JP5819292B2 - バイオマス加水分解 - Google Patents
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- C08B1/00—Preparatory treatment of cellulose for making derivatives thereof, e.g. pre-treatment, pre-soaking, activation
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- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
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Description
[0001]本出願は、その出願が参照によりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる、2009年7月1日出願の米国特許仮出願第61/222,397の利益を主張する。
[0002]本発明は、以下の機関:DOE DE−FC02−07ER64494により付与された米国政府の支援によってなされた。米国政府は、本発明において一定の権利を有する。
[0003]豊富な植物バイオマスは、燃料及び化学物質の持続可能な供給源となる可能性がある。この潜在能力を引き出すには、難分解性リグノセルロースの、糖などの有用な中間体への経済的な変換を必要とする。本発明者らは、リグノセルロースの単糖への化学的加水分解のための高収率プロセスを報告する。酸触媒を含有する塩化物イオン液体に水を徐々に添加することにより、セルロースからのグルコースのおよそ90%の収率及び未処理のコーンストーバーからの糖の70〜80%の収率が得られる。イオン排除クロマトグラフィーは、イオン液体の回収を可能にし、エタノール生成微生物の活発な増殖を支援する糖供給原料を供給する。したがって、単純な化学的プロセスは、原料バイオマスを、大規模化が実現可能なバイオリファイナリーのための唯一の炭素供給源とすることができる。
「通常のセルロースの水分含量は、使用されるセルロースの全質量(セルロース+付着している水)に基づいて5〜10質量%の範囲である。セルロースの無水グルコース単位に基づいて過剰の水及び酸を使用することによって、グルコースまでの完全な分解がまた可能である。部分的分解に達するために、準化学量論的な量の水及び酸が添加されるか、又はその時点で反応が停止される。
水に関する、セルロースのグルコースへの完全な分解のためのプロセスの化学量論比が、さらに論じられている「(i)f...平均してx無水グルコース単位から構成されるセルロースは、完全にグルコースに分解され、その時、x当量の水が必要とされる。ここで、化学量論量の水(n無水グルコース単位/n酸=1)(原文ママ、n水を意図していたと考えられる)又はxに基づいて過剰の、好ましくは3モル%より過剰を使用することが優先される。」この出願において示されている特定の例は、セルロースは完全に分解されたが、グルコース収率及び副生成物の存在又は非存在は報告されなかったと記述している。
「加水分解反応は、セルロース中の各モノマー単位につき、1モル当量の水の存在を必要とする。セルロース自体は、特定の量の水を含有し、その正確な量は供給源及びセルロースの物理的形態に応じて決まり、通常調製されるセルロースは、少なくとも10〜15質量%の水を含有する。しかしながら、反応混合物中の過度に大量の水は、イオン液体におけるセルロースの可溶性の低下、及び/又はセルロースの水溶性加水分解生成物への変換の低下のいずれかをもたらし得る。好ましくは、反応系の全水分含量は、水対セルロースの質量比が1:1〜1:20、好ましくは1:5〜1:15、特に、約1:10となるようにする。
[0018]本発明は、リグノセルロースの単糖への化学的加水分解のための高収率の方法を提供する。このプロセスはまた、セルロース及びキシラン及びガラクタン、マンナン、又はアラビナンなどの関連するバイオマス多糖にも適用することができる。より一般的には、本方法は、バイオマス多糖基質の加水分解のために用いられる。このプロセスは、セルロースが可溶性であるイオン液体中で行われる。酸触媒を、特定のイオン液体において多糖及びリグノセルロース又はそれらの混合物に添加し、混合物を、加水分解を開始するために十分高い温度まで加熱する。この反応は、典型的には、周囲圧力及び約70〜140℃及び好ましくは85〜115℃の範囲の温度で実施される。特定の一態様において、反応は、100〜110℃で行われる。
[0046]図1は、セルロース及びキシランの加水分解反応を示す化学的スキームである。セルロース及びヘミセルロースの、モノマー糖への化学的加水分解は、オリゴマーを通して進み、フラン及び別の分解生成物を形成する副反応を伴う。
[0051]本発明は、多糖加水分解、並びに結果として生じる糖を分離及び発酵させる手段のための高効率システムの証明に少なくとも一部基づいている。本発明の方法は、バイオマス多糖、すなわち、セルロース、キシラン、マンナン、ガラクタン、及びアラビナンなどのバイオマス中に見出される多糖に一般に適用することができる。本方法はまた、リグノセルロースバイオマスにも適用することができる。本方法はまた、前処理されたリグノセルロースバイオマス、特に希酸で前処理されたそのようなバイオマスにも適用することができる。
[0082]より効率的な加水分解プロセスを求めて、イオン液体における酸性条件下でのセルロース及び糖の根本的な反応性が研究された。本発明者らは、セルロースを、Li及びZhao[28]と同様の条件下で、[EMIM]Cl中でH2SO4及びHClと反応させることから始めた。興味深いことに、5−ヒドロキシメチルフルフラール(HMF)の生産、並びに中程度の収率のグルコースが観察された(表1)。セルロースを、105℃で12時間のその溶解後、[EMIM]Cl中で105℃で反応させた。表1において、HCl充填は、セルロース質量に対してである;収率は、HPLC分析に基づいたモル収率であり、セルロース中に含有されているグルコースモノマーに対してである;nodは、測定せずを意味する。行1(aのラベル)において使用された酸はH2SO4であった。
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Claims (19)
- リグノセルロースを加水分解して加水分解生成物を形成するための方法であって、
イオン液体、酸触媒及びリグノセルロースを含む反応混合物に水を添加するステップを含み、
前記反応混合物の全水分含量が少なくとも20質量%となるまで水を添加し、
水添加のタイミング及び量を、リグノセルロースの多糖が沈殿せず、かつ加水分解が抑制されないように調節し、加水分解の開始後10分までに全反応混合物に対して20質量%の全水分レベルを達成するように水を添加し、
前記加水分解生成物中の単糖収率が50%以上である、方法。 - (a)リグノセルロースをイオン液体と接触させて、前記多糖をイオン液体中で少なくとも一部可溶化するステップと、
(b)ステップ(a)の混合物を70〜140℃まで加熱し、前記多糖の加水分解を開始するために十分な量で酸触媒を添加するステップと、
(c)全水分含量が少なくとも20質量%となるように、加水分解反応の開始後に前記反応混合物に水を添加するステップであり、水添加のタイミング及び量を、リグノセルロースの多糖が沈殿せず、かつ加水分解が抑制されないように調節する、ステップと、を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記酸触媒が、1以下のpKaを有する酸である、請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- 添加する酸触媒の量が、反応におけるリグノセルロースの量に対して5質量%〜40質量%の範囲である、請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- 前記反応混合物を70〜140℃まで加熱する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記イオン液体のアニオンが、塩化物イオン、トリフルオロ酢酸イオン、トリクロロ酢酸イオン、トリブロモ酢酸イオン又はチオシアン酸イオンである、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記イオン液体のアニオンが、塩化物イオンである、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記イオン液体が、カチオンがイミダゾリウム又はピリジニウムであるイオン液体である、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記イオン液体が、イミダゾリウムクロリド、又はピリジニウムクロリドである、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記イオン液体が、[EMIM]Cl、[BMIM]Cl、1−エチル−2,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウムクロリド又は1−アルキルピリジニウムクロリドである、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記加水分解生成物からイオン液体を分離し、該イオン液体を再循環させるステップをさらに含む、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記反応混合物を形成する前に、前記リグノセルロースを希酸により前処理するステップをさらに含む、請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 選択された量の水を、反応開始後、選択された時点で段階的に添加するか、又は水を、選択された長さの時間にわたって継続的に添加して水の所望の全量を達成する、請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- a)加水分解の開始の3〜10分後に全反応混合物に対して20質量%の全水分レベルを達成するように水を添加する、
c)加水分解の開始後10〜30分までに全反応混合物に対して20〜35質量%の全水分レベルを達成するように水を添加する、
d)加水分解の開始後30〜60分以内に全反応混合物に対して35〜45質量%の全水分レベルを達成するように水を添加するか、又は
e)加水分解の開始後60分までに全反応混合物に対して40〜45質量%の全水分レベルを達成するように水を添加する、請求項1〜13のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 - 加水分解生成物中の5−ヒドロキシメチルフルフラール収率が、10%以下である、請求項1〜14のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 共溶媒を、反応混合物の1〜25質量%の範囲の量で反応混合物に添加する、請求項1〜15のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記共溶媒が、ジメチルアセトアミド、N−メチルピロリドン又はアセトニトリルである、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 請求項1〜17のいずれか一項に記載の方法により加水分解生成物を調製するステップと、前記加水分解生成物をイオン液体から分離するステップとを含む、単糖供給原料を製造するための方法。
- 発酵によりエタノールを生成する方法であって、請求項1〜17のいずれか一項に記載の方法により加水分解生成物を調製するステップと、当該加水分解生成物をエタノール生成微生物による発酵のための単糖供給原料として用いるステップと、を含む、方法。
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WO2011002660A1 (en) | 2011-01-06 |
CN102498122A (zh) | 2012-06-13 |
BRPI1011588A2 (pt) | 2017-05-16 |
NZ597898A (en) | 2014-11-28 |
EP3095789A1 (en) | 2016-11-23 |
US20140220651A1 (en) | 2014-08-07 |
CA2766934A1 (en) | 2011-01-06 |
EP2448951A4 (en) | 2013-10-02 |
EP2448951B1 (en) | 2016-06-01 |
JP2015213507A (ja) | 2015-12-03 |
JP2012531892A (ja) | 2012-12-13 |
US8722878B2 (en) | 2014-05-13 |
CN102498122B (zh) | 2016-08-03 |
US20110065159A1 (en) | 2011-03-17 |
CA2766934C (en) | 2018-07-17 |
EP2448951A1 (en) | 2012-05-09 |
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