JPH0679609A - Coating film eliminating device - Google Patents
Coating film eliminating deviceInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0679609A JPH0679609A JP23239592A JP23239592A JPH0679609A JP H0679609 A JPH0679609 A JP H0679609A JP 23239592 A JP23239592 A JP 23239592A JP 23239592 A JP23239592 A JP 23239592A JP H0679609 A JPH0679609 A JP H0679609A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- steel plate
- coating film
- grinding wheel
- distance
- dust
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Landscapes
- Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、例えば橋梁その他の鋼
板部材へ溶接線、切断線若しくは曲げ位置指示線などを
引くマーキング作業の前処理として、前記鋼板部材表面
の塗装被膜あるいは汚れを除去する装置に用いて好適な
塗膜除去装置に関するものである。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention removes a coating film or dirt on the surface of a steel plate member as a pretreatment for marking work such as welding lines, cutting lines or bending position indicating lines on a steel plate member such as a bridge. The present invention relates to a coating film removing device suitable for use in the device.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】塗装鋼板部材の表面には、通常、防錆の
ためにプライマーなどの塗膜が塗装されている。この塗
装鋼板部材に溶接線、切断線若しくは曲げ位置指示線等
を引くマーキング作業を行うには、塗膜を取除く作業を
行わなければならない。鋼板表面の塗膜を取除くための
装置として塗膜除去装置があり、以下に説明する。塗膜
除去装置は鋼板が載置された基台上に設置されて、鋼板
上を移動させながら塗膜の除去が行われる。塗膜除去装
置は、鋼板表面の塗膜を研削する機能をもつ研削ホイー
ルが設けられており、この研削ホイールが装置本体に回
転自在に支持されている。研削ホイールの周囲には、研
削ホイールにより鋼板表面から研削された塗膜粉塵を吸
引して集塵する吸引フードが配設されており、この吸引
フードは負圧源に接続されている。この塗膜除去装置で
鋼板表面の塗膜除去を行うときは、研削ホイールを鋼板
の表面に当接させ、研削ホイールを回転させながら、装
置本体も基台上で移動させる。そして、鋼板表面の塗膜
研削を行うと同時に、塗膜研削により発生した塗膜粉塵
を吸引フードで集塵する。2. Description of the Related Art The surface of a coated steel plate member is usually coated with a coating film such as a primer for rust prevention. In order to perform a marking operation for drawing a welding line, a cutting line, a bending position indicating line, or the like on the coated steel plate member, it is necessary to remove the coating film. There is a coating film removing device as a device for removing the coating film on the surface of the steel sheet, which will be described below. The coating film removing device is installed on a base on which a steel plate is placed, and the coating film is removed while moving on the steel plate. The coating film removing device is provided with a grinding wheel having a function of grinding the coating film on the surface of the steel plate, and the grinding wheel is rotatably supported by the main body of the device. Around the grinding wheel, a suction hood is arranged to suck and collect coating film dust ground from the steel plate surface by the grinding wheel, and the suction hood is connected to a negative pressure source. When removing the coating film on the surface of the steel plate with this coating film removing device, the grinding wheel is brought into contact with the surface of the steel plate, and the device body is also moved on the base while rotating the grinding wheel. Then, the coating film is ground on the surface of the steel sheet, and at the same time, the coating film dust generated by the coating film grinding is collected by the suction hood.
【０００３】[0003]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】ところで、基台上に置
かれた鋼板は通常平坦ではなく、ある程度の凹凸あるい
は傾斜を有している。このため、上述した従来の塗膜除
去装置にあっては、吸引フードの下端縁と鋼板との間隙
が変化し、特に、その間隙が大きくなると、集塵効率が
劣化してしまう問題があった。この発明は上述した事情
を考慮してなされたもので、集塵効率の劣化を防ぐこと
ができる塗膜除去装置を提供することを目的としてい
る。By the way, the steel plate placed on the base is usually not flat, but has some unevenness or inclination. Therefore, in the above-described conventional coating film removing apparatus, there is a problem that the gap between the lower end edge of the suction hood and the steel plate changes, and particularly when the gap becomes large, the dust collection efficiency deteriorates. . The present invention has been made in consideration of the above-mentioned circumstances, and an object thereof is to provide a coating film removing apparatus that can prevent deterioration of dust collection efficiency.
【０００４】[0004]
【課題を解決するための手段】前記の課題を解決するた
めの本発明の塗膜除去装置は、ワークが載置された基台
上に装置本体を配置し、この装置本体に主軸を中心とし
て回転自在に研削ホイールを設け、前記主軸を前記ワー
クの表面方向に進退可能に支持し、前記研削ホイールの
近傍に負圧源に接続された吸引部を配設し、前記研削ホ
イールをワーク表面に当接させ、該研削ホイールを回転
させると共に前記装置本体を前記基台上で移動させるこ
とによりワーク表面の研削を行うと共に、前記ワーク表
面の研削を行うことにより発生する粉塵を前記吸引部で
集塵するようにした塗膜除去装置において、前記吸引部
を装置本体に対して上下動自在に支持すると共に、前記
吸引部を上下動させる駆動源と、前記ワーク表面と吸引
部下端との距離を検出するセンサと、該センサの出力に
基づいて前記駆動源を駆動させて吸引部の装置本体に対
する高さを制御する制御部とを設けたものである。The coating film removing apparatus of the present invention for solving the above-mentioned problems has an apparatus main body arranged on a base on which a work is placed, and the main axis of the apparatus main body as a center. A grinding wheel is provided rotatably, the main shaft is supported so as to be capable of advancing and retreating in the surface direction of the work, and a suction unit connected to a negative pressure source is arranged in the vicinity of the grinding wheel, and the grinding wheel is placed on the work surface. The surface of the work is ground by bringing them into contact with each other, rotating the grinding wheel, and moving the apparatus main body on the base, and dust generated by grinding the work surface is collected by the suction unit. In the dust-removing coating film removing apparatus, the suction unit is supported so as to be vertically movable with respect to the apparatus main body, and the distance between the work surface and the lower end of the suction unit and the drive source that moves the suction unit up and down. A sensor for output, is provided with a control unit for controlling the height relative to the main assembly of the suction unit by driving the driving source based on the output of the sensor.
【０００５】[0005]
【作用】上記の発明によれば、ワーク表面と吸引部下端
との間の距離がセンサによって検出され、この検出結果
に従って吸引部の高さが制御される。従って、ワーク表
面と吸引部下端との間の距離が開いた場合にこれを自動
的に修正することができる。According to the above invention, the distance between the surface of the work and the lower end of the suction portion is detected by the sensor, and the height of the suction portion is controlled according to the detection result. Therefore, when the distance between the work surface and the lower end of the suction portion is increased, this can be automatically corrected.
【０００６】[0006]
【実施例】以下、本発明の一実施例を図面により説明す
る。図１〜図３は各々本発明の一実施例による塗膜除去
装置の構成を示す図である。図２および図３において、
符号１は基台、２は基台１上に設置され、表面に塗膜が
形成された鋼板、３は塗膜除去装置である。塗膜除去装
置３は、基台１上に水平状態に置かれた鋼板２を跨ぐよ
うに配置され、基台１上の２本のレール４、４上を一方
向に移動自在に設置された本体５と、本体５にレール４
の方向と直交する方向に移動自在に設けられたキャリッ
ジ６と、キャリッジ６の前面６ａに設けられた上下動機
構７と、上下動機構７の前面７ａに設けられたフレーム
部材７ｂに支持された支持軸８（主軸）と、支持軸８の
下部に接続して設けられた研削ホイール９ｃを有する研
削ヘッド９と、支持軸８下端に設けられた集塵フード１
０ａ（吸引部）と、支持軸８の上端に設けられた可撓性
を有する集塵ダクト１０ｂおよび本体５後部に設けられ
た負圧源（図示せず）から構成された吸引機構とから概
略構成される。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS An embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. 1 to 3 are views showing the configuration of a coating film removing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. 2 and 3,
Reference numeral 1 is a base, 2 is a steel plate installed on the base 1, and a coating film is formed on the surface, and 3 is a coating film removing device. The coating film removing device 3 is arranged so as to straddle the steel plate 2 placed horizontally on the base 1, and is installed so as to be movable in one direction on the two rails 4 and 4 on the base 1. Body 5 and rail 4 on body 5
Supported by a carriage 6 movably provided in a direction orthogonal to the direction, a vertical movement mechanism 7 provided on the front surface 6a of the carriage 6, and a frame member 7b provided on the front surface 7a of the vertical movement mechanism 7. A supporting shaft 8 (main shaft), a grinding head 9 having a grinding wheel 9c connected to a lower portion of the supporting shaft 8, and a dust collecting hood 1 provided at a lower end of the supporting shaft 8.
0a (suction part) and a suction mechanism composed of a flexible dust collecting duct 10b provided at the upper end of the support shaft 8 and a negative pressure source (not shown) provided at the rear part of the main body 5 Composed.
【０００７】次に、研削ヘッド９の詳細を図１に従って
説明する。同図において、研削ヘッド９は支持軸８の下
部に接続されたフレーム部材９ａと、フレーム部材９ａ
の下方に設けられた駆動モータ９ｂと、塗膜を研削する
研削ホイール９ｃと、駆動モータ９ｂの出力軸Ａに設け
たプーリー（図示せず）と研削ホイール９ｃの回転軸Ｂ
に設けたプーリー（図示せず）との間に張設された無端
状の駆動ベルト９ｄと、一端がフレーム部材９ａに、他
端が研削ホイール９ｃの回転軸Ｂに接続され、使用する
研削ホイールの径に合わせて回転軸Ｂの高さを調節する
シリンダー９ｅとから構成されている。Next, details of the grinding head 9 will be described with reference to FIG. In the figure, the grinding head 9 includes a frame member 9a connected to a lower portion of the support shaft 8 and a frame member 9a.
, A grinding wheel 9c for grinding the coating film, a pulley (not shown) provided on the output shaft A of the driving motor 9b, and a rotation shaft B of the grinding wheel 9c.
An endless drive belt 9d stretched between a pulley (not shown) provided at the end, a frame member 9a at one end, and a rotary shaft B of the grinding wheel 9c at the other end, which is used for the grinding wheel. And a cylinder 9e for adjusting the height of the rotating shaft B in accordance with the diameter of the cylinder 9e.
【０００８】前記集塵フード１０ａは、フレーム部材９
ａに接続され、研削ホイール９ｃが鋼板２に当接する部
分を除く略全体を覆っている。この集塵フード１０ａの
外側面の２箇所には、集塵フード１０ａの下端と鋼板２
の表面との距離を検出するセンサ１１ａ、１１ｂが設け
られている。センサの一例としてエアーハイトセンサの
場合を説明すると、エアーハイトセンサ１１ａ、１１ｂ
は空気を鋼板２に吹き付け、その反射空気圧に基づいて
鋼板２との距離を測定するもので、その空気圧力は図４
に示す空電変換器２０へ入力される。空電変換器２０は
エアーハイトセンサ１１ａ、１１ｂの空気圧力を電圧信
号に変換し、制御部２１へ出力する。制御部２１は予め
設定されている基準データと空電変換器２０の出力とを
常時比較し、比較結果をモータ駆動回路２２へ出力す
る。モータ駆動回路２２は制御部２１の出力に基づいて
上下動機構７の駆動モータ２３（図２参照）を駆動す
る。The dust collecting hood 10a includes a frame member 9
The grinding wheel 9c is connected to a and covers substantially the entire portion except the portion where the grinding wheel 9c abuts the steel plate 2. The lower end of the dust collecting hood 10a and the steel plate 2 are provided at two locations on the outer side surface of the dust collecting hood 10a.
Sensors 11a and 11b for detecting the distance from the surface of the are provided. An air height sensor will be described as an example of the sensor. The air height sensors 11a and 11b will be described.
Is to blow air onto the steel plate 2 and measure the distance from the steel plate 2 based on the reflected air pressure.
Is input to the static electricity converter 20 shown in. The air-electric converter 20 converts the air pressure of the air height sensors 11a and 11b into a voltage signal and outputs the voltage signal to the control unit 21. The control unit 21 constantly compares the preset reference data with the output of the pneumatic converter 20, and outputs the comparison result to the motor drive circuit 22. The motor drive circuit 22 drives the drive motor 23 (see FIG. 2) of the vertical movement mechanism 7 based on the output of the control unit 21.
【０００９】以下、本実施例の塗膜除去装置３により鋼
板２の表面の塗膜を除去する作業について説明する。ま
ず、塗膜の除去を行う鋼板２を基台１上に配置する。次
に、鋼板２の形状に合わせて、本体５を移動させて研削
開始点上に研削ヘッド９を配置する。このとき、吸引機
構も同時に作動しておく。次に、研削ホイール９ｃを駆
動モータ９ｂにより回転し、上下動機構７で、支持軸８
を降下させて研削ホイール９ｃを鋼板２に当接させて塗
膜の研削を行う。研削ホイール９ｃにより研削された塗
膜粉塵は集塵フード１０ａにより集塵されるが、このと
き、集塵フード１０ａの位置が鋼板２の歪に合わせて上
下動する。すなわち、エアーハイトセンサ１１ａ、１１
ｂにより集塵フード１０ａの下端と鋼板２の表面との間
の距離が検出され、この検出距離が空電変換器２０を介
して制御部２１へ出力される。制御部２１は、前述した
基準データと空電変換器２０の出力とを比較し、空電変
換器２０の出力が基準データより小となった時は、モー
タ駆動回路２２へ集塵フードダウンを指示する信号を出
力する。モータ駆動回路２２は該信号を受け、モータ２
３を駆動する。これにより、集塵フード１０ａが下方へ
移動する。一方、空電変換器２０の出力が基準データよ
り大となった時は、モータ駆動回路２２へ集塵フードア
ップを指示する信号を出力する。これにより、集塵フー
ド１０ａが上方へ移動する。このようにして、上記の実
施例においては、集塵フード１０ａの下端縁の高さ（鋼
板２からの高さ）が、常に基準データに対応する一定の
高さに保たれる。The operation of removing the coating film on the surface of the steel sheet 2 by the coating film removing apparatus 3 of this embodiment will be described below. First, the steel plate 2 for removing the coating film is placed on the base 1. Next, the main body 5 is moved according to the shape of the steel plate 2, and the grinding head 9 is arranged on the grinding start point. At this time, the suction mechanism is also operated at the same time. Next, the grinding wheel 9c is rotated by the drive motor 9b, and the vertical movement mechanism 7 causes the support shaft 8 to move.
Is lowered to bring the grinding wheel 9c into contact with the steel plate 2 to grind the coating film. The coating film dust ground by the grinding wheel 9c is collected by the dust collecting hood 10a. At this time, the position of the dust collecting hood 10a moves up and down according to the distortion of the steel plate 2. That is, the air height sensors 11a, 11
The distance between the lower end of the dust collecting hood 10a and the surface of the steel plate 2 is detected by b, and this detected distance is output to the control unit 21 via the static electricity converter 20. The control unit 21 compares the above-mentioned reference data with the output of the air-electric converter 20, and when the output of the air-electric converter 20 becomes smaller than the reference data, the dust collection hood down to the motor drive circuit 22 is performed. Output the signal to instruct. The motor drive circuit 22 receives the signal, and the motor 2
Drive 3 As a result, the dust collecting hood 10a moves downward. On the other hand, when the output of the air-electric converter 20 becomes larger than the reference data, the motor drive circuit 22 is output with a signal instructing to raise the dust collecting hood. As a result, the dust collecting hood 10a moves upward. In this way, in the above embodiment, the height of the lower edge of the dust collecting hood 10a (height from the steel plate 2) is always kept at a constant height corresponding to the reference data.
【００１０】[0010]
【発明の効果】本発明の塗膜除去装置によれば、鋼板等
の塗膜除去を行うにあたり、塗膜研削により発生した粉
塵を集塵する吸引部の高さを鋼板表面と吸引部下端との
距離に応じて調節することができるので、鋼板と吸引部
との距離を常に一定に保つことができる。従って、鋼板
表面の歪に関わらず、塗膜研削により発生した粉塵を残
すことなく集塵することができ、作業能率が向上する。According to the coating film removing apparatus of the present invention, when removing a coating film on a steel plate or the like, the height of the suction part for collecting dust generated by the coating film grinding is set to the steel plate surface and the lower end of the suction part. The distance between the steel plate and the suction portion can always be kept constant because the distance can be adjusted according to the distance. Therefore, regardless of the strain on the surface of the steel sheet, the dust generated by the coating film grinding can be collected without remaining, and the work efficiency is improved.
【図１】本発明の実施例に係る塗膜除去装置の研削ヘッ
ドの正面図である。FIG. 1 is a front view of a grinding head of a coating film removing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
【図２】同装置の本体主要部の側面図である。FIG. 2 is a side view of a main part of the main body of the device.
【図３】同装置を基台上に設置した状態の正面図であ
る。FIG. 3 is a front view showing a state in which the device is installed on a base.
【図４】同装置の集塵フードの高さ制御のフローチャー
ト図である。FIG. 4 is a flow chart of height control of a dust collecting hood of the apparatus.
１ 基台 ２ 鋼板 ３ 塗膜除去装置 ５ 本体 ７ 上下動機構 ８ 支持軸 ９ 研削ヘッド ９ｃ 研削ホイール １０ａ 集塵フード １１ａ、１１ｂ エアーハイトセンサ ２１ 制御部 ２３ 駆動モータ DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Base 2 Steel plate 3 Coating film removing device 5 Main body 7 Vertical movement mechanism 8 Support shaft 9 Grinding head 9c Grinding wheel 10a Dust collecting hoods 11a and 11b Air height sensor 21 Controller 23 Drive motor
Claims (1)
配置し、この装置本体に主軸を中心として回転自在に研
削ホイールを設け、前記主軸を前記ワークの表面方向に
進退可能に支持し、前記研削ホイールの近傍に負圧源に
接続された吸引部を配設し、前記研削ホイールをワーク
表面に当接させ、該研削ホイールを回転させると共に前
記装置本体を前記基台上で移動させることによりワーク
表面の研削を行うと共に、前記ワーク表面の研削を行う
ことにより発生する粉塵を前記吸引部で集塵するように
した塗膜除去装置において、 前記吸引部を装置本体に対して上下動自在に支持すると
共に、前記吸引部を上下動させる駆動源と、前記ワーク
表面と吸引部下端との距離を検出するセンサと、該セン
サの出力に基づいて前記駆動源を駆動させて吸引部の装
置本体に対する高さを制御する制御部とを設けてなるこ
とを特徴とする塗膜除去装置。1. A device main body is arranged on a base on which a work is placed, and a grinding wheel is provided on the main body of the device so as to be rotatable around a main shaft, and the main shaft is supported so as to be movable back and forth in the surface direction of the work. Then, a suction unit connected to a negative pressure source is provided in the vicinity of the grinding wheel, the grinding wheel is brought into contact with the work surface, the grinding wheel is rotated, and the apparatus main body is moved on the base. In the coating film removing device configured to collect the dust on the work surface by performing the grinding of the work surface and to collect the dust generated by the grinding of the work surface by the suction unit, A driving source that movably supports and vertically moves the suction unit, a sensor that detects a distance between the work surface and a lower end of the suction unit, and the driving source that is driven based on an output of the sensor. Film removal apparatus characterized by comprising providing a control unit for controlling the height of the apparatus main assembly of 引部.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP23239592A JPH0679609A (en) | 1992-08-31 | 1992-08-31 | Coating film eliminating device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP23239592A JPH0679609A (en) | 1992-08-31 | 1992-08-31 | Coating film eliminating device |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH0679609A true JPH0679609A (en) | 1994-03-22 |
Family
ID=16938573
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP23239592A Withdrawn JPH0679609A (en) | 1992-08-31 | 1992-08-31 | Coating film eliminating device |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH0679609A (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100906887B1 (en) * | 2007-05-25 | 2009-07-08 | 현대자동차주식회사 | Evaluating apparatus for sanding hiding properties of paint |
| CN103659545A (en) * | 2013-12-23 | 2014-03-26 | 大连船舶重工船业有限公司 | Device for polishing steel plate |
| CN106826499A (en) * | 2017-01-23 | 2017-06-13 | 中国华冶科工集团有限公司 | A kind of reinforced bar rust cleaning equipment and reinforcing bar derusting method |
| CN108789099A (en) * | 2018-07-13 | 2018-11-13 | 芜湖市泰能电热器具有限公司 | A kind of board cleaning device for surface |
| CN108857804A (en) * | 2018-07-02 | 2018-11-23 | 张阳康 | A kind of building operation platform derusting device and its application method |
-
1992
- 1992-08-31 JP JP23239592A patent/JPH0679609A/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100906887B1 (en) * | 2007-05-25 | 2009-07-08 | 현대자동차주식회사 | Evaluating apparatus for sanding hiding properties of paint |
| CN103659545A (en) * | 2013-12-23 | 2014-03-26 | 大连船舶重工船业有限公司 | Device for polishing steel plate |
| CN106826499A (en) * | 2017-01-23 | 2017-06-13 | 中国华冶科工集团有限公司 | A kind of reinforced bar rust cleaning equipment and reinforcing bar derusting method |
| CN108857804A (en) * | 2018-07-02 | 2018-11-23 | 张阳康 | A kind of building operation platform derusting device and its application method |
| CN108789099A (en) * | 2018-07-13 | 2018-11-13 | 芜湖市泰能电热器具有限公司 | A kind of board cleaning device for surface |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JPH10118963A (en) | Autonomous mobil vehicle | |
| JPH0679609A (en) | Coating film eliminating device | |
| US5049057A (en) | Device for continuously measuring and correcting tackiness of sheet of unvulcanized rubber material | |
| JP2932124B2 (en) | Automatic polishing equipment | |
| JP3178989B2 (en) | Weld treatment equipment for single side welding | |
| WO2007043267A1 (en) | Apparatus and method for peeling sheet | |
| KR200324706Y1 (en) | Device for cleaning cpc projector | |
| CN215700607U (en) | Polishing device for stainless steel plates | |
| KR19980083505A (en) | PCB board cutting and grinding processing equipment | |
| KR100666630B1 (en) | Robot brush apparatus | |
| JPS61257754A (en) | Three-dimensional curved face polishing controller | |
| CN209613580U (en) | A kind of glass detection device | |
| JPH04256578A (en) | Lift control method for shot grain blowing down device | |
| JP2536322Y2 (en) | Automatic grinding machine for welding excess | |
| JP2587965Y2 (en) | Film removal equipment | |
| KR0135129Y1 (en) | Glass turning device for applying a silant for a car | |
| KR20210123458A (en) | Inclined member welding device | |
| CN210878926U (en) | High-efficient burnishing device of steel sheet terminal surface | |
| CN214010710U (en) | Roller drop test device | |
| KR100618175B1 (en) | Automatic papering apparatus | |
| CN210694364U (en) | Loudspeaker detection device | |
| JPH0679606A (en) | Grinding device | |
| CN109701882A (en) | A kind of glass detection device | |
| CN218984346U (en) | Polishing device for machining lightning arrester | |
| JPH07156055A (en) | Automatic grinding device for surface flaw of steel plate |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A300 | Withdrawal of application because of no request for examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A300 Effective date: 19991102 |