JP5283509B2 - 薬物送達複合構造体 - Google Patents
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Description
以下に記載される本発明の好ましい実施形態におけるさらなる特徴によれば、皮膜は、皮膜中に被包された生物活性薬剤を予め定められた放出速度で放出することができる。
本明細書では本発明を単に例示し図面を参照して説明する。特に詳細に図面を参照して、示されている詳細が例示として本発明の好ましい実施形態を例示考察することだけを目的としており、本発明の原理や概念の側面の最も有用でかつ容易に理解される説明であると考えられるものを提供するために提示していることを強調するものである。この点について、本発明を基本的に理解するのに必要である以上に詳細に本発明の構造の詳細は示さないが、図面について行う説明によって本発明のいくつもの形態を実施する方法は当業者には明らかになるであろう。
を有する。
となる。
(式中、表現を明瞭にするために、関数D(t)とC(r,t)の議論は省略した)を有する。本発明の様々な典型的な実施形態による時間依存性の拡散係数D(t)の好ましい式を、以下に提供する。
(式中、r1は、小繊維コアの半径であり、r2は、複合構造体の半径である(図1参照))である。
で書き表すことができる。
(式中、Sは複合構造体の断面積であり、Lは複合構造体の全長である)。ポリマー皮膜中の生物活性薬剤の初期質量M(t=0)が分かると、放出質量Mreleasedは、初期質量M(t=0)から積分質量M(t)を引くことによって計算することができる:
(式中、Mw(t)は、生分解性ポリマー皮膜の分子量を時間tの関数として記載する関数である)。
(式中、DWは、所定の媒体中の生物活性薬剤の、ある漸近的拡散係数である)のように記載することができる。本発明のいろいろな典型的な実施形態では、Dwは水中における生物活性薬剤の拡散係数である。
(式中、Mwlは、生分解性ポリマー皮膜の分解プロファイルであり、該プロファイルは好ましくは上記式12で与えられる)。このように、初期から発生する生分解性ポリマー皮膜内の生物活性薬剤の拡散係数は、水中での生物活性薬剤の特徴のある拡散係数Dwに対して、低い「有効」値(方程式14の定数D0)を有する。
(式中、MwBAは生物活性薬剤の分子量であり、Tは絶対温度であり、μは外部流体媒体(一般的には水性媒体である)の粘度であり、Aは生物活性薬剤に特有の定数である)。
(i)より稠密な固体マトリックスおよび水浸透に対する「容易性」が低いことにより、マトリックス分解速度を遅らせること;および
(ii)生物活性薬剤の拡散に利用できる自由体積を減らして、放出プロファイルにおける初期バースト効果を短くすること。
(式中、Cpは、皮膜中の生分解性ポリマーの濃度に比例する無次元パラメータである)で書き表すことができる。Cpの典型的な値は、約0.2〜約1.5である。
ドイツのBoehringer Ingelheimから得たポリ(L−乳酸)(PLLA、カタログ番号RESOMER L210、固有粘度=3.6dL/g、30℃、CHCl3中で測定)を使用して、比較的高分子量のPLLAから成る生分解性の小繊維コアを形成した。
生分解性コア繊維の調製
ポリ(L−乳酸)(PLLA)(10グラム)を、ピストン/シリンダ1ショット紡糸系を使用して、190℃、バッチモードで溶融紡糸し、次いで、いろいろな機械的特性を有する繊維を作成するために、70℃で延伸比3:1〜8:1に延伸した。延伸した繊維の最終的な直径は、200μmであった。
ポリ(DL−乳酸−コ−グリコール酸)(PDLGA)(0.5g、0.6gまたは0.75g)をクロロホルム(4ml)に溶解して、有機相(それぞれ13%、15%および19%w/vのポリマー含量に相当する)を形成した。ポリマー量に対して1重量%、5重量%、10重量%(w/w)の含量を得るのを可能にする量の西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼ(HRP)を水に溶解した。有機相を試験管に入れ、HRPを含む水溶液を試験管内に注いだ。使用された水相の容量は、0.25ml、0.5mlおよび1mlであり、それにより、それぞれ16:1、8:1および4:1の有機相と水相との割合が可能となった。エマルジョンの均質化は、その後、手動の7mmのローターホモジナイザー(Omni International,Inc.)を使用して、3分間、5000rpmで操作して行なった。これらの操作条件は、HRPの酵素活性を保つために最適であることが実験的に分かり、すべての試験製剤に関して均質なエマルジョンを生成した。
コアPLLA小繊維を、特別なホルダー上で精巧に伸ばし、次いで新しいエマルジョン中に浸漬して被覆し、その後直ちに、液体窒素浴でフラッシュ凍結した。ホルダーとサンプルを、その後、液体窒素トラップを備えていて、有機溶媒を維持することができる予め冷却した凍結乾燥機(VirTisモデル101)に入れた。コンデンサの凍結温度は、約−105℃であった。
i)最初の12時間、冷却したコンデンサプレートを、冷却トラップとして使用し、温度勾配が被覆繊維とコンデンサとの間に生じた。
ii)コンデンサの操作を止め、そのプレート温度をゆっくりと室温まで上昇させた。液体窒素トラップを、同時に活動させた。クロロホルムと水(最初の乾燥段階の間、コンデンサプレートの上に蓄積された)は、昇華して、複合繊維からの残留液体とともに、窒素トラップの表面に移行した。
iii)最終的な乾燥を、室温でさらに24時間真空乾燥して達成した。
得られた多孔性皮膜(複合繊維構造体の小繊維コアを被覆している)の微細構造に対するエマルジョン組成物のいくつかの特徴を変化させる影響について研究した。これらの特徴としては、ポリマー量(重量%)の関数としてのHRP負荷、有機相(重量%)のポリマー含量、およびエマルジョン中の有機相:水相の比率が挙げられる。
エマルジョン組成物の種々のパラメータと小繊維コアを被覆する得られた多孔性皮膜の微細構造(形態)との間の関係を、複合繊維構造体の低温破壊された表面(断面)のSEM画像を分析することによって調べた。
i)皮膜ポリマー量に対するHRP負荷(重量%当たりの重量で表される、w/w);
ii)有機相中の皮膜ポリマー含量(容量%当たりの容量で表される、w/v);および
iii)エマルジョン中の有機相:水相の比率(O:A、容量%当たりの容量で表される、v/v)。
エマルジョン組成、例えばHRP負荷と小繊維コアを被覆する生成した多孔性皮膜の微細構造との関係を、電子顕微鏡検査によって調べた。
被覆手順で使用されるエマルジョンは、有機相に溶解するポリマーと、水相に溶解するHRPタンパク質分子の両方によって安定化しているので、熱力学的に複雑である。コポリマーPDLGAは、脂肪族ポリエステルであり、その鎖は、両親媒性物質における場合と同様に有機/水の界面に明確なアンカー領域を有していない。従って、エマルジョンの安定化は、有機/水の界面での弱い相互作用によってのみ起こる[Tadros,T.F.ら、Adv.Colloid Interface Sci,2004,108−109,207−226]。対照的に、明確な疎水性/親水性領域および静電荷を含むHRPなどのタンパク質[Piazza,R.,Curr.Opin.Colloid Interface Sci.,2004,8,515−522]は、有機/水の界面に吸着する自然の傾向がある。タンパク質は、このように、乳化剤として広く使用されているブロックコポリマー界面活性剤と同様に作用する。エマルジョンは、HRPがない場合にも得られたが、HRP配合による細孔径の縮小は、HRPによるエマルジョン安定化の現象を支持する。エマルジョンの安定化効果は、HRP負荷と相関する。1%のHRP負荷を有するエマルジョンから製造された繊維構造体は、その液体窒素固定の前に、最初は分散していた水滴の合体によって得られる二重細孔集団を示したが、5%および10%のHRP負荷を有するエマルジョンから製造された構造体は、ずっと均一な細孔特徴を有した(図4参照)。これは、エマルジョン安定性が改善された徴候である。細孔サイズ縮小の同様の効果が、ウシ血清アルブミンを含むPDLGAの凍結乾燥された大きな足場について先に報告されている[Whang,K.ら、Biomaterials,2000,21,2545−2551]。
エマルジョン組成、例えば有機相:水相の比率と、小繊維コアを被覆する生成した多孔性皮膜の微細構造との関係を、電子顕微鏡検査によって調べた。
エマルジョン組成物と小繊維コアを被覆する多孔性皮膜の外表面の微細構造との関係を、電子顕微鏡検査によって調べた。
比較的敏感な生物活性薬剤(例えば酵素)を定性的(活性)および定量的(率)の両方で送達する複合繊維構造体の能力を測定するために、様々な複合繊維構造体に被包された典型的なタンパク質として、HRPの放出プロファイルと活性を、90日の期間にわたって監視し、測定した。
i)皮膜ポリマー量に対するHRP負荷(重量%当たりの重量で表される、w/w);
ii)有機相中の皮膜ポリマー含量(容量%当たりの重量で表される、w/v);および
iii)エマルジョン中の有機相:水相の比率(O:A、容量%当たりの容量で表される、v/v)。
複合繊維構造体から放出または抽出されたHRPの酵素活性を、先に述べた方法によってHRP検量線を使って測定した[Woo B.H.ら、Pharm.Res.,2001,18(11),pp 1600−1605]。
HRP含有複合繊維構造体のいろいろなサンプルを、90日の期間にわたるHRP放出速度を測定するために使用した。HRP放出研究を、密閉した1mlのガラス容器中で行い、該ガラス容器中では、HRP含有複合繊維構造体を、防腐剤(0.05% w/w)としてアジ化ナトリウムを含む1mlの無菌再蒸留水に37℃で浸漬した。水性媒体全体を定期的に新しい媒体と取り替え、除去した媒体中のHRP含量を、595nmで吸光度を測定することによりミクロBCAアッセイ法で測定した。
図10は、いろいろなHRP含量(1%、5%および10%w/w)の関数として、また、いろいろな皮膜ポリマー含量(13%、15%、および19%w/v)の関数として、複合繊維構造体を被覆する皮膜を製造するのに用いられるエマルジョンにおける4:1の有機相:水相の一定の比率での、いろいろな複合繊維構造体からのHRPの累積的インビトロ放出の比較プロットを提供する。以下の表6は、図10中に見られるインビトロ放出プロットの記号を表す。
図12a〜cは、エマルジョンの有機相:水相の比率の関数として(黒色三角形の4:1、白色長方形の8:1および灰色円形の16:1)、およびエマルジョン中の皮膜ポリマー含量の関数として(13%w/v−図12a、15%w/v−図12bおよび19%w/v−図12c)、皮膜を製造するのに用いられるエマルジョンの一定の5%w/wのHRP負荷における、HRP複合繊維構造体のHRPの累積的インビトロ放出プロファイルの比較プロットを表す。
図10および12は、本明細書中で先に議論した結果を提供し、それはまた、HRP放出プロファイルに対する、エマルジョンの皮膜ポリマー含量の影響を示す。
上述のインビトロの放出実験で使われた、消尽された複合繊維構造体サンプルからの残留タンパク質の回収を、先に報告された方法[Jeffery Hら、Pharm.Res.,1993,10(3),pp 362−368]に従って実施した。
ナイロンコア繊維の製造:
パクリタキセル溶出小繊維構造体の製造のためのコア繊維として使用されるナイロン縫合繊維を、元の繊維の皮膜を処分して、コア繊維と皮膜との間の接着を強化するために表面処理した。ナイロン繊維を、特別なホルダー上でわずかに伸展させて、15秒間75/25v/vのギ酸/エタノール溶液中に浸漬した。繊維を、その後洗浄し、65℃で80分間にわたって真空オーブンで乾燥させた。
パクリタキセル溶出繊維構造体の製造のために、水不溶性(疎水性)薬物であるパクリタキセルを、エマルジョンの有機相に配合し、界面活性剤がエマルジョンの安定化のために使用した。
処理したナイロンコア繊維を、ホルダーに配置して新しいエマルジョンで浸漬被覆し、次いで液体窒素浴ですぐに凍結した。その後、サンプルを保持しているホルダーを、−105℃に設定され、有機溶媒で動作可能な予め冷却した凍結乾燥機(窒素トラップを備えたVirtis 101)に入れた。サンプルを、エマルジョン系コア/皮膜繊維構造体の微細構造を保つために、凍結乾燥した。
i.凍結乾燥室の圧力を、100mTorrに減圧し、一方、コンデンサの温度は−105℃のままとした。
ii.コンデンサの電源を切り、プレート温度をゆっくり室温にまで上昇させ、一方、圧力を100mTorrと700mTorrとの間で監視した。この工程の間、液体窒素トラップは、過剰の水と溶媒蒸気を凝縮した。
複合構造体の引張機械的特性を、5500Instron機械を使用して引張強度の標準的な方法ASTM D 3379に従い、毎分50mmの速度で、一方向性張力の下、室温で測定した。簡潔に述べると、引張強度を応力−歪み曲線における最大強さと定義し、最大歪みを破断歪みと定義し、ヤング率を弾性(線形)領域の応力−歪み曲線の傾斜と定義した。6つのサンプルを、各々のポイントで試験し、平均値と標準偏差を、SPSS10ソフトウェアを使用して算出した。分散分析(Tukey−Kramer)を、群比較のために使用した。
未被覆の処理ナイロンコア繊維;
上記した標準対照エマルジョンで被覆したナイロンコア繊維であり、総繊維径を考慮して、「複合タイプA*」と称する;
上記した標準対照エマルジョンで被覆したナイロンコア繊維であり、有効繊維径を考慮して、「複合タイプA**」と称する;
より粘性の高いエマルジョン(標準エマルジョンの17.5%w/vに対して22.5%w/vのポリマー)で被覆したナイロンコア繊維であり、有効繊維径を考慮して、「複合タイプB**」と称する;および
より粘性の低いエマルジョン(17.5%w/vのポリマー含量を生じる4mlの溶媒容量の代わりに、14%w/vのポリマー含量を生じる5mlのより多い溶媒容量)で被覆したナイロンコア繊維であり、有効繊維径を考慮して、「複合タイプC**」と称する。
複合構造体(低温破壊された表面)の形態を、5kVの加速電圧でJeol JSM−6300走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)を使用して評価した。簡潔に述べると、サンプルを、観察する前にAuスパッタリングした。観察された形態の平均細孔径と空隙率を、Sigma Scan Proソフトウェアを使用して分析し、SPSS10ソフトウェアを使用して統計データを得た。統計的有意性を、分散分析法(Tukey−Kramer)を使用して決定した。
i.エマルジョン製剤(ポリマー含量、%w/v、溶媒容量に対して測定した);
ii.パクリタキセル含量(%w/v、ポリマー重量に対して測定した);
iii.有機相:水性の比率(v/v);
iv.PDLGAコポリマー比率;
v.表面活性剤の添加;および
vi.均質化の時間および速度。
微細構造の特性解析は、以下のパラメータに基づいた:
i.平均細孔径および分布;
ii.空隙率および細孔構造;および
iii.コーティングの厚さおよび接着性。
これらの研究の結果を、以下の表8に示す。
SEM測定は、高い薬物含量が、おそらくはエマルジョンの不安定性のために、大きな細孔サイズをもたらすことを示した。図15a〜dは、いろいろなパクリタキセル溶出複合繊維構造体(ナイロンコアを有し、いろいろなエマルジョンを使用して製造された)のSEM破面写真を提供し、これらの写真によって、得られる皮膜の微細構造に対するエマルジョン製剤の影響が証明される。図15aは、17.5%w/vのポリマー、1.43%w/wのパクリタキセルを含み、2:1(O:A)の相比率を有する標準対照エマルジョンを使用して製造した複合繊維構造体を示す。図15bは、標準対照繊維と比較して、15%w/vのポリマーを含むエマルジョンを使用して製造した複合繊維構造体を示す。図15cは、標準対照エマルジョンと比較して、2.9%w/wのパクリタキセルを含むエマルジョンを使用して製造した複合繊維構造体を示す。図15dは、標準対照エマルジョンと比較して、4:1のO:A比率を有するエマルジョンを使用して製造した複合繊維構造体を示す。
Pluronic(登録商標)タイプの界面活性剤は、酸化エチレンと酸化プロピレンとに基づくブロック共重合体である。それらは、消泡剤、湿潤剤、分散剤、増粘剤および乳化剤として機能することができる。
複合繊維構造体のサンプルからのパクリタキセルの累積的な放出を、4ヵ月の期間にわたって監視し、続けた。複合構造体のサンプルを、112日の間37℃のPBSに浸漬した。媒体を定期的に完全に取り除き、薬物放出に関してアッセイし、新しい媒体を導入した。各媒体サンプルのパクリタキセル含量を、Agilent 1100高速液体クロマトグラフィ(HPLC)を使用して測定した。パクリタキセル溶出複合構造体は、試験期間全体を通して、肉眼で見える分解やコア分解産物の媒体への放出をすることなく、それらの機械的完全性を維持した。
被覆プロセスの速度パラメータは、その凍結および引き続く凍結乾燥前に、薬物を含むエマルジョンの均質化の速度と継続時間とを含む。本明細書中で先に示したように、エマルジョンは、16500rpmの中速で、3分間(本明細書では適度な速度と称する)運転する手動のホモジナイザーにより典型的に均質化した。皮膜からの薬物放出速度に対する処理条件の影響を、均質化の低速(5500rpm)および高速(25000rpm)について、および1分間と4分間の均質化継続時間について検討した。
一般に、パクリタキセル溶出繊維複合構造体の製造に使用されるエマルジョンの安定性は、多孔質構造を決定するが、それは、水性領域の合体を引き起こす高い界面張力のために、より疎水性の有機相が、より大きな細孔を有する多孔性構造を示すと予想されるからである。そのような細孔サイズの拡大により、表面積が減少し、拡散速度が低下すると予想される。従って、より疎水性の有機相は、低い薬物放出速度と量を可能にすると予想される。
パクリタキセルは疎水性の薬物であるので、エマルジョンの有機相中のパクリタキセル含量が高いと、界面張力が高くなる(すなわち、有機相と水相との間の表面張力差が大きくなる)ことが予想され、それにより、細孔サイズが大きく安定性の低いエマルジョンがもたらされる。この予測は、上記の表8に示した知見で確証される。より大きな細孔は、所定の空隙率および相互連結性のために放出速度を低下させると予想される。
上記の表8に見られるように、細孔サイズおよび空隙率と同様に、放出プロファイルは、有機相:水相比率(O:A比率)の範囲の変化に対してほとんど感度を示さなかった。O:A比率が2:1および4:1の比較的狭いO:A範囲を、エマルジョン安定性の考察のために実施したことに留意しなければならない。
複合繊維を製造するために用いられるエマルジョン製剤への界面活性剤の配合の効果を、2つの界面活性剤、PVAおよびPluronic(登録商標)に関して調べた。両方の界面活性剤を、1%w/wの濃度で配合した。
本明細書に示す複合構造体からの生物活性薬剤の放出速度を予測する能力は、本発明による複合構造体を製造する設計段階において、重要性が高い。このために、本発明者らは、本明細書に示す複合構造体からの生物活性薬剤の放出速度を支配するいろいろな主要パラメータの物性値を用いる数学的−物理的モデルを開発した。これらのパラメータとしては、皮膜中の生物活性薬剤の相対的な濃度、皮膜の空隙率に密接に関連がある屈曲度係数、コアおよび皮膜の物理的寸法、および皮膜−ポリマー組成が挙げられる。
図23a〜eは、5組の比較プロットおよびそれらの平均誤差を提供し、実験的な放出プロファイル(赤色曲線)と比較した、以下の複合繊維構造体の各々の予測HRP放出プロファイル(青色曲線)を示す:生分解性コア(計算に含まない)と、8:1のO:A比率および15%w/vのポリマー含量(図23a)、8:1のO:A比率および19%w/vのポリマー含量(図23b)、16:1のO:A比率および13%w/vのポリマー含量(図23c)、16:1のO:A比率および15%w/vのポリマー含量(図23d)、および16:1のO:A比率および19%w/vのポリマー含量(図23e)を含むエマルジョンから製造した皮膜とを有する構造体。
PDLGA分子量の放出速度に対する影響を、本明細書中で先に示した実験で実際に使用した100kDaの標準平均分子量のポリマーに加えて、初期平均分子量40kDaと160kDaを有するポリマーの分解プロファイルを用いて調べた。これらの分解プロファイルは、Wuらの実験結果に基づく補間法を用いて得たものであり、図24に提供される。
そのサイズと一致する生物活性薬剤の分子量の、様々な繊維複合構造体からのその放出プロファイルに対する影響を、また、本明細書に示す数学的モデルを使用して研究した。
Claims (25)
- 小繊維コアと前記小繊維コアの少なくとも一部を被覆しているポリマー皮膜とを含む複合構造体であって、前記皮膜はその中に被包されたおよび/またはその上に適用された少なくとも1つの生物活性薬剤を含み、前記ポリマー皮膜は、多孔性皮膜であり、
前記複合構造体は、第1ポリマーから作られた繊維と、水溶液および有機溶液を含む油中水エマルジョンとを接触させ、それによって前記繊維の少なくとも一部に適用された前記エマルジョンの層を有する前記繊維を得ること;および前記層を上に適用された前記繊維を凍結乾燥し、エマルジョンを凝固させ、エマルジョンを乾燥させ、それにより複合構造体を得ることを含む方法によって得られることができ、前記有機溶液は少なくとも1つの第2ポリマーを含み、前記エマルジョンは前記水溶液内または前記有機溶液内のいずれかに前記少なくとも1つの生物活性薬剤をさらに含む、複合構造体。 - 前記少なくとも1つの生物活性薬剤の活性は、少なくとも部分的に保持されている、請求項1に記載の複合構造体。
- 前記皮膜は、前記生物活性薬剤を予め定められた放出速度で放出することができる、請求項1に記載の複合構造体。
- 前記ポリマー皮膜は、1nm〜1mmの範囲の平均細孔径、および皮膜容量あたり50%の空隙容量〜皮膜容量あたり95%の空隙容量の範囲の細孔密度を有する、請求項1に記載の複合構造体。
- 前記少なくとも1つの生物活性薬剤は、疎水性生物活性薬剤である、請求項1に記載の複合構造体。
- 前記少なくとも1つの生物活性薬剤は、親水性生物活性薬剤である、請求項1に記載の複合構造体。
- 前記少なくとも1つの生物活性薬剤は、マクロ生体分子である、請求項1に記載の複合構造体。
- 前記少なくとも1つの生物活性薬剤は、有機小分子である、請求項1に記載の複合構造体。
- 前記皮膜は、その中に被包された少なくとも1つの生物活性薬剤を含む、請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の複合構造体。
- 請求項1〜9のいずれかに記載の複合構造体を含む繊維組成物。
- シートの形態である、請求項10に記載の繊維組成物。
- メッシュの形態である、請求項10に記載の繊維組成物。
- 小繊維コアと前記小繊維コアの少なくとも一部を被覆している多孔性ポリマー皮膜とを含む複合構造体の製造方法であって、前記皮膜はその中に被包されたおよび/またはその上に適用された少なくとも1つの生物活性薬剤を含み、
前記方法は、第1ポリマーから作られた繊維と、水溶液および有機溶液を含む油中水エマルジョンとを接触させ、それによって前記繊維の少なくとも一部に適用された前記エマルジョンの層を有する前記繊維を得ること;および前記層を上に適用された前記繊維を凍結乾燥し、エマルジョンを凝固させ、エマルジョンを乾燥させ、それにより複合構造体を得ることを含み、前記有機溶液は少なくとも1つの第2ポリマーを含み、前記エマルジョンは前記水溶液内または前記有機溶液内のいずれかに少なくとも1つの生物活性薬剤をさらに含む、方法。 - 前記小繊維コアは、少なくとも200MPaの引張強度を有する、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも1つの生物活性薬剤は、疎水性生物活性薬剤である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも1つの生物活性薬剤は、親水性生物活性薬剤である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも1つの生物活性薬剤は、マクロ生体分子である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも1つの生物活性薬剤は、有機小分子である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記水溶液は、前記生物活性薬剤を含有する、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記生物活性薬剤は、親水性生物活性薬剤である、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記有機溶液は、前記生物活性薬剤を含有する、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記生物活性薬剤は、疎水性生物活性薬剤である、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 請求項1〜10のいずれかに記載の複合構造体を含む医療装置。
- 請求項11に記載の繊維組成物を含む医療装置。
- 請求項1〜10のいずれかに記載の複合構造体を含む製品。
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JP2009518105A (ja) | 2009-05-07 |
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WO2007066339A1 (en) | 2007-06-14 |
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US9446226B2 (en) | 2016-09-20 |
CN101336315B (zh) | 2012-12-19 |
DE602006020063D1 (de) | 2011-03-24 |
EP1957695B1 (en) | 2011-02-09 |
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