JPH0127378B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPH0127378B2 JPH0127378B2 JP17574883A JP17574883A JPH0127378B2 JP H0127378 B2 JPH0127378 B2 JP H0127378B2 JP 17574883 A JP17574883 A JP 17574883A JP 17574883 A JP17574883 A JP 17574883A JP H0127378 B2 JPH0127378 B2 JP H0127378B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- damage
- calculator
- temperature
- stress
- hardness
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 58
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000007542 hardness measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 48
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 22
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 18
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 5
- 231100000817 safety factor Toxicity 0.000 description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004907 gland Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002405 diagnostic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003449 preventive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/32—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying repeated or pulsating forces
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/022—Environment of the test
- G01N2203/0222—Temperature
- G01N2203/0226—High temperature; Heating means
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Testing Of Devices, Machine Parts, Or Other Structures Thereof (AREA)
- Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〔発明の技術分野〕
本発明は高温に使用される構造部材の損傷診断
方法および装置に係り、高温で使用される構造部
材のき裂の発生に起因する材料特性の劣化に着目
して損傷を診断する方法およびその装置に関す
る。Detailed Description of the Invention [Technical Field of the Invention] The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for diagnosing damage to structural members used at high temperatures, and relates to a method and apparatus for diagnosing damage to structural members used at high temperatures. The present invention relates to a method and device for diagnosing damage by focusing on deterioration.
一般に発電プラントや化学プラントを構成する
各種機器は高温で10年以上の長期間にわたつて使
用されるものが多い。これらの熱機器を構成する
構造部材には機器の起動停止や負荷変動等の非定
常運転の繰り返しにより部材を構成する金属結晶
の結晶粒内にすべり線が発生増加してすべり帯を
形成した後にすべり帯に沿つて金属結晶粒オーダ
の寸法の微小き裂が発生することが知られてい
る。一方、定常運転の継続中にはクリープにより
部材を構成する金属結晶の結晶粒界で空孔が発生
し、それらが互いに連結する等により微小き裂が
発生し、材料が受ける損傷は蓄積される。このよ
うに微小き裂が発生するまでの間、材料は損傷を
受け、その損傷量は材料内に蓄積されると考えら
れる。さらに高温で使用される機器の構造部材に
は高温強度の優れた耐熱鋼が用いられているが、
耐熱鋼の上記疲労やクリープに関する各種材料特
性は高温に長時間さらされるというだけで徐々に
変化して初期の強度的特性は徐々に失われてい
く。
In general, the various types of equipment that make up power plants and chemical plants are often used at high temperatures for long periods of 10 years or more. In the structural members that make up these thermal devices, slip lines increase and form in the crystal grains of the metal crystals that make up the members due to repeated unsteady operation such as starting and stopping the equipment and load fluctuations, and then slip bands are formed. It is known that microcracks with dimensions on the order of metal grains occur along slip zones. On the other hand, during steady operation, pores are generated at the grain boundaries of the metal crystals that make up the component due to creep, and as these pores connect with each other, microcracks occur, and the damage to the material accumulates. . It is thought that the material is damaged until microcracks occur in this way, and the amount of damage is accumulated within the material. Furthermore, heat-resistant steel with excellent high-temperature strength is used for structural members of equipment used at high temperatures.
The various material properties of heat-resistant steel related to fatigue and creep gradually change simply by being exposed to high temperatures for a long time, and the initial strength properties are gradually lost.
このように高温で使用される構造部材には、機
器の運転状態と部材の材料特性とが係りあつて、
微小き裂が発生するまでの間種々の損傷が材料内
に蓄積され、この損傷の蓄積が放置された場合に
は部材にき裂が発生して伝播し、部材の破壊とい
う致命的かつ影響の大きい事態に至る。元来、こ
れらの高温部材は裕度のある設計をし製作されて
いるが、例えば火力発電プラントの使用期間の長
いものでは近年電力需要にあわせて起動停止等の
非定常運転が頻繁に繰り返されるものが多くな
り、当初の予想以上に損傷量の蓄積が速くなる場
合がある。特に高温で長期間にわたつて使用され
る火力発電プラント等の機器の構造部材について
損傷量の蓄積を正確に把握して支障なく使用でき
る期間を予知診断する技術の開発が強く望まれて
いる。特にき裂の発生を予知し診断する技術は機
器の予防保全上きわめて重要である。 For structural members that are used at high temperatures, the operating conditions of the equipment and the material properties of the members are related.
Until microcracks occur, various types of damage accumulate within the material, and if this damage accumulation is left untreated, cracks will develop and propagate in the component, resulting in fatal and devastating damage to the component. It leads to a big situation. Originally, these high-temperature components were designed and manufactured with a certain margin, but in recent years, for example, those used in thermal power plants that have been in use for a long time have frequently been subjected to unsteady operation such as starting and stopping in response to power demand. The amount of damage may accumulate faster than initially expected. In particular, there is a strong desire to develop a technology that can accurately assess the amount of damage accumulated in structural members of equipment such as thermal power plants that are used at high temperatures for long periods of time, and predict and diagnose the period during which they can be used without any problems. In particular, technology for predicting and diagnosing crack occurrence is extremely important for preventive maintenance of equipment.
しかるに、従来の構造部材の損傷診断方法は、
高温で使用される機器の使用状態を表わす温度や
圧力の状態量から構造部材の損傷の度合いや寿命
を予知するものにすぎず、構造部材を構成する材
料個有の特性とその変化を表わす状態量について
は全く考慮されていなかつた。また、既に設置さ
れて数年にわたつて稼動している熱機器について
は、過去の運転モードや履歴に応じて材料特性が
初期状態から変化しているはずであるから、材料
特性の初期状態からの変化を定量的に算出して修
正してやらない限り構造部材の正確な損傷の度合
や寿命を予知することはできない。 However, conventional methods for diagnosing damage to structural members are
It merely predicts the degree of damage and lifespan of structural members from the state quantities of temperature and pressure, which represent the operating conditions of equipment used at high temperatures, and states that express the unique characteristics of the materials that make up structural members and their changes. No consideration was given to quantity. In addition, for thermal equipment that has already been installed and has been in operation for several years, the material properties must have changed from the initial state depending on the past operating mode and history, so it is likely that the material properties will change from the initial state. It is not possible to predict the exact degree of damage or service life of structural members unless the changes in the structural components are quantitatively calculated and corrected.
そこで本発明の目的は、これら従来未解決であ
つた諸問題を解決し、高温で使用される構造部材
の使用状態を表わす使用状態量と、構造部材を構
成する材料の硬さとその変化を表わす材料状態量
と、構造部材を使用した機器の運転履歴を考慮し
て構造部材中にき裂が発生するまでの損傷量の蓄
積を正確に把握できるようにした高温で使用され
る構造部材の損傷診断方法およびその装置を提供
することにある。
Therefore, the purpose of the present invention is to solve these conventionally unresolved problems, and to develop a usage state quantity that represents the usage state of structural members used at high temperatures, and the hardness of the materials that make up the structural members and their changes. Damage to structural members used at high temperatures that allows for accurate understanding of the amount of damage accumulated until cracks occur in structural members, taking into account the state of the material and the operating history of the equipment that uses the structural members. The object of the present invention is to provide a diagnostic method and a device for the same.
上記目的を達成するために、本発明は高温で使
用される構造部材の使用状態を表わす使用状態量
を検出して、構造部材の温度および作用応力を算
出し、一方、構造部材の硬さとその変化を表わす
材料状態量を計測して損傷の蓄積に関係する材料
特性を算出し、さらに機器の運転開始時から本装
置が設置されるまでの期間中の運転履歴や運転状
態の損傷量の蓄積の演算に必要な全てのパラメー
タを設定し、機器の運転履歴に応じて構造部材が
受けた損傷量を修正量として加算して損傷量を演
算し、その結果を許容値と比較して構造部材中に
き裂が発生するまでの期間を予知診断できるよう
にしたものである。
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention detects usage state quantities representing the usage state of a structural member used at high temperatures, calculates the temperature and acting stress of the structural member, and also calculates the hardness and stress of the structural member. The material properties related to damage accumulation are calculated by measuring the material state quantities that represent changes, and the accumulation of damage amounts due to the operating history and operating conditions during the period from the start of equipment operation until the installation of this device is performed. Set all the parameters necessary for the calculation, calculate the amount of damage by adding the amount of damage sustained by the structural member as a correction amount according to the operating history of the equipment, and compare the result with the allowable value to determine the amount of damage to the structural member. It is possible to predict and diagnose the period until cracks occur inside.
以下本発明による高温で使用される構造部材の
損傷診断方法およびその装置の実施例を図面を参
照して説明する。
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, embodiments of a method and apparatus for diagnosing damage to structural members used at high temperatures according to the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
第1図は本発明による構造部材の損傷診断方法
の原理をブロツク線図で示したものであり、符号
1は検出装置を示し、この検出装置1は高温部材
の使用状態量である高温流体温度、高温流体圧
力、部材温度、回転数、負荷、振動の検出装置で
あり、実際には熱電対、圧力計、回転計のうち1
個もしくは複数個が使用される。符号2は温度・
応力算出器を示し、これは検出装置1によつて検
出された使用状態量から損傷診断をすべき部材の
温度と作用応力を算出するものである。 FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the principle of the method for diagnosing damage to structural members according to the present invention. Reference numeral 1 indicates a detection device, and this detection device 1 detects the high-temperature fluid temperature, which is a state quantity in use of the high-temperature member. , is a detection device for high temperature fluid pressure, member temperature, rotation speed, load, and vibration, and is actually one of thermocouples, pressure gauges, and tachometers.
One or more are used. Code 2 is temperature.
A stress calculator is shown, which calculates the temperature and acting stress of the member to be diagnosed for damage from the usage state quantities detected by the detection device 1.
符号3は硬さ計測装置を示し、必要な数だけ機
器の被測定場所にセツトする。 Reference numeral 3 indicates a hardness measuring device, and a required number of hardness measuring devices are set at the measurement location of the device.
符号4は材料特性算出器を示し、上記硬さの計
測結果に基づいて、計測時点における材料特性を
算出するものであり、材料特性としては引張特性
(引張強さ、耐力)、低サイクル疲労特性(ひずみ
−破損回数関係式)、クリープラプチヤ特性(応
力−温度破断時間パラメータ関係式)である。 Reference numeral 4 indicates a material property calculator, which calculates the material properties at the time of measurement based on the above hardness measurement results.The material properties include tensile properties (tensile strength, yield strength), low cycle fatigue properties. (strain-failure frequency relational expression) and creep-rupture characteristics (stress-temperature rupture time parameter relational expression).
前記温度応力算出器2と材料特性算出器4との
出力は損傷演算器5に加えられ、この損傷演算器
5は非定常運転の繰り返しによる疲労損傷量や定
常運転の継続によるクリープ損傷量の蓄積を演算
する。 The outputs of the temperature stress calculator 2 and material property calculator 4 are applied to a damage calculator 5, which calculates the amount of fatigue damage due to repeated unsteady operation and the amount of creep damage due to continued steady operation. Calculate.
また、前記温度応力算出器2と材料特性算出器
4との出力は許容値算出器6にも加えられ、この
許容値算出器6は、作用応力や損傷量の蓄積に対
する許容値を算出するもので、作用応力に対する
許容値である許容応力値は、材料特性算出器4の
出力のうち、引張強さ、耐力、クリープラプチヤ
強度、疲労強度を基に適切な安全率を設けて算出
する。疲労・クリープ損傷量の蓄積および疲労ク
リープ組合せ損傷量の蓄積に対する許容値である
き裂発生限界損傷値は許容値算出器6に予め設定
されている。 The outputs of the temperature stress calculator 2 and material property calculator 4 are also applied to a tolerance calculator 6, which calculates tolerances for the accumulation of applied stress and damage amount. The allowable stress value, which is the allowable value for the applied stress, is calculated by setting an appropriate safety factor based on the tensile strength, yield strength, creep rupture strength, and fatigue strength among the outputs of the material property calculator 4. A crack initiation limit damage value, which is a tolerance value for the accumulation of fatigue/creep damage amount and fatigue creep combined damage amount, is set in advance in the tolerance value calculator 6.
符号7は診断装置を示し、診断装置7は損傷演
算器5と許容値算出器6との出力を比較して構造
部材中にき裂が発生するまでの期間の予知診断を
行なう装置であり、その結果は表示警報装置8に
伝えられ、診断装置7の出力に応じて診断結果の
表示または必要な警報を発するものである。 Reference numeral 7 indicates a diagnostic device, and the diagnostic device 7 is a device that compares the outputs of the damage calculator 5 and the allowable value calculator 6 to perform predictive diagnosis of the period until a crack occurs in the structural member. The results are transmitted to the display/warning device 8, which displays the diagnostic results or issues a necessary warning depending on the output of the diagnostic device 7.
ところで、上述した検出装置1から表示警報装
置8に至る各装置を既に設置されて稼動している
熱機器の構造部材に設置した場合、設置以降のデ
ータを採取することはもちろんできるが、設置以
前のデータについては採取不能である。そのため
に、設置以前の構造部材に加わつた損傷量の蓄積
が未知のまゝでそれによる修正が行われないと精
度の高い損傷診断は出来ないことになる。そこ
で、本発明では、機器の設置以前の損傷量の蓄積
を修正加えて損傷の蓄積量を正確に把握するため
の条件設定器9が設けられている。この条件設定
器9は、本発明装置の設置以前の機器の運転履歴
と代表的な運転パターンでの温度応力状態と各非
定常運転回数、定常運転時間等の損傷量の蓄積の
演算に必要な全てのパラメータを設定するもので
ある。又、条件設定器9は、今後予想される運転
履歴と、代表的な運転パターンでの温度・応力状
態と各非定常運転回数、定常運転時間等、損傷量
の蓄積の演算に必要なパラメータも設定するもの
で、これらのパラメータを通して損傷演算器5
は、本発明の装置設置以前の損傷量蓄積状態、設
置後の実稼動中の損傷量蓄積状態、更に、今後に
予想される運転履歴での損傷量蓄積状態の全てを
演算することができる。従つて、診断装置7によ
り、構造部材が支障なく使用できる期間を適切に
予知診断することができる。 By the way, if each of the devices from the detection device 1 to the display/alarm device 8 described above is installed on a structural member of a thermal device that has already been installed and is in operation, it is of course possible to collect data after installation, but it is possible to collect data from before installation. Data cannot be collected. For this reason, highly accurate damage diagnosis will not be possible unless the accumulated amount of damage inflicted on the structural member before installation remains unknown and corrections are made accordingly. Therefore, in the present invention, a condition setting device 9 is provided to accurately grasp the amount of accumulated damage by correcting the accumulated amount of damage before installation of the equipment. This condition setter 9 is used to calculate the operating history of the equipment before installation of the device of the present invention, the temperature stress state in typical operating patterns, the number of unsteady operations, the amount of damage accumulated such as steady operation time, etc. This is for setting all parameters. In addition, the condition setter 9 also stores parameters necessary for calculating the amount of damage, such as expected operating history, temperature and stress conditions in typical operating patterns, the number of unsteady operations, and steady operation time. damage calculator 5 through these parameters.
It is possible to calculate all of the damage amount accumulation state before the installation of the device of the present invention, the damage amount accumulation state during actual operation after installation, and the damage amount accumulation state in the operation history expected in the future. Therefore, the diagnostic device 7 can appropriately predict and diagnose the period during which the structural member can be used without any trouble.
なお実稼状態での温度・応力を精度よく算出す
るためには検出器1による使用状態の検出が望ま
しいが、構造部材によつては形状の複雑さ等から
検出器1の設置が困難か、あるいは設置すること
によつて応力集中が生じる等、構造部材に悪影響
を及ぼすことが懸念されるものである。そこで、
このような場合には、損傷量の蓄積の演算に必要
な全てのパラメータを設定する条件設定器9で代
行することもできる。 In order to accurately calculate the temperature and stress in the actual operating state, it is desirable to use the detector 1 to detect the usage state, but depending on the structure, it may be difficult to install the detector 1 due to the complexity of the shape, etc. Alternatively, there is a concern that the installation may have an adverse effect on structural members, such as stress concentration. Therefore,
In such a case, the condition setting unit 9, which sets all the parameters necessary for calculating the accumulation of damage amount, may be used instead.
次に本発明を蒸気タービンの高温部ケーシング
の損傷診断装置に適用した実施例について説明す
る。 Next, a description will be given of an embodiment in which the present invention is applied to a damage diagnosis device for a high temperature part casing of a steam turbine.
第2図は高中圧蒸気タービンの断面図を示し、
外部ケーシング11内には第1内部ケーシング1
2および第2内部ケーシング13が軸方向に離間
して配設されている。さらに両内部ケーシング1
2,13内にはロータ14が貫挿され、外部ケー
シング11の両端部に設けられたグランドパツキ
ンヘツド15,16および第1内部ケーシング1
2の一端に設けられたグランドパツキンヘツド1
7によつて上記ロータ14に沿う蒸気洩れを防止
するようにしてある。 Figure 2 shows a cross-sectional view of a high and intermediate pressure steam turbine.
Inside the outer casing 11 is a first inner casing 1.
2 and a second inner casing 13 are spaced apart from each other in the axial direction. In addition, both inner casings 1
A rotor 14 is inserted into the insides of the rotors 2 and 13, and gland packing heads 15 and 16 provided at both ends of the outer casing 11 and the first inner casing 1
Gland packing head 1 provided at one end of 2
7 to prevent steam leakage along the rotor 14.
しかして、高温高圧の蒸気は蒸気供給口18か
ら伸縮可能な連通管19を経て第1内部ケーシン
グ12内にあるノズルボツクス20に供給され
る。蒸気はこゝから高速流となつてロータ14に
植設された羽根21に当り14に運動エネルギを
与えた後、再びノズルダイアフラム22にあるノ
ズルを通り高速流となつて次の羽根に当る。この
ようにして順次羽根およびノズルを通過する毎に
蒸気は圧力および温度が低下し、高圧タービン出
口部23に到り、そこでは蒸気供給口18部の1/
4〜1/8程度の圧力となる。高圧タービン出口部2
3の蒸気は、一旦蒸気タービン出口23より外部
に導き出され、ボイラの再熱器(図示省略)を通
つて再熱され、再び高温蒸気となつて中圧タービ
ン入口部24に供給される。そこで、この中圧タ
ービン入口部24に供給された蒸気は再びノズル
および羽根を通りロータ14に回転エネルギを与
えて中圧タービン出口部25から排出される。 Thus, high-temperature, high-pressure steam is supplied from the steam supply port 18 to the nozzle box 20 within the first inner casing 12 via the expandable and retractable communication pipe 19. From there, the steam becomes a high-speed flow and hits the blade 21 installed in the rotor 14, imparting kinetic energy to the rotor 14, and then passes through the nozzle in the nozzle diaphragm 22 again, becoming a high-speed flow and hitting the next blade. In this way, the pressure and temperature of the steam decrease each time it passes successively through the blades and nozzles, and it reaches the high-pressure turbine outlet 23, where it reaches 1/2 of the steam supply port 18.
The pressure will be about 4 to 1/8. High pressure turbine outlet 2
The steam No. 3 is once led outside from the steam turbine outlet 23, is reheated through a reheater (not shown) of the boiler, becomes high-temperature steam again, and is supplied to the intermediate pressure turbine inlet section 24. Then, the steam supplied to the intermediate pressure turbine inlet section 24 passes through the nozzle and blades again, imparts rotational energy to the rotor 14, and is discharged from the intermediate pressure turbine outlet section 25.
タービンの運転中、外部ケーシング11、第1
内部ケーシング12および第2内部ケーシング1
3は高温高圧蒸気により高温蒸気にされされ内圧
応力を受ける。また、タービン起動停止等の非定
常運転中には各ケーシング11,12,13の内
外面の温度差による非定常熱応力が発生し、定常
運転中にはケーシング長手方向の温度差による定
常熱応力が発生する。特に形状の複雑な部位、例
えば主蒸気管付根部29等には高い応力が発生し
やすい状態にある。このように、高中圧ケーシン
グは、定常運転の継続および非定常運転の繰り返
しによりクリープや疲労の損傷が蓄積する。と同
時に高温下で長期間使用される間に材料特性に変
化が生じ上記損傷量の蓄積が促進されることにな
る。 During operation of the turbine, the outer casing 11, the first
Inner casing 12 and second inner casing 1
3 is turned into high-temperature steam by high-temperature, high-pressure steam and is subjected to internal pressure stress. In addition, during unsteady operation such as starting and stopping the turbine, unsteady thermal stress occurs due to the temperature difference between the inner and outer surfaces of each casing 11, 12, 13, and during steady operation, steady thermal stress occurs due to the temperature difference in the longitudinal direction of the casing. occurs. In particular, high stress is likely to occur in parts with complicated shapes, such as the main steam pipe root 29. As described above, damage due to creep and fatigue accumulates in the high-medium pressure casing due to continuous steady operation and repeated unsteady operation. At the same time, during long-term use at high temperatures, material properties change, accelerating the accumulation of the damage described above.
このように構成されたタービン高温部ケーシン
グの診断に本発明を適用する際、予知診断の基礎
となるケーシングの使用状態量の検出と材料状態
量の計測を次のように行なう。ケーシングの使用
状態量は、主蒸気温度、主蒸気圧力、ケーシング
内面温度であり、これらは、第2図に示したよう
にケーシングに埋設された圧力計30および温度
計31によつて連続的に検出することができ、こ
れらの検出結果はケーシング温度および応力の算
出に使用される。 When the present invention is applied to the diagnosis of the turbine high-temperature part casing configured as described above, the detection of the usage state quantity of the casing and the measurement of the material state quantity, which are the basis of the predictive diagnosis, are performed as follows. The operating state quantities of the casing are main steam temperature, main steam pressure, and casing inner surface temperature, and these are continuously measured by a pressure gauge 30 and a thermometer 31 embedded in the casing as shown in Fig. 2. These detection results are used to calculate the casing temperature and stress.
一方、ケーシングの材料状態量は硬さであつて
タービン停止時に計測されるものであり、具体的
には第3図に示したように、硬さ計34を被測定
部に挿入することによつて計測する。その計測位
置は高温低応力部位としてのケーシングフランジ
32が対象となり、特に内部ケーシング12のフ
ランジ32が選定される。硬さ計34は外部ケー
シング11に設けられた測定孔33を通して挿入
され、この硬さ計34は圧力35を油圧配管36
により一定圧力で測定面に押し付け、このときの
変位を差動トランス37によつて電気信号38に
変換し、さらに演算装置39によつて硬さに換算
できるように構成されている。なお、タービン運
転中、前記測定孔33はプラグによつて密閉して
おけばよい。この硬さの計測結果を基にして後述
するように損傷演算に必要な材料特性および許容
値を算出する。 On the other hand, the material state quantity of the casing is hardness, which is measured when the turbine is stopped. Specifically, as shown in Fig. 3, it is measured by inserting a hardness meter 34 into the part to be measured. and measure it. The measurement position is the casing flange 32, which is a high-temperature, low-stress area, and the flange 32 of the internal casing 12 is particularly selected. The hardness gauge 34 is inserted through the measurement hole 33 provided in the outer casing 11, and the hardness gauge 34 transmits the pressure 35 to the hydraulic pipe 36.
It is configured so that it can be pressed against the measurement surface with a constant pressure, and the displacement at this time can be converted into an electric signal 38 by a differential transformer 37, and further converted into hardness by a calculation device 39. Note that during turbine operation, the measurement hole 33 may be sealed with a plug. Based on the hardness measurement results, material properties and tolerances required for damage calculation are calculated as described later.
次に上記使用状態量の検出結果と硬さの計測結
果を基にしてケーシングが支障を来たすことなく
使用できる期間の予知診断方法および装置を第4
図を参照して説明する。 Next, a fourth method and device for predicting the period during which the casing can be used without any trouble will be described based on the detection results of the usage state quantities and the measurement results of the hardness.
This will be explained with reference to the figures.
第4図中、圧力計30により検出された使用状
態量である主蒸気圧力40は、内圧応力算出器4
1において内圧応力に変換される。ケーシングの
様に形状の複雑な構造物の応力分布は、光弾性ま
たは有限要素法によつて求めることができ、内圧
応力算出器41にはこの計算結果にもとづいた各
部の応力の基準圧力に対する係数が記憶されてい
る。従つて主蒸気圧力40の検出値に係数を掛け
ることにより各部の内圧応力がただちに計算され
る。 In FIG. 4, the main steam pressure 40, which is the operating state quantity detected by the pressure gauge 30, is expressed by the internal pressure stress calculator 4.
1, it is converted into internal pressure stress. The stress distribution of a structure with a complex shape such as a casing can be determined by photoelasticity or the finite element method, and the internal pressure stress calculator 41 calculates coefficients of stress in each part relative to the reference pressure based on the calculation results. is memorized. Therefore, by multiplying the detected value of the main steam pressure 40 by a coefficient, the internal pressure stress of each part can be immediately calculated.
次に、温度計(熱電対)31により検出された
使用状態量である主蒸気温度またはケーシング内
外面メタル温度42は、温度算出器43および熱
応力算出器43′に入力され、熱応力の算出に用
いられる。主蒸気温度42は主蒸気圧力40と共
に、内部ケーシング12の内面メタル温度の推定
に用いられるが、内面近傍のメタル温度が直接測
定できる場合はこの推定は必要ない。 Next, the main steam temperature or casing inner and outer metal temperatures 42, which are operating state quantities detected by the thermometer (thermocouple) 31, are input to the temperature calculator 43 and the thermal stress calculator 43', and the thermal stress is calculated. used for. The main steam temperature 42 is used together with the main steam pressure 40 to estimate the inner surface metal temperature of the inner casing 12, but this estimation is not necessary if the metal temperature near the inner surface can be directly measured.
これらの温度検出結果からケーシングの温度、
応力が温度算出器43および熱応力算出器43′
において次のように算出される。 From these temperature detection results, the casing temperature,
The stress is calculated by the temperature calculator 43 and the thermal stress calculator 43'.
is calculated as follows.
まず、ケーシングを中空円筒と見倣し、ケーシ
ング内外面メタル温度42の時間変化から(1)式に
示す熱伝導の微分方程式を解くことによつて温度
分布が算出される。 First, assuming that the casing is a hollow cylinder, the temperature distribution is calculated by solving the differential equation of heat conduction shown in equation (1) based on the time change of the metal temperature 42 on the inner and outer surfaces of the casing.
∂θ/∂t=λ(∂2θ/∂r 2+1/r ∂θ/∂r)
……(1)
ここで
λ;熱伝導率、
θ;温度、
t;時間、
r;半径
(1)式は差分法による数値計算で解くことができ
る。これにより体積平均温度Tave、内表面温度
Tiおよび外表面温度Toが求まり、(2)、(3)式から
内表面および外表面の熱応力σiおよびσpが求ま
る。 ∂θ/∂ t =λ(∂ 2 θ/∂ r 2 +1/r ∂θ/∂ r )
...(1) Here, λ: thermal conductivity, θ: temperature, t: time, r: radius Equation (1) can be solved by numerical calculation using the difference method. This results in the volume average temperature Tave, the inner surface temperature
The Ti and outer surface temperatures To are determined, and the thermal stresses σ i and σ p on the inner and outer surfaces are determined from equations (2) and (3).
σi=Eα/1−ν(Tave−Ti) ……(2)
σp=Eα/1−ν(Tave−Tp) ……(3)
ここで、
E;ヤング率、
ν;ポアソン比、
α;線膨張係数
この様にして求めたσi、σpは有限要素法解析を
もとに、ケーシングの形状に応じた局所応力に換
算さされる。予限要素法では基準となる一定昇温
条件のもとで各部の熱応力が計算され、応力集中
係数Ktが決定される。熱応力算出器43′は、内
外表面応力σi、σpに応力集中係数KTを掛け局所応
力を算出する。 σ i = Eα/1−ν (Tave−T i ) …(2) σ p = Eα/1−ν (Tave−T p ) …(3) where, E: Young’s modulus, ν: Poisson’s ratio , α: Linear expansion coefficient σ i and σ p determined in this way are converted into local stress according to the shape of the casing based on the finite element method analysis. In the predetermined element method, the thermal stress of each part is calculated under a constant temperature increase condition that serves as a standard, and the stress concentration coefficient K t is determined. The thermal stress calculator 43' calculates the local stress by multiplying the inner and outer surface stresses σ i and σ p by the stress concentration coefficient K T .
応力加算器44は内圧応力算出器41の出力と
熱応力算出器43′の出力を加算し、ケーシング
内外表面の各部の合成応力を算出する。 The stress adder 44 adds the output of the internal pressure stress calculator 41 and the output of the thermal stress calculator 43' to calculate the combined stress of each part of the inner and outer surfaces of the casing.
次に本発明の最も大きな特徴である硬さ計34に
よつて計測されたケーシングの材料状態量である
高温低応力部位すなわち、フランジ部32等の硬
さ45から材料特性算出器46によるケーシング
の硬さ計測時の引張特性、低サイクル疲労特性、
クリープラプチヤ特性等き裂の発生に対する損傷
量の蓄積の演算と作用応力の許容値の算出のため
の材料特性の算出について説明する。 Next, the material property calculator 46 calculates the casing using the hardness 45 of high-temperature, low-stress areas, such as the flange portion 32, which is the material state quantity of the casing measured by the hardness meter 34, which is the most important feature of the present invention. Tensile properties during hardness measurement, low cycle fatigue properties,
We will explain the calculation of material properties for calculating the amount of damage accumulated in response to crack occurrence, such as creep rapture characteristics, and the allowable value of acting stress.
第5図は材料特性算出器46の機能手順を引張
特性算出部分について示したものであり、硬さと
耐力σysまたは引張強さσBとの間には温度をパラ
メータにした次式で表わされる関係がある。 FIG. 5 shows the functional procedure of the material property calculator 46 for the tensile property calculation part, and the relationship between hardness and yield strength σ ys or tensile strength σ B is expressed by the following equation with temperature as a parameter. There is a relationship.
σys=f1(温度、硬さ) ……(4)
σB=f2(温度、硬さ) ……(5)
(4)、(5)式は硬さビツカース硬さHvにとり、温
度をTとするとき、次の形に書くことができる。 σ ys = f 1 (temperature, hardness) ……(4) σ B = f 2 (temperature, hardness) ……(5) Equations (4) and (5) take hardness as Bitkers hardness H v , When temperature is T, it can be written in the following form.
σys=Cp1(T)Hv+Dp1(T) ……(6)
σB=Cp2(T)Hv+Dp2(T) ……(7)
たゞし、Cp1(T)、Cp2(T)、Dp1(T)、Dp2(T
)
は温度Tに関する一次式またはそれ以上の次数の
多項式で表わされる。第5図中の2は(6)(7)式を図
示したものであり、第5図のσ、σB、σysとHvの
関係図1で温度T1<T2<T3の順に温度が高いこ
とを示している。 σ ys = C p1 (T) H v + D p1 (T) ...(6) σ B = C p2 (T) H v + D p2 (T) ... (7) Delay, C p1 (T), C p2 (T), D p1 (T), D p2 (T
)
is expressed as a linear expression or a polynomial of higher order regarding the temperature T. 2 in Fig. 5 is an illustration of equations (6) and (7), and in Fig. 1 the relationship between σ, σ B , σ ys and H v in Fig. 5, when temperature T 1 < T 2 < T 3 It shows that the temperature is higher in order.
材料特性算出器46は、硬さ計測結果と(6)(7)式
とから耐力σysおよび引張強さσBを温度の関数と
して与える。 The material property calculator 46 gives proof stress σ ys and tensile strength σ B as a function of temperature from the hardness measurement results and equations (6) and (7).
次に第6図は材料特性算出器46の機能手順を
低サイクル疲労特性算出部分について示すもので
あり、第6図中1に示すように弾性ひずみ範囲△
εeと硬さとの間に破損繰返し数をパラメータにし
た次式で表わされる関係がある。 Next, FIG. 6 shows the functional procedure of the material property calculator 46 for the low cycle fatigue property calculation part, and as shown in 1 in FIG. 6, the elastic strain range △
There is a relationship between ε e and hardness expressed by the following equation with the number of repeated failures as a parameter.
△εe=f3(硬さ、Nf) ……(8)
(8)式は硬さをビツカース硬さHvにとり、次の
形に書くことができる。 △ε e = f 3 (hardness, N f )...(8) Equation (8) can be written in the following form, taking the hardness as the Bitkers hardness H v .
△εe=Cf1(Hv)Nf Df1(Hv) ……(9)
ただし、Cf1(Hv)、Df1(Hv)は硬さHvに関する
1次又はそれ以上の次数の多項式で表わされる。
第6図中2はCf1とDf1のHv依存性を示。なお第6
図の△εeとHvとの関係図1でNf1<Nf2<Nf3の順
に破損繰返し数が大きいことを示す。 △ε e = C f1 (H v ) N f Df1(Hv) ……(9) However, C f1 (H v ) and D f1 (H v ) are the first or higher orders regarding the hardness H v . Represented by a polynomial.
2 in Figure 6 shows the H v dependence of C f1 and D f1 . Furthermore, the sixth
The relationship between Δε e and H v in Figure 1 shows that the number of repeated failures increases in the order of N f1 < N f2 < N f3 .
又、塑性ひずみ範囲△εpと破損繰返し数Nfの
間には、次式
△εp=f4(Nf)=Cf2Nf Df2 ……(10)
で表わされる関係がある。Cf2およびDf2は材料に
より選択される定数である。 Furthermore, there is a relationship between the plastic strain range Δε p and the number of repeated failures N f as expressed by the following equation: Δε p = f 4 (N f ) = C f2 N f Df2 (10). C f2 and D f2 are constants selected depending on the material.
以上の様にして求めた(9)、(10)式を合成すると、
全ひずみ範囲△εpと破損繰返し数Nfの関係は(11)
式で表わされる。 Combining equations (9) and (10) obtained as above, we get
The relationship between the total strain range △ε p and the number of repeated failures N f is (11)
It is expressed by the formula.
△εt=△εe+△εp=Cf1(Hv)Nf Df1(Hv)+Cf2Nf Df2
……(11)
材料特性算出器46は、(11)式と硬さ計測結果と
から低サイクル疲労特性
Nf=f5(△εt) ……(12)
を算出する。△ε t = △ε e + △ε p = C f1 (H v ) N f Df1(Hv) + C f2 N f Df2 ...(11) The material property calculator 46 calculates the formula (11) and the hardness measurement results. From this, calculate the low cycle fatigue characteristics N f = f 5 (△ε t )...(12).
第7図は材料特性算出器46の機能手順をクリ
ープラプチヤ特性算出部分について示したもので
あり、第7図中1に示すように硬さと絶対温度T
と破断時間Trとの関係を表わすラーソンミラー
パラメータP
P=T(C+logTr) ……(13)
ここで、Cは材料定数
との間に次式で表わされる関係がある。 FIG. 7 shows the functional procedure of the material property calculator 46 for calculating the creep rapture properties, and as shown in 1 in FIG. 7, the hardness and absolute temperature T
Larson-Miller parameter P that expresses the relationship between rupture time T r and rupture time T r P = T (C + log T r ) (13) Here, C has a relationship with the material constant expressed by the following equation.
P=g1(硬さ) ……(14)
(14)式は硬さをビツカース硬さHvにとり、
次の形に書くことができる。 P=g 1 (Hardness) ...(14) Equation (14) takes hardness as Bitkers hardness H v ,
It can be written in the following form.
P=Cg1(σ)Hv+Dg1(σ) ……(15)
こゝでCg1とDg1は第7図中2で示すように応力
σに関する2次多項式またはそれ以上の次数の多
項式で表わされる。なお、第7図のPとHvの関
係図1でσ1<σ2<σ3の順に応力が大きいことを示
している。 P=C g1 (σ) H v +D g1 (σ) ...(15) Here, C g1 and D g1 are quadratic polynomials or polynomials of higher order regarding stress σ, as shown by 2 in Figure 7. It is expressed as Note that the relationship diagram 1 between P and Hv in FIG. 7 shows that the stress increases in the order of σ 1 <σ 2 <σ 3 .
材料特性算出器46は(15)式と硬さの計測結
果とから温度、応力、破断時間の関係を算出す
る。 The material property calculator 46 calculates the relationship among temperature, stress, and rupture time from equation (15) and the hardness measurement results.
上述した材料状態量の計測をもとに引張特性、
低サイクル疲労特性およびクリープラプチヤ特性
の算出により、従来未解決であつたケーシングの
高温長時間使用による材料特性の変化を定量的に
算出することができ損傷の蓄積量を高い精度で演
算することができる。 Based on the measurement of the material state quantities mentioned above, the tensile properties,
By calculating low-cycle fatigue properties and creep-rapture properties, it is possible to quantitatively calculate changes in material properties due to high-temperature long-term use of casings, which had previously been unresolved, and to calculate the amount of accumulated damage with high accuracy. I can do it.
次に第4図を参照しながらき裂発生に至る損傷
の蓄積量の演算について説明する。 Next, with reference to FIG. 4, calculation of the amount of damage accumulated leading to crack generation will be explained.
き裂発生に対する損傷蓄積のひとつである疲労
損傷量の蓄積は、応力が変動する非定常運転の操
り返しによるものであるが、非定常運転1回当り
で蓄積される疲労損傷量△φfは(16)式で算出さ
れる。 The accumulation of fatigue damage, which is one type of damage accumulation due to crack initiation, is due to the repetition of unsteady operation in which stress fluctuates, but the amount of fatigue damage △φ f accumulated per unsteady operation is Calculated using equation (16).
△φf=1/Nf ………(16)
ここでNfは、非定常運転時の温度での応力の
繰り返し(低サイクル疲労)による破損のくり返
し数である。従つて、非定常運転1回当りに蓄積
される疲労損傷量△φfは破損くり返し数Nfを求
めることと、(16)式の演算を行なうことによつ
て成される。第4図において、材料特性算出器4
6により、前記した様に、ケーシングフランジ部
32の硬さ計測からケーシングの高温長時間使用
による特性の変化を考慮した低サイクル疲労特性
が(12)式で算出されているので、損傷量演算器47
は、温度算出器43と応力加算器44の出力を使
用して、前記した(12)式より破損くり返し数Nfを
算出し(16)式の演算を実行して非定常運転1回
当りで蓄積される疲労損傷量△φfを算出する。損
傷量加算器48は非定常運転毎に損傷量演算器4
7の出力を加算するものである。第8図は、以
上、述べた第4図の損傷量演算器47と損傷量加
算器48の機能手順を疲労損傷量蓄積演算部につ
いて示したものである。 Δφ f =1/N f (16) Here, N f is the number of repetitions of failure due to repeated stress at the temperature during unsteady operation (low cycle fatigue). Therefore, the amount of fatigue damage Δφ f accumulated per unsteady operation can be determined by determining the number of repeated failures N f and calculating the equation (16). In FIG. 4, material property calculator 4
6, as mentioned above, the low cycle fatigue characteristics are calculated from the hardness measurement of the casing flange portion 32 using equation (12), which takes into account changes in characteristics due to long-term use of the casing at high temperatures. 47
Using the outputs of the temperature calculator 43 and the stress adder 44, calculate the number of repeated failures N f from the above equation (12), and execute the calculation of equation (16) to calculate the number of failures per unsteady operation. Calculate the accumulated fatigue damage amount △φ f . The damage amount adder 48 is connected to the damage amount calculator 4 for each unsteady operation.
This is to add the outputs of 7. FIG. 8 shows the functional procedure of the damage amount calculator 47 and damage amount adder 48 of FIG. 4 described above for the fatigue damage amount accumulation calculation section.
次に、き裂発生に対する損傷蓄積のもうひとつ
のものであるクリープ損傷量の蓄積は、高温一定
応力の定常運転が継続されることによるもので、
定常運転の継続中の単位時間当りに蓄積されるク
リープ損傷量△φcは(17)式で算出される。 Next, the accumulation of creep damage, which is another type of damage accumulation due to crack initiation, is due to continued steady operation at high temperature and constant stress.
The amount of creep damage △φ c accumulated per unit time during continuous steady operation is calculated using equation (17).
△φc=1/Tr ……(17)
ここで、Trは定常運転時の温度および、その
時の応力の作用によるクリープ破損時間である。
従つて、定常運転単位時間当り蓄積されるクリー
プ損傷量△φcはクリープ破断時間Trを求めるこ
とと(17)式の演算を実行することによつて成さ
れる。第4図において、材料特性演算器46によ
り前記した様にケーシングフランジ部32の硬さ
からケーシングの高温長時間使用による特性の変
化を考慮したクリープラプチヤ特性が算出されて
いるので損傷量演算器47は応力加加算器44の
定常運転時の出力を使用し、ラーソンミラーパラ
メータPを(15)式より算出し、次に、温度熱応
力算出器43の定常運転時の出力を使用して
(13)式のラーソン・ミラーパラメータP、温度
T、クリープ破損時間Trの関係から
の演算を実行しクリープ破損時間Trを算出し、
(17)式の演算を実行して定常運転中単位時間当
りに蓄積されるクリープ損傷量△φcを算出する。
損傷量加算器48は定常運転中に逐次、損傷量演
算器47の出力を加算するものである。第9図は
損傷量演算器47と損傷量加算器48の機能手順
をクリープ損傷量蓄積演算部について示したもの
である。 Δφ c =1/T r (17) Here, T r is the temperature during steady operation and the creep failure time due to the action of stress at that time.
Therefore, the amount of creep damage Δφ c accumulated per unit time of steady operation can be determined by determining the creep rupture time T r and executing the calculation of equation (17). In FIG. 4, the material property calculator 46 calculates the creep ramp characteristics from the hardness of the casing flange portion 32, taking into account the change in properties due to long-term use of the casing at high temperatures, so the damage amount calculator 47 uses the output of the stress adder 44 during steady operation to calculate the Larson Miller parameter P from equation (15), and then uses the output of the temperature thermal stress calculator 43 during steady operation to calculate ( 13) From the relationship between the Larson-Miller parameter P, temperature T, and creep failure time T r in equation Perform the calculation to calculate the creep failure time T r ,
The amount of creep damage △φ c accumulated per unit time during steady operation is calculated by executing the calculation of equation (17).
The damage amount adder 48 sequentially adds the output of the damage amount calculator 47 during steady operation. FIG. 9 shows the functional procedure of the damage amount calculator 47 and the damage amount adder 48 for the creep damage amount accumulation calculation section.
しかして、上述したように材料特性を基に演算
された損傷蓄積量は逐次診断装置49に転送さ
れ、診断装置49は許容値算出器50の出力結果
と損傷量加算器48の出力結果とを比較しながら
診断を行なう。 Therefore, the damage accumulation amount calculated based on the material properties as described above is sequentially transferred to the diagnostic device 49, and the diagnostic device 49 combines the output result of the tolerance value calculator 50 and the output result of the damage amount adder 48. Diagnose by comparing.
次に許容値の算出と診断について説明する。 Next, calculation and diagnosis of allowable values will be explained.
高温で使用されるケーシング等の構造部材の許
容値は部材の高温強度特性である各種材料特性を
もとに決められる。それらの材料特性は引張強
さ、耐力、クリープラプチヤ特性である。許容値
は通常材料特性の未使用状態でのデータバンドの
中央値又は下限値に安全率を設けて設定されてい
るが、前述したように高温長時間使用によりこれ
らの材料特性は変化するので許容値もその変化も
考慮する必要がある。材料特性の内引張強さ、耐
力、クリープラプチヤ特性は前述したように部材
の硬さを計測することにより算出できる。 Tolerable values for structural members such as casings used at high temperatures are determined based on various material properties that are the high temperature strength characteristics of the member. Their material properties are tensile strength, yield strength, and creep rapture properties. Tolerances are usually set by setting a safety factor to the median or lower limit of the data band in the unused state of material properties, but as mentioned above, these material properties change due to long-term use at high temperatures, so it is not acceptable. Both the value and its changes need to be considered. The internal tensile strength, yield strength, and creep rapture properties of the material properties can be calculated by measuring the hardness of the member as described above.
第4図において、許容値算出器50は材料特性
算出器56が、硬さ計測値をもとに算出した引張
強さ、耐力、クリープラプチヤ特性に温度算出器
43との出力と合わせても必要な安全率を設けて
作用応力に対する許容値を決定する。また、疲労
損傷量、クリープ損傷量の夫々、およびその組合
せに対しては必要な安全率を設けた許容値を内蔵
している。 In FIG. 4, the allowable value calculator 50 combines the output from the temperature calculator 43 with the tensile strength, yield strength, and creep rapture properties calculated by the material property calculator 56 based on the measured hardness values. Determine the allowable value for the applied stress by providing the necessary safety factor. Furthermore, tolerance values with necessary safety factors are built in for each of fatigue damage amount, creep damage amount, and their combination.
次に診断装置49について説明する。診断装置
49は、応力加算器44および損傷量加算器48
の出力と許容値算出器50の出力とを比較しなが
ら、高温で長時間使用された部材の作用応力およ
び損傷蓄積量の状態を判定し、必要に応じて、表
示警報装置51に出力を与える。表示警報装置5
1、診断装置40の診断結果にもとづく出力結果
に応じて、高温部材の作用応力および損傷蓄積量
の状態を表示する。更に今後の運転計画に基づ
き、条件設定器52から入力される今後の想定運
転履歴のもとで演算される損傷蓄積量の損傷演算
器47、損傷量加算器48の出力結果をもとにし
た診断装置48による診断結果の表示と必要な場
合には警報も発生する。 Next, the diagnostic device 49 will be explained. The diagnostic device 49 includes a stress adder 44 and a damage amount adder 48.
While comparing the output of and the output of the allowable value calculator 50, the state of the applied stress and damage accumulation amount of the member used for a long time at high temperature is determined, and the output is given to the display/warning device 51 as necessary. . Display alarm device 5
1. In accordance with the output result based on the diagnosis result of the diagnosis device 40, the state of the applied stress and damage accumulation amount of the high-temperature member is displayed. Furthermore, based on the future operation plan, the output results of the damage calculator 47 and the damage amount adder 48 are calculated based on the expected future operation history inputted from the condition setter 52. Diagnostic results are displayed by the diagnostic device 48, and an alarm is also generated if necessary.
最後に条件設定器51の機能について説明す
る。 Finally, the function of the condition setter 51 will be explained.
上述した本発明による装置を既存の熱機器に設
置した場合、設置以前の運転による損傷量の蓄積
は不明のまゝであり、その後の損傷量の蓄積を演
算しても精度の高い損傷診断はできない。そこ
で、この点を解決するため、本発明の装置を設置
以前の運転履歴での代表的な運転パターンでの温
度・応力状態と、各非定常運転回数、定常運転時
間等本発明装置を設置する以前の運転履歴による
損傷量の蓄積の演算に必要な全てのパラメータの
設定もできる様になつている。したがつて、既存
の熱機器に対して本発明装置を設置しても機器の
運転開始からの損傷量の蓄積の把握と支障なく使
用できる期間の予知診断が可能となる。 When the above-described device according to the present invention is installed in an existing thermal equipment, the amount of damage accumulated due to operation before installation remains unknown, and even if the amount of damage accumulated after that is calculated, highly accurate damage diagnosis is not possible. Can not. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, we installed the device of the present invention, including the temperature and stress conditions in typical operation patterns in the operating history before installing the device of the present invention, the number of unsteady operations, and the steady operation time. It is also possible to set all the parameters necessary to calculate the accumulated amount of damage based on the previous driving history. Therefore, even if the device of the present invention is installed in an existing thermal device, it is possible to grasp the amount of damage accumulated from the start of operation of the device and to perform predictive diagnosis of the period during which the device can be used without any problems.
なお、条件設定器51の他の使い方として、今
後想定される運転履歴にもとづく損傷量の蓄積や
進行の演算に必要な全てのパラメータを予め設定
し、実際の機器の使用状態量と材料状態量とを実
測することなく損傷量の蓄積や進行の演算を行な
うことができる。 Another way to use the condition setter 51 is to set in advance all the parameters necessary to calculate the accumulation and progression of damage based on the expected operation history, and set the actual equipment usage state quantities and material state quantities. Accumulation and progression of damage can be calculated without actually measuring damage.
なお、上述した例は蒸気タービンのロータに適
用した場合について説明したが、本発明はこれに
限らず高温で使用される機器の一服に対して適用
できるものである。 In addition, although the above-mentioned example explained the case where it was applied to the rotor of a steam turbine, the present invention is not limited to this and can be applied to a portion of equipment used at high temperatures.
以上の説明から明らかなように、本発明によれ
ば、高温で使用される構造部材の使用状態量から
温度・応力を算出する一方、構造部材の硬さから
材料特性を算出し、さらに条件設定器によつて運
転履歴に応じた修正を加えて構造部材に生じた損
傷蓄積量を演算し、許容値と比較するようにした
から、構造部材にき裂が発生する時期を正確に予
知判断することができる。
As is clear from the above description, according to the present invention, temperature and stress are calculated from the usage state quantities of structural members used at high temperatures, material properties are calculated from the hardness of the structural members, and conditions are further set. The system calculates the amount of damage accumulated in structural members by making adjustments according to the operating history, and compares it with the allowable value, making it possible to accurately predict when cracks will occur in structural members. be able to.
第1図は本発明の装置を示したブロツク図、第
2図は本発明の損傷診断に適用できる機器の一例
である蒸気タービン高温部に示した半断面図、第
3図は、本発明の蒸気タービン高温部ケーシング
への硬さ計の設置状況を示した断面図、第4図は
本発明の蒸気タービン高温部ケーシングの損傷診
断への適用例の装置を示したブロツク図、第5図
は、第4図のブロツク図中、材料特性算出器の機
能手順を示したフローチヤート、第6図は同じく
低サイクル疲労特性について示したフローチヤー
ト、第7図は同じくクリープラプチヤ特性につい
て示したフローチヤート、第8図は、第4図のブ
ロツク図中、損傷量演算器と損傷量加算器の機能
手順を示したフローチヤート、第9図は同じくク
リープ損傷量蓄積演算部について示したフローチ
ヤートである。
1……検出装置、2……温度−応力算出器、3
……計測装置、4……材料特性算出器、5……損
傷演算器、6……許容値算出器、7……診断装
置、8……表示警報装置。
Fig. 1 is a block diagram showing the device of the present invention, Fig. 2 is a half sectional view showing a high temperature section of a steam turbine which is an example of equipment applicable to damage diagnosis of the present invention, and Fig. 3 is a block diagram showing the device of the present invention. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing how a hardness tester is installed in the casing of a steam turbine high temperature section, FIG. , in the block diagram of Fig. 4, a flowchart showing the functional procedure of the material property calculator, Fig. 6 a flowchart also showing the low cycle fatigue characteristics, and Fig. 7 a flowchart also showing the creep burst characteristics. Figure 8 is a flowchart showing the functional procedure of the damage amount calculation unit and damage amount adder in the block diagram of Figure 4, and Figure 9 is a flowchart showing the creep damage amount accumulation calculation unit. be. 1...Detection device, 2...Temperature-stress calculator, 3
...Measuring device, 4...Material property calculator, 5...Damage calculator, 6...Tolerance value calculator, 7...Diagnostic device, 8...Display alarm device.
Claims (1)
る使用状態量を検出し、これを基に構造部材に作
用する温度と応力を算出する一方、上記構造部材
の硬さを計測し、これを基に引張強さ、耐力、低
サイクル疲労特性及びクリープラプチヤ特性を算
出し、それらの算出値を基に上記構造部材が使わ
れている機器の非定常運転のくり返しによつて蓄
積される疲労損傷量と定常運転の継続によつて蓄
積されるクリープ損傷量とからなるき裂発生まで
の構造部材の損傷量を算出し、許容値と比較する
ことによりき裂が発生するまでの期間を予知診断
できるようにしたことを特徴とする、高温で使用
される構造部材の損傷診断方法。 2 前記引張強さと耐力は温度の関数である2個
の係数を含むビツカース硬さの一次式により算出
するようにしたことを特徴とする特許請求の範囲
第1項に記載の損傷診断方法。 3 前記低サイクル疲労特性は、ビツカース硬さ
の関数である係数と指数を含む弾性歪範囲と破損
繰り返し数との関係式とビツカース硬さによらな
い係数と指数を含む塑性歪範囲と破損繰り返し数
との関係式とから算出するようにしたことを特徴
とする特許請求の範囲第1項に記載の損傷診断方
法。 4 前記クリープラプチヤ特性は、温度と破断時
間の関係を示すラーソンミラーパラメータを応力
の関数である2個の係数を含むビツカース硬さの
一次式で表わすことにより算出するようにしたこ
とを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第1項に記載の損
傷診断方法。 5 前記許容値は、材料の硬さから算出される引
張強さ、クリープラプチヤ特性から算出される許
容応力値と、疲労・クリープ組み合わせのき裂発
生限界損傷値であることを特徴とする特許請求の
範囲第1項に記載の損傷診断方法。 6 高温で使用される構造部材の使用状態量を検
出する検出装置と、構造部材の材料の硬さとを計
測する硬さ計測装置と、前記検出装置により検出
された使用状態量から構造部材に発生する温度と
応力を算出する温度応力算出器と、前記硬さ計測
装置によつて計測された材料の硬さから機械的材
料特性を算出する材料特性算出器と、構造部材の
損傷量演算に必要な運転履歴や運転状態を表わす
パラメータを設定する条件設定器と、前記温度応
力算出器と材料特性算出器からの出力と条件設定
器によつて設定された設定値をもとに損傷の蓄積
量を演算する損傷演算器と、前記温度応力算出器
と材料特性算出器の出力から構造部材の許容値を
算出する許容値算出器と、前記損傷演算器と許容
値算出器との出力を比較して構造部材にき裂が発
生するまでの期間を予知診断する診断装置と、診
断データを表示し異常の発生が予知された場合に
警報を発する表示警報装置とを備えてなる構造部
材の損傷診断装置。[Claims] 1. Detecting a usage state quantity, which is a physical quantity representing the usage environment of a high-temperature structural member, and calculating the temperature and stress acting on the structural member based on this, while measuring the hardness of the structural member. Based on this, the tensile strength, yield strength, low cycle fatigue properties, and creep collapse properties are calculated, and based on these calculated values, the structural members are tested for repeated unsteady operation of the equipment in which the structural members are used. Calculate the amount of damage to a structural member until a crack occurs, which is the amount of accumulated fatigue damage and the amount of creep damage accumulated due to continued steady operation, and compare it with the allowable value to calculate the amount of damage until a crack occurs. 1. A method for diagnosing damage to structural members used at high temperatures, the method being characterized by being able to predict and diagnose the period of . 2. The damage diagnosis method according to claim 1, wherein the tensile strength and yield strength are calculated using a linear formula of Vickers hardness that includes two coefficients that are a function of temperature. 3 The low cycle fatigue characteristics are determined by the relationship between the elastic strain range and the number of failure cycles, including coefficients and indexes that are a function of the Vickers hardness, and the plastic strain range and the number of failure cycles, including coefficients and indexes that are not dependent on the Vickers hardness. 2. The damage diagnosis method according to claim 1, wherein the damage diagnosis method is calculated from a relational expression. 4. The creep burst characteristic is calculated by expressing the Larson-Miller parameter, which indicates the relationship between temperature and rupture time, by a linear equation of Vickers hardness that includes two coefficients that are a function of stress. A method for diagnosing damage according to claim 1. 5. A patent characterized in that the allowable value is the tensile strength calculated from the hardness of the material, the allowable stress value calculated from the creep rapture property, and the crack initiation limit damage value of a combination of fatigue and creep. A damage diagnosis method according to claim 1. 6. A detection device that detects the state of use of a structural member used at high temperatures, a hardness measurement device that measures the hardness of the material of the structural member, and a hardness measurement device that detects the state of use of a structural member used at high temperatures. a temperature stress calculator that calculates the temperature and stress of the material; a material property calculator that calculates mechanical material properties from the hardness of the material measured by the hardness measuring device; The amount of accumulated damage is determined based on the output from the temperature stress calculator and material property calculator and the set values set by the condition setter. a damage calculator that calculates the temperature stress calculator and the material property calculator, a tolerance calculator that calculates the allowable value of the structural member from the outputs of the temperature stress calculator and the material property calculator, and a comparison of the outputs of the damage calculator and the allowable value calculator. Damage diagnosis for structural members, comprising: a diagnostic device that predicts and diagnoses the period until a crack occurs in a structural member; and a display/warning device that displays diagnostic data and issues an alarm when an abnormality is predicted to occur. Device.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP17574883A JPS6067838A (en) | 1983-09-22 | 1983-09-22 | Method and apparatus for diagnosing damage to structural member used at high temperature |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP17574883A JPS6067838A (en) | 1983-09-22 | 1983-09-22 | Method and apparatus for diagnosing damage to structural member used at high temperature |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPS6067838A JPS6067838A (en) | 1985-04-18 |
JPH0127378B2 true JPH0127378B2 (en) | 1989-05-29 |
Family
ID=16001558
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP17574883A Granted JPS6067838A (en) | 1983-09-22 | 1983-09-22 | Method and apparatus for diagnosing damage to structural member used at high temperature |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPS6067838A (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2008180735A (en) * | 2000-04-14 | 2008-08-07 | Toshiba Corp | Method apparatus for diagnosing life of component |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS63167299U (en) * | 1987-04-21 | 1988-10-31 | ||
JP2005134115A (en) * | 2003-10-28 | 2005-05-26 | Babcock Hitachi Kk | Diagnostic method and risk evaluation method for tendency of low-cycle fatigue damage of equipement |
JP2020003373A (en) * | 2018-06-29 | 2020-01-09 | 東芝エネルギーシステムズ株式会社 | Lifetime prediction method, lifetime prediction device, and lifetime prediction device program |
-
1983
- 1983-09-22 JP JP17574883A patent/JPS6067838A/en active Granted
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2008180735A (en) * | 2000-04-14 | 2008-08-07 | Toshiba Corp | Method apparatus for diagnosing life of component |
JP2008249732A (en) * | 2000-04-14 | 2008-10-16 | Toshiba Corp | Method and device for diagnosing life of member |
JP4649497B2 (en) * | 2000-04-14 | 2011-03-09 | 株式会社東芝 | Method for diagnosing lifetime of member and method and apparatus for diagnosing the lifetime |
JP4745366B2 (en) * | 2000-04-14 | 2011-08-10 | 株式会社東芝 | Method for diagnosing lifetime of member and apparatus for diagnosing the lifetime |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPS6067838A (en) | 1985-04-18 |
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