JP7005707B2 - スマートカード - Google Patents
スマートカード Download PDFInfo
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- JP7005707B2 JP7005707B2 JP2020133862A JP2020133862A JP7005707B2 JP 7005707 B2 JP7005707 B2 JP 7005707B2 JP 2020133862 A JP2020133862 A JP 2020133862A JP 2020133862 A JP2020133862 A JP 2020133862A JP 7005707 B2 JP7005707 B2 JP 7005707B2
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- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002238 attenuated effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000005674 electromagnetic induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/073—Special arrangements for circuits, e.g. for protecting identification code in memory
- G06K19/07309—Means for preventing undesired reading or writing from or onto record carriers
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- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/077—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier
- G06K19/07749—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card
- G06K19/07766—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card comprising at least a second communication arrangement in addition to a first non-contact communication arrangement
- G06K19/07767—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card comprising at least a second communication arrangement in addition to a first non-contact communication arrangement the first and second communication means being two different antennas types, e.g. dipole and coil type, or two antennas of the same kind but operating at different frequencies
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/0723—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips the record carrier comprising an arrangement for non-contact communication, e.g. wireless communication circuits on transponder cards, non-contact smart cards or RFIDs
- G06K19/0724—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips the record carrier comprising an arrangement for non-contact communication, e.g. wireless communication circuits on transponder cards, non-contact smart cards or RFIDs the arrangement being a circuit for communicating at a plurality of frequencies, e.g. for managing time multiplexed communication over at least two antennas of different types
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
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- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/0701—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising an arrangement for power management
- G06K19/0702—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising an arrangement for power management the arrangement including a battery
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/0701—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising an arrangement for power management
- G06K19/0707—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising an arrangement for power management the arrangement being capable of collecting energy from external energy sources, e.g. thermocouples, vibration, electromagnetic radiation
- G06K19/0708—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising an arrangement for power management the arrangement being capable of collecting energy from external energy sources, e.g. thermocouples, vibration, electromagnetic radiation the source being electromagnetic or magnetic
- G06K19/071—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising an arrangement for power management the arrangement being capable of collecting energy from external energy sources, e.g. thermocouples, vibration, electromagnetic radiation the source being electromagnetic or magnetic the source being a field other than an interrogation field, e.g. WLAN, cellular phone network
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
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- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/0701—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising an arrangement for power management
- G06K19/0715—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising an arrangement for power management the arrangement including means to regulate power transfer to the integrated circuit
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/0716—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising a sensor or an interface to a sensor
- G06K19/0718—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising a sensor or an interface to a sensor the sensor being of the biometric kind, e.g. fingerprint sensors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/077—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier
- G06K19/07701—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier comprising an interface suitable for human interaction
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/077—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier
- G06K19/07749—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card
- G06K19/0775—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card arrangements for connecting the integrated circuit to the antenna
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/077—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier
- G06K19/07749—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card
- G06K19/07773—Antenna details
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
- H02J50/20—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using microwaves or radio frequency waves
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B5/00—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems
- H04B5/20—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems characterised by the transmission technique; characterised by the transmission medium
- H04B5/24—Inductive coupling
- H04B5/26—Inductive coupling using coils
- H04B5/263—Multiple coils at either side
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B5/00—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems
- H04B5/70—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems specially adapted for specific purposes
- H04B5/72—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems specially adapted for specific purposes for local intradevice communication
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B5/00—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems
- H04B5/70—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems specially adapted for specific purposes
- H04B5/79—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems specially adapted for specific purposes for data transfer in combination with power transfer
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/0701—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising an arrangement for power management
- G06K19/0702—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising an arrangement for power management the arrangement including a battery
- G06K19/0704—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising an arrangement for power management the arrangement including a battery the battery being rechargeable, e.g. solar batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0068—Battery or charger load switching, e.g. concurrent charging and load supply
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Credit Cards Or The Like (AREA)
- Near-Field Transmission Systems (AREA)
- Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
Description
また、本発明は、スマートカードのアンテナ端より発生する交流信号の干渉を除去することで、スマートカード内の誤動作を防止し、無線周波数通信の安定性を向上させるスマートカードに関するものである。
図1及び図2は、従来の電子カードを含むスマートカードの構造を示す図である。
図1及び図2を参照すれば、一般的な電子回路が内蔵された従来のスマートカードであり、スマートカードチップ20以外に、特定の応用機能を支援するための一般回路30が付加され、スマートカードチップ20と一般回路30がアンテナ10_1、10_2を介して電源が供給され、外部のカードリーダーと無線周波数通信を行う。このとき、アンテナ10_1とスマートカードチップ20が電気的に接続され、スイッチ25を介してアンテナ10_1とスマートカードチップ20の電気的接続がオン/オフされる。スイッチ25は、接続線31を介して接続された一般回路30の制御によってオン/オフされる。図1は、スマートカード内にスイッチ25、及びスマートカードチップ20が直列接続された場合であり、図2は、スマートカード内にスイッチ25とスマートカードチップ20が並列接続された例である。
115:電源生成部
120:ICチップ
130:制御部
140、240:遮断部
141、241:整流器
143、243_1、243_2:スイッチ
Claims (7)
- カードリーダーとの無線周波数通信を行うための第1アンテナ及び第2アンテナで構成されたデュアルアンテナ;
前記第1アンテナと電気的に接続され、前記第1アンテナを介して無線周波数通信を行うICチップ;
前記第2アンテナを介して受信される無線周波数信号を変換し、直流電源を生成する電源生成部;
前記電源生成部から生成された直流電源が供給され、様々なモジュールに対する制御を行う制御部;及び、
前記第1アンテナと前記ICチップと間に配置し、前記制御部の制御下で前記第1アンテナを介して受信される無線周波数信号を遮断する遮断部;を含み、
前記遮断部は、
前記第1アンテナを介して受信される無線周波数信号を整流する整流器;及び前記制御部の制御信号に応じて前記整流器の出力端を接地と接続するスイッチ;を含むことを特徴とするスマートカード。 - 前記制御信号が、前記ICチップの非活性化状態を示す低レベルで提供されれば、前記スイッチは、ターンオンされることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のスマートカード。
- 前記制御信号が、前記ICチップの活性化状態を示す高レベルで提供されれば、前記スイッチは、ターンオフされることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のスマートカード。
- 前記第1アンテナを介して受信される無線周波数信号は、前記ICチップに提供され、前記遮断部に提供された無線周波数信号は、直流電源に整流され、接地と遮断されることを特徴とする請求項3に記載のスマートカード。
- 前記電源生成部から生成された直流電源を貯蔵し、前記制御部の制御下で前記様々なモジュールの動作に必要な直流電源を供給する内蔵バッテリ;をさらに含む請求項1に記載のスマートカード。
- 前記様々なモジュールは、ユーザーインタフェース、ディスプレイ、指紋認識モジュール、無線充電のいずれか1つ以上であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のスマートカード。
- カードリーダーとの無線周波数通信を行うための第1アンテナ及び第2アンテナで構成されたデュアルアンテナ;
前記第1アンテナと電気的に接続され、前記第1アンテナを介して無線周波数通信を行うICチップ;
前記第2アンテナを介して受信される無線周波数信号を変換し、直流電源を生成する電源生成部;
前記電源生成部から生成された直流電源が供給され、様々なモジュールに対する制御を行う制御部;及び、
前記第1アンテナと前記ICチップと間に配置し、前記制御部の制御下で前記第1アンテナを介して受信される無線周波数信号を遮断する遮断部;を含み、
前記遮断部は、
前記第1アンテナを介して受信される無線周波数信号を整流する整流器;及び
キャパシターと直列接続され、前記制御部の制御信号に応じて前記第1アンテナを介して受信される無線周波数信号を、前記キャパシターを介して接地と接続するスイッチ;を含み、
前記整流器の接地は、前記スイッチ及び前記制御部の接地と共通に接続されることを特徴とするスマートカード。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR1020200076878A KR102425160B1 (ko) | 2020-06-24 | 2020-06-24 | 스마트 카드 |
KR10-2020-0076878 | 2020-06-24 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2022007843A JP2022007843A (ja) | 2022-01-13 |
JP7005707B2 true JP7005707B2 (ja) | 2022-01-24 |
Family
ID=72050709
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2020133862A Active JP7005707B2 (ja) | 2020-06-24 | 2020-08-06 | スマートカード |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US11270181B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP3929816A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP7005707B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR102425160B1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2020050698A1 (ko) * | 2018-09-07 | 2020-03-12 | 주식회사 아모텍 | 콤보 안테나 모듈 |
US11580349B1 (en) * | 2021-08-31 | 2023-02-14 | Visa International Service Association | Stackable integrated circuit cards |
FR3137196A1 (fr) * | 2022-06-22 | 2023-12-29 | Idemia The Netherlands B.V. | Fabrication d’une carte a puce sans contact hybride avec composants cms et antenne nfc incrustee |
CN115580322B (zh) * | 2022-11-18 | 2023-03-24 | 北京紫光青藤微***有限公司 | 用于检测故障的方法及装置、近场通信装置、存储介质 |
Citations (3)
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JP2014112853A (ja) | 2008-09-26 | 2014-06-19 | Semiconductor Energy Lab Co Ltd | 半導体装置 |
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