JP6300386B2 - 半導体装置 - Google Patents

半導体装置 Download PDF

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JP6300386B2
JP6300386B2 JP2017507557A JP2017507557A JP6300386B2 JP 6300386 B2 JP6300386 B2 JP 6300386B2 JP 2017507557 A JP2017507557 A JP 2017507557A JP 2017507557 A JP2017507557 A JP 2017507557A JP 6300386 B2 JP6300386 B2 JP 6300386B2
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semiconductor device
insulating substrate
conductive block
semiconductor
semiconductor element
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JPWO2016152258A1 (ja
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紺野 哲豊
哲豊 紺野
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Hitachi Ltd
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Hitachi Ltd
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Description

本発明は、半導体装置に関する。
半導体装置は、直流電源から供給された直流電力をモーターなどの誘導性負荷に供給するための交流電力に変換する機能、あるいはモーターにより発電された交流電力を直流電源に供給するための直流電力に変換する機能を備えている。この変換機能を果すため、半導体装置はスイッチング機能を有する半導体素子を有しており、導通動作や遮断動作を繰り返すことにより、直流電力から交流電力へあるいは交流電力から直流電力へ電力変換し、電力を制御する。
半導体装置は、放熱基板の上に、配線パターンを形成した絶縁基板をはんだ等で接合し、絶縁基板の配線パターンの上に、半導体素子を搭載する。半導体素子は、表裏に電極を備え、裏面電極は絶縁基板上の配線パターンと接続され、表面電極はワイヤを介して絶縁基板上の配線パターンに接続される。鉄道用などの大電力用の半導体では、絶縁基板を複数搭載することで、大電流に対応できるようにしている。
近年、半導体装置の電流密度が上昇している。特にSiC(炭化ケイ素)を用いた半導体素子はその動作温度がSi(シリコン)よりも高く、より大電流を流すことが可能となってきた。半導体装置の電流密度が上昇すると、一つの半導体素子に流れる電流量が増加するため、発熱量が増大する。これに伴う熱伸縮により半導体素子の裏面電極と絶縁基板の配線パターンを接続する接合層の劣化や、半導体素子の表面電極とワイヤの接合信頼性が低下するという問題がある。
また、半導体装置の小面積化が求められており、半導体素子の表面電極と絶縁基板上の配線との接続にワイヤを適用する場合、絶縁基板上の配線パターンの領域が足らずに充分な数のワイヤを接続できないといった問題があった。このため、半導体素子の表面電極と絶縁基板上の配線パターンを板状のリード電極で接続する必要がある。
特許文献1には、パワー半導体素子をマウントするダイパッドと外部リード端子とを有するリードフレームと、パワー半導体素子の電極と外部リード端子との間、パワー半導体素子の電極と制御素子の電極との間の少なくとも一方を電気的に接続する板状の金属片と、パワー半導体素子、制御素子、金属片を樹脂封止する封止樹脂と、を備えることを特徴とする半導体装置が開示されている。
特開2009―224529号公報
半導体素子の表面電極と板状のリード電極を接合する場合、熱膨張係数の差により大きな応力がかかり、半導体素子の表面電極と板状のリード電極の接続信頼性が低下するという問題があった。
そこで、本発明の目的は、パワー半導体チップの表面電極に接続されるリード電極の接合信頼性を向上させることを目的とする。
上記課題を解決するために、本発明に係る半導体装置は、放熱基板と、放熱基板上に配置され配線層を備える絶縁基板と、絶縁基板上に配置された複数の半導体素子と、半導体素子の表面電極と電気的に接続された導電性ブロックと、端子電極と、を備え、導電性ブロックは凸部を有し、凸部は絶縁基板と接合していることを特徴とする。
本発明により、パワー半導体装置の信頼性を向上できる。
本発明の一実施形態に係る半導体装置の上面図 本発明の一実施形態に係る半導体装置の断面図 本発明の一実施形態に係る半導体装置の上面図 本発明の一実施形態に係る半導体装置の接合プロセスを示す図 本発明の一実施形態に係る半導体装置の接合プロセスを示す図
以下、図面等を用いて、本発明の実施形態について説明する。図1に本発明の一実施形態に係る半導体装置の上面図、図2に図1のA−A’断面構成を示す。
図1及び図2に示すように、本実施形態の半導体装置は、放熱基板104と、放熱基板上に配置される絶縁基板103と、絶縁基板上に配置される複数の半導体素子101と、半導体素子の表面電極と電気的に接続された導電性ブロックと、
導電板106と、端子電極107と、半導体素子と絶縁基板とを接合する接合層108と、導電板と半導体素子とを接合する接合層109と、導電板と導電性ブロックとを接合する接合層110と、導電性ブロックと絶縁基板とを接合する接合層111と、絶縁基板と放熱基板とを接合する接合層112、及びゲートワイヤ113を備える。
本実施形態において、半導体素子は、MOSFET(metal−oxide−semiconductor field−effect transistor)を用いた。
半導体素子であるMOSFET101と接合している導電性ブロック105は、凸部105Tを有している。凸部105TはMOSFET101ではなく、絶縁基板と接合している。これにより導電性ブロック105の熱容量が増大するため、MOSFET101の温度変化を緩やかにすることができる。温度変化を緩やかにすることにより、各接合界面に生じる温度振幅による応力を緩和することができるため信頼性の高い半導体装置を提供できる。
さらに本実施形態では、導電性ブロックの凸部105Tは、絶縁基板103のMOSFET101のソース電極101Eと同じノードの回路配線パターンであるソース配線パターン103E上に接合される。これにより、MOSFET101で発熱した熱は、導電性プレート106と導電性ブロック105を経由して絶縁基板103側に放熱される。つまり放熱経路が拡大され、よりMOSFET101の温度が低下するので、信頼性の高い半導体装置を提供できる。
また、温度低減効果を高めるために、導電性ブロックの凸部105Tと絶縁基板103との接合面の面積を、少なくとも1つのMOSFET101の面積より大きくすることが好ましい。また、さらに温度低減効果を高めるためには、導電性ブロックの凸部105TとMOSFET101との間隔を5mm以下とすることが好ましい。
本実施形態において、導電性ブロック105は、導電板106を介してMOSFET101に接合されている。導電板106を搭載することにより、導電性ブロックの凸部105Tの厚さを大きくすることが可能となる。
また、導電性プレート106の熱膨張係数は、MOSFET101の熱膨張係数より大きく、導電性ブロック105の熱膨張係数よりも小さいことが好ましい。これにより各接合界面における熱伸縮によるひずみが低減されるため、信頼性の高い半導体装置を提供することができる。
導電板には、半導体素子と配線部材の熱膨張率差による熱応力を緩和する役割と、半導体素子からの熱を放熱する役割が求められる。導電板としては、半導体素子と配線部材の中間の熱膨張率を有し、熱伝導率が100W/mK以上の材料を用いることが好ましい。
なお、本実施形態では、導電板を介して導体ブロックと半導体素子とを接合したが、導電板を用いなくてもよい。
複数のMOSFET(半導体素子)101は、導体ブロックの中心から各々の半導体素子までの距離が略等間隔となるように配置していることが好ましい。図3に図1から導電性ブロック及び端子電極を省略した図を示す。図3に示すように、複数の半導体素子をリング状に配置することにより、導電性ブロックの中心から各々の半導体までの距離を略等間隔になるように配置できる。
各MOSFET101に流れる電流は、導電板106、導電性ブロック105を経由して、N端子電極107N、基板間中継端子電極107Cに集約される。ここで、N端子電極107N、基板間中継端子電極107Cに集約されるまでの電流経路のインダクタンスが不均一の場合、スイッチング過渡時における各MOSFET101に流れる電流は不均一となり、例えば特定のMOSFET101に電流が集中することにより、そのMOSFET101の発熱が他のMOSFET101よりも大きくなり破損する虞がある。そこで本実施形態においては、N端子電極107N及び、基板間中継端子電極107Cは、それぞれ導電性ブロックの凸部105Tに接合され、その接合部114に対して、8個のMOSFET101はほぼ等距離に実装している。電流が集約される接合部114と8個のMOSFET101の距離を等しくしたことにより、各MOSFET101から接合部114までのインダクタンスが等しくなり、各MOSFET101に流れる電流を均等化することができる。
MOSFET101は、裏面(絶縁基板103側)にドレイン電極101C、表面(導電性ブロック105側)にソース電極101E及びゲート電極101Gを備える。半導体素子のサイズは耐圧仕様等により様々であるが、例えば一辺の長さが5mmから15mm、厚さは0.1mmから1.0mm程度のものを用いることができる。本実施形態においては、半導体素子としてMOSFETを用いたが、半導体素子はこれに限定されるものではなく、電流のon/offを切り替え可能な素子であればよい。スイッチング素子として、たとえば、IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)を用いることもできる。また、本実施形態では、還流ダイオードとしてMOSFET101の内蔵ボディーダイオードを用いているが、還流ダイオードを別途搭載した形態も可能である。
絶縁基板103は、絶縁層103Iと、裏面(放熱ベース104側)及び表面(半導体素子側)配置された配線層と、から構成される。絶縁層には、絶縁耐圧が高い窒化アルミニウム(AlN)、窒化珪素(SiN)、アルミナ(AlO)等を用いることができる。
絶縁層の厚さは半導体装置に必要な絶縁特性に合わせ、0.1〜1.5mmの範囲に設定される。本実施形態においては、絶縁層103Iには、厚さ0.6mm程度のAlN(窒化アルミニウム)を用いた。絶縁層103Iの裏面には、厚さ0.2mm程度の銅のベタパターン(配線層)がろう付けされている。絶縁層103Iの表面には、厚さ0.3mm程度のCuの配線パターン(配線層)がろう付けされている。絶縁基板103の表面側の配線はドレイン配線パターン103C、ソース配線パターン103E、ゲート配線103Gに分かれている。
MOSFET101のドレイン電極101Cは、絶縁基板103上のドレイン配線パターン103Cに接合層108を介して接続されている。MOSFET101のソース電極101Eは、接合層109を介して導電板106に接続されている。導電性プレート106は、接合層110を介して導電性ブロック105に接続されている。また、導電性ブロック105は接合層111を介して絶縁基板103のソース配線パターン103Eに接続されている。
MOSFET101のゲート電極101Gは、絶縁基板103上のゲート配線103Gにゲートワイヤ113で接続されている。MOSFET101は、ゲート電極101Gとソース電極101Eの電位差によって、ドレイン電極101Cとソース電極101Eの間の抵抗を制御できる。絶縁基板103上のゲート配線103Gとソース配線パターン103Eは、外部のゲート駆動回路に繋がっている。
絶縁基板103は接合層112を介して放熱基板104と接続されている。放熱基板104は、半導体素子から発せられた熱を効率よく外部の冷却器に伝える役目を担う。材質としては、熱伝導率の高い銅やアルミニウム、またはそれらの合金、アルミニウムとシリコンカーバイドの複合材料(AlSiC)などを用いることができる。本実施形態においては、放熱基板にCuを用い、裏面側をフィン形状とした。Cuは熱伝導率が高く加工性に優れるため、フィン形状を付与するのが比較的容易であるという利点がある。
接合層は、例えば、はんだ材や金属粒子、酸化金属粒子を主体とした低温焼結接合材等が用いられる。はんだ材には、例えば、錫、ビスマス、亜鉛、金等が主成分であるはんだを用いることができる。金属粒子には、凝集保護材で被覆された銀や銅のナノ粒子を用いることができる。酸化金属粒子には、低温で還元可能な酸化金属が適用可能である。金属粒子や酸化物金属粒子を主体とした焼結接合材を用いた場合、接合層は焼結金属層となる。焼結金属層のなかでも焼結銅は従来の鉛はんだに比べ、融点が高く耐熱温度が高いため、信頼性の高い半導体装置を提供可能となる。さらに鉛フリーとなるため環境にもやさしい。
絶縁基板の絶縁層の熱膨張係数と放熱基板の熱膨張係数の差が大きい場合は、熱応力を考慮して絶縁基板と放熱基板の接合信頼性を高めることが好ましい。本実施形態においては絶縁層にAlN、放熱基板にCuを用いており、絶縁層と放熱基板の熱膨張係数の差が大きい。そのため、絶縁基板と放熱基板の接合信頼性を高めるために、絶縁基板と放熱基板とを接合する接合層111を焼結銅とした。放熱基板も銅、絶縁基板の裏側もCuパターンであり、CuとCuの接合とすることができる。その結果、信頼性の高い接合界面が得ることができる。さらにCuの焼結体は融点が高いため耐熱温度も高くすることができる。絶縁基板と放熱基板とを接合する接合層111は、焼結銅に限定されるものではなく、例えば銀の焼結体を用いても信頼性の高い接合界面が得られる。
なお、半導体装置はこの他に、上記構成を覆う樹脂ケース、外部接続用電極、放電防止のための内部充填剤等を必要とする。樹脂ケース、外部接続用電極、内部充填剤等は、半導体装置に一般に用いられているものを適用することができる。
<半導体装置の製造方法>
次に本実施例で示す半導体装置の製造方法について図4を用いて説明する。はじめに、絶縁基板103上に酸化銅微粒子を有機溶剤に混ぜたペースト115を塗布する(a工程)。その後、MOSFET101を塗布されたペーストの上に搭載し(b工程)、MOSFET101の上にも同ペーストを塗布し(c工程)、その上に導電板106を搭載する(d工程)。さらに導電板106の上にも同ペーストを塗布し(e工程)、導電性ブロック105を搭載する(f工程)。次に、放熱基板104の上に酸化銅粒子を有機溶剤に混ぜたペーストを塗布し(g工程)、その上に、導電性ブロック105の搭載まで終えた絶縁基板103を搭載し、導電性ブロック105の上面を加圧しながら、水素雰囲気中にて300℃で加熱することにより、ペースト中の酸化銅微粒子が還元すると共に焼結し各界面が接合する(h工程)。その後、ゲートワイヤ113をワイヤボンディングする(i工程)。このようなプロセスにより複数の接合界面を一括で接合することができ、製造コストを低減することができる。
ただし、製造プロセスはこれに限定するものではなく、例えば図4に示すように、導電性ブロック105を搭載した段階で焼結させ(f工程)、ゲートワイヤ113をワイヤボンディングし(g工程)、放熱基板104の上に酸化銅粒子を有機溶剤に混ぜたペーストを塗布し(h工程)、その上に、導電性ブロック105の接合まで終えた絶縁基板103を搭載し(i工程)、絶縁基板103と放熱基板104の間のペーストを焼結させるというプロセスも可能である。
また、MOSFET101の上面や、導電板106の上面に予めペーストを塗布しておき、図4及び図5で示したc工程、e工程を省略することも可能である。
図4で示したg工程や、図5で示したh工程において、ペーストを絶縁基板103に対応した面積全体に塗布するのではなく、間欠的に塗布してもよい。これにより、ペースト塗布領域間の隙間に還元ガスである水素が侵入し、還元反応を促進できる。その結果、接合信頼性が高くなる。
101…MOSFET、101C…ドレイン電極、101E…ソース電極、101G…ゲート電極、103…絶縁基板、103I…絶縁層、103C…ドレイン配線パターン、103E…ソース配線パターン、103G…ゲート配線、104…放熱基板、105…導電性ブロック、105T…導電性ブロック凸部、106…導電板、107…端子電極、108…半導体素子と絶縁基板とを接合する接合層、109…導電板と半導体素子とを接合する接合層、110…導電板と導電性ブロックとを接合する接合層、111…導電性ブロックと半導体素子とを接合する接合層、112…絶縁基板と放熱基板とを接合する接合層、113…ゲートワイヤ、115…酸化銅ペースト

Claims (13)

  1. 端子電極と、
    放熱基板と、
    前記放熱基板上に配置され配線層を備える絶縁基板と、
    前記絶縁基板上に配置された複数の半導体素子と、
    前記半導体素子の表面電極と電気的に接続された導電性ブロックと、 を備え、
    前記導電性ブロックは凸部を有し、
    前記凸部は前記絶縁基板と接合し、
    前記導電性ブロックは前記複数の半導体素子の各々に接合され、
    前記複数の半導体素子の各々は、前記導電性ブロックの凸部と前記端子電極との接合部に対して略等間隔となるように配置していることを特徴とする半導体装置。
  2. 請求項1に記載の半導体装置であって、
    前記凸部は、前記導電性ブロックと接合する前記表面電極と同じノー ドの配線層上に接合されていることを特徴とする半導体装置。
  3. 請求項1に記載の半導体装置であって、
    前記導電性ブロックと前記絶縁基板との接合面の面積は、前記半導体素子の面積よりも大きいことを特徴とする半導体装置。
  4. 請求項1に記載の半導体装置であって、
    前記凸部と前記半導体素子の間隔は5mm以下であることを特徴とする半導体装置。
  5. 請求項1乃至のいずれかに記載の半導体装置であって、
    前記導電性ブロックは導電板を介して前記半導体素子の表面電極と接合していることを特徴とする半導体装置。
  6. 請求項に記載の半導体装置であって、
    前記導電板の熱膨張係数は、前記半導体素子の熱膨張係数より大きく、前記導電性ブロックの熱膨張係数よりも小さいことを特徴とする半導体装置。
  7. 請求項1乃至のいずれかに記載の半導体装置であって、
    前記絶縁基板と前記放熱基板は焼結金属層を介して接合していることを特徴とする半導体装置。
  8. 請求項1乃至のいずれかに記載の半導体装置であって、
    前記半導体素子の表面電極と前記導電性ブロック、前記導電性ブロックと前記絶縁基板の配線層の少なくともいずれかは、焼結金属層を介して接合していることを特徴とする半導体装置。
  9. 請求項又はに記載の半導体装置であって、
    前記半導体素子の表面電極と前記導電性ブロック、前記導電性ブロックと前記絶縁基板の配線層、前記半導体素子の表面電極と前記導電板、前記絶縁基板の配線層と前記導電板の少なくともいずれかは、焼結金属層を介して接合していることを特徴とする半導体装置。
  10. 請求項乃至のいずれかに記載の半導体装置であって、
    前記焼結金属層は銅を含むことを特徴とする半導体装置。
  11. 前記絶縁基板と前記放熱基板は金属焼結体により間欠的に接合されていることを特徴とする請求項に記載の半導体装置。
  12. 請求項1乃至11のいずれかに記載の半導体装置であって、
    前記放熱基板は銅からなることを特徴とする半導体装置。
  13. 請求項12に記載の半導体装置であって、
    前記放熱基板はフィン加工されていることを特徴とする半導体装置。
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