SE8406444D0 - Kylsystem for elektrokemisk brenslecell - Google Patents
Kylsystem for elektrokemisk brenslecellInfo
- Publication number
- SE8406444D0 SE8406444D0 SE8406444A SE8406444A SE8406444D0 SE 8406444 D0 SE8406444 D0 SE 8406444D0 SE 8406444 A SE8406444 A SE 8406444A SE 8406444 A SE8406444 A SE 8406444A SE 8406444 D0 SE8406444 D0 SE 8406444D0
- Authority
- SE
- Sweden
- Prior art keywords
- cooling system
- cooling
- fuel cell
- cell cooling
- electrochemical fuel
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D7/08—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being otherwise bent, e.g. in a serpentine or zig-zag
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D7/0041—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for only one medium being tubes having parts touching each other or tubes assembled in panel form
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D7/0066—Multi-circuit heat-exchangers, e.g. integrating different heat exchange sections in the same unit or heat-exchangers for more than two fluids
- F28D7/0083—Multi-circuit heat-exchangers, e.g. integrating different heat exchange sections in the same unit or heat-exchangers for more than two fluids with units having particular arrangement relative to a supplementary heat exchange medium, e.g. with interleaved units or with adjacent units arranged in common flow of supplementary heat exchange medium
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D7/08—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being otherwise bent, e.g. in a serpentine or zig-zag
- F28D7/082—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being otherwise bent, e.g. in a serpentine or zig-zag with serpentine or zig-zag configuration
- F28D7/085—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being otherwise bent, e.g. in a serpentine or zig-zag with serpentine or zig-zag configuration in the form of parallel conduits coupled by bent portions
- F28D7/087—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being otherwise bent, e.g. in a serpentine or zig-zag with serpentine or zig-zag configuration in the form of parallel conduits coupled by bent portions assembled in arrays, each array being arranged in the same plane
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0267—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors having heating or cooling means, e.g. heaters or coolant flow channels
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04029—Heat exchange using liquids
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04067—Heat exchange or temperature measuring elements, thermal insulation, e.g. heat pipes, heat pumps, fins
- H01M8/04074—Heat exchange unit structures specially adapted for fuel cell
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
- H01M8/2484—Details of groupings of fuel cells characterised by external manifolds
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F2250/00—Arrangements for modifying the flow of the heat exchange media, e.g. flow guiding means; Particular flow patterns
- F28F2250/10—Particular pattern of flow of the heat exchange media
- F28F2250/102—Particular pattern of flow of the heat exchange media with change of flow direction
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/564,989 US4574112A (en) | 1983-12-23 | 1983-12-23 | Cooling system for electrochemical fuel cell |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
SE8406444D0 true SE8406444D0 (sv) | 1984-12-18 |
SE8406444L SE8406444L (sv) | 1985-06-24 |
Family
ID=24256745
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
SE8406444A SE8406444L (sv) | 1983-12-23 | 1984-12-18 | Kylsystem for elektrokemisk brenslecell |
Country Status (13)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4574112A (sv) |
JP (1) | JPH071701B2 (sv) |
AU (1) | AU567758B2 (sv) |
BE (1) | BE901369A (sv) |
BR (1) | BR8406484A (sv) |
CA (1) | CA1230641A (sv) |
CH (1) | CH665732A5 (sv) |
DE (1) | DE3445191C2 (sv) |
FR (1) | FR2557373B1 (sv) |
GB (1) | GB2151840B (sv) |
IT (1) | IT1178783B (sv) |
NL (1) | NL8403733A (sv) |
SE (1) | SE8406444L (sv) |
Families Citing this family (60)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4629537A (en) * | 1985-05-17 | 1986-12-16 | Hsu Michael S | Compact, light-weight, solid-oxide electrochemical converter |
JPH0624135B2 (ja) * | 1985-10-30 | 1994-03-30 | 東京電力株式会社 | 燃料電池発電システム |
JPH0782870B2 (ja) * | 1985-11-15 | 1995-09-06 | 株式会社東芝 | 燃料電池冷却水システム |
US4706737A (en) * | 1986-11-20 | 1987-11-17 | International Fuel Cells Corporation | Fuel cell coolant inlet manifold and system |
JPS6418576U (sv) * | 1987-07-23 | 1989-01-30 | ||
US4743517A (en) * | 1987-08-27 | 1988-05-10 | International Fuel Cells Corporation | Fuel cell power plant with increased reactant pressures |
JPH07105241B2 (ja) * | 1987-11-10 | 1995-11-13 | 富士電機株式会社 | 燃料電池のマニホールド |
US4913706A (en) * | 1988-09-19 | 1990-04-03 | International Fuel Cells Corporation | Method for making a seal structure for an electrochemical cell assembly |
EP0406523A1 (en) * | 1989-07-07 | 1991-01-09 | Osaka Gas Co., Ltd. | Fuel cell |
US5206094A (en) * | 1990-11-30 | 1993-04-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Fuel cell evaporative cooler |
JP3056829B2 (ja) * | 1991-06-21 | 2000-06-26 | 大阪瓦斯株式会社 | 固体電解質型燃料電池 |
AU671722B2 (en) * | 1992-11-25 | 1996-09-05 | Michael S. Hsu | Radiant thermal integration with regenerative heating in a high temperature electrochemical covverter |
US5338622A (en) * | 1993-04-12 | 1994-08-16 | Ztek Corporation | Thermal control apparatus |
US5693201A (en) * | 1994-08-08 | 1997-12-02 | Ztek Corporation | Ultra-high efficiency turbine and fuel cell combination |
US5501781A (en) * | 1994-08-08 | 1996-03-26 | Ztek Corporation | Electrochemical converter having internal thermal integration |
ATE189560T1 (de) * | 1994-03-21 | 2000-02-15 | Ztek Corp | Elektrochemischer konverter mit optimaler druckverteilung |
ATE189081T1 (de) * | 1994-05-20 | 2000-02-15 | Int Fuel Cells Corp | Kühlplattenzusammenbau für einen brennstoffzellenstapel |
US5948221A (en) * | 1994-08-08 | 1999-09-07 | Ztek Corporation | Pressurized, integrated electrochemical converter energy system |
DE4438167C1 (de) * | 1994-10-26 | 1996-03-14 | Licentia Gmbh | Anordnung zur Gaszuführung für Brennstoffzellen |
DE19529880A1 (de) * | 1995-08-14 | 1997-02-20 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | Hochenergiebatterie mit mehreren Einzelzellen |
US6054229A (en) * | 1996-07-19 | 2000-04-25 | Ztek Corporation | System for electric generation, heating, cooling, and ventilation |
DE19849491C1 (de) * | 1998-10-27 | 2000-01-05 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Elektrochemischer Energiespeicher |
DE10040792C2 (de) * | 2000-08-21 | 2003-04-10 | Proton Motor Fuel Cell Gmbh | Polymerelektrolytmembran-Brennstoffzellensystem mit Kühlmedium-Verteilungsraum und-Sammelraum und mit Kühlung durch fluide Medien |
JP4516229B2 (ja) * | 2001-03-06 | 2010-08-04 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 固体高分子型セルアセンブリ |
DE10133733B4 (de) * | 2001-07-11 | 2006-05-24 | Stiebel Eltron Gmbh & Co. Kg | Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungssystem |
DE10238235A1 (de) * | 2002-08-21 | 2004-03-04 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Elektrochemischer Energiespeicher mit Wärmeaustauscherstruktur und mehreren elektrochemischen Speicherzellen |
US6740440B2 (en) | 2002-09-23 | 2004-05-25 | General Motors Corporation | Inexpensive dielectric coolant for fuel cell stacks |
US20040096715A1 (en) * | 2002-11-14 | 2004-05-20 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Liquid cooled fuel cell stack |
US6820685B1 (en) * | 2004-02-26 | 2004-11-23 | Baltimore Aircoil Company, Inc. | Densified heat transfer tube bundle |
US20070009787A1 (en) | 2005-05-12 | 2007-01-11 | Straubel Jeffrey B | Method and apparatus for mounting, cooling, connecting and protecting batteries |
US20070218353A1 (en) * | 2005-05-12 | 2007-09-20 | Straubel Jeffrey B | System and method for inhibiting the propagation of an exothermic event |
DE102005036299B4 (de) * | 2005-08-02 | 2008-01-24 | Siemens Ag | Kühlanordnung |
JP5270656B2 (ja) * | 2007-03-28 | 2013-08-21 | レッドフロー ピーティーワイ リミテッド | 電解液循環型電池のセルスタック |
US20080311468A1 (en) * | 2007-06-18 | 2008-12-18 | Weston Arthur Hermann | Optimized cooling tube geometry for intimate thermal contact with cells |
US8263250B2 (en) * | 2007-06-18 | 2012-09-11 | Tesla Motors, Inc. | Liquid cooling manifold with multi-function thermal interface |
US8758924B2 (en) * | 2007-06-18 | 2014-06-24 | Tesla Motors, Inc. | Extruded and ribbed thermal interface for use with a battery cooling system |
US20090023056A1 (en) * | 2007-07-18 | 2009-01-22 | Tesla Motors, Inc. | Battery pack thermal management system |
DE202007017390U1 (de) * | 2007-12-11 | 2009-04-16 | Autokühler GmbH & Co. KG | Wärmeaustauscher-Vorrichtung für einen elektrochemischen Energiespeicher |
DE102008011508A1 (de) * | 2008-02-22 | 2009-08-27 | Volkswagen Ag | Energiespeicher sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung des Energiespeichers |
DE102008027293A1 (de) * | 2008-06-06 | 2009-12-10 | Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg | Vorrichtung zur Kühlung einer Fahrzeugbatterie |
KR101112442B1 (ko) * | 2008-10-14 | 2012-02-20 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 냉각 효율성이 향상된 전지모듈 어셈블리 |
DE102009024579A1 (de) * | 2009-06-10 | 2010-12-16 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Kühlmediumsleitungsverschaltung zum Erreichen sehr gleichmäßiger Kühltemperaturen und hoher Verfügbarkeit insbesondere von Leistungsmaschinen |
DE102010012925A1 (de) * | 2010-03-26 | 2011-09-29 | Audi Ag | Vorrichtung zur elektrischen Energiespeicherung, insbesondere für ein Kraftfahrzeug |
KR101359905B1 (ko) * | 2011-01-26 | 2014-02-11 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 조립 생산성이 향상된 냉각부재와 이를 포함하는 전지모듈 |
FR2982085B1 (fr) * | 2011-10-28 | 2014-05-16 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Systeme electrochimique type electrolyseur ou pile a combustible haute temperature a gestion thermique amelioree |
US9255741B2 (en) | 2012-01-26 | 2016-02-09 | Lear Corporation | Cooled electric assembly |
US10348146B2 (en) * | 2012-07-13 | 2019-07-09 | Lcdrives Corp. | Liquid cooled high efficiency permanent magnet machine with glycol cooling |
US10312760B2 (en) * | 2012-07-13 | 2019-06-04 | Lcdrives Corp. | Liquid cooled high efficiency permanent magnet machine with in slot glycol cooling |
US20140015352A1 (en) * | 2012-07-13 | 2014-01-16 | Lcdrives Corp. | High efficiency permanent magnet machine with concentrated winding and double coils |
JP6378337B2 (ja) * | 2014-07-17 | 2018-08-22 | FCO Power株式会社 | 平板型固体酸化物形燃料電池のスタック構造体及び固体酸化物形燃料電池システム |
FR3024985B1 (fr) | 2014-08-22 | 2020-01-17 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Procede d'electrolyse ou de co-electrolyse a haute temperature, procede de production d'electricite par pile a combustible sofc, interconnecteurs, reacteurs et procedes de fonctionnement associes. |
FR3028097B1 (fr) * | 2014-11-05 | 2019-09-06 | Safran Aircraft Engines | Pile a combustible presentant un systeme de refroidissement ameliore |
FR3038916B1 (fr) | 2015-07-16 | 2017-07-28 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procedes d' (de co) electrolyse de l'eau (soec) ou de production d'electricite a haute temperature a echangeurs integres en tant qu'etages d'un empilement de reacteur (eht) ou d'une pile a combustible (sofc) |
US9786966B2 (en) * | 2015-09-11 | 2017-10-10 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Cold plate assembly for electrified vehicle battery packs |
FR3056230B1 (fr) | 2016-09-19 | 2020-02-28 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Systeme d'electrolyse reversible de l'eau a haute temperature comportant un reservoir d'hydrures couple a l'electrolyseur |
JP6690574B2 (ja) * | 2017-02-17 | 2020-04-28 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 燃料電池 |
KR102358425B1 (ko) * | 2018-09-18 | 2022-02-03 | 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 | 전지 모듈 |
WO2020160052A1 (en) * | 2019-01-28 | 2020-08-06 | Utility Global, Inc. | Electrochemical reactor systems |
US11777126B2 (en) | 2019-12-05 | 2023-10-03 | Utility Global, Inc. | Methods of making and using an oxide ion conducting membrane |
US11628745B2 (en) | 2021-02-05 | 2023-04-18 | Beta Air, Llc | Apparatus for a ground-based battery management for an electric aircraft |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3321334A (en) * | 1967-05-23 | Fuel cell unit | ||
US754969A (en) * | 1903-08-13 | 1904-03-22 | Martin C Burt | Storage battery. |
FR1529618A (fr) * | 1967-01-13 | 1968-06-21 | Thomson Houston Comp Francaise | Perfectionnements aux piles à combustibles |
US3554809A (en) * | 1967-12-18 | 1971-01-12 | Gen Electric | Process and apparatus for distributing fluid inerts with respect to the electrodes of a fuel battery |
US3964929A (en) * | 1975-07-21 | 1976-06-22 | United Technologies Corporation | Fuel cell cooling system with shunt current protection |
US4310605A (en) * | 1980-09-22 | 1982-01-12 | Engelhard Minerals & Chemicals Corp. | Fuel cell system |
JPS57138782A (en) * | 1981-02-20 | 1982-08-27 | Hitachi Ltd | Fuel cell |
JPS5897272A (ja) * | 1981-12-02 | 1983-06-09 | Hitachi Ltd | 燃料電池 |
JPS607066A (ja) * | 1983-06-02 | 1985-01-14 | エンゲルハード・コーポレーション | 熱伝達アセンブリ |
EP0128023B1 (en) * | 1983-06-02 | 1987-10-21 | Engelhard Corporation | Cooling assembly for fuel cells |
-
1983
- 1983-12-23 US US06/564,989 patent/US4574112A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1984
- 1984-08-30 CA CA000462198A patent/CA1230641A/en not_active Expired
- 1984-09-12 AU AU32987/84A patent/AU567758B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1984-12-07 NL NL8403733A patent/NL8403733A/nl not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1984-12-11 DE DE3445191A patent/DE3445191C2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1984-12-12 GB GB08431270A patent/GB2151840B/en not_active Expired
- 1984-12-14 CH CH5944/84A patent/CH665732A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1984-12-17 BR BR8406484A patent/BR8406484A/pt unknown
- 1984-12-18 JP JP59267283A patent/JPH071701B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1984-12-18 SE SE8406444A patent/SE8406444L/sv not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1984-12-21 BE BE0/214229A patent/BE901369A/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1984-12-21 IT IT24194/84A patent/IT1178783B/it active
- 1984-12-24 FR FR848419772A patent/FR2557373B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US4574112A (en) | 1986-03-04 |
JPS60154473A (ja) | 1985-08-14 |
IT1178783B (it) | 1987-09-16 |
DE3445191C2 (de) | 1994-03-17 |
GB2151840B (en) | 1987-08-05 |
BR8406484A (pt) | 1985-10-15 |
FR2557373A1 (fr) | 1985-06-28 |
CH665732A5 (de) | 1988-05-31 |
BE901369A (fr) | 1985-04-16 |
IT8424194A0 (it) | 1984-12-21 |
JPH071701B2 (ja) | 1995-01-11 |
AU3298784A (en) | 1985-06-27 |
GB2151840A (en) | 1985-07-24 |
NL8403733A (nl) | 1985-07-16 |
GB8431270D0 (en) | 1985-01-23 |
SE8406444L (sv) | 1985-06-24 |
AU567758B2 (en) | 1987-12-03 |
FR2557373B1 (fr) | 1991-11-08 |
DE3445191A1 (de) | 1985-07-04 |
CA1230641A (en) | 1987-12-22 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
NAV | Patent application has lapsed |
Ref document number: 8406444-3 Effective date: 19891122 |