TWI752233B - 電光顯示器及用於自電光顯示器排放殘餘電壓之方法 - Google Patents

電光顯示器及用於自電光顯示器排放殘餘電壓之方法 Download PDF

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TWI752233B
TWI752233B TW107118526A TW107118526A TWI752233B TW I752233 B TWI752233 B TW I752233B TW 107118526 A TW107118526 A TW 107118526A TW 107118526 A TW107118526 A TW 107118526A TW I752233 B TWI752233 B TW I752233B
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display
electro
tft
electrophoretic
pixel
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皮爾依夫 艾密力
德平 辛
肯尼士Ｒ 柯羅斯
卡爾瑞蒙 艾孟森
何志祥
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美商電子墨水股份有限公司
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
    • G02F1/166—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect
    • G02F1/167—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect by electrophoresis
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    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
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Abstract

一種電光顯示器，其具有構造成顯示影像之一電泳材料、及一主動組件，其耦合至該電泳材料用於排放在該電泳材料內之電荷。

Description

電光顯示器及用於自電光顯示器排放殘餘電壓之方法 【相關申請案的參照】
本申請案主張2017年5月30日申請之美國專利申請號62/512,212之優先權。本申請案亦係關於2016年2月4日申請之美國專利申請號15/015,822(公開號2016/0225322)；2016年2月3日申請之美國專利申請號15/014,236(公開號2016/0225321)；及2016年9月15日申請之美國專利申請號15/266,554(公開號2017/0076672)。
以上所有列出之申請案均以參照方式將其全文併入。
此處揭示之主題係關於驅動電光顯示器之手段與方法。特別言之，本主體係關於電光顯示器用之背板設計及用於驅動及/或放電此類顯示器之方法。
電泳顯示器或EPDs常係由所謂的DC平衡波形驅動。已證明DC平衡波形可藉由降低嚴重硬體退化及消除其他可靠性問題而改良長期EPDs的使用。但DC平衡波形限制使得可用以驅動EPD顯示器的可能波形組受到侷限，致使不易或有時無法藉由波形模式實現有利特徵。例如當施行「微閃(flash-less)」黑底白色顯示模式時，可能在已過渡成黑色的灰階毗鄰無閃爍黑色背景時，造成過度的白色邊緣累增可見。為了清除此類邊緣，DC不平衡驅動機制可能已運作良好，但此類驅動機制需要突破DC平衡限制。然而，DC不平衡驅動機制或波形會導致硬體隨時間退化，折損顯示器裝置壽命。因此存在設計能以DC不平衡波形或驅動機制操作而不會遭受硬體退化的電光顯示器之需求。
依據此處呈現主題之一實施例，一種電光顯示器可包括構造成用於顯示影像之一電泳材料；及一主動組件，其耦合至該電泳材料用於排放在該電泳材料內之電荷。
在依據此處揭示主題之另一實施例中，一種電光顯示器可包括構造成用於顯示影像之一電泳材料；及一被動組件，其耦合至該電泳材料用於在排放該電泳材料內之電荷。
在尚一實施例中，一種用於自一電光顯示器排放剩餘電壓之方法，其中該電光顯示器可具有構造成顯示影像之一電泳材料，該電泳材料位於一像素電極與一共用電極間；一薄膜電晶體(TFT)，其耦合至該電泳材料且構造成自該電泳材料排放電荷；及一選擇線，其耦合至該TFT以啟動該TFT，該方法可包括經由該選擇線供應一電壓以啟動該TFT，以經由該TFT產生至該電泳 材料之一傳導路徑；及經由該傳導路徑排放在該電泳材料內之該等電荷。
100‧‧‧顯示器像素
102‧‧‧薄膜電晶體(upd)
104‧‧‧像素電極
106‧‧‧上平面
108‧‧‧電泳材料
300‧‧‧顯示器像素
302‧‧‧薄膜電晶體(upd)
304‧‧‧薄膜電晶體(dis)
306‧‧‧選擇線
308‧‧‧選擇線
310‧‧‧源極線
312‧‧‧像素電極
314‧‧‧電泳膜
400‧‧‧顯示器像素
402‧‧‧放電薄膜電晶體(dis)
404‧‧‧上平面
406‧‧‧電壓線
408‧‧‧像素電極
410‧‧‧源極驅動器
412‧‧‧選擇線(dis)
414‧‧‧薄膜電晶體(upd)
416‧‧‧選擇線(upd)
602‧‧‧薄膜電晶體(dis)
604‧‧‧薄膜電晶體(upd)
702‧‧‧電阻器
704‧‧‧儲存電容器
706‧‧‧像素電極
708‧‧‧共用電極
圖1係依此處呈現主題之顯示器像素等效電路實施例；圖2A與2B係例示因TFT性能變化所致顯示器灰階與鬼影偏移之圖式；圖3係依此處呈現主題之示例性像素設計，致能在不引入光學偏移下使用後驅動放電；圖4係依此處呈現主題之另一像素設計，致能在不引入光學偏移下使用後驅動放電；圖5係用於主動更新後接著放電之電壓序列；圖6係依此處呈現主題之另一像素設計，致能在不引入光學偏移下使用後驅動放電；圖7係依此處呈現主題之又一像素設計，致能在不引入光學偏移下使用後驅動放電；及圖8係用於主動更新後接著放電之電壓序列。
此處揭示之主題係關於改善電光顯示器耐久性。特別言之，係關於改善光學性能偏移，諸如緩解因組件壓力所致灰階偏移及鬼影偏移。
術語「電光」適用於材料或顯示器，在此採用其在成像技術中的習知意義，泛指材料具有至少一種光學性質相異的第一與第二顯示狀態，藉由施加電場至 該材料而將材料自其第一改變為第二顯示狀態。雖然光學性質一般係人眼可察覺的顏色，但亦可為另一光學性質，諸如光透射、反射率、照度，或是在用於機器讀取之顯示器情況下，就可見範圍外電磁波長反射率變化而言之假色(pseudo-color)。
此處採用之術語「雙穩態的」及「雙穩態」，在該技術中之習知意義係指顯示器包括具有至少一種光學性質相異的第一與第二顯示狀態之顯示元件，且使得在已藉由有限持續時間之定址脈衝驅動任何給定元件後，呈現其第一或第二顯示狀態，在中止定址脈衝後，該狀態將持續至少數次，例如至少4次，這是改變顯示元件狀態所需之最低定址脈衝持續時間。在美國專利第7,170,670號中顯示有些能具灰階的基於粒子的電泳顯示器，不僅在其極端黑色與白色狀態下穩定，在其中間灰階狀態下亦同，且對某些其他類型電光顯示器亦然。此類顯示器適合稱之為「多穩態」而非雙穩態，但為便利之故，此處使用「雙穩態」涵括雙穩態與多穩態顯示器兩者。
術語「灰階狀態」，在此採用其在成像技術中的習知意義，泛指在像素之兩極端光學狀態中間的一種狀態，且非必定意指兩極端狀態間的黑白過渡。例如E Ink專利中的數個及以下公開的申請案中描述電泳顯示器，其中的極端狀態係白色及深藍色，使得中間的「灰階狀態」實際上係淺藍色。確實，如所述，光學狀態變化可能並非顏色變化。術語「黑色」與「白色」此後可 用以指稱顯示器之兩極端光學狀態，並應了解一般包含非限於黑色與白色之極端光學狀態，例如前述的白色與深藍色狀態。術語「單色」此後可用以指稱僅驅動像素至其兩極端光學狀態而無中介灰階狀態之顯示或驅動機制。
術語「像素」，在此採用其在顯示技術中的習知意義，泛指可產生顯示器本身可顯示之所有顏色之最小顯示單元。在一全彩顯示器中，每一個像素一般係由複數個子像素組成，子像素之每一者可顯示少於顯示器本身可顯示之所有顏色。例如，在大部分的習知全彩顯示器中，每一個像素係由紅色子像素、綠色子像素、藍色子像素及視需要地白色子像素組成，子像素之每一者均可顯示自黑色至其特定色之最亮版本之顏色範圍。
已知數類電光顯示器。一類電光顯示器係例如在美國專利號5,808,783；5,777,782；5,760,761；6,054,071；6,055,091；6,097,531；6,128,124；6,137,467；及6,147,791中之旋轉雙色構件型(但此類顯示器慣稱之為「旋轉雙色球」顯示器，術語「旋轉雙色構件」盡可能精確較佳，因為在上述專利中有部分的旋轉構件並非球形)。此顯示器採用大量小型主體(一般為球形或圓柱形)，具有兩個以上具不同光學特性之區段及一內部偶極。這些主體懸浮於一基質內之液體填充液泡內，該等液泡充滿液體使得主體自由旋轉。顯示器之外觀因施加於其之電場而變，因而旋轉主體至各位置且通過觀看面改變看見主體之哪個區段。此類電光介質一般為雙穩態。
另一類電光顯示器採用電致變色介質，例如呈奈米變色膜形式之電致變色介質，其包括至少部分係自半導電金屬氧化物形成之一電極與附接於該電極之可逆轉色變之複數個染料分子；見於例如B.O’Regan等人在1991年Nature第353卷、第737頁；及D.Wood在Information Display第18(3)卷、第24頁(2002.3)中的文獻。亦見於U.Bach等人在2002年Advanced Material第14(11)卷、第845頁中的文獻。此類奈米變色膜亦見於例如美國專利號6,301,038；6,870,657；及6,950,220。此類介質一般亦為雙穩態。
另一類電光顯示器係由Philips開發的電濕式顯示器，且見於R.A.Hayes等人在2003年Nature第425卷、第383-385頁中之「Video-Speed Electronic Paper Based on Electrowetting」。在美國專利號7,420,549中顯示此類電濕式顯示器可製成雙穩態。
有一類電光顯示器(以粒子為基之電泳顯示器)已成為密集研發主題多年，其中複數個帶電粒子在電場影響下經流體移動。與液晶顯示器相較，電泳顯示器具以下特性：良亮度與對比度、廣視角、雙穩態及低耗能。
如上述，電泳介質需要有流體存在。在大部分的先前技術電泳介質中，此流體係液體，但電泳介質亦可利用氣態流體產生，見於例如T.Kitamura等人在2001年IDW Japan之Paper HCS1-1中之「Electrical toner movement for electronic paper-like display」，及Y. Yamaguchi等人在2001年IDW Japan之Paper AMD4-4中之「Toner display using insulative particles charged triboelectrically」。亦見於美國專利號7,321,459與7,236,291。此以氣體為基之電泳介質因粒子沉降為以液體為基之電泳介質而在允許此類沉降之定向中使用介質時(例如在介質配置於一垂直平面處之一標示中)似乎易受同類問題影響。實際上，相較於以液體為基之電泳介質，在以氣體為基之電泳介質中之粒子沉降似乎更為嚴重，因為相較於液體懸浮流體，氣體懸浮流體之低黏性使得電泳粒子更快沉降。
讓渡給麻省理工學院(MIT)及E Ink Corporation或在其等名下之多個專利與申請案中描述囊封電泳及其他電光介質中採用之多種技術。此囊封介質包括多種小型膠囊，其等本身之每一者均包括在流體介質中含有電泳移動粒子之內相，及環繞該內相之一膠囊壁。膠囊本身一般被保持於聚合物黏合劑內，形成位於兩電極間之同調層(coherent layer)。在這些專利與申請案中所述技術包含：(a)電泳粒子、流體及流體添加物；見於例如美國專利號7,002,728與7,679,814；(b)膠囊、黏合劑及囊封處理；見於例如美國專利號6,922,276與7,411,719；(c)含電光材料之膜及子總成；見於例如美國專利號6,982,178與7,839,564；(d)顯示器中使用之背板、黏著層與其他輔助層及 方法；見於例如美國專利號D485,294；6,124,851；6,130,773；6,177,921；6,232,950；6,252,564；6,312,304；6,312,971；6,376,828；6,392,786；6,413,790；6,422,687；6,445,374；6,480,182；6,498,114；6,506,438；6,518,949；6,521,489；6,535,197；6,545,291；6,639,578；6,657,772；6,664,944；6,680,725；6,683,333；6,724,519；6,750,473；6,816,147；6,819,471；6,825,068；6,831,769；6,842,167；6,842,279；6,842,657；6,865,010；6,873,452；6,909,532；6,967,640；6,980,196；7,012,735；7,030,412；7,075,703；7,106,296；7,110,163；7,116,318***；7,148,128；7,167,155；7,173,752；7,176,880；7,190,008；7,206,119；7,223,672；7,230,751；7,256,766；7,259,744；7,280,094；7,301,693；7,304,780；7,327,511；7,347,957；7,349,148；7,352,353；7,365,394；7,365,733；7,382,363；7,388,572；7,401,758；7,442,587；7,492,497；7,535,624；***7,551,346；7,554,712；7,583,427；7,598,173；7,605,799；7,636,191；7,649,674；7,667,886；7,672,040；7,688,497；7,733,335；7,785,988；7,830,592；7,843,626；7,859,637；7,880,958；7,893,435；7,898,717；7,905,977；7,957,053；7,986,450；8,009,344；8,027,081；8,049,947；8,072,675；8,077,141；8,089,453；8,120,836；8,159,636；8,208,193；8,237,892；8,238,021；8,362,488；8,373,211；8,389,381；8,395,836；8,437,069；8,441,414；8,456,589；8,498,042；8,514,168；8,547,628；8,576,162；8,610,988；8,714,780；8,728,266；8,743,077；8,754,859；8,797,258； 8,797,633；8,797,636；8,830,560；8,891,155；8,969,886；9,147,364；9,025,234；9,025,238；9,030,374；9,140,952；9,152,003；9,152,004；9,201,279；9,223,164；9,285,648；及9,310,661；及美國專利申請案公開號2002/0060321；2004/0008179；2004/0085619；2004/0105036；2004/0112525；2005/0122306；2005/0122563；2006/0215106；2006/0255322；2007/0052757；2007/0097489；2007/0109219；2008/0061300；2008/0149271；2009/0122389；2009/0315044；2010/0177396；2011/0140744；2011/0187683；2011/0187689；2011/0292319；2013/0250397；2013/0278900；2014/0078024；2014/0139501；2014/0192000；2014/0210701；2014/0300837；2014/0368753；2014/0376164；2015/0171112；2015/0205178；2015/0226986；2015/0227018；2015/0228666；2015/0261057；2015/0356927；2015/0378235；2016/077375；2016/0103380；及2016/0187759；及國際申請案公開號WO 00/38000；歐洲專利號1,099,207 B1及1,145,072 B1；(e)顏色形成及顏色調整；見於例如美國專利號6,017,584；6,664,944；6,864,875；7,075,502；7,167,155；7,667,684；7,791,789；7,956,841；8,040,594；8,054,526；8,098,418；8,213,076；及8,363,299；及美國專利申請案公開號2004/0263947；2007/0109219；2007/0223079；2008/0023332；2008/0043318；2008/0048970； 2009/0004442；2009/0225398；2010/0103502；2010/0156780；2011/0164307；2011/0195629；2011/0310461；2012/0008188；2012/0019898；2012/0075687；2012/0081779；2012/0134009；2012/0182597；2012/0212462；2012/0157269；及2012/0326957；(f)用於驅動顯示器之方法；見於例如美國專利號7,012,600與7,453,445；(g)顯示器之應用；見於例如美國專利號7,312,784與8,009,348；(h)非電泳顯示器，描述於美國專利號6,241,921；6,950,220；7,420,549及8,319,759；及美國專利申請案公開號2012/0293858；(i)微胞結構、壁材料及形成微胞之方法；見於例如美國專利號7,072,095與9,279,906；及(j)用於填充及密封微胞之方法；見於例如美國專利號7,144,942與7,715,088。
本申請案進一步關於美國專利號D485,294；6,124,851；6,130,773；6,177,921；6,232,950；6,252,564；6,312,304；6,312,971；6,376,828；6,392,786；6,413,790；6,422,687；6,445,374；6,480,182；6,498,114；6,506,438；6,518,949；6,521,489；6,535,197；6,545,291；6,639,578；6,657,772；6,664,944；6,680,725；6,683,333；6,724,519；6,750,473；6,816,147；6,819,471；6,825,068；6,831,769；6,842,167；6,842,279；6,842,657；6,865,010；6,873,452； 6,909,532；6,967,640；6,980,196；7,012,735；7,030,412；7,075,703；7,106,296；7,110,163；7,116,318；7,148,128；7,167,155；7,173,752；7,176,880；7,190,008；7,206,119；7,223,672；7,230,751；7,256,766；7,259,744；7,280,094；7,301,693；7,304,780；7,327,511；7,347,957；7,349,148；7,352,353；7,365,394；7,365,733；7,382,363；7,388,572；7,401,758；7,442,587；7,492,497；7,535,624；7,551,346；7,554,712；7,583,427；7,598,173；7,605,799；7,636,191；7,649,674；7,667,886；7,672,040；7,688,497；7,733,335；7,785,988；7,830,592；7,843,626；7,859,637；7,880,958；7,893,435；7,898,717；7,905,977；7,957,053；7,986,450；8,009,344；8,027,081；8,049,947；8,072,675；8,077,141；8,089,453；8,120,836；8,159,636；8,208,193；8,237,892；8,238,021；8,362,488；8,373,211；8,389,381；8,395,836；8,437,069；8,441,414；8,456,589；8,498,042；8,514,168；8,547,628；8,576,162；8,610,988；8,714,780；8,728,266；8,743,077；8,754,859；8,797,258；8,797,633；8,797,636；8,830,560；8,891,155；8,969,886；9,147,364；9,025,234；9,025,238；9,030,374；9,140,952；9,152,003；9,152,004；9,201,279；9,223,164；9,285,648；及9,310,661；及美國專利申請案公開號2002/0060321；2004/0008179；2004/0085619；2004/0105036；2004/0112525；2005/0122306；2005/0122563；2006/0215106；2006/0255322；2007/0052757；2007/0097489；2007/0109219；2008/0061300；2008/0149271； 2009/0122389；2009/0315044；2010/0177396；2011/0140744；2011/0187683；2011/0187689；2011/0292319；2013/0250397；2013/0278900；2014/0078024；2014/0139501；2014/0192000；2014/0210701；2014/0300837；2014/0368753；2014/0376164；2015/0171112；2015/0205178；2015/0226986；2015/0227018；2015/0228666；2015/0261057；2015/0356927；2015/0378235；2016/077375；2016/0103380；及2016/0187759；及國際申請案公布開WO 00/38000；歐洲專利號1,099,207 B1及1,145,072 B1；所有上列申請案之全文均以參照方式併入本文。
本申請案亦係關於美國專利號5,930,026；6,445,489；6,504,524；6,512,354；6,531,997；6,753,999；6,825,970；6,900,851；6,995,550；7,012,600；7,023,420；7,034,783；7,061,166；7,061,662；7,116,466；7,119,772；7,177,066；7,193,625；7,202,847；7,242,514；7,259,744；7,304,787；7,312,794；7,327,511；7,408,699；7,453,445；7,492,339；7,528,822；7,545,358；7,583,251；7,602,374；7,612,760；7,679,599；7,679,813；7,683,606；7,688,297；7,729,039；7,733,311；7,733,335；7,787,169；7,859,742；7,952,557；7,956,841；7,982,479；7,999,787；8,077,141；8,125,501；8,139,050；8,174,490；8,243,013；8,274,472；8,289,250；8,300,006；8,305,341；8,314,784；8,373,649；8,384,658；8,456,414；8,462,102；8,537,105；8,558,783； 8,558,785；8,558,786；8,558,855；8,576,164；8,576,259；8,593,396；8,605,032；8,643,595；8,665,206；8,681,191；8,730,153；8,810,525；8,928,562；8,928,641；8,976,444；9,013,394；9,019,197；9,019,198；9,019,318；9,082,352；9,171,508；9,218,773；9,224,338；9,224,342；9,224,344；9,230,492；9,251,736；9,262,973；9,269,311；9,299,294；9,373,289；9,390,066；9,390,661；及9,412,314；及美國專利申請案公開號2003/0102858；2004/0246562；2005/0253777；2007/0070032；2007/0076289；2007/0091418；2007/0103427；2007/0176912；2007/0296452；2008/0024429；2008/0024482；2008/0136774；2008/0169821；2008/0218471；2008/0291129；2008/0303780；2009/0174651；2009/0195568；2009/0322721；2010/0194733；2010/0194789；2010/0220121；2010/0265561；2010/0283804；2011/0063314；2011/0175875；2011/0193840；2011/0193841；2011/0199671；2011/0221740；2012/0001957；2012/0098740；2013/0063333；2013/0194250；2013/0249782；2013/0321278；2014/0009817；2014/0085355；2014/0204012；2014/0218277；2014/0240210；2014/0240373；2014/0253425；2014/0292830；2014/0293398；2014/0333685；2014/0340734；2015/0070744；2015/0097877；2015/0109283；2015/0213749；2015/0213765；2015/0221257； 2015/0262255；2016/0071465；2016/0078820；2016/0093253；2016/0140910；及2016/0180777；所有上列申請案之全文均以參照方式併入本文。
前述專利及申請案中認識到可以連續相取代囊封電泳介質中環繞分離微膠囊之壁，因而產生所謂的聚合物分散之電泳顯示器，其中電泳介質包括電泳流體之複數個分離小滴及聚合材料之連續相，及可將在此聚合物分散之電泳顯示器內之電泳流體之分離小滴視為膠囊或微膠囊，即使並無與個別小滴相關聯之分離膠囊隔膜亦然；見於例如前述美國專利號6,866,760。因此，為本申請案之故，此聚合物分散之電泳介質被視為囊封電泳介質之亞種。
一相關類型之電泳顯示器係所謂的「微胞電泳顯示器」。在一微胞電泳顯示器中，帶電粒子及流體均未囊封於微膠囊內，而係維持在載體介質(一般為聚合膜)內形成之複數個孔穴內。見於例如美國專利號6,672,921及6,788,449，兩者均已讓渡給Sipix Imaging公司。
雖然電泳介質常不透光(因為例如在許多電泳介質中，粒子實質上阻隔可見光通過顯示器的透射)且以反射模式操作，可以使許多電泳顯示器以所謂的「快門模式」操作，其中一種顯示狀態實質上係不透光且一種係可透光。見於例如美國專利號5,872,552；6,130,774；6,144,361；6,172,798；6,271,823；6,225,971；及6,184,856。介電電泳顯示器與電泳顯示器類似而可以 類似模式操作，但係依電場強度而變；見於美國專利號4,418,346。其他類型之電光顯示器亦可以快門模式操作。以快門模式操作之電光介質可用於供全彩顯示用之多層結構；在此類結構中，與顯示器觀看面相鄰的至少一層在快門模式下操作以暴露或隱蔽離觀看面較遠的第二層。
囊封電泳顯示器一般不致因傳統電泳裝置的叢集化及沉降錯誤模式所苦，且可提供進一步的優點如在多種可撓的與剛性基板上印刷或塗布顯示的能力。(用字「印刷」係欲包含所有形式的印刷與塗布，包含但不限於：預劑量塗布(pre-metered coatings)如方塊擠壓式塗布(patch die coating)、狹縫或擠壓塗布(slot or extrusion coating)、斜板式或級聯式塗布(slide or cascade coating)、淋幕式塗布(curtain coating)；滾筒式塗布(roll coating)(例如：輥襯刮刀塗布(knife over roll coating及正反滾筒式塗布(forward and reverse roll coating))；凹版塗布(gravure coating)；浸塗布(dip coating)；噴灑式(spray coating)；彎月形塗布(meniscus coating)；旋轉塗布(spin coating)；手刷刷塗布(brush coating)；氣刀塗布(air knife coating)；絲網印刷製程(silk screen printing processes)；靜電印刷製程(electrostatic printing processes)；熱印刷製程(thermal printing processes)；噴墨印刷製程(ink jet printing processes)；電泳沉積(electrophoretic deposition)(見於美國專利號7,339,715)；及其他類似技術。)因此，所得顯示器為可 撓的。此外，由於可利用多種方法印刷顯示介質，所以可便宜地製造顯示器本身。
其他類型電光材料亦可用於本發明。
電泳顯示器一般包括一層電泳材料及配置於電泳材料相對側上的至少兩種其他層，這兩層之一者係一電極層。在大部分此類顯示器中，兩層均係電極層，且電極層中之一者或兩者經圖案化以界定顯示器之像素。例如一個電極層可經圖案化成細長列電極，且另一層在與列電極呈直角的細長行電極，像素係由列與行電極之交點界定。或者，且更常見的是，一個電極層具有單一連續電極形式，且另一電極層經圖案化為像素電極矩陣，其等之每一者界定顯示器之一個像素。在欲將獨立於顯示器之觸控筆、印刷頭或類似的可移動電極一起使用之另一類電泳顯示器中，僅有相鄰於電泳層之該等層之一者包括一電極，在電泳層相對側上的層一般係保護層，用以避免可移動電極損壞電泳層。
在尚一實施例中，諸如美國專利號6,704,133中所述，電泳顯示器可由兩連續電極與一電泳層及在電極間之一光電泳層構成。由於光電泳材料隨著光子吸收而改變電阻率，故可用入射光改變電泳介質狀態。此裝置示如圖1所例示。如美國專利號6,704,133中所述，圖1的裝置在由顯示器中與觀看面相對側上之發射源如LCD顯示器驅動時之運作最佳。在一些實施例中，美國專利號6,704,133之裝置在前電極與光電泳材料間併入特殊障壁層，以減少因為來自顯示器前方入射光所致之 洩漏通過反射性電光介質之「暗電流」。
前述美國專利號6,982,178描述組裝固態電光顯示器(包含囊封電泳顯示器)之方法，相當適合於大量生產。本質上，此專利描述所謂的「前面板積層體(「FPL」)」，其依序包括一光透射導電層；與該導電層電接觸之一層固態電光介質；一黏著層；及一剝離片。光透射導電層一般將被載於較佳係可撓之光透射基板上，亦即可將基板手動纏繞於(如)直徑為10吋(254mm)鼓狀部，而不會永久變型。在本專利中使用術語「光透射」表示因而經指定透射足夠光之層，使得觀看者可看穿該層觀看電光介質顯示狀態變化，此一般係透過導電層及相鄰基板(若存在)觀看；在電光介質顯示在非可見光波長下之反射率變化時，術語「光透射」理當被解釋為指相關非可見光波長的透射。基板一般將係聚合膜，且一般厚度範圍在約1至約25mil(25至634μm)，較佳約2至約10mil(51至254μm)。導電層宜為例如鋁或ITO之薄金屬或金屬氧化物層，或可為導電聚合物。市售有塗布鋁或ITO之聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)膜，例如出自Wilmington DE之E.I.du Pont de Nemours & Company之「鍍鋁Mylar」(「Mylar」係註冊商標)，且此市售材料在前面板積層體中使用效果佳。
前述美國專利號6,982,178亦描述在將前面板積層體併入顯示器中之前用於測試前面板積層體中電光介質之方法。在此測試方法中，剝離片具有一導電層，且在此電導層與電光介質相對側上的導電層間施加足以 改變電光介質光學狀態之電壓。接著對電光介質的觀察將顯現介質中的所有問題，因而避免將不良電光介質積層至顯示器中，結果是廢棄整個顯示器而非僅不良前面板積層體的成本。
前述美國專利號6,982,178亦描述藉由置放靜電荷於剝離片上(因而形成電光介質上影像)而測試前面板中電光介質之第二種方法。接著以與先前相同方式觀察影像，以偵測電光介質中的任何問題。
利用此前面板積層體可達成電光顯示器之組裝，此係藉由自前面板積層體移除剝離片且在有效導致黏著層黏著至背板的條件下使得黏著層與背板接觸，從而固定黏著層、電光介質層及導電層至背板。此處理因可大量生產前面板積層體而相當適合於大量生產，一般係利用輥對輥塗布技術，且接著依特定背板使用需求切割為任意尺寸片段。
美國專利號7,561,324描述所謂的「雙剝離片」，其本質上係前述美國專利號6,982,178之前面板積層體之簡略版。一種形式的雙剝離片包括夾於兩黏著層間的一層固態電光介質，其中黏著層中之一者或兩者被一剝離片覆蓋。另一種形式的雙剝離片包括夾於兩剝離片間的一層固態電光介質。欲使兩種形式的雙剝離膜用於與前述自前面板積層體組裝電光顯示器之處理大致類似的處理，但涉及兩獨立積層體；一般而言，在第一積層體中，雙剝離片經積層至一前電極以形成一前次組合，且接著在第二積層體中，前次組合經積層至一背板 以形成最終顯示器，但是如果需要，這兩個積層體的順序可隨意顛倒。
美國專利號7,839,564描述所謂的「倒置前面板積層體」，其係前述美國專利號6,982,178中所述前面板積層體之變形例。此倒置前面板積層體依序包括一光透射保護層與一光透射導電層之一者；一黏著層；一層固態電光介質；及一剝離片。此倒置前面板積層體係用以形成電光顯示器，其具有在電光層與前電極或前基板間之一積層黏著層；在電光層與背板間可以存在或不存在一般為薄的第二黏著層。此電光顯示器可組合良解析度與良低溫性能。
特定顏料之光電泳性質在前陣子獲得認可。例如美國專利號3,383,993揭示一種光電泳成像設備，其可用以於介質(一般為可透光電極如ITO)上重現經投射影像。但見於Xerox Corporation之‘993專利與其他相關專利之光電泳處理非可逆的，因為光電泳處理涉及光電泳粒子遷移至「注入電極」，粒子在該處會附接至電極。由於缺乏可逆性，以及設定之成本與複雜性，此現象並非廣泛商業化。
雖然欲使本發明之顯示器長期顯示影像而幾乎沒有能量輸入，如上述循環撥放顯示器，可用以與自發光型顯示器如大型LED顯示器近乎相同時間更新內容。本發明之顯示器可在少於一小時內(例如少於10分鐘，例如少於5分鐘，例如少於2分鐘)顯示兩種不同影像。此外，可視顯示器之使用錯開再更新週期。例如可 伴隨持續30秒之廣告每5分鐘再更新一次交通時刻表，而另5分鐘期間回到交通時刻表。
在一些情況下，一種致能使用DC不平衡波形的方式係在一主動更新後將顯示器模組放電。其中的放電涉及將顯示器成像膜(例如一層電泳材料)短路以將因DC不平衡驅動而在成像膜上堆積之殘餘電荷排掉。更新驅動後放電(在此稱之為uPDD或UPD)之使用已成功顯現殘餘電荷推積(以殘餘電壓測量之)及會造成成像膜因電化學作用而永久退化之對應模組極化之減少。
已發現不論是原因是影響，在電泳及其他脈衝驅動電光顯示器中的殘餘電壓係更普遍的現象。亦已發現DC不平衡可導致一些電泳顯示器之長期壽年減損。
殘餘電壓有多種可能來源。據信(雖然一些實施例毫不受此看法限制)殘餘電壓的主因係形成顯示器之各層材料內之離子極化。
此極化以各種方式發生。在第一類(為了方便，表示為「I類」)極化中，跨越或毗鄰材料介面產生離子雙層。例如在銦錫氧化物(「ITO」)電極處的正電位可在相鄰積層黏著劑中產生對應之負離子極化層。這種極化層的衰減速率與積層黏著層中分離離子的再結合有關。此極化層之幾何外型係由介面形狀決定，但基本上呈平面狀。
在第二類(簡稱為「II類」)極化中，在單一材料內之結節、晶體或其他類型之材料異質性，會造成離子可以移動或較在周圍材料中移動快之區域。離子遷 移率差異會造成介質主體內電荷極化程度不同，且因而可於單一顯示器元件內發生極化。此極化可實質上呈局部性或分散於整層中。
在第三類(簡稱為「III類」)極化中，可在對任何特定類型離子電荷傳輸呈現障壁之任何介面處發生極化。在微孔穴電泳顯示器中之此介面之一示例係在包含懸浮介質與粒子之電泳懸浮液(「內相」)與包含壁、黏著劑及黏合劑之周圍介質(「外相」)間的邊界處。在許多電泳顯示器中，內相係疏水性液體，而外相係聚合物如明膠。存在內相中的離子在外相中可能不溶解的且不具擴散性，反之亦然。在垂直此介面上施加電場，相反符號之極化層將在介面之任一側上累增。在移除所施加之電場時，所得非均衡電荷分布將造成可量測之殘餘電壓電位，其隨著在由介面任一側上之兩相中的離子之移動率判定之鬆弛時間而衰減。
可在驅動脈衝期間發生極化。每一個影像更新係可能影響殘餘電壓之事件。正波形電壓會產生跨越電光介質之殘餘電壓，其視特定電光顯示器而具相同或相反極性(或接近零)。
自前述可證，可在電泳或其他電光顯示器內多個位置處發生極化，每一個位置具有其自身的特性衰減時間頻譜，主要在介面與材料異質處。視這些電壓源(亦即極化電荷分布)與電活化部分(例如電泳懸浮液)之相對位置，以及各種電荷分布間的電耦合程度與穿過懸浮液之粒子移動，或其他電光活動，各種極化將或多或 少產生有害效應。由於電泳顯示器係藉由帶電粒子移動而操作，其本就會導致電光層的極化，在某種意義上，一較佳電泳顯示器並非顯示器中不總是存在殘餘電壓者，而係殘餘電壓不會導致惱人電光行為者。理想上，殘餘電壓脈衝將最小化且殘餘電壓將在1秒內，及較佳50ms內降至低於1V，及較佳低於0.2V，使得藉由在影像更新之間引入最少停頓，電泳顯示器可影響光學狀態間所有過渡而無需關切殘餘電壓效應。對於在視訊率或低於+/-15V之電壓下操作之電泳顯示器，應可對應降低這些理想值。類似的考量亦適用於其他類型電光顯示器。
總而言之，殘餘電壓現象係至少實質上在顯示器材料成分內發生離子極化之結果，不論是在介面處或材料本身內均然。此極化在持續近乎50ms至約一小時或更長的中間時間尺度時危害尤深。殘餘電壓本身會以多種方式呈現為影像鬼影或可見假影，嚴重程度會隨影像更新之間的經過時間而變。殘餘電壓亦會產生DC不平衡並降低顯示器的最終壽命。殘餘電壓效應因而有礙電泳或其他電光裝置的品質，因此欲將殘餘電壓本身及裝置的光學狀態對殘餘電壓的影響之靈敏度最小化。
實際上，因上述極化效應而在電泳材料內堆積之電荷可經放電或汲取以緩解殘餘電壓效應。在一些實施例中，可在更新或驅動序列後施行此放電。
在一些實施例中，可利用容易可得之用於EPD之薄膜電晶體(TFT)背板100及EPD控制器電路執行後驅動或後更新放電，如圖1所例示。在使用上，每 一個顯示器像素可包含一薄膜電晶體UPD(例如薄膜電晶體(upd)(下文中以TFT(upd)表示))102，其可構造成提供一定程度的導電，使得顯示器的上平面106與源極線(或資料線)Vs均維持在相同電壓電位一段時間(例如接地)。上述專利申請案15/014,236，其全文併入於此更詳細地討論了此驅動方法。如此處所例示顯示器像素100及例示下面各實施例，常包含位於像素電極104與上平面106之間之電泳材料108，其中的上平面106可包含一基板及一共用電極，且該共用電極可為透光導電層。一般而言，TFT(upd)102經設計作為像素控制電晶體，用以提供或透射驅動波形至像素之像素電極104。如此一來，與非導電狀態(亦即「關斷(OFF)」狀態)相較，TFT(upd)102常構造成在導電狀態(亦即「導通(ON)」狀態)下操作極短時間，例如「ON」時間與「OFF」時間之比超過1：1000。雖然uPDD之使用將會視uPDD之構造而將該比改變為約1：2或1：50，在長期使用後會導致正偏壓應力，在一些情況下，該使用一般相當於由數萬次以上之影像更新所導致之應力。已知正偏壓應力導致非晶矽TFTs中永久性臨限電壓偏移。臨限電壓偏移會造成受影響TFT及TFT背板之行為改變，繼而造成EPD的光學性能中之光學偏移。已觀察到因uPDD造成之光學偏移並例示如圖2A與2B。如所示，因uPDD，顯示器灰階(圖2A)與鬼影偏移(圖2B)值在數萬次更新循環後的兩年期間內會顯著增加。
僅使用單一TFT如圖1所例示TFT(upd)102， 正常影像更新及uPDD兩者均可藉由相同TFT(亦即TFT(upd))達成。或者，在一些實施列中，可將額外TFT加至每一個像素且僅供uPDD放電機制之用。雖然整體放電機制維持相同，但用於正常顯示器操作之像素TFT(例如圖1之TFT(upd)102)將僅用於主動顯示器更新，如同未併入放電之EPD之標準主動矩陣型驅動般。此構造確保正常顯示器操作用之像素TFT性能穩定且不受放電影響。雖然放電用之額外TFT可因正偏壓應力而歷經臨限電壓偏移，但此將不會導致EPD中的光學偏移，且只要TFT在放電期間導通，則此將不會影響放電操作(亦即只要由放電機制考量潛在臨限電壓偏移)。此構造可允許穩定顯示器操作而無光學響應偏移，同時允許如由後驅動放電致能之DC不平衡波形。
依上述概念之一示例實施例如圖3例示。除標準像素TFT(例如薄膜電晶體(upd)(下文中以TFT(upd)表示)302)外，顯示器像素300可包含一主動組件，其專用於汲取來自電泳膜314之剩餘電壓或過度電荷。此主動組件可為任何類型電晶體(例如TFT、CMOS等)或可藉由施加電(例如電壓)或光能啟動或導通之任何其他組件，裝置如二極體或光偵測器/二極體，或統稱任何電/光啟動開關。為例示通用概念，在此使用TFT(例如n型TFT)，但應知這並無限制之意。如圖3所例示，指定的電晶體(例如薄膜電晶體(dis)(下文中以TFT(dis)表示))304可用於排放電泳成像膜314內剩餘電壓之電荷。在此構造中，TFT(upd)302之閘極連接至來自閘極驅動器輸出之選擇 線(例如Vg(upd)308)，而TFT(dis)304之閘極連接至來自放電選擇線如Vg(dis)306，其中此選擇線可用以在TFT(dis)304之閘極將其導通與關斷(例如經由選擇線供應電壓至電晶體閘極以影響閘極-源極或閘極-汲極電位)。在一實施例中，用於多個像素之所有像素放電選擇線可一起連接至單一顯示器輸出，諸如用以同時導通顯示器之所有顯示器像素之所有像素放電TFT(例如薄膜電晶體(dis)(下文中以TFT(dis)表示)304)，用於整個顯示器之同時放電。在一些實施例中，TFT(upd)302與TFT(dis)304之源極線兩者可連接至資料線Vs 310。在操作期間，可針對所有像素關斷TFT(dis)304，同時使用TFT(upd)302顯示器的主動更新。在放電期間，可導通TFT(dis)304，同時關斷TFT(upd)302。在一些實施例中，TFT(upd)302與TFT(dis)304之一者或兩者可係n型電晶體。在該情況下，TFT(upd)302之源極可電耦合至源極線Vs 310，且TFT(upd)302之汲極可耦合至顯示器像素300之像素電極312。此外，若TFT(dis)304係n型電晶體，則其源極可耦合至源極線Vs 310，而其汲極可耦合至像素電極312。實際上，當TFT(dis)304經導通且導電時，來自電泳膜314之電荷可經由TFT(dis)304及/或源極線Vs 310被汲取或放電。
圖4例示依此處呈現之主題之顯示器像素400之另一實施例。在此實施例中，放電薄膜電晶體(dis)(下文中以TFT(dis)表示)402可電耦合至EPD之上平面404(例如連接至EPD之共用電極)及電壓線(下文中以 Vcom表示)406，如圖4所示(例如放電TFT 402之汲極直接耦合至EPD之上平面404，而其源極耦合至像素之像素電極408)。在此構造中，顯示器模組之放電不會經由源極驅動器(例如Vs 410)發生，而會直接經由上平面連接發生。此外，以此設置，可在更新期間藉由將放電TFT(dis)402置於微導電狀態以便作為用於放電之電阻性或導電性路徑而將顯示器放電，因為在此情況下Vs 410未連接至放電TFT(dis)402，且因而不影響其操作。在此構造中，TFT(dis)402可經由選擇線(dis)(下文中以Vg(dis)表示)412啟動，而薄膜電晶體(upd)(下文中以TFT(upd)表示)414可經由選擇線(upd)(下文中以Vg(upd)表示)416啟動，其中的兩選擇線(亦即Vg(dis)412與Vg(upd)416)可視需要而未電耦合。
圖5例示可應用於圖3與4中呈現之兩提出的像素設計之任一者之示例性電壓序列。此電壓序列忽略了可在從一個電壓切換至另一個電壓時可能出現之潛在RC時間限制或例如在關電期間引入之潛在RC時間限制。Vg(upd)連接至選擇線，如同標準主動矩陣型驅動般，在高低壓間切換以開關TFT。在主動更新期間，Vcom可維持在一固定電壓，其一般等於TFT(upd)之回踢電壓。Vs連接至資料線，其提供資料信號以所欲波形再新像素。Vg(dis)連接至低電壓以維持TFT(dis)關斷。在主動更新後之放電期間，Vg(upd)關斷，且Vcom與Vs維持在0V。Vg(dis)導通以通過TFT(dis)將電泳成像膜短路。圖5中所示電壓序列係利用新TFT像素設計之放電機制之示例性 例示。此新TFT像素設計足夠彈性以容許更複雜之放電機制的施行。主要概念在於藉由導通專用TFT，同時保留像素TFT供放電操作外之正常顯示器操作使用而發生放電。二次效應可包含當在放電結束處關斷TFT(dis)時歷經之踢回電壓可影響顯示器之放電效能或光學性能之可能性。此等效應可藉由施行適當設計之具特定RC延遲之Vg(dis)關電電路而緩解以避免此類效應或將之最小化。
在上述中，TFT(upd)與TFT(dis)兩者均為N型TFTs。這些電晶體亦可均為P型TFT或N型與P型各一者。基於圖3中電路之示例之一者如圖6所示，其中薄膜電晶體(upd)(下文中以TFT(upd)表示)604與薄膜電晶體(dis)(下文中以TFT(dis)表示)602兩者均為P型TFTs。對於圖4之電路亦可以同樣方式完成(在此未顯示)。
或者，取代主動元件如TFT，亦可採用被動元件將EPD放電。圖7顯示此處呈現主題之另一可行施行，其中與像素之儲存電容器(下文以Cs表示)704並聯置放一電阻器(下文中以Rdis表示)702。如所示，電阻器Rdis 702亦耦合至像素電極706與共用電極708兩者。此電阻器之目的在於提供在驅動期間結束時自電泳成像膜排放殘餘電壓之通路。此像素設計之優點在於其無需添加額外線Vgdis來控制第二TFT。但由於Rdis 702現在具有固定電阻值，故Rdis 702之電阻值需經適當設計。例如與添加Rdis702至像素電路相關聯之RC常數Rdis 702需較驅動訊框時間大，以在訊框時間期間達成所需像素 電壓保持特性。此RC常數亦需低至足以在驅動期間結束時提供足夠的放電。在一些其他實施例中，亦可利用非晶矽或提供與電泳成像膜平行之適當電阻之任何其他技術，以場可切換分流電阻器(field switchable shunt resistor)取代Rdis 702，以用於放電而無礙正常驅動操作。
除了提供僅用於放電之專用TFT，及僅用於顯示器更新之另一TFT以避免因正偏壓應力導致顯示器性能中的光學偏移之外，此處呈現之主題亦致能使一些額外使用模式可能為有利的，如下所述。
圖8顯示僅應用於圖3中所示電路之示例性電壓序列，其中TFT(upd)302與TFT(dis)304具有專用閘極線。在此電壓序列中，TFT(upd)302與TFT(dis)304兩者均在主動更新階段期間導通，而TFT(dis)304在更新結束放電時導通與否皆可。在此使用模式中，TFT(dis)304可提供額外電流用於較快速像素充電，其致能例如較高之訊框率驅動。此外，在所提出之像素設計中之TFT(dis)304亦可作為全域更新電晶體使用。藉由導通TFT(dis)304與關斷TFT(upd)302，得以避免在施行全域更新時在TFT(upd)302上之長期正偏壓。
如此一來，此處呈現之主題引入藉由利用後驅動放電及其各種施行，在不在用於標準主動矩陣型驅動顯示操作用之像素TFT上產生正偏壓應力下致能DC不平衡波形之方式。此造成更穩定的顯示器光學響應，同時致能後驅動放電。
熟悉此技術者將顯而易見的是可在不背離本發明之範疇下，對上述本發明之特定實施例進行多種改 變與修改。因此，所有前述僅供例示之用，並無限制之意。
100‧‧‧顯示器像素
102‧‧‧薄膜電晶體(upd)
104‧‧‧像素電極
106‧‧‧上平面
108‧‧‧電泳材料

Claims (8)

  1. 一種電光顯示器，其具有複數個顯示像素及一共用電極，該複數個顯示像素中之每一者包括：一像素電極，該像素電極構造成驅動該顯示像素且與該共用電極相對；一電光介質，其設置在該像素電極與該共用電極之間；一第一主動組件，其耦合至該像素電極及該共用電極，且構造成用於排放在該像素電極與該共用電極之間的殘餘電荷；及一第二主動組件，其耦合至該像素電極用於傳送波形至該像素電極，以改變該顯示像素的顯示狀態；其中，在該電光介質被改變至一所欲的光學狀態後，啓動該第一主動組件。
  2. 如請求項1之電光顯示器，其中該第一主動組件係一薄膜電晶體(TFT)。
  3. 如請求項2之電光顯示器，其進一步包括一第一選擇線，其耦合至該第一主動組件用於啓動該主動組件。
  4. 如請求項1之電光顯示器，其中該第二主動組件係一薄膜電晶體(TFT)。
  5. 如請求項4之電光顯示器，其進一步包括一第二選擇線，其耦合至該第二主動組件用於啓動該第二主動組件，其中該第二選擇線及該第一選擇線未電連接。
  6. 如請求項2之電光顯示器，其中該TFT係一n型TFT。
  7. 如請求項1之電光顯示器，其中複數個顯示像素中的每一者還包括耦合到該像素電極及該共用電極的儲存電容器。
  8. 一種用於自一電光顯示器排放殘餘電壓之方法，該電光顯示器具有構造成顯示影像之一電泳材料，該電泳材料位於一像素電極與一共用電極間；一第一薄膜電晶體(TFT)，其耦合在該像素電極與該共用電極之間且構造成在該像素電極與該共用電極之間橫跨該電泳材料排放殘餘電荷；及一第二TFT，其耦接至該像素電極且構造成供應波形至該像素電極，以改變該電光顯示器的顯示狀態，該方法包括：啓動該第二TFT以將波形供應至該像素電極以在該電泳材料上顯示影像；停用該第二TFT；及在該第二TFT被停用之後，啓動該第一TFT以從該電泳材料排放殘餘電荷。
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