TW200849613A - Photovoltaic cell with reduced hot-carrier cooling - Google Patents
Photovoltaic cell with reduced hot-carrier cooling Download PDFInfo
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- TW200849613A TW200849613A TW097104891A TW97104891A TW200849613A TW 200849613 A TW200849613 A TW 200849613A TW 097104891 A TW097104891 A TW 097104891A TW 97104891 A TW97104891 A TW 97104891A TW 200849613 A TW200849613 A TW 200849613A
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Classifications
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Description
200849613 九、發明說明: 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本發明概s之係關於光電或太1%能電池領域,且更且I# 而言係關於含有奈米顆粒層及/或奈米結晶光電材料膜之 光電電池。 本專利申請案主張2007年2月12日申請之美國臨時申請 案第60/900,709號之權利,該案之全文以引用的方式併入 本文中。
【先前技術】 在現有技術熱載體光電(PV)電池(亦稱為熱貞體太陽能 電池)中,介於電極與PV材料之間之介面處之電子-電子相 互作用導致PVt池中熱電子之不期望冷卻及PV電池能量 轉化效率之相應損失。 【發明内容】
U 本發明之實施例提供一種 經定位與該第一電極接觸之 經定位與該第二電極接觸之 弟與弟一奈米顆粒層之間 【實施方式】 光電電池’其包含第一電極、 弟一奈米顆粒層、第二電極、 第二奈米顆粒層、及定位於該 且與其接觸之光電材料。 圖1A和圖1B圖示說明根擔 很據本發明之相應第一與第二實 施例之光電電池丨八和⑺。 内邻雷托,… ^A1A、二者均含有第一或 Μ 口丨4電極3、苐二或外部垂 ^ 〇 極5、及定位於該第一和第二電 極之間之光電(PV)材料7。 电 材料7亦與電極3、5電接觸在圖1B所示之電池邮,光電 要觸。光電材料7在自第一電極3至 129035.doc 200849613 圖1B中從左至右) 較佳介於10和2〇 第二電極5之方向上之寬度9(即在圖丨八和 小於約200 nm,例如為100 nm或更小, nm之間。光電材料7在大體垂直於該光電材料寬度之方向 (即在圖1A和圖1B中豎直方向)上之高度丨丨至少為工微米, 例如為2至30微米(例如1〇微米)。術語”大體垂直”包括二心 圓柱形PV材料7之精確垂直方肖、以&對於底部較頂部為 寬或窄之空心圓錐形PV材料而言偏離垂直方向1至45度^ 方向。可以使用其他適宜PV材料尺寸。
G PV材料7之寬度9較佳在大體垂直於將入射於pv電池 ΙΑ、1B上之入射太陽輻射之方向上延伸。在圖丨八和⑺ 中,入射太陽輻射(即日光)意欲相對於水平寬度9之方向以 約70至110度(例如85_95度)之角度照射pv材料7。較佳 地,寬度9足夠薄,以在光生電荷載體在光電材料内至電 極之飛行時間期間大體上防止聲子產生。換言之,pv材料 7之寬度9必須足夠薄,以在產生相當數量聲子之前將足夠 電荷載體輸送至電極3及/或5。因此,當入射太陽輻射之 入射光子由PV材料吸收並轉化為電荷載體(電子、空穴及/ 或激發子)後,該等電荷載體應在產生相當數量聲子(其將 入射輻射轉化為熱量而非提供光生電流之電荷載體)之前 到達相應電極3、5。舉例而言,較佳至少4〇%(例如4〇_ 80 /〇’例如40_ 1 〇〇%)入射光子轉化為到達相應電極並產生 光生電流而不是產生聲子(即熱量)之光生電荷載體。對於 圖1A和圖1B所示之實例而言,假定約丨〇 nm至約20 nm之 寬度9足夠小以防止產生相當數量之聲子。較佳地,寬度9 129035.doc 200849613 足夠小以基本上防止載體(例如電子及/或空穴)能量因载體 重新組合及/或散射而損失。舉例而言,對於非晶矽,該 寬度係小於約200 nm。對於其他材料,該寬度可不同。 較佳地,光電材料7之高度U足夠厚,以將入射太陽輻 射中至少90%(例如90-95%,如9〇_1〇〇%)的入射光子轉: 為電荷載體。因此,PV材料7之高度u較佳足夠厚,以收 集大部分太陽輻射(即將大部分光子轉化為光生電荷載體) 並允許10%或更少(例如〇_5%)的入射太陽輻射到達或離開 PV電池之底部(即到達PV電池下方之基板)。較佳地,高度 η足夠大,以光電吸收5〇11111至200〇11111波長範圍内、=: 400 nm至1000 nm範圍内之至少9〇%(例如9〇_1〇〇%)光子。 較佳地,高度11大於半導體材料内之最長光子穿透深度。 料非晶秒,此高度為約!微米或更大。對於其他材料, 該高度可不同。較佳地,高度11至少較寬度9大1〇倍,例 如至少大1〇〇倍(如大1000至1〇〇〇〇倍)。 較佳地,第-電極3包含導電奈米棒,例如奈米纖维、 奈米管或奈求線。舉例而言,第—電極3可包含導電碳奈 米管(例如金屬化多壁碳奈米管)、或元素或合金金屬奈米 ,在(例士鉬、銅、鎳、金或鈀奈米線)、或包含具有石墨區 =之碳纖維材料之奈米級繩的奈米纖維。奈米棒可具有直 仫為^至200 nm(例如30至150 nm,如50 nm)且高度為1至 ^米(例如1 〇至30微米)之圓柱形狀。若需要,第一電極 3亦可由導電聚合物材料形成。或者,奈米棒可包含電絕 緣材料(例如聚合物材料),其係經導電殼覆蓋以形成電極 129035.doc 200849613 3。舉例而言,可於基板卜拟 板上形成導電層,以使其圍繞夺米 棒形成導電殼而形成電極3。聚合物奈米棒(例如塑料奈米 =可精一由以下方式形成:於模具中模製聚合物基板以: 面以形成奈米棒。切或衝壓聚合物基板之-個表 如圖1Α和圖1Β所示,光電材料7至少環繞奈米棒電極3 材料7可包含任何可回應日光輻照而產生 # ^ = +導體材料。舉例而言, 非:…或多晶無機半導體材料之整體薄膜,例如石夕 (匕括非晶石夕)、鍺或複合半導體(例如以、咖、咖、 、SnSe、別办、Sb2Te3、Pbs、恥%、 :二AS、^、⑽、⑽或⑽及其三元和四元組 ㈠。其亦可為半導體奈米顆粒(例如量
::可包含二或多個相同或不同半導體材料層。舉IS Ο ::材科Μ 7可包含兩個以相反導電類型(即―)之摻 雜劑摻雜以形成ρη接面之 型PV電池。若需要,可:二:電類型層。此形成_妾面 胃半導體區定位於Ρ-型區和η ;之間以形成P-i-_PV電池。或者,ρν材料臈7可包含 成IS同t不同導電類型之不同半導體材料層,以形 貝接面。或者,PV材料膜7可包含單個材料層,以形 成肖特基(Schottky)接面型PV電池(即 ^ 特基接面而無需利用⑽面之⑽與電極形成肖 括材料7。有機#料之實例包 ,U合物(包括半導體聚合物)、有機総性分子材 129035.doc 200849613 料(例如染料)、或生物光活性材料(例如生物半導體材 枓)。光活性係指回應藉由太陽輻射輜照而產生電 :即電流)之能力。有機及聚合物材料包括聚伸苯基乙稀化 “勿、酞青銅(藍色或綠色有機顏料)或碳富勒稀。生物材 料包括蛋白質、rh〇donine、或DNA(例如Appi 78,训_)所揭示之脫氧烏嗓吟核普,將其以引用方 式倂入本文中)。 第二電極5環繞光電材料7以形成所謂的奈米同軸體 (麵0鐵X)。電極5可包含任何適宜導電材料,例如導電聚 合物或元素金屬或金屬合金(例如銅、鎳、銘或盆: 或者,電極5可包含透光且導電之材料,例如透明導電氧 :物叫例如銦錫氧化物、銘辞氧化物或銦鋅氧化 物0 轴m a、1 b係成型為包含同心圓柱體之所謂奈米同 體,其中電極3構成内部或核圓柱,pv材料7構成圍繞電 之間空心圓柱,且電極5構成圍繞PV材料7之外部* 心圓柱。如上所述,半導體薄膜pv材料之寬度”交佳二 以確保深入相應導帶及價帶之受激發電荷載體 (即:子和空穴)不會在到達電極之前冷卻下降至能帶邊 * d同轴體包含無截止頻率之子波長傳輸線,其可與 寬度為10-20 nm2PV材料一起運作。 較仏地’但未必如此,奈米棒3之上部部分延伸超 過光電材料7頂部,並形成用於光電電池…此光學天 線3Α m吾”頂部”係指ρν材料7遠離ρν電池形成於上之基 129035.doc 200849613 板側因此’奈米棒電極3之高度較佳大於PV材料7之高度 11較仏地’天線3 A之高度係大於奈米棒3直徑之3倍。天 線3 A之咼度可與入射太陽輻射匹配,且可包含%入射太陽 輻射之峰波長的整數倍(即天線高度=(η/2)χ53〇 nm,其中n 係1數)。天線3 A幫助收集太陽輻射。較佳地,天線3 a收 集大於90%(例如9(M〇0%)之入射太陽輻射。 在一個替代實施例中,天線3A藉由奈米角集光器補充或 替代。在该實施例中,外部電極5延伸超過pv材料7之高度 11 ’且大致成型為倒錐形用於收集太陽輻射。 在另一個替代實施例中,PV電池1A具有不同於奈米同 軸體之形狀。舉例而言,PV材料7及/或外部電極5可僅延 伸圍繞内部電極3路徑的一部分。此外,電極3和5可包含 板形電極,且PV材料7可包含於電極3和5之間之薄且長之 板形材料。此外,PV電池1A可具有不同於以上所述之寬 度9及/或高度1 1。
圖2圖示說明奈米同軸體pv電池丨之陣列,其中每個電 池1之天線3A收集如線13示意性顯示之入射太陽輻射。如 圖2、3B、3D和3G所示’奈米棒内部電極3可直接形成於 導電基板15(例如鋼或銘基板)之上。在此情形下,基板用 作串和連接電極3與Pv電池i之電接觸中的一個。對於導電 基板15而言,可選電絕緣層17(例如氧化矽或氧化鋁)可定 位於基板15與每個外部電極5之間,以電隔離電極5與基板 5如圖3E所不。、絕緣層17亦可填充田比鄰電池丄之田比鄰 電極5之間的空間,如圖2所示。或者,若如圖3F所示PV 129035.doc •10· 200849613 材料7覆蓋基板15之表面,則可省略絕緣層i7。在另一個 替代構造中,如圖3G所示,若希望串聯連接所有電極5, 則可以電極5材料填電池之間之整個橫向空間。在此 構造中,電極5材料可定位於PV材料7之上,pv材料7定位 =之上PV電池之間之空間内。若需要,絕緣層。既可 το王省略,或其亦可包含定位於?乂材料下方之薄層,如圖 3G所示。-個電接觸(為清晰起見,未示出)連接至外部; 極5,同時-個獨立電接觸藉助基㈣連接至内部電極。 或者’可使用絕緣基板15代替導電基板,且在pv電池下方 將獨立電接觸提供給每—内部電極3。在此構造中,圖3g 中所示之絕緣層17可由導電層代替。導電層 電極3之底部,或其可覆蓋每—整個内部電極3(尤^ = 部奈米棒由絕緣材料製成時)。若基板15包含光學透 m例如玻璃、石英或塑料),則奈米線或奈米管 對於⑽池形成於基板之對置側上。㈣明基㈣ PV電池可由穿過基板15之太陽㈣輻照。導電且光學透明 層1 7(例如銦錫氧化物、 透明導電金屬氧化物)可开成於透鋼辞氧化物或另― 鸯乳化物)了形成於透明絕緣基板之表面以 上’以作為至内部電極3之底部接觸。此導電 :觸::電極3之底部,或其可覆蓋整個内部電極3。^ 或不透明。 …絕緣、對可見光透明 較佳地,一或多個絕緣、光學透明的封裝及/或抗反射 層19形成於。V電池之上—可封裝於'二: 129035.doc 200849613 =中。料層19可包含透明聚合物層(例如eva或通常 在::器件之中用作封裝層之其他聚合物)及/或無機層(例 如乳化矽或其他玻璃層)。 ,在本發明之第—實施例中,pv電池包含至少—個介於 電極與薄膜半導# p V # # 7 一 、千導體”材枓7之間之奈米顆粒層。較佳地, -個獨立奈米顆粒層定位於PV材料膜7和各電極3、5之 :。=以所示,内部奈米顆粒層4經定位與内部電極祕 ,外部奈来顆粒層6經定位與外部電極5接觸。薄膜光 電材料7定位於内部4和外部6奈米顆粒層之間且與其接 觸:具體而言,内部奈米顆粒層4至少環繞奈米棒電極3之 下部部分’光電材料膜7環繞内部奈米顆粒層4,外部太米 =層6環繞光電材料膜7,且外部電極5環繞外部奈二 以形成奈米同軸體。因此,奈米顆粒層4、6定位 於PV材料膜7和相應電極3、5之間之介面處。 和6中之奈米顆粒可具有2至⑽_(例如U)iL2〇㈣ 之均直徑。較佳地,奈米顆粒包含半導體奈米晶體或量 子點’例如石夕、鍺或其他複合半導體量子點。然而,可使 用其他材料之奈米顆粒來代替。奈米顆粒層4、6具有小於 2〇^nm(例如2至30 nm,例如包括5至2G nm)之寬度。舉例 而吕’層4、6可具有小於三個奈米顆粒單層(例如一個至 兩個奈米顆粒單層)之寬度’以允許共振電荷載體隨穿奈 米顆粒層從光電材料膜7到達相應電極3、 4、 、、 不木顆粒層 、6防止或減小熱載體因電極而冷卻。換言之,太、, 厗4、A κ 士 l斗、、上 ’示米顆粒 曰6防止或減小穿越電極與PV材料之間之介 田之電子- 129035.doc -12- 200849613 電子相互作用。該冷卻之防止或減小減少熱量產生並增加 pv電池效率。 在本發明之另一實施例中,奈米顆粒層4、6各自均包含 至少兩組具有不同平均直徑及/或不同組成二者中之至少 一者之奈米顆粒。舉例而言,奈米顆粒層4可包含第一組 車乂大直彳k奈米顆粒及第二組較小直徑奈米顆粒。或者,第 、、且可包έ矽奈米顆粒且第二組可包含鍺奈米顆粒。每一 組奈米顆粒均適於防止或減小熱載體因電極而冷卻。可有 兩組以上(例如三至十組)奈米顆粒。在奈米顆粒層4、6中 4等示米顆粒組可彼此混合。或者,每一組奈米顆粒可構 成相應奈米顆粒層4、6中之薄(即丨_2個單層厚)獨立子層。 在如圖1Β所示本發明之另一實施例中,光電材料7包含 不米結日日薄膜半導體光電材料。換言之,ρν材料7包含整 體半導體材料之薄膜,例如石夕、鍺或具有奈米結晶晶粒結 構之複合半導體材料。因此,該膜具有3〇〇 nm或更小(例 如1〇〇 nm或更小,如5至2〇 nm)之平均晶粒尺寸。在該實 施例中,可省略奈米顆粒層4、6,以使pv材料膜7定位於 内部3與外部5電極之間且與其電接觸。奈米結晶薄膜可藉 由化學氣相沈積技術(例如LPCVD或PECVD)於略高於用於 沈積非晶膜之溫度但低於用於沈積大晶粒多晶膜(例如多 矽膜)之溫度的溫度下沈積。據信,奈米結晶晶粒結構亦 減小熱載體因電極而冷卻,並允許共振電荷載體在電極處 隧穿。 圖3A圖示說明用於製作卩乂電池之多室裝置1〇〇,且圖 129035.doc -13- 200849613 3B_3G圖不說明根據本發明之另一竇 力 貫k例製作P V電池1 a、 1B之方法之步驟。如圖 ^ # α3Α和3Β所不,PV電池可形成於移 動導電基板1 5上,例如形成 、、/ 形成於自一個卷軸或捲筒上脫卷 (即退卷)並卷至接收卷軸哎斤 次捲同上之連續鋁或鋼腹板或條 帶上》基板15穿過多室沈積裝置中之多個沈積站或室。或 者,可使用靜態離散基板(即為不連續腹板或條帶之矩形 基板)。
t, 、'先彡圖3C所不’在室或站1〇1内將奈米棒觸媒顆粒 21(例如鐵、銘、金或其他金屬奈米顆粒)沈積在基板上。 觸媒顆粒可藉由濕電化學或藉由任何其他已知金屬觸媒顆 粒沈積方法沈積。觸媒金屬和粒徑基於將形成奈米棒電極 3之類型(即碳奈米管、奈米線等)選擇。 在圖3D所示之第二步中,奈米棒電極3在室或站如内在 奈米顆粒觸媒部位處視觸媒顆粒與奈米棒類型藉由頂生長 或底生長來選擇性地生長。舉例而言,碳奈米管奈米料 猎由PECVD於低真空中生長,而金屬奈米線可藉由 MOCVD生長。形成垂直於基板15之表面之奈米棒電極3。 或者不米棒可如上文所述藉由模製或衝塵形成。 在圖3E所不之第二步中,在室或站1〇5内可選絕緣層η 圍,奈米棒電極3形成於基板15之暴露表面上。絕緣層17 可藉由於空氣或氧氣環境㈣暴露金屬I板表面低溫熱氧 化來形成’或藉由CVD、濺射、旋塗玻璃沈積等技術沈積 絕緣層(例如氧化矽)來形成。或者,可選層17可包含導電 層,例如藉由濺射、敷鍍等形成之金屬或導電金屬氧化物 129035.doc 200849613 層。 在圖3F所示之第四步中,在室或站1〇7内,奈米顆粒層 4、PV材料7和奈米顆粒層6圍繞奈米棒電極3形成於其上以
及絕緣層17之上。圖5顯示保形塗覆有CdTe奈米顆粒之碳 奈米管(CNT)之TEM圖像實例。 FK 一種形成奈米顆粒層4、6之方法包含分別形成或獲得市 售半導體奈米顆粒或量子點。然後將該等半導體奈米顆粒 附裝於至少奈米棒形内部電極3下部部分以形成内部奈米 顆粒層4。舉例而言,奈米顆粒可自溶液或懸浮液提供於 絕緣層17上方及電極3上方。若需要,奈米棒電極3(例如 碳奈米管)可使用諸如藉由範德華(额化偏8)引力或丑 價鍵鍵結至奈米晶體之反應性基團等部分以化學方式魏 化。此後藉由適宜方法(例如CVD)沈積光電材料膜了。此後 圍繞膜7以與層4類似之方法形成第二奈米顆粒層6。 或者’右使用圖1B之夺半έ士 a 卡、、、口日日PV材料膜7,則該膜可藉 VD於介於非晶與多晶生長、、w , 长,凰度之間之溫度範圍下形 成0 在如圖3G所示之第五步之中, ,,.. T 在至或站109内圍繞光電 材料7(或外部奈米顆粒層6, 托c 右有)形成外部電極5。外部電 極5可藉由濕化學法形成, ^ ^ 错由仏或Cii無電敷鍍或電 Z之以退火步驟。或者,電極5可藉由PVD形成,例如 射或蒸發。外部電極5和⑼材料7可藉由化與機找研磨進 行研磨及/或選擇性地回钱,以;了精由化痛研磨進 聂文大… 平坦化”電池之上表面並 *路示未棒3之上部部分, $成天線3A。若需要,可於 129035.doc 200849613 pv電池之間形成額外絕緣層。此後在天線3A之上形成封 裝層19,以完成pv電池陣列。
C 圖4A圖示說明形成於基板15上之pv電池之多層級陣 列。在該陣财,下部層級中之每個pv電池以與上部層 級中之上覆PV電池1B共用奈米棒型内部電極3。換言之^ 電極3豎直地(即垂直於基板表面)延伸穿過至少兩個°pv電 池ΙΑ、1B。然而’該陣列下部和上部層級中之電池包含 獨立PV材料7A、7B、獨立外部電極5a、5B及獨立電輸出 ΙΠ和U2。在下部陣列層級之電池1A中可提供不同於上部 2列層級之電池1AiPV材料類型(即不同奈米晶體尺寸、 帶隙及/或組成)。絕緣層21定位於上部和下部pv,池層級 之間。内部電極3延伸穿過該層21。儘管顯示兩個層級, {可形成一個或更多益件層級。此外,内部電極3可延伸 超過上部PV電池1B以形成天線。圖4B圖示說明圖4A陣列 之電路示意圖。 如圖2所示,一種操作pv電池以、1β之方法包括將電池 暴露於沿第-方向傳播之人射太陽輕射13,並回應該暴露 步驟自PV電池產生電流。如上文所述,”材料7在内部3 :外部5電極之間在大體垂直於輻射13方向上之寬度9足夠 薄,以在光生電荷載體在光電材料内至至少一個電極之飛 :時_間大體防止聲子產生及/或大體防止電荷載體能 量因電荷載體重新組合和散射而損失。pv材料7在大體平 行於輕射13方向之方向上之高度u足夠厚,以將入射太陽 輻射中至少90%(例如90-95%,如9(M〇〇%)之入射光子轉 129035.doc -16- 200849613 化為電荷载體(例如電子或空穴)(包括激發子)及/或光電吸 收50至2000 nm、較佳4〇〇 _至1〇〇〇 _波長範圍内之至少 °(例如90-1 〇〇/。)之光子。若存在圖】a之奈米顆粒層*、 6 ’則較佳共振電荷載體係經由奈米顆粒層4、6自光電材 料7到達相應電極3、5的方式發生㈣,同㈣⑷奈“ 粒層防止或減小熱載體因電極而冷卻。 若存在圖1B之奈求結晶Pv材料7,則該奈米結晶光電材 料防止或減小熱载體因電極而冷卻。 出於例示及犮明之目的,提供本發明之上述說明。其並 非意欲窮盡或將本發明限制於所揭示之精確形式,且;依 據上述教示或根據本發明之實施達成各種修改及改變^ 說明書之選擇旨在解釋本發明之原理及其實際應用。本發 明之範圍意欲由隨附中請專利範圍及其等效項來 * 【圖式簡單說明】 圖1A和圖 圖 1B係根據本發明實施例之PV電池之三 維示意 圖2係根據本發明實施例之pv電池陣 立 难不思圖。 圖3A係根據本發明實施例用於形成卩乂電池 ^ 裝置之頂視示意圖。 夕至 圖3B-3G係於圖3A之裝置中形成pv電池陣 之側面剖視圖。 / ^驟 列之側面剖視示意圖。圖 (QD)奈米顆粒之碳奈米管 圖4A係積體多層級pv電池陣 4B係該陣列之電路示意圖。 圖5係保形塗覆有CdTe量子點 129035.doc 200849613 (CNT)之透射式電子顯微鏡(TEM)圖像。 【主要元件符號說明】 1 奈米同軸體PV電池 1Α 光電電池 1Β 光電電池 3 内部電極 3Α 光學天線 4 内部奈米顆粒層 5 金屬外部電極 5Α 外部電極 5Β 外部電極 6 外部奈米顆粒層 7 PV材料 7Α PV材料 7Β PV材料 9 寬度 11 局度 13 入射太陽輻射 15 導電基板 17 絕緣層 19 封裝層 21 奈米棒觸媒顆粒(絕緣層) 129035.doc -18-
Claims (1)
- 200849613 十、申請專利範圍: 1 · 一種光電電池,其包含·· 第一電極; 一奈米顆粒層 經疋位與該第一電極接觸之第 弟一電極; =疋位與該第二電極接觸之第二奈米顆粒層,·及 觸 之 疋4於忒等第一及第二奈米顆粒層之間且 光電材料。ϋ 2·如請求項1之電池,其中·· 該光電材料包含薄膜或奈米顆粒材料; 該光電材料在自該第一電極至該第二電極之方向上之 寬度係小於約200 nm ;且 該光電材料在大體垂直於該光電材料寬度之方向上之 高度至少為1微米。 3 ·如請求項2之電池,其中: 该光電材料之寬度係介於1〇和2〇 nm之間;且 该光電材料之高度至少為2至3 〇微米。 4 ·如請求項1之電池,其中: 該光電材料在大體垂直於入射太陽輻射之預期方向上 之寬度係足夠薄’ u達成以下至少一者:在力生電荷載 體在該光電材料内至該第一和該第二電極中至少一者之 飛行時間期間大體防止聲子產生’或大體防止電荷載體 能量因電荷載體重新組合和散射而損失;且 該光電材料在大體平行於入射太陽輻射之預期方向上 129035.doc 200849613 之高度m夠厚’以達成以下至少—者:將人射太陽輕 射中至夕90 /〇入射光子轉化為電荷载體,或光電吸收% 至2000 nm波長範圍内之至少90%之光子。 5 ·如請求項1之電池,其中: 该第一電極包含奈米棒; •該第—奈米顆粒層至少環繞該奈米棒之下部部分; 该光電材料環繞該第一奈米顆粒層; 該第二奈米顆粒層環繞該光電材料;且 該第二電極環繞該第二奈米顆粒層以形成奈米同軸 體。 6· 士明求項5之電池’其中該奈米棒包含碳奈米管或導電 奈米線。 7. 如請=項6之電池,其中該奈米棒之上部部分延伸超過 §亥光電材料且形成用於該光電電池之光學天線。 8. 如請求項1之電池,其中該光電材料包含半導體薄膜, 〇 且該第—奈米顆粒層包含寬度小於三個單層之半導體奈 米顆粒層’以允許共振電荷载體随穿該第—奈米顆粒層 自該光電材料到達該第一電極。 .《月长項1之電池,其中該第一奈米顆粒層包含至少兩 、、、八有不同平均直徑或不同組成中至少一者之奈米顆 粒。 …求員1之電池,其中該光電材料包含矽且該第一奈 米顆粒層内之奈米顆粒包含矽或鍺量子點。 口月求項1之電池,其中該第一奈米顆粒層防止或減小 129035.doc 極之方向上之Ο 200849613 熱載體因該電極而冷卻。 12. —種光電電池,其包含·· 第一電極; 第二電極;及 定位於該第-和第二電極之間且與其電接觸之夺米处 晶薄膜半導體光電材料; 、… 其中: 该光電材料在該第一電極至該第二 寬度係小於約200 nm ;且 該光電材料在大體垂直於該光電材料寬度之方向上 之高度至少為1微米。 I3· —種製造光電電池之方法,其包含: 形成第一電極; 形成與該第一電極接觸之第一奈米顆粒層; 形成與該第一奈米顆粒層接觸之半導體光電材料 形成與該光電材料接觸之H㈣”丨及 形成與該第二奈米顆粒層接觸之第二電極。 14.如請求項13之方法,其進一步包含·· 形成垂直於基板之第一電極; 形成至少圍繞該第一 粒層; 電極之下部部分 之該第一奈米顆 形成圍繞該第一奈米顆粒層之該光電材料· 形成圍繞該光電材料之該第二奈米顆板層:及 形成圍繞該第二奈米顇粒層之該第二電極 129035.doc 200849613 15.如凊求項14之方法,其中··形成該第一奈米顆粒層之步 驟包合提供半導體奈米顆粒,繼而將所提供之 米顆粒附裝至至少太半# "斤 ^ ^ 75 少不未棒形弟一電極之下部部分,·且該 光電材料包含薄膜或奈米顆粒材料。 μ 16·如請求項14之方法,其中該等第-及第二電極和該光電 材料係沈積於移動導電基板上。 17=請求項16之方法,其進—步包含在該基板 電池陣列。 〜风尤包 18·如請求項17之方法,其進一步包含: 將腹板形導電基板從第一卷軸上脫卷至第二卷軸; 在5亥導電基板上形成複數個金屬觸媒顆粒. 自該等金屬觸媒顆粒生長複數個奈第 iy·如μ求項14之方法,其中·· U 該光電材料在該第一電極至該第二電極 係小於約200 nm ;且 °上之寬度 s亥光電材料在大體垂直於該光電 度至少為丨微米。 抖足度之方向上之高 20.::運作光電電池之方法’該光電電池 經定位與該第一電極接觸之第— “極、 極、經定位與該第二電極接觸之第- 弟一電 位於該等第一及第二奈米顆粒層之;示米顆粒層、及定 材料,該方法包含: 曰之間且與其接觸之光電 將該光電電池暴露於沿第一方 方向傳播之入射太陽轄 129035.doc 200849613 射;及 回應於該暴露步驟自該光電電池產生電流,以使共振 電荷載體係經由該第一奈米顆粒層自該光電材料到達該 第一電極的方式發线穿,同時㈣—奈米顆粒層防: 或減小熱載體因該等電極而冷卻。 21·如請求項20之方法,其中: 該光電材料包含薄膜或奈米顆粒材料;介於該第一和 第二電極之間之光電材料在大體垂直於該第一方向之第 一方向上之寬度係足夠薄,以達成以下至少一者:在光 生電荷載體在該光電材料内至第一電極和第二電極中至 少一者之飛行時間期間大體防止聲子產生;或大體防止 電荷載體能量因電荷載體重新組合和散射而損失;且 該光電材料在大體平行於該第一方向上之高度係足夠 厚,以達成以下至少一者··將入射太陽輻射中至少9〇% 入射光子轉化為電荷載體;或光電吸收5〇至2〇〇〇 nm波 長範圍内之至少90°/〇光子。 22· —種運作光電電池之方法,該光電電池包含第一電極、 第二電極及位於該等第一和二電極層之間且與其接觸之 薄膜奈米結晶半導體光電材料,該方法包含: 將該光電電池暴露於沿第一方向傳播之入射太陽幸畐 射;及 回應於該暴露步驟自該光電電池產生電流,以便該奈 米結晶光電材料防止或減小熱載體因該等電極而冷卻。 2 3 ·如清求項2 2之方法,其中: 129035.doc 200849613 介於該等第一和第二電極之間之光電材料在大體垂直 於該第一方向之第二方向上之寬度係足夠薄,以達成以 下至少一者··在光生電荷載體在光電材料内至第一電極 和第二電極中至少一者之飛行時間期間大體防止聲子產 生;或大體防止電荷載體能量因電荷载體重新組合和散 射而損失;及 該光電材料在大體平行於該第—方向上之高度係足夠厚,以達成以下至少一者:將入射太陽輕射中至少9〇% 入射光子轉化為電荷載體;或光 它伙 I吸收50至2000 nm波 長範圍内之至少90%光子。 129035.doc 200849613 七、指定代表圖·· (一) 本案指定代表圖為:第(1A )圖。 (二) 本代表圖之元件符號簡單說明: 1A 光電電池 3 内部電極 3A 光學天線 4 内部奈米顆粒層 5 金屬外部電極 6 外部奈米顆粒層 7 PV材料 9 寬度 11 南度 八、本案若有化學式時,請揭示最能顯示發明特徵的化學式: (無) 129035.doc
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- 2008-02-11 JP JP2009549134A patent/JP2010518623A/ja active Pending
- 2008-02-11 CN CN200880004753A patent/CN101663764A/zh active Pending
- 2008-02-11 EP EP08794287A patent/EP2115784A2/en active Pending
- 2008-02-11 US US12/068,745 patent/US20080202581A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-02-11 KR KR1020097018435A patent/KR20090120474A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2008-02-11 WO PCT/US2008/001769 patent/WO2008143721A2/en active Application Filing
- 2008-02-12 TW TW097104891A patent/TW200849613A/zh unknown
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WO2008143721A2 (en) | 2008-11-27 |
WO2008143721A3 (en) | 2009-05-14 |
JP2010518623A (ja) | 2010-05-27 |
KR20090120474A (ko) | 2009-11-24 |
US20080202581A1 (en) | 2008-08-28 |
CN101663764A (zh) | 2010-03-03 |
EP2115784A2 (en) | 2009-11-11 |
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