。因此,每個照明射線18可以與給定小平面16相交若干次。例如,在第1A圖和第1B圖中,當 射線18從左至右傳播時,射線18分別在表示為1、2和3的位置處與第三小平面相交三次。因此,從位置1反射和耦出的光(在第1B圖中表示為a)將強於從位置3反射和耦出的光(表示為b),進而導致輸出圖像的非均勻性。
另外,通常要求小平面對處於位置2處示出的入射角的射線18透明(無反射),因為位置2處的任何反射(虛線箭頭)將進一步降低到達位置3的傳播光的亮度,並且將由於沿錯誤方向傳播的照明而生成“重影”,這可能導致圖像的一部分在最終圖像中出現錯位。這種對完全透明(零反射)的要求難以實現,並且隨著入射角(AOI)變大而變得越來越難以實現。
本發明是包括具有內反射器表面的光導光學元件(LOE)的光學系統。
根據本發明的實施方式的教導,提供了一種光學系統,該光學系統包括:(a)光導光學元件(LOE),其具有一對平行主外表面;以及(b)LOE內的多個相互平行的反射器表面,反射器表面相對於主外表面成斜角,其中,反射器表面中的至少之一被配置成對於與法線成的60度以上的入射角具有高反射率並且對於與法線成的小於35度的入射角具有部分反射率。
根據本發明的實施方式的另一特徵,對於60度以上的入射角,高反射率超過95%。
根據本發明的實施方式的另一特徵,部分反射率至多50%。
根據本發明的實施方式的另一特徵,LOE具有耦入區域,耦入圖像照明從耦入區域沿LOE傳播,並且其中,部分反射率在相繼的反射器表面之間變化以至少部分地補償到達相繼的反射器表面的圖像照明的降低的強度。
根據本發明的實施方式的另一特徵,LOE內的多個相互平行的反射器表面還包括耦入反射器表面,耦入反射器表面形成耦入佈置的至少一部分,耦入反射器表面對於與法線成的60度以上的入射角具有高反 射率並且對於與法線成的小於35度的入射角具有至少約66%的反射率。
根據本發明的實施方式的另一特徵,包括耦入反射器表面的多個反射器表面是包括兩個耦入反射器表面的兩組相互平行的反射器表面的對稱佈置的一部分,兩個耦入反射器表面相接以形成V形耦入佈置。
根據本發明的實施方式的另一特徵,還提供了投射准直圖像的圖像投射儀,並且其中,耦入佈置將准直圖像光學地耦合到LOE中作為一階圖像照明以通過主外表面處的內反射在LOE內傳播,一階圖像照明跨越第一角視場,與反射器表面相比,第一角視場與主表面成更陡的角度。
根據本發明的實施方式的另一特徵,沿LOE傳播的一階圖像照明的至少一部分被透射並且然後被反射器表面中的一個反射器表面反射以生成跨越第二角視場的二階圖像照明,與反射器表面相比,第二角視場與主表面成更淺的角度。
根據本發明的實施方式的另一特徵,通過在反射器表面中的隨後的一個反射器表面的反射使二階圖像照明偏轉回到一階圖像照明。
根據本發明的實施方式的另一特徵,反射器表面以與LOE的主外表面成的20°至26°的角度傾斜,並且優選地以23°至25°的角度傾斜。
出於限定入射在平面上的射線的入射角的目的,將入射角定義為射線方向與平面法線之間的角度,使得垂直於表面的射線具有被稱為0°的入射角,而接近90°的角度是掠入射。除非另有說明,否則短語“小入射角”指的是0°至35°的角度,而“大入射角”指的是60°至90°的角度。
術語“陡”或“更陡”用於指與平面具有相對小的入射角的射線,或者指與參照平面以相對大的角度傾斜的平面。相反,“淺”或“更淺”用於指更接近掠入射的相對大角度的射線,或者指與參照平面以相對小的角度傾斜的平面。
102,104‧‧‧主外表面
100,204‧‧‧光導光學元件(LOE)
A,B,C,D,E,110a,110b,110,112,114‧‧‧射線
108‧‧‧注入射線
202‧‧‧圖像投射儀
200‧‧‧整體光學系統
106a,106b,106c,106a',206‧‧‧反射器表面(小平面)
在本文中參照圖式僅通過示例描述了本發明,在圖式中:以上討論的第1A圖和第1B圖是示出根據某些傳統LOE設計沿LOE 傳播的光線的幾何結構以及LOE內傾斜取向的部分反射表面組的示意性側視圖。
第2A圖、第2C圖、第2D圖和第2E圖是根據本發明的實施方式的教導構造並操作的LOE的示意性側視圖,其示出了沿LOE傳播的圖像的射線的各種射線路徑。
第2B圖是第2A圖的由標記為II的圓圈指示的區域的放大視圖。
第3圖是採用第2A圖至第2E圖的LOE以提供近眼顯示器的光學系統的示意圖。
本發明是包括光導光學元件的光學系統。
參照圖式和所附描述可以更好地理解根據本發明的光學系統的原理和操作。
現在參照圖式,第2A圖至第2E圖是包括具有一對平行主外表面102和104的光導光學元件(Light-guide Optical Element,LOE)100的光學系統的一部分的基本實現方式的示意圖。在LOE 100內部署有相對於主外表面102和104成斜角的多個相互平行的反射器表面106a、106b和106c。
本發明的某些特別優選的實現方式的特定特徵在於,反射器表面106b和106c中的至少一個被配置成對於與法線成的60度以上的入射角具有高反射率並且對於與法線成的小於35度的入射角具有部分反射率。在本文中,“高反射率”通常指90%以上的反射率,以及更優選地超過95%的反射率。在一些特別優選的實現方式中,對於60度以上的入射角,可以實現98%以上的高反射率,並且最優選地接近100%。與上述現有技術方法不同,本發明的該方面不要求反射器表面在任何入射角範圍具有接近零的反射率。這極大地簡化了施加到反射器表面的多層介電塗層或其他反射塗層的實現方式。
使用在大角度處具有高反射性的反射器表面可以生成與現有技術的射線路徑不同的獨特的射線路徑。具體地,參考第2A圖和第2C至2E圖以及放大圖第2B圖中示出的射線路徑,傳送到LOE的准直圖像(以 在跨孔徑的各個不同位置的標記為A、B、C、D和E的注入射線108例示)被耦合到LOE中作為一階圖像照明以通過主外表面102和104處的內反射在LOE 100內傳播,其中,一階圖像照明用圖像的射線110a及其共軛圖像的射線110b例示。示出的射線A至E均是平行的,這在准直圖像中指示射線A至E均對應於來自注入圖像的單個像素的照明,其中,在此處被稱為“一階圖像照明”的耦入圖像的總視場(Field of View,FOV)跨越第一角視場。該第一角視場以比反射器表面106a、106b和106c與主外表面成的角度更陡的角度被定向。由於第一角視場的更陡的角度,沿LOE傳播的一階圖像照明的至少一部分經歷通過反射器表面之一的大入射角反射,從而使射線110a偏轉以生成跨越第二角視場的以射線112例示的二階圖像照明,與反射器表面106a、106b和106c相比,第二角視場與主外表面102和104成更淺的角度。當射線112投射在下一反射器表面上時,二階圖像照明的射線112通過在隨後的一個反射器表面的反射被偏轉回到一階圖像照明的射線110a。當射線110b投射在反射器表面上時,這以小角度(小於35度)發生,導致用於將圖像照明耦出為射線114的部分反射以及射線110b的部分透射,射線110b向前攜載部分照明強度以用於進一步沿LOE耦出。
在此處示出的非限制性示例中,使用反射器表面106a實現注入射線108的耦入,反射器表面106a被實現為耦入反射器表面,其對於與法線成的60度以上的入射角具有高反射率並且對於與法線成的小於35度的入射角具有超過50%的反射率,通常至少約66%。因此,小平面106a的第一反射將圖像照明耦入成一階圖像照明的射線110b。第2A圖至第2C圖中示出的射線A和B在輸入孔徑的區域中並且以使射線A和B第二次從小平面106a被反射的角度進入,從而產生二階圖像照明的射線112,該二階圖像照明的射線112在小平面106b處被變換回到一階圖像照明的射線110a。然後,該一階圖像照明從主外表面104反射以變成106a,106a在通過部分反射生成耦出射線114的同時穿過小平面106b。射線A和B繼續沿LOE傳播,也穿過在其處發生進一步部分反射的小平面106c,並且然後在小平面106c處經歷另外的大角度反射以重複上述過程。由於反射器表面在大角度處的反射率高,因此向二階圖像照明的變換和從二階圖像照明的變 換在沒有顯著的能量損失或生成重影圖像的情況下發生。另外,使用相對淺角度的反射器表面有助於實現相對薄並且重量輕的LOE。反射器表面相對於LOE的主外表面的優選傾角在20°至26°之間,並且最優選地在23°至25°之間。
注意,不同射線在不同位置處經歷上述一階圖像照明與二階圖像照明之間的變換,並且在一些情況下,根本不經歷。因此,第2D圖示出了射線C和D,其在小平面106a與106b之間經歷規則的一階圖像照明傳播,並且然後通過在第二反射器表面106b的後面上的反射而經歷向二階照明的變換。第2E圖示出了射線E,對於該射線E,耦入射線的位置和角度使得射線在此處示出的三個小平面的跨度上保持為一階圖像照明。
這些各種不同類型的光學路徑在沿LOE的一定位置範圍提供來自LOE的圖像照明的耦出,並且通常協作以在期望輸出區域上生成大致連續的整體圖像輸出。優選地,根據以下原理使反射器表面在小角度處的部分反射率在表面之間變化以增強輸出圖像的均勻性。首先,在將第一小平面106a用作耦入表面的情況下,耦入反射器表面的反射率優選地為至少50%,並且最優選地約為(1-1/n),其中,n為小平面的數量,除非耦入反射器表面在要求耦出的區域之外,在這種情況下則可以使用100%反射器。
剩餘小平面的小角度部分反射率優選地約為1/n,其中,對於每個小平面,n是包括當前小平面在內的在其處要求耦出的剩餘小平面的數量。因此,例如,在所示的3個小平面實現方式的情況下,小平面在小角度和大角度的最佳反射率值將如下:
以及對於4個小平面的實現方式將如下:
上述性質可以使用用於設計多層塗層的標準軟體工具來容易地實現,並且事實上,與對某些角範圍具有非反射性要求的前述傳統設計相比,上述性質可以被更均勻地實現並且需要更少的塗層。
上述示例性反射率值適於將LOE用於充當與眼睛相對的另一LOE的輸入的第一維度光學孔徑擴展的實現方式,或者適於將LOE用於虛擬實境應用的實現方式。對於在其中將LOE部署成與眼睛相對以用於增強現實應用的應用,將耦入小平面部署在視場之外(或者使用替選的耦入配置),並且優選在小角度處具有相對低反射率的更多數量的小平面。
第3圖示意性地示出了整體光學系統200,其包括被配置成投射准直圖像的圖像投射儀202。在此處僅示意性地示出了圖像投射儀202,並且圖像投射儀可以是投射准直圖像的任何類型的投射儀。在一些實施方式中,圖像投射儀包括光源、空間光調製器(例如矽基液晶或“Liquid Crystal on Silicon,LCOS”)和准直光學器件。可以有利地將這些部件佈置在若干分束器棱鏡的表面上,例如,具有反射准直光學器件的偏振分束器(PBS)立方體,所有這些都是本領域已知的。
諸如小平面106a的耦入佈置將准直圖像光學耦合到LOE中作為一階圖像照明以在LOE內傳播,其中,存在一階圖像照明與二階圖像照明之間的互換以及圖像的逐漸耦出,所有這些均如上所述。在此處所示的一個特別優選但非限制性的實現方式中,該組反射器表面106a、106b和106c是包括兩個耦入反射器表面106a和106a'的兩組相互平行的反射器表面106a、106b、106c、106a'、106b和106c'的對稱佈置的一部分,其中,兩個耦入反射器表面106a和106a'相接以形成V形耦入佈置。
來自LOE 100的耦出圖像照明在此處被示意性地示為耦入至另一LOE 204,該另一LOE 204傳送與觀察者的眼睛相對的圖像並且將圖像朝向觀察者的眼睛耦出。LOE 204可以用根據本發明的教導實現的在大角度處具有高反射率的小平面206來實現,或者可以使用基於部分反射 小平面和/或用於耦入和耦出的衍射光學元件的另外的傳統LOE技術實現,如本領域中已知的。
儘管本文中已經參照耦入反射器表面例示了將投射圖像耦合到LOE中,但是應當理解,也可以使用其他耦入佈置來受益。另外的選擇包括但不限於:附接至主外表面中之一和/或LOE的側表面或者與主外表面中之一和/或LOE的側表面集成的各種形式的耦入棱鏡,該耦入棱鏡提供成正確的角度的表面以用於將投射圖像直接注入成引導一階圖像照明模式;以及基於衍射光學元件的各種耦入佈置。
可選地,可以結合目前為止描述的特徵來實現附加特徵以進一步增強跨出射孔徑的耦出圖像強度的均勻性。根據一個非限制性示例,通過附加光學地結合到LOE的平行面對的板並且利用在LOE與板之間的部分反射介面來修改LOE的主外表面中的一個或兩個,其中,通過引入合適材料的介面層或通過向介面處的一個或兩個表面施加合適的塗層來生成部分反射介面。該部分反射介面用作“混合器”,其生成多個光學路徑的交疊,從而增強跨LOE的出射孔徑的耦出圖像強度的均勻性。
應當理解,以上描述僅旨在用作示例,並且在所附申請專利範圍中限定的本發明的範圍內,許多其他實施方式是可能的。
102,104‧‧‧主外表面
108‧‧‧注入射線
110a,110b,112,114‧‧‧射線
106a,106b,106c‧‧‧反射器表面(小平面)
100‧‧‧光導光學元件(LOE)
Claims (9)
- 一種光學系統,包括:(a)光導光學元件LOE,其具有一對平行主外表面;以及(b)所述LOE內的多個相互平行的反射器表面,所述反射器表面相對於所述主外表面成斜角,其中,所述反射器表面中的至少之一被配置成對於與法線成的60度以上的入射角具有高反射率,並且對於與法線成的小於35度的入射角具有部分反射率,其中,所述高反射率超過95%,並且其中,所述部分反射率在相繼的反射器表面之間變化,以至少部分地補償到達相繼的反射器表面的所述圖像照明的降低的強度。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的光學系統,其中,所述部分反射率至多50%。
- 如申請專利範圍第1~2項中任一項所述的光學系統,其中,所述LOE內的所述多個相互平行的反射器表面還包括耦入反射器表面,所述耦入反射器表面形成耦入佈置的至少一部分,所述耦入反射器表面對於與法線成的60度以上的入射角具有高反射率並且對於與法線成的小於35度的入射角具有至少約66%的反射率。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項所述的光學系統,其中,包括所述耦入反射器表面的所述多個反射器表面是包括兩個耦入反射器表面的兩組相互平行的反射器表面的對稱佈置的一部分,所述兩個耦入反射器表面相接以形成V形耦入佈置。
- 如申請專利範圍第1~4項中任一項所述的光學系統,還包括投射准直圖像的圖像投射儀,並且其中,耦入佈置將所述准直圖像光學地耦合到所述LOE中作為一階圖像照明以通過所述主外表面處的內反射在所述LOE內傳播,所述一階圖像照明跨越第一角視場,與所述反射器表面相比,所述第一角視場與所述主外表面成更陡的角度。
- 如申請專利範圍第5項所述的光學系統,其中,沿所述LOE傳播的 所述一階圖像照明的至少一部分被透射,並且然後被所述反射器表面中之一反射以生成跨越第二角視場的二階圖像照明,與所述反射器表面相比,所述第二角視場與所述主外表面成更淺的角度。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項所述的光學系統,其中,通過在所述反射器表面中的隨後的一個反射器表面的反射使所述二階圖像照明偏轉回到一階圖像照明。
- 如申請專利範圍第1~7項中任一項所述的光學系統,其中,所述反射器表面以與所述LOE的所述主外表面成的20°至26°的角度傾斜。
- 如申請專利範圍第1~8項中任一項所述的光學系統,其中,所述反射器表面以與所述LOE的所述主外表面成的23°至25°的角度傾斜。
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