TR201807554T4 - Ektoparazitlerin kontrolü. - Google Patents
Ektoparazitlerin kontrolü. Download PDFInfo
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- TR201807554T4 TR201807554T4 TR2018/07554T TR201807554T TR201807554T4 TR 201807554 T4 TR201807554 T4 TR 201807554T4 TR 2018/07554 T TR2018/07554 T TR 2018/07554T TR 201807554 T TR201807554 T TR 201807554T TR 201807554 T4 TR201807554 T4 TR 201807554T4
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- human mammal
- spp
- treatment
- ectoparasite
- pharmaceutical composition
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- 229960002245 selamectin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052624 sepiolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019355 sepiolite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003491 skin Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000008247 solid mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000829 suppository Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011885 synergistic combination Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001059 synthetic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003826 tablet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WPALTCMYPARVNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N tolfenpyrad Chemical compound CCC1=NN(C)C(C(=O)NCC=2C=CC(OC=3C=CC(C)=CC=3)=CC=2)=C1Cl WPALTCMYPARVNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011200 topical administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- UIXPTCZPFCVOQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ubiquinone-0 Chemical compound COC1=C(OC)C(=O)C(C)=CC1=O UIXPTCZPFCVOQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004563 wettable powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 150000003751 zinc Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/54—1,3-Diazines; Hydrogenated 1,3-diazines
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
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- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing solids as carriers or diluents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing solids as carriers or diluents
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-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
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-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
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- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
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- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
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Abstract
Evcil ve çiftlik hayvanlarına zarar veren ektoparazitlerin, hayvanlara, etkili bir miktarda 4-tert-butilfenetil kinazolin-4-il eter veya 4-kloro-5-etil-2-metil-N-[(4-tert-butilfenil)metil]pirazol-3-karboksamid veya 5-kloro-N-[2-[4-2-etoksietil)-2,3-dimetilfenoksi]etil]-6-etil-4-pirimidinamin veya 4-kloro-3-etil-1-metil-N-[4-(p-toliloksi)benzil]pirazol-5-karboksamid uygulanması yoluyla kontrol edilmesine yönelik bir yöntem açıklanır.
Description
TARIFNAME
EKTOPARAZITLERIN KONTROLÜ
ALTYAP I
Evcil hayvan ve çiftlik hayvani gibi hayvanlarin yetistirilmesinde, ektoparazitler, özellikle
birçok ektoparazitin, hastalik tasiyici görevi görmesi nedeniyle, ekonomik kayiplar dahil
olmak üzere çok büyük kayiplara yol açar. Hayvan ektoparazitlerinin kontrolü sürmekte
olan bir sorundur. Örnegin birçok kene türü, bu bilesiklerin, çesitli etki sekli ve
ektoparazitte birkaç farkli birincil saldiri bölgesine sahip olmalarina ragmen, arsenik,
heksaklorheksan, kampeklor, DDT, piretrinler, karbamatlar ve organofosforlu bilesikler
gibi genis çapta pestisite karsi direnç gelistirmistir. Bu nedenle, ektoparazit kontrolüne
yönelik ek aktif ajanlarin, yeni etki sekilleri ile gelistirilmesi ve ticarilestirilmesinin yüksek
derecede istendigi kabul edilmektedir.
Bir kinazolin, pirazol veya pirimidin çekirdegi barindiran bilesikler, ekin kimya
uygulamalarinda mantar öldürücü, böcek öldürücü ve kene öldürücü kullanimlari ile iyi
birçok rapor, fenazakuin ve tebufenpiradin, haserelere karsi sinirli tesir spektrumunun
yani sira normal kullanim altinda yararli akar türlerine yönelik olarak nispeten düsük
diger böcek öldürücü aktif bilesikleri içeren istenmeyen akaridler gibi hayvan
haserelerinin kontrol edilmesine yönelik uygun sinerjik kombinasyonlari açiklar. US
köpürebilen bir böcek ilaci bilesimini açiklar. Formülasyon, böcekler, örümcegimsiler
veya kabuklular gibi parazit eklem bacaklilar öldürmek veya büyümelerini önlemek
üzere cilde, vücut yüzeyine veya insan veya hayvanin mukoza yüzeyine uygulanabilir.
söz konusu bariyer, sigir, atlar, koyunlar, keçiler, domuzlar, tavuklar, hindiler, kazlar,
tavsanlar, köpekler veya kediler gibi omurgali bir hayvanin, kene veya pire gibi
omurgasiz bir hasere tarafindan isirilmasi veya yaralanmasinin engellenmesi amaciyla
tavuklar, köpekler ve kediler gibi hayvanlarda akaridler ve ilaca karsi dirençli akarlarin
yol açtigi hasarin bastirilmasina yönelik bir bilesimi açiklar, söz konusu bilesim, etiprol
ve pirimidifen içeren bir mitokondriya elektron tasima inhibitörünü içerir.
KISA AÇIKLAMA
Burada açiklanan bir bilesimdir, burada bilesim, bir ektoparazitin zarar verdigi insan
olmayan bir memelinin tedavisinde kullanim amaciyla, 5-kl0ro-N-[2-[4-(2-etoksietiI)-2,3-
dimetilfenoksi]etiI]-6-etil-4-pirimidinamin (pirimidifen) veya bir birim dozaj formundaki
aktif bilesik olarak bunlarin bir tuzundan olusur, burada ektoparazit, Boophiliis spp,
Rhipicephalus spp, Dermacentor spp, Hyalomma spp, Amblyomma spp, Otobius spp,
Ornithodoros spp, Damalinia spp, Stomoxys ssp, Bovicola spp, Diptera takimindan
veya Ctenocephalides spp'den seçilir ve burada insan olmayan memeli hayvan, çiftlik
hayvanlari ve evcil memelilerden seçilir. Pirimidifenin, ko-enzim Qo'da Kompleks I ile
baglanip, mitokondriyal elektron tasima zincirini engelleyerek metabolizmayi etkiledigi
ve hayvan sagliginda ektoparazit kontrolüne yönelik yeni bir hareket tarzini temsil ettigi
düsünülür.
Bazi mitokondriyal elektron transport inhibitörlerinin beklenmedik kene önleyici ve pire
önleyici özellikleri, hayvanlarin ektoparazitlerine karsi etkili bir sekilde kullanilabilen
nispeten az sayida tarimsal pestisit bulunmasi nedeniyle, oldukça büyük bir öneme
sahiptir.
Hayvanlarin ektoparazitlerinin kontrolünde kullanima yönelik farmasötik bilesim,
keneler, akarlar, pireler, sinekler ve hayvanlara zarar veren bitler ile uygun olan 5-kloro-
N-[2-[4-(2-etoksietiI)- olusur.
Formül III
Formül Ill'teki bilesim, örnegin sigir, koyunlar, keçiler, atlar, domuzlar, esekler, develer,
bufalolar, tavsanlar, tavuklar, hindiler, ördekler, kazlar, köpekler, kediler, kafes kuslari,
akvaryum baliklari gibi diger evcil hayvanlar ve örnegin hamsterlar, kobay fareleri,
siçanlar ve fareler gibi deney hayvanlari olarak adlandirilan hayvanlar, tarimsal
hayvanlara saldiran eklem bacaklilarin kontrol edilmesine yönelik olarak uygundur. Bu
eklem bacaklilari kontrol ederek, ölüm vakalari ve üretkenlikteki azalmalar (et, süt, yün,
postlar, yumurtalar için) daha az hale getirilebilir, böylece daha ekonomik ve daha basit
hayvancilik mümkün olur.
Burada açiklanan bilesimin çesitli düzenlemelerinde: insan olmayan denek bir
memelidir; uygulama, topikal uygulamayi içerir, uygulama, bagirsak disi (örnegin oral)
uygulamayi içerir ve insan olmayan denek, bir ektoparazit ile enfekte edilir veya bir
ektoparazit ile istila riski altindadir. Çesitli düzenlemelerde: ektoparazit bir eklem
bacaklidir; ektoparazit, Ixodidae, Argasidae, Psoroptidae, Sarcoptidae, Muscidae,
Trichodectidae veya Pulicidae familyasindan seçilir; ektoparazit, Boophilus spp,
Rhipicephalus spp, Dermacentor spp, Hyalomma spp, Amblyomma spp, Otobius spp,
Ornithodoros spp, Damalinia spp, Stomoxys spp, Bovicola spp veya Ctenocephalides
spp'den seçilir.
Burada açiklanan bilesimin çesitli düzenlemelerinde: bilesim bir katidir; bilesim bir sivi
veya jeldir; uygulama, bilesigin insan olmayan denege verilmesini kapsayan bir sivi
bilesimin uygulanmasini içerir; uygulama, bilesigin insan olmayan denege verilmesini
kapsayan bir kati bilesimin uygulanmasini içerir; uygulama, insan olmayan denege
spreyleme, daldirma veya damlatma uygulanmasini içerir; bilesik, sivi bilesim içinde
agirlikça %0.01 ila %50.0 arasinda mevcuttur; bilesik, sivi bilesim içinde agirlikça
koyunlar, keçiler, domuzlar, köpekler, kediler ve atlar; topikal uygulama, insan olmayan
denegin, bilesimi içeren kati bir ürün ile uyum saglamasini içerir (örnegin bir etiket, bir
boyunluk, bir boyunluk etiketi, bir kulak etiketi, bir kuyruk etiketi, bir uzuv bandi veya bir
yular): kati madde bir polimerik materyali içerir.
Burada açiklanan, Formül lll'ün bilesigini veya bir tuzunu bir birim dozaj formunda
içeren farmasötik bir bilesimdir.
Burada açiklanan, Formül IIl bilesigini veya bunun bir tuzunu içeren bir bilesimdir,
burada bilesim, insan olmayan bir denege topikal uygulamaya yönelik olarak uygundur.
Çesitli düzenlemelerde, bilesim bir tozdur.
Bulusun bir veya daha fazla düzenlemesinin detaylari, asagida eslik eden açiklamada
ifade edilir. Bulusun diger özellikleri, amaçlari ve avantajlari, açiklamadan ve
istemlerden anlasilir olacaktir.
DETAYLI AÇIKLAMA
Mitokondriyal kompleks I inhibitörleri olarak tesire sahip çesitli bilesikler, 1990'Iarda,
ekinleri ve diger bitkileri, örümcek akarlari (örnegin benekli örümcek akari) veya pas
akarlari (örnegin elma pas akari) gibi bitki zararlilari tarafindan korumak amaciyla
ticarilestirilmistir. Bu bilesikler, fenazakuin (4-tert-butilfenetil kinazolin-4-il eter; Formül
pirimidinamin; Formül III), tolfenpirad (4-kI0r0-3-etiI-1-metiI-N-[4-(p-
toliloksi)benzil]pirazoI-5-karb0ksamid; F0n^nül IV), fenpiroksimat (tert-bütil 4-[[(1,3-
dimetiI-5-fenoksi-pirazoI-4-il)metilidenamino]0ksimetil]benzoat; Formül V) ve piridabeni
(4-kl0r0-2-tert-bütiI-5-[(4-tert-butilferiil)metilsülfanil]piridazin-3-on; Formül VI) içerir..v-;i'ýÄx`
Formül i Formül ii "`
Formül III _
Formül IV
V] Q/ i __hsýirxg
Formül V (fenpiroksimat) Formül VI (piridaben)
Korunan bir bölgede (Kompleks l'in koenzim Qo'i) görev yapmasina ve temel bir sürece
(mitokondriyal elektron aktarimi) müdahale etmesine ragmen, bu pestisitler bununla
birlikte sasirtici ve öngörülemeyen tür seçiciligini gösterir. Esasen bitki parazitik
akarlara karsi akarisitler olarak kullanilmasina ragmen, bu bilesikler genellikle, tarla
kosullarinda yirtici akarlar ve birçok yararli böcek üzerinde minimal etki gösterir (Pesi`
Hackler et al. tarafindan yapilan bir çalismada, fenazakuine yönelik kompleks I
inhibitörlerinin kuvvetindeki büyük türlerin bagimli farkliliklarinin spesifik bir örnegi
görülür. Fenazakuin, pamuk yaprak bitleri (LC50 2.6 ppm) ve sivrisinek Iarvaya (LCso
0.725 ppm) karsi yüksek derecede etkindir ancak lahana güvesine karsi düsük kuvvete
sahiptir (LC50 188 ppm) ve güney misir kök kurdu ve tütün tomurcugunun her ikisine
karsi 400 ppm tesirden daha büyüktür (Hackler et al. 1998 Development of broad-
spectrum insecticide activity from a miticide. In: Synthesis and Chemi'stry of
Agrochemica/s V (Bakeret al., eds), American Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp.
147-156). Bu türlerin duyarlilik farkliliklari, içsel tesir farkliliklari (baska bir deyisle aktif
bölge degisiklikleri), metabolizma farkliliklari ve/veya penetrasyon farkliliklarindan
kaynaklanabilir. Örnegin, fenazakuin, bu türlere karsi zayif etkinligi açiklayabilen tütün
kurdu ile genis ölçüde metabolize edilir. Buna ek olarak, fenazakuin, siçan karacigeri
mikrozomlari ile, bilesigin baliklara karsi memelilerden daha yüksek olan toksisitesini
kismen açiklayabilen, alabalik karacigeri mikrozomlarindan daha fazla ayristirilir.
Mevcut durumda, bilesiklerin aktif bölgeler ile etkilesimlerindeki bu türlere bagli
farkliliklar veya metabolizma veya penetrasyon farkliliklari, bir öncülün öngörülmesine
yönelik olarak imkansizdir. Sasirtici bir sekilde, fenazquin (4-tert-bütilfenetil kinazolin-4-
il eter) ve bazi diger mitokondriyal kompleks I inhibitörlerinin, hayvancilikta ticari olarak
önemli ektoparazitler olan iki uzak iliskili eklem bacakli grup olan pire ve keneler
üzerinde aktif oldugu tarafimizca kesfedilmistir.
-kloro-N-[2-[4-(2-etoksietil)-2,3-dimetilfenoksi]etiI]-6-etil-4-pirimidinamin bilesigi, sert
keneler, yumusak keneler, uyuz akarlari, kadife akarlari, bitler, saç bitleri, kus bitleri ve
pireler gibi hayvan parazitlerine (ektoparazitler) karsi aktif oldugu düsünülmektedir. Bu
parazitler, örnegin Boophilus spp gibi sigir keneleri. örnegin Boophilus microp/us,
Boophilus decoloratus ve Boophilus annulatus; Rhi'pi'cephalus sanguineus,
Rhipicephafus appendiculatus, Rhipicepha/us pulche/Ius ve Rhipicephalus eve/isi gibi
Rhipi'cepha/us spp; Hya/omma truncatum, Hya/omma rufipes, Hyalomma detritum,
Hyalomma margi'natum, Hyalomma dromedarii ve Hyalornma anatolicum excavatum
gibi Hyalomma spp; Dermacentor variabi'lis ve Dermacentor andersoni gibi
Dermacentor türleri; Amblyomma variegatum, Amblyomma herbraeum, Amblyomma
pomposum, Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma cayennenese, Amblyomma
maculatum, Amblyomma gemma ve Amblyomma Iepidium gibi Amblyomma spp;
Argasidae familyasina ait, örnegin Otobius megni'ni gibi Otobius spp ve Ornithodoros
savignyi, Ornithodoros lahorensis ve Omi'thodoros tholozani gibi Ornithodoros spp;
Psoroptidae familyasina ait, örnegin Psoroptes ovis ve Psoroptes equi; ve Sarcopt/'dae
familyasina ait örnegin Sarcoptes bovi's veya Sarcoptes scabici; isiran ve kan emici
sinekleri içeren Diptera ektoparazitleri takimi, kan emici ve çigneyici bitleri içeren
Phthiraptera ektoparazitleri takimi ve kedi piresi (Ctenocephali'des feli's) ve köpek
piresini (Ctenocephalides cani's) içeren Si'phonaptera ektoparazitleri takimi, lxodi'dae
familyasina ait Acari ektoparazitleri takimi içerir.
Aktif bilesikler, örnegin tabletler, kapsüller, iksirler, drenler, granüller, macunlar,
boluslar, kesintisiz besleme yöntemi, süpozituvarlar seklinde entegral olarak
uygulanabilir.
Bilesikler, örnegin enjeksiyonlar ile oldugu üzere parenteral olarak uygulanabilir (kas
içi, deri alti, damar içi, intraperitoneal olarak). Bilesikler ayrica, örnegin batirma veya
daldirma, püskürtme, dökme, damlatma, yikama, tozlama formunda, nazal uygulama,
dermal uygulama ile implantlar olarak ve boyunluklar, kulak etiketleri, kuyruk etiketleri,
uzuv bantlari, yularlar ve isaretleme Cihazlari gibi kaliplanmis ürünleri içeren aktif
bilesik yardimiyla uygulanabilir.
Ticari olarak tedarik edilebilen formülasyonlardan hazirlanan kullanim formlarinin aktif
bilesik bilesik içerigi, genis sinirlar içinde degisebilir. Kullanim formlarinin aktif bilesik
ila 10 arasinda olabilir.
Sigir, kümes hayvanlari ve evcil hayvanlara yönelik olarak kullanildiginda, aktif bilesik
kombinasyonlari, dogrudan veya 100 ila 10.000 kat seyreltmeden sonra, aktif bilesikleri
agirlikça %1 ila %80 miktarinda içeren formülasyonlar olarak uygulanabilir (örnegin
tozlar, emülsiyonlar, akicilar) veya kimyasal daldirma olarak kullanilabilir.
Formül lIl'ün bilesikleri, serbest baz formunda veya tarimsal olarak kabul edilebilir asit
ilaveli tuz formunda, örnegin tozlanarak, daldirma yoluyla veya seyreltik sulu formunda
sprey ile islem gören örnegin hidroklorür veya asetat olarak Acari takiminin
ektoparazitlerine uygulanir. Formül lIl'ün bilesikleri, tercihen serbest baz formunda
kullanilir. Seyreltme derecesi, tercihen aktif maddenin agirlikça %001 ila 50.0, özellikle
Tedavi, tercihen 7 ila 21 günlük araliklar ile tekrarlanir.
Aktif madde, uygun olarak, bir toz, toz konsantresi, islatilabilir toz, konvansiyonel kati
veya sivi yardimci maddeler ile, emülsiyon haline getirilebilir konsantre veya bir
solüsyon halinde formüle edilebilir. Bulusun özellikle tercih edilen bilesimleri,
kullanilmadan önce su ile seyreltilmek üzere, özellikle agirlikça %30 ila 50 aktif madde
içerenler olmak üzere sivi konsantrelerdir. Bu tür bir sivi konsantre tercihen, bir yüksek
molekül agirlikli alkol, merkaptan veya bir alkilen okside sahip alkil fenolün yani sira ve
bir sivi aromatik hidrokarbon veya mineral yag gibi bir seyrelticiden türetilen bir
poliglikoleter gibi bir emülsifiye edici madde içerir.
Uygun kati tasiyicilar, örnegin amonyum tuzlari ve kaolinler, killer, talk, tebesir, kuartz,
attapulgit, montmorillonit veya diyatomik toprak gibi dogal toprak mineralleri ve yüksek
olarak dagitilan silika, alümina ve silikatlar gibi sentetik toprak materyalleridir;
granüllere yönelik uygun kati tasiyicilar: örnegin kalsit, mermer, ponza, sepiyolit ve
dolomit gibi kirilmis ve parçalanmis dogal kayalar veya inorganik ve organik ögünlerin
sentetik granülleri ve talas, hindistancevizi kabuklari, misir koçani gibi organik
materyallerin granülleri ve tütün saplaridir; uygun emülgatörler ve/veya köpük
olusturucular: örnegin polioksietilen yag asidi esterleri, polioksietilen yagli alkol eterleri,
örnegin alkilaril poliglikol eterler, alkilsülfonatlar, alkil sülfatlar, arilsülfonatlar veya
protein hidrolizatlar gibi iyonik olmayan ve anyonik emülgatörlerdir; uygun dagiticilar:
örnegin lignin-sülfit atik Iikörleri ve metilselülozdür.
Toz, granül veya kafes formundaki karboksimetilselüloz ve dogal ve sentetik polimerler,
örnegin arap zamki, polivinil alkol ve polivinil asetat veya dogal fosfolipidler mesela
sefalinler ve Iesitinler ve sentetik fosfolipidler formülasyonlarda kullanilabilir. Diger
katkilar, mineral ve sebze yaglari olabilir. Inorganik pigmentler, örnegin demir oksit,
titanyum oksit ve Prusya Mavisi ve organik boyalar örnegin alizarin renklendiriciler, azo
renklendiriciler ve metal ftalosiyanin renklendiriciler ve eser besleyici maddeler örnegin
demir, manganez, boron, bakir, kobalt, molibden ve çinko tuzlari gibi renklendiriciler
kullanilmasi mümkündür.
Formülasyonlar genel olarak, agirlikça %01 ila 95 arasinda, tercihen %0.5 ile 90
arasinda aktif bilesigi içerir.
Formül Ill'teki bilesigin hayvan ektoparazitlerine karsi hareketi, asagidaki örneklerden
görülebilir. Istemlerin kapsami dahilinde olmayan örnekler örnek amaçlidir.
ÖRNEK 1: Bir daldirma sag kalma analizinde A. americanum larvalarina karsi
Alandaki yetiskin kenelere karsi bilesik gücünü etkili bir sekilde öngörebilen önceden
tanimlanmis bir protokol kullanilarak (White, WH. et al., An in vitro larval immersion
microassay for identifying and characterizing candidate acaricides. J Med Entomol.
stokundan veya tek basina %2
DMSO'dan test bilesikleri, yuvarlak tabanli 96 gözlü bir plaka içine dagitilmistir ve %1
oraninda etanol ve %02 oraninda Triton X100'ü içeren aköz tampon ile karistirilmistir.
Nihai DMSO konsantrasyonu, %2'yi asmaz. Larva asamasindaki tek yildiz keneleri
(Amb/yomma americanum), test bilesiklerini içeren gözlere dagitilmistir ve 30 dakika
boyunca batirilmistir. Keneler ardindan 1 saat kurumaya birakilan bir doku biyopsi
torbasina dagitilmistir. Kurutma sonrasinda, torbalar 24 saat boyunca %95 nem ile
°'de kuluçkaya yatirilmistir ve canli ve ölü larva sayisi sayilmistir. Bu çalismaya ait
sonuçlar Tablo 1'de görülür.
Tablo 1: Tedaviden 24 saat sonra canli/toplam kene larva sayisi
Tedavi: Konsantrasyon
43/45
ÖRNEK 2: C. felis yumurtalarina karsi tesir
Test bilesiklerinin pire yumurtasina karsi degerlendirilmesi, bu böcek parazitlerine karsi
ticari etkinligin belirlenmesine yönelik olarak yaygin olarak kullanilan bir analizdir
(McTier TL et al., Evaluation of the effects of selamectin against adult and immature
stages of fleas (Ctenocepha/ides fe/is fe/is) on dogs and cats. Vet Parasitol. 2000 Aug
metaflumizone on cats against the adult cat flea, flea egg production and hatch, and
içerisinde çözülmüstür ve her bir solüsyondan 100 pl, 5 ml'lik cam siselere yerlestirilmis
ve hava ile kurumaya birakilmistir. 48 saatten az bir yasam süresine sahip olan kirk
kedi piresi (Ctenocephalides feli's) yumurtasinin yani sira pire pisligi (öncelikli olarak
yetiskin pire diski materyali ve konak hayvan kepegi), siselere yerlestirilmistir. Siseler
hava degisimi saglamak üzere kagit havlu ile kaplanmistir ve 5 gün boyunca %90 nem
ile 25°'de kuluçkaya yatirilmistir ve larva sayisi sayilmistir. Bu çalismanin sonuçlari,
Tablo 2'de gösterilir:
Tablo 2: 5 gün sonrasinda 40 yumurtadan olusan pire larva sayisi (toplam
yumurtalarin yüzdesi)
Tedavi: Sise basina miktar
Aseton 8 (%20)
Formül I 1 mg
1 (%2.5)
Formül II 1 mg
1 (%26)
Formül III 1 mg
1 (%25)
Formül IV 1 mg
100 ug
1 (%25)
100 pg
1 (%2.5)
100 ug
100 pg
4 (%10)
7 (%175)
1 (%25)
119
6 (%15)
Claims (1)
1-3'ten herhangi birine göre bir ektoparazit ile zarar gören insan olmayan bir memelinin tedavisinde kullanima yönelik farmasötik bilesim olup, özelligi bilesimin, bir sivi veya jel olmasidir. . Istem 1'e göre bir ektoparazit ile zarar gören insan olmayan bir memelinin tedavisinde kullanima yönelik farmasötik bilesim olup, özelligi bilesimin, insan olmayan memeliye, püskürtme, daldirma veya damlatma yoluyla uygulanmasidir. . Istem 1'e göre bir ektoparazit ile zarar gören insan olmayan bir memelinin tedavisinde kullanima yönelik farmasötik bilesim olup, özelligi insan olmayan memelinin, sigir, koyunlar, keçiler, domuzlar, köpekler, kediler ve atlardan seçilmesidir. istem 2'ye göre bir ektoparazit ile zarar gören insan olmayan bir memelinin tedavisinde kullanima yönelik farmasötik bilesim olup, özelligi topikal uygulamanin, insan olmayan memelinin, bilesimi içeren kati bir ürün ile uyum saglamasini içermesidir. istem 8'e göre bir ektoparazit ile zarar gören insan olmayan bir memelinin tedavisinde kullanima yönelik farmasötik bilesim olup, özelligi kati ürünün, boyunluk, bir boyunluk etiketi, bir kulak etiketi, bir uzuv bandi veya bir yulardan seçilmesidir. istem 8'e göre bir ektoparazit ile zarar gören insan olmayan bir memelinin tedavisinde kullanima yönelik farmasötik bilesim olup, özelligi kati ürünün, bir polimerik materyali içermesidir.
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