JP5649954B2 - 光起電力セルとして構成される物品 - Google Patents
光起電力セルとして構成される物品 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5649954B2 JP5649954B2 JP2010502250A JP2010502250A JP5649954B2 JP 5649954 B2 JP5649954 B2 JP 5649954B2 JP 2010502250 A JP2010502250 A JP 2010502250A JP 2010502250 A JP2010502250 A JP 2010502250A JP 5649954 B2 JP5649954 B2 JP 5649954B2
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 93
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 69
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- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 claims description 15
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- 229920000265 Polyparaphenylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910021387 carbon allotrope Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000005678 ethenylene group Chemical group [H]C([*:1])=C([H])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 7
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- XREDBMQNKAWFGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-1h-isoindole Chemical group C1=CCC2CNCC2=C1 XREDBMQNKAWFGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- BDEOXDSSZJCZPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [1,3]thiazolo[4,5-d][1,3]thiazole Chemical group N1=CSC2=C1N=CS2 BDEOXDSSZJCZPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- DIXJPGXAQDVTHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopenta[d]dithiazole Chemical group S1SC2=CC=CC2=N1 DIXJPGXAQDVTHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- DTDZVQXOCHUQLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiadiazolo[5,4-f]quinoxaline Chemical group C1=CC2=NC=CN=C2C2=C1N=NS2 DTDZVQXOCHUQLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004663 dialkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004986 diarylamino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000003618 dip coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002079 double walled nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002541 furyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003353 gold alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007756 gravure coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005553 heteroaryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- RHZWSUVWRRXEJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium tin Chemical compound [In].[Sn] RHZWSUVWRRXEJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001041 indolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000007641 inkjet printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000025 interference lithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005956 isoquinolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002048 multi walled nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004957 naphthylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 238000013086 organic photovoltaic Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005561 phenanthryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000013034 phenoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006287 phenoxy resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000843 phenylene group Chemical group C1(=C(C=CC=C1)*)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000005424 photoluminescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001643 poly(ether ketone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003207 poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011112 polyethylene naphthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005596 polymer binder Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002491 polymer binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001725 pyrenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002294 quinazolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(N=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005493 quinolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000007761 roller coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002109 single walled nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000527 sonication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000446 sulfanediyl group Chemical group *S* 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000472 sulfonyl group Chemical group *S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010345 tape casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetralin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CCCCC2=C1 CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- PFZLGKHSYILJTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N thieno[2,3-c]thiophene Chemical compound S1C=C2SC=CC2=C1 PFZLGKHSYILJTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QHGNHLZPVBIIPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(ii) oxide Chemical class [Sn]=O QHGNHLZPVBIIPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
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Description
幾つかの実施形態において、前記材料は、少なくとも0.1Ω/□かつ/または最大で500Ω/□のシート抵抗を有する。
幾つかの実施形態において、添加剤の形状は、管状、棒状および針状からなる群から選択される。
幾つかの実施形態において、添加剤は、金属、合金、金属酸化物、炭素同素体、およびそれらの組合せからなる群から選択される材料を含む。
幾つかの実施形態において、前記材料は、前記物品の使用時に少なくとも75%(例えば、少なくとも85%または少なくとも95%)の光透過率を有する。
前記材料は、第1の層および第2の層を含み、ここで第1の層は第1のポリマーを含み、第2の層は添加剤を含んで第1の層とグリッドとの間に存在する。そのような実施形態において、前記物品は、第2の層とグリッドとの間に、第2のポリマー(例えば、アクリルポリマー)を含む第3の層を更に含むことができる。
理論に縛られることを望むものではないが、長さ/幅アスペクト比が高い添加剤は、隙間の空間領域を持つ添加剤のランダムネットワークを有する薄膜(例えば、1μm未満の厚さを有する)を容易に形成し得ると考えられる。添加剤が高導電性である場合、そのような薄膜は、光起電力セルの電極として望ましい2つの特性である高導電性および高透過性の両方を有することができる。更に、理論に縛られることを望むものではないが、そのような膜(即ち、導電性添加剤のネットワークを含む膜)は、膜の最上部のグリッドの間にある開放空間内の電子回収を促すことができ、それにより電極の導電率を改善し得ると考えられる。
図1は、基板210、電極220、任意の正孔阻止層230、光活性層240(電子受容体材料および電子供与体材料を含む)、任意の正孔キャリア層250、電極260、および基板270を含む光起電力セル200の断面図である。
一般に添加剤は、導電性材料を含む。導電性材料の例としては、導電性金属、導電性合金、導電性金属酸化物、および炭素同素体が挙げられる。例示的な導電性金属としては、鉄、銀、銅、アルミニウム、ニッケル、パラジウム、白金およびチタンが挙げられる。例示的な導電性合金としては、ステンレス鋼(例えば、332ステンレス鋼、316ステンレス鋼)、金合金、銀合金、銅合金、アルミニウム合金、ニッケル合金、パラジウム合金、白金合金、およびチタン合金が挙げられる。炭素同素体の例としては、炭素ナノロッドおよび炭素ナノチューブ(例えば、単一壁炭素ナノチューブ、二重壁炭素ナノチューブ、および多層壁炭素ナノチューブ)が挙げられる。導電性金属酸化物の例としては、酸化インジウムスズ、フッ素化された酸化スズ、酸化スズ、酸化亜鉛、および酸化チタンが挙げられる。金属酸化物は、ドープされていなくても、またはドーパントでドープされていてもよい。金属酸化物用のドーパントの例としては、フッ化物、塩化物、臭化物、およびヨウ化物の塩または酸が挙げられる。幾つかの実施形態において、導電性材料の組合せが用いられる。
基板270は、1つの平面状表面(例えば、光が衝突する面)もしくは二つの平面状表面(例えば、光が衝突する面と反対側の表面)を有していてもよく、または平面状表面を有していなくてもよい。基板270の非平面状表面は、例えば曲面であっても、または階段状であってもよい。幾つかの実施形態において、基板270の非平面状表面はパターニングされている(例えば、フレネル(Fresnel)レンズ、レンティキュラレンズまたはレンティキュラプリズムを形成するためのパターニング工程を有する)。
電子受容体材料の例としては、フラーレン、無機ナノ粒子、オキサジアゾール、ディスコティック液晶、炭素ナノロッド、無機ナノロッド、電子を受容し得る部分または安定した陰イオンを形成し得る部分を含むポリマー(例えば、CN基を含むポリマー、CF3基を含むポリマー)、およびそれらの組合せが挙げられる。幾つかの実施形態において、電子受容体材料は、置換フラーレン(例えば、C61−PCBMまたはC71−PCBM)である。幾つかの実施形態において、複数の電子供与体材料の組合せを、光活性層240中で用いることができる。
であってもよい。
本明細書において記述されたポリマーを製造するためのモノマーは、非芳香族二重結合を1つおよび不斉中心を1つ以上含んでいてもよい。つまりそれらは、ラセミ体およびラセミ混合物、単一の鏡像異性体、個々のジアステレオマー、ジアステレオマー混合物、ならびにシス型またはトランス型異性体形態として生じ得る。そのような異性体形態の全てが考慮される。
幾つかの実施形態において、タンデム型セル中の半電池は、電気的に直列に内部接続している。直列接続すると、一般に層は、図3に示された順序にすることができる。特定の実施形態において、タンデム型セル中の半電池は、電気的に並列に内部接続している。並列に内部接続すると、2つの半電池を有するタンデム型セルは、以下の層、即ち、第1の電極、第1の正孔キャリア層、第1の光活性層、第1の正孔阻止層(電極として作用し得る)、第2の正孔阻止層(電極として作用し得る)、第2の光活性層、第2の正孔キャリア層、および第2の電極を含むことができる。そのような実施形態において、第1および第2の正孔阻止層は、2つの別個の層であってもよく、または1つの単層であってもよい。第1および第2の正孔阻止層の導電率が十分でない場合には、必要な導電率を提供する追加の層(例えば、導電性メッシュ層)を挿入してもよい。
幾つかの実施形態において、光起電力セル200は、下部電極としての陰極、および上部電極としての陽極を含む。幾つかの実施形態において、光起電力セル200は、下部電極としての陽極および上部電極としての陰極を含むこともできる。
Claims (7)
- 物品であって、
第1の電極と、
第2の電極であって、ポリチオフェン、ポリフルオレン、ポリフェニレンビニレン、ポリアニリン、ポリアセチレン、ポリビニルカルバゾール、ポリフェニレン、ポリシラン、ポリチエニレンビニレン、ポリイソチアナフタネン、およびそれらのコポリマーからなる群から選択される第1のポリマーと、金属、合金、金属酸化物、炭素同素体、およびそれらの組合せから選択されるいずれかを含む添加剤とを含む材料、およびグリッドを含む第2の電極と、
第1の電極と第2の電極との間にあり、電気供与体材料および電子受容体材料を含む光活性層とを含み、
前記材料が第1および第2の層を含み、前記第1の層が前記第1のポリマーを含みかつ前記添加剤を含まず、前記第2の層が前記添加剤を含みかつ前記第1のポリマーを含まず、前記第2の層が前記第1の層と前記グリッドとの間にあり、
前記グリッドは、前記材料の前記光活性層に対向する面とは反対側の面の上に配置され、
光起電力セルとして構成される物品。 - 前記添加剤の平均長さ/幅アスペクト比が少なくとも5である、請求項1に記載の物品。
- 前記添加剤の形状が管状、棒状および針状からなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の物品。
- 前記第1の層が第1のポリマー用のドーパントを更に含む、請求項1に記載の物品。
- 前記ドーパントがポリ(スチレン−スルホネート)、ポリスチレンスルホン酸、またはスルホン化テトラフルオロエチレンを含む、請求項4に記載の物品。
- 前記第2の層と前記グリッドとの間にあり、第2のポリマーを含む第3の層を更に含む、請求項1に記載の物品。
- 前記第2のポリマーがアクリルポリマーを含む、請求項6に記載の物品。
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