JP5131390B2 - Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine - Google Patents

Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine Download PDF

Info

Publication number
JP5131390B2
JP5131390B2 JP2011531285A JP2011531285A JP5131390B2 JP 5131390 B2 JP5131390 B2 JP 5131390B2 JP 2011531285 A JP2011531285 A JP 2011531285A JP 2011531285 A JP2011531285 A JP 2011531285A JP 5131390 B2 JP5131390 B2 JP 5131390B2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
catalyst
exhaust gas
upstream
exhaust
hydrocarbon
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
JP2011531285A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPWO2012108062A1 (en
Inventor
寿丈 梅本
耕平 吉田
三樹男 井上
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Toyota Motor Corp
Original Assignee
Toyota Motor Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Toyota Motor Corp filed Critical Toyota Motor Corp
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of JP5131390B2 publication Critical patent/JP5131390B2/en
Publication of JPWO2012108062A1 publication Critical patent/JPWO2012108062A1/en
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Images

Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/30Controlling fuel injection
    • F02D41/38Controlling fuel injection of the high pressure type
    • F02D41/40Controlling fuel injection of the high pressure type with means for controlling injection timing or duration
    • F02D41/402Multiple injections
    • F02D41/405Multiple injections with post injections
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F01N13/0093Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are of the same type
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F01N13/0097Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are arranged in a single housing
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0814Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with catalytic converters, e.g. NOx absorption/storage reduction catalysts
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0828Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
    • F01N3/0842Nitrogen oxides
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0871Regulation of absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. purging
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/206Adding periodically or continuously substances to exhaust gases for promoting purification, e.g. catalytic material in liquid form, NOx reducing agents
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28Construction of catalytic reactors
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F01N3/2892Exhaust flow directors or the like, e.g. upstream of catalytic device
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/36Arrangements for supply of additional fuel
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/021Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
    • F02D41/0235Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F02D41/027Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to purge or regenerate the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F02D41/0275Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to purge or regenerate the exhaust gas treating apparatus the exhaust gas treating apparatus being a NOx trap or adsorbent
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1401Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method
    • F02D41/1408Dithering techniques
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1438Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
    • F02D41/1473Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the regulation method
    • F02D41/1475Regulating the air fuel ratio at a value other than stoichiometry
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/30Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a fuel reformer
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2560/00Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
    • F01N2560/06Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being a temperature sensor
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2610/00Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/03Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being hydrocarbons, e.g. engine fuel
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/021Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
    • F02D41/0235Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F02D2041/0265Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to decrease temperature of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D2200/00Input parameters for engine control
    • F02D2200/02Input parameters for engine control the parameters being related to the engine
    • F02D2200/08Exhaust gas treatment apparatus parameters
    • F02D2200/0802Temperature of the exhaust gas treatment apparatus
    • F02D2200/0804Estimation of the temperature of the exhaust gas treatment apparatus
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D2200/00Input parameters for engine control
    • F02D2200/02Input parameters for engine control the parameters being related to the engine
    • F02D2200/08Exhaust gas treatment apparatus parameters
    • F02D2200/0806NOx storage amount, i.e. amount of NOx stored on NOx trap
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D2250/00Engine control related to specific problems or objectives
    • F02D2250/36Control for minimising NOx emissions
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/40Engine management systems

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)

Description

本発明は内燃機関の排気浄化装置に関する。   The present invention relates to an exhaust emission control device for an internal combustion engine.

機関排気通路内に、流入する排気ガスの空燃比がリーンのときには排気ガス中に含まれるNOを吸蔵し流入する排気ガスの空燃比がリッチになると吸蔵したNOを放出するNO吸蔵触媒を配置し、NO吸蔵触媒上流の機関排気通路内に吸着機能を有する酸化触媒を配置し、NO吸蔵触媒からNOを放出すべきときには酸化触媒上流の機関排気通路内に炭化水素を供給してNO吸蔵触媒に流入する排気ガスの空燃比をリッチにするようにした内燃機関が公知である(例えば特許文献1を参照)。
この内燃機関ではNO吸蔵触媒からNOを放出すべきときに供給された炭化水素が酸化触媒においてガス状の炭化水素とされ、ガス状の炭化水素がNO吸蔵触媒に送り込まれる。その結果、NO吸蔵触媒から放出されたNOが良好に還元せしめられることになる。
The engine exhaust passage, NO x storage catalyst air-fuel ratio of the inflowing exhaust gas when the lean of releasing NO x air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas which is occluded becomes rich for occluding NO x contained in the exhaust gas inflow It was placed, an oxidation catalyst is arranged having an adsorbing function in the NO x storage catalyst in the engine exhaust passage upstream of the feed hydrocarbon into the engine exhaust passage an oxidation catalyst upstream in when releasing the NO x from the NO x storage catalyst An internal combustion engine in which the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the NO x storage catalyst is made rich is known (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
In this internal combustion engine, hydrocarbons supplied when NO x should be released from the NO x storage catalyst are turned into gaseous hydrocarbons in the oxidation catalyst, and gaseous hydrocarbons are sent to the NO x storage catalyst. As a result, the the NO x storage NO x released from the catalyst is caused to favorably reduced.

特許第3969450号Patent No. 3969450

しかしながらNO吸蔵触媒は高温になるとNO浄化率が低下するという問題がある。
本発明の目的は、排気浄化触媒の温度が高温になっても高いNO浄化率を得ることのできる内燃機関の排気浄化装置を提供することにある。
However, the NO x storage catalyst has a problem that the NO x purification rate decreases at a high temperature.
An object of the present invention is to provide an exhaust purification device for an internal combustion engine that can obtain a high NO x purification rate even when the temperature of the exhaust purification catalyst becomes high.

本発明によれば、炭化水素を供給するための炭化水素供給弁を機関排気通路内に配置し、炭化水素供給弁下流の機関排気通路内に排気ガス中に含まれるNOと改質された炭化水素とを反応させるための排気浄化触媒を配置し、排気浄化触媒は互いに間隔を隔てて直列に配置された上流側触媒と下流側触媒からなり、上流側触媒は少くとも炭化水素供給弁から供給された炭化水素を改質する機能を有しており、上流側触媒は上流端から下流端に向けて拡開する輪郭形状を有すると共に上流側触媒内には上流端から下流端に向けて放射状に延びる複数個の排気ガス流通路が形成されており、上流側触媒と下流側触媒の少くとも一方の触媒の排気ガス流通表面上には貴金属触媒が担持されていると共に貴金属触媒周りには塩基性の排気ガス流通表面部分が形成されており、排気浄化触媒は、上流側触媒に流入する炭化水素の濃度を予め定められた範囲内の振幅および予め定められた範囲内の周期をもって振動させると排気ガス中に含まれるNOを還元する性質を有すると共に、炭化水素濃度の振動周期を予め定められた範囲よりも長くすると排気ガス中に含まれるNOの吸蔵量が増大する性質を有しており、機関運転時に上流側触媒に流入する炭化水素の濃度を上述の予め定められた範囲内の振幅および上述の予め定められた範囲内の周期でもって振動させ、それにより排気ガス中に含まれるNOを排気浄化触媒において還元するようにした内燃機関の排気浄化装置が提供される。According to the present invention, a hydrocarbon supply valve for supplying hydrocarbons is disposed in the engine exhaust passage, and reformed with NO x contained in the exhaust gas in the engine exhaust passage downstream of the hydrocarbon supply valve. An exhaust purification catalyst for reacting with hydrocarbons is arranged, and the exhaust purification catalyst is composed of an upstream catalyst and a downstream catalyst arranged in series at a distance from each other, and the upstream catalyst is at least from the hydrocarbon supply valve. It has a function of reforming the supplied hydrocarbon, and the upstream catalyst has a contour shape that expands from the upstream end to the downstream end, and in the upstream catalyst, from the upstream end to the downstream end. A plurality of exhaust gas flow passages extending radially are formed. A noble metal catalyst is supported on the exhaust gas flow surface of at least one of the upstream catalyst and the downstream catalyst, and around the noble metal catalyst. Basic exhaust gas flow chart The exhaust purification catalyst is included in the exhaust gas when the hydrocarbon concentration flowing into the upstream catalyst is vibrated with an amplitude within a predetermined range and a period within a predetermined range. which has a property for reducing the NO x to be occluded amount of NO x contained in the exhaust gas to be longer than the predetermined range vibration period of the hydrocarbon concentration has a property of increasing, engine operation at the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the upstream catalyst is vibrated with a cycle of the amplitude and the predetermined range mentioned above in the predetermined range mentioned above, thereby exhausting the NO x contained in the exhaust gas An exhaust emission control device for an internal combustion engine that is reduced in a purification catalyst is provided.

排気浄化触媒の温度が高温になっても高いNO浄化率を得ることができる。Even if the temperature of the exhaust purification catalyst becomes high, a high NO x purification rate can be obtained.

図1は圧縮着火式内燃機関の全体図である。
図2は触媒担体の表面部分を図解的に示す図である。
図3は排気浄化触媒における酸化反応を説明するための図である。
図4は排気浄化触媒への流入排気ガスの空燃比の変化を示す図である。
図5はNO浄化率を示す図である。
図6A,6Bおよび6Cは排気浄化触媒における酸化還元反応を説明するための図である。
図7Aおよび7Bは排気浄化触媒における酸化還元反応を説明するための図である。
図8は排気浄化触媒への流入排気ガスの空燃比の変化を示す図である。
図9はNO浄化率を示す図である。
図10は排気浄化触媒への流入排気ガスの空燃比の変化を示すタイムチャートである。
図11は排気浄化触媒への流入排気ガスの空燃比の変化を示すタイムチャートである。
図12は排気浄化触媒の酸化力と要求最小空燃比Xとの関係を示す図である。
図13は同一のNO浄化率の得られる、排気ガス中の酸素濃度と炭化水素濃度の振幅ΔHとの関係を示す図である。
図14は炭化水素濃度の振幅ΔHとNO浄化率との関係を示す図である。
図15は炭化水素濃度の振動周期ΔTとNO浄化率との関係を示す図である。
図16は炭化水素供給量Wのマップを示す図である。
図17は排気浄化触媒への流入排気ガスの空燃比の変化等を示す図である。
図18は排出NO量NOXAのマップを示す図である。
図19は燃料噴射時期を示す図である。
図20は炭化水素供給量WRのマップを示す図である。
図21Aから21Dは排気浄化触媒の拡大図を示す図である。
図22はNO浄化制御を行うためのフローチャートである。
FIG. 1 is an overall view of a compression ignition type internal combustion engine.
FIG. 2 is a view schematically showing the surface portion of the catalyst carrier.
FIG. 3 is a view for explaining an oxidation reaction in the exhaust purification catalyst.
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing changes in the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst.
Figure 5 is a diagram showing the NO x purification rate.
6A, 6B and 6C are diagrams for explaining the oxidation-reduction reaction in the exhaust purification catalyst.
7A and 7B are diagrams for explaining the oxidation-reduction reaction in the exhaust purification catalyst.
FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a change in the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst.
FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the NO x purification rate.
FIG. 10 is a time chart showing changes in the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst.
FIG. 11 is a time chart showing changes in the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst.
FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the relationship between the oxidizing power of the exhaust purification catalyst and the required minimum air-fuel ratio X.
FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the relationship between the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas and the amplitude ΔH of the hydrocarbon concentration, with which the same NO x purification rate can be obtained.
Figure 14 is a diagram showing a relationship between an amplitude ΔH and the NO x purification rate of the hydrocarbon concentration.
FIG. 15 is a graph showing the relationship between the vibration period ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration and the NO x purification rate.
FIG. 16 is a diagram showing a map of the hydrocarbon feed amount W.
FIG. 17 is a diagram showing changes in the air-fuel ratio of exhaust gas flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst.
Figure 18 is a diagram illustrating a map of exhaust NO x amount NOXA.
FIG. 19 shows the fuel injection timing.
FIG. 20 is a diagram showing a map of the hydrocarbon supply amount WR.
21A to 21D are enlarged views of the exhaust purification catalyst.
FIG. 22 is a flowchart for performing NO x purification control.

図1に圧縮着火式内燃機関の全体図を示す。
図1を参照すると、1は機関本体、2は各気筒の燃焼室、3は各燃焼室2内に夫々燃料を噴射するための電子制御式燃料噴射弁、4は吸気マニホルド、5は排気マニホルドを夫々示す。吸気マニホルド4は吸気ダクト6を介して排気ターボチャージャ7のコンプレッサ7aの出口に連結され、コンプレッサ7aの入口は吸入空気量検出器8を介してエアクリーナ9に連結される。吸気ダクト6内にはステップモータにより駆動されるスロットル弁10が配置され、更に吸気ダクト6周りには吸気ダクト6内を流れる吸入空気を冷却するための冷却装置11が配置される。図1に示される実施例では機関冷却水が冷却装置11内に導かれ、機関冷却水によって吸入空気が冷却される。
一方、排気マニホルド5は排気ターボチャージャ7の排気タービン7bの入口に連結され、排気タービン7bの出口は排気管12を介して排気浄化触媒13に連結される。図1に示されるようにこの排気浄化触媒13は互いに間隔を隔てて直列に配置された上流側触媒14aと下流側触媒14bからなり、上流側触媒14aは上流端から下流端に向けて拡開する輪郭形状を有する。
排気浄化触媒13上流の排気管12内には圧縮着火式内燃機関の燃料として用いられる軽油その他の燃料からなる炭化水素を供給するための炭化水素供給弁15が配置される。図1に示される実施例では炭化水素供給弁15から供給される炭化水素として軽油が用いられている。なお、本発明はリーン空燃比のもとで燃焼の行われる火花点火式内燃機関にも適用することができる。この場合、炭化水素供給弁15からは火花点火式内燃機関の燃料として用いられるガソリンその他の燃料からなる炭化水素が供給される。
一方、排気マニホルド5と吸気マニホルド4とは排気ガス再循環(以下、EGRと称す)通路16を介して互いに連結され、EGR通路16内には電子制御式EGR制御弁17が配置される。また、EGR通路16周りにはEGR通路16内を流れるEGRガスを冷却するための冷却装置18が配置される。図1に示される実施例では機関冷却水が冷却装置18内に導かれ、機関冷却水によってEGRガスが冷却される。一方、各燃料噴射弁3は燃料供給管19を介してコモンレール20に連結され、このコモンレール20は電子制御式の吐出量可変な燃料ポンプ21を介して燃料タンク22に連結される。燃料タンク22内に貯蔵されている燃料は燃料ポンプ21によってコモンレール20内に供給され、コモンレール20内に供給された燃料は各燃料供給管19を介して燃料噴射弁3に供給される。
電子制御ユニット30はデジタルコンピュータからなり、双方向性バス31によって互いに接続されたROM(リードオンリメモリ)32、RAM(ランダムアクセスメモリ)33、CPU(マイクロプロセッサ)34、入力ポート35および出力ポート36を具備する。上流側触媒14aの下流には上流側触媒14aの温度および上流側触媒14aの上流端の温度を推定するための温度センサ23が取付けられている。この温度センサ23および吸入空気量検出器8の出力信号は夫々対応するAD変換器37を介して入力ポート35に入力される。また、アクセルペダル40にはアクセルペダル40の踏込み量Lに比例した出力電圧を発生する負荷センサ41が接続され、負荷センサ41の出力電圧は対応するAD変換器37を介して入力ポート35に入力される。更に入力ポート35にはクランクシャフトが例えば15°回転する毎に出力パルスを発生するクランク角センサ42が接続される。一方、出力ポート36は対応する駆動回路38を介して燃料噴射弁3、スロットル弁10の駆動用ステップモータ、炭化水素供給弁15、EGR制御弁17および燃料ポンプ21に接続される。
本発明による第1実施例では上流側触媒14aの基体は金属薄板から形成されており、下流側触媒14bの基体はコージライトのようなセラミックから形成されている。このようにこの第1実施例では上流側触媒14aおよび下流側触媒14bの基体は夫々異なるが上流側触媒14aおよび下流側触媒14b上には同じ触媒担体と同じ触媒とが担持されている。
図2は上流側触媒14aおよび下流側触媒14bの基体上に担持された触媒担体の表面部分を図解的に示している。これら上流側触媒14aおよび下流側触媒14bでは図2に示されるように例えばアルミナからなる触媒担体50上には貴金属触媒51,52が担持されており、更にこの触媒担体50上にはカリウムK、ナトリウムNa、セシウムCsのようなアルカリ金属、バリウムBa、カルシウムCaのようなアルカリ土類金属、ランタノイドのような希土類および銀Ag、銅Cu、鉄Fe、イリジウムIrのようなNOに電子を供与しうる金属から選ばれた少くとも一つを含む塩基性層53が形成されている。排気ガスは触媒担体50上に沿って流れるので貴金属触媒51,52は上流側触媒14aおよび下流側触媒14bの排気ガス流通表面上に担持されていると言える。また、塩基性層53の表面は塩基性を呈するので塩基性層53の表面は塩基性の排気ガス流通表面部分54と称される。
一方、図2において貴金属触媒51は白金Ptからなり、貴金属触媒52はロジウムRhからなる。即ち、触媒担体50に担持されている貴金属触媒51,52は白金PtおよびロジウムRhから構成されている。なお、上流側触媒14aおよび下流側触媒14bの触媒担体50上には白金PtおよびロジウムRhに加えて更にパラジウムPdを担持させることができるし、或いはロジウムRhに代えてパラジウムPdを担持させることができる。即ち、触媒担体50に担持されている貴金属触媒51,52は白金Ptと、ロジウムRhおよびパラジウムPdの少なくとも一方とにより構成される。
炭化水素供給弁15から排気ガス中に炭化水素が噴射されるとこの炭化水素は上流側触媒14aにおいて改質される。本発明ではこのとき改質された炭化水素を用いて下流側触媒14bにおいてNOを浄化するようにしている。図3はこのとき上流側触媒14aにおいて行われる改質作用を図解的に示している。図3に示されるように炭化水素供給弁15から噴射された炭化水素HCは触媒51によって炭素数の少ないラジカル状の炭化水素HCとなる。
図4は炭化水素供給弁15からの炭化水素の供給タイミングと上流側触媒14aへの流入排気ガスの空燃比(A/F)inの変化とを示している。なお、この空燃比(A/F)inの変化は上流側触媒14aに流入する排気ガス中の炭化水素の濃度変化に依存しているので図4に示される空燃比(A/F)inの変化は炭化水素の濃度変化を表しているとも言える。ただし、炭化水素濃度が高くなると空燃比(A/F)inは小さくなるので図4においては空燃比(A/F)inがリッチ側となるほど炭化水素濃度が高くなっている。
図5は、上流側触媒14aに流入する炭化水素の濃度を周期的に変化させることによって図4に示されるように上流側触媒14aへの流入排気ガスの空燃比(A/F)inを変化させたときの排気浄化触媒13によるNO浄化率を上流側触媒14aの各触媒温度TCに対して示している。本発明者は長い期間に亘ってNO浄化に関する研究を重ねており、その研究課程において、上流側触媒14aに流入する炭化水素の濃度を予め定められた範囲内の振幅および予め定められた範囲内の周期でもって振動させると、図5に示されるように400℃以上の高温領域においても極めて高いNO浄化率が得られることが判明したのである。
更にこのときには窒素および炭化水素を含む多量の還元性中間体が上流側触媒14aの塩基性層53の表面上において、即ち上流側触媒14aの塩基性排気ガス流通表面部分54上において生成され、この還元性中間体が高いNO浄化率を得る上で中心的役割を果していることが判明したのである。次にこのことについて図6A,6Bおよび6Cを参照しつつ説明する。なお、図6Aおよび6Bは上流側触媒14aの触媒担体50の表面部分を図解的に示しており、図6Cは下流側触媒14bの触媒担体50の表面部分を図解的に示している。これら図6A,6Bおよび6Cには上流側触媒14aに流入する炭化水素の濃度が予め定められた範囲内の振幅および予め定められた範囲内の周期でもって振動せしめたときに生ずると推測される反応が示されている。
図6Aは上流側触媒14aに流入する炭化水素の濃度が低いときを示しており、図6Bは炭化水素供給弁15から炭化水素が供給されて上流側触媒14aに流入する炭化水素の濃度が高くなっているときを示している。
さて、図4からわかるように上流側触媒14aに流入する排気ガスの空燃比は一瞬を除いてリーンに維持されているので上流側触媒14aに流入する排気ガスは通常酸素過剰の状態にある。従って排気ガス中に含まれるNOは図6Aに示されるように白金51上において酸化されてNOとなり、次いでこのNOは更に酸化されてNOとなる。また、NOの一部はNO となる。この場合、NOの生成量の方がNO の生成量よりもはるかに多い。従って白金Pt51上には多量のNOと少量のNO が生成されることになる。これらNOおよびNO は活性が強く、以下これらNOおよびNO を活性NO と称する。
一方、炭化水素供給弁15から炭化水素が供給されると図3に示されるようにこの炭化水素は上流側触媒14a内において改質され、ラジカルとなる。その結果、図6Bに示されるように活性NO 周りの炭化水素濃度が高くなる。ところで活性NO が生成された後、活性NO 周りの酸素濃度が高い状態が一定時間以上継続すると活性NO は酸化され、硝酸イオンNO の形で塩基性層53内に吸収される。しかしながらこの一定時間が経過する前に活性NO 周りの炭化水素濃度が高くされると図6Bに示されるように活性NO は白金51上においてラジカル状の炭化水素HCと反応し、それにより塩基性層53の表面上において還元性中間体が生成される。
なお、このとき最初に生成される還元性中間体はニトロ化合物R−NOであると考えられる。このニトロ化合物R−NOは生成されるとニトリル化合物R−CNとなるがこのニトリル化合物R−CNはその状態では瞬時しか存続し得ないのでただちにイソシアネート化合物R−NCOとなる。このイソシアネート化合物R−NCOは加水分解するとアミン化合物R−NHとなる。ただしこの場合、加水分解されるのはイソシアネート化合物R−NCOの一部であると考えられる。従って図6Bに示されるように塩基性層53の表面上において生成される還元性中間体の大部分はイソシアネート化合物R−NCOおよびアミン化合物R−NHであると考えられる。これら上流側触媒14aにおいて生成された還元性中間体R−NCOやR−NHは下流側触媒14bに送り込まれる。
一方、下流側触媒14bの断面積は上流側触媒14aの上流端の断面積よりも大きい。従って上流側触媒14aに流出する排気ガスの空燃比が瞬時的にリッチにされたとしてもこのリッチなガスは下流側触媒14bに流入する前に拡散し、斯くして下流側触媒14bに流入する排気ガスの空燃比は常時リーンに維持されている。従って図6Cに示されるように下流側触媒14b上では活性NO が活発に生成される。また、上流側触媒14aにおいて生成された活性NO の一部は上流側触媒14aから流出し、下流側触媒14b内に流入して下流側触媒14bの塩基性層53の表面上に付着又は吸着される。従って下流側触媒14b内には多量の活性NO が保持されていることになる。
一方、前述したように上流側触媒14aからは下流側触媒14b内に多量の還元性中間体が送り込まれる。これらの還元性中間体R−NCOやR−NHは図6Cに示されるように下流側触媒14b内に保持されている活性NO と反応してN,CO,HOとなり、斯くしてNOが浄化されることになる。
このように排気浄化触媒13では、上流側触媒14aに流入する炭化水素の濃度を一時的に高くして還元性中間体を生成することにより活性NO が還元性中間体と反応し、NOが浄化される。即ち、排気浄化触媒13によりNOを浄化するには上流側触媒14aに流入する炭化水素の濃度を周期的に変化させる必要がある。
無論、この場合、還元性中間体を生成するのに十分高い濃度まで炭化水素の濃度を高める必要がある。即ち、上流側触媒14aに流入する炭化水素の濃度を予め定められた範囲内の振幅で振動させる必要がある。
一方、炭化水素の供給周期を長くすると炭化水素が供給された後、次に炭化水素が供給されるまでの間において酸素濃度が高くなる期間が長くなり、従って活性NO は還元性中間体を生成することなく硝酸塩の形で塩基性層53内に吸収されることになる。これを回避するためには排気浄化触媒13に流入する炭化水素の濃度を予め定められた範囲内の周期でもって振動させることが必要となる。因みに図4に示される例では噴射間隔が3秒とされている。
上述したように炭化水素濃度の振動周期、即ち炭化水素HCの供給周期を予め定められた範囲内の周期よりも長くすると白金Pt53上において生成された活性NO は図7Aに示されるように硝酸イオンNO の形で塩基性層53内に拡散し、硝酸塩となる。即ち、このときには排気ガス中のNOは硝酸塩の形で塩基性層53内に吸収されることになる。
一方、図7BはこのようにNOが硝酸塩の形で塩基性層53内に吸収されているときに上流側触媒14a内に流入する排気ガスの空燃比が理論空燃比又はリッチにされた場合を示している。この場合には排気ガス中の酸素濃度が低下するために反応が逆方向(NO →NO)に進み、斯くして塩基性層53内に吸収されている硝酸塩は順次硝酸イオンNO となって図7Bに示されるようにNOの形で塩基性層53から放出される。次いで放出されたNOは排気ガス中に含まれる炭化水素HCおよびCOによって還元される。
図8は塩基性層53のNO吸収能力が飽和する少し前に上流側触媒14aに流入する排気ガスの空燃比(A/F)inを一時的にリッチにするようにした場合を示している。なお、図8に示す例ではこのリッチ制御の時間間隔は1分以上である。この場合には排気ガスの空燃比(A/F)inがリーンのときに塩基性層53内に吸収されたNOは、排気ガスの空燃比(A/F)inが一時的にリッチにされたときに塩基性層53から一気に放出されて還元される。従ってこの場合には塩基性層53はNOを一時的に吸収するための吸収剤の役目を果している。
なお、このとき塩基性層53がNOを一時的に吸着する場合もあり、従って吸収および吸着の双方を含む用語として吸蔵という用語を用いるとこのとき塩基性層53はNOを一時的に吸蔵するためのNO吸蔵剤の役目を果していることになる。即ち、この場合には、機関吸気通路、燃焼室2および上流側触媒14a上流の排気通路内に供給された空気および燃料(炭化水素)の比を排気ガスの空燃比と称すると、排気浄化触媒13は、排気ガスの空燃比がリーンのときにはNOを吸蔵し、排気ガス中の酸素濃度が低下すると吸蔵したNOを放出するNO吸蔵触媒として機能している。
図9は、排気浄化触媒13をこのようにNO吸蔵触媒として機能させたときのNO浄化率を示している。なお、図9の横軸は上流側触媒14aの触媒温度TCを示している。排気浄化触媒13をNO吸蔵触媒として機能させた場合には図9に示されるように触媒温度TCが300℃から400℃のときには極めて高いNO浄化率が得られるが触媒温度TCが400℃以上の高温になるとNO浄化率が低下する。
このように触媒温度TCが400℃以上になるとNO浄化率が低下するのは、触媒温度TCが400℃以上になると硝酸塩が熱分解してNOの形で排気浄化触媒13から放出されるからである。即ち、NOを硝酸塩の形で吸蔵している限り、触媒温度TCが高いときに高いNO浄化率を得るのは困難である。しかしながら図4から図6A,6Bに示される新たなNO浄化方法では図6A,6Bからわかるように硝酸塩は生成されず或いは生成されても極く微量であり、斯くして図5に示されるように触媒温度TCが高いときでも高いNO浄化率が得られることになる。
そこで本発明による第1実施例では、炭化水素を供給するための炭化水素供給弁15を機関排気通路内に配置し、炭化水素供給弁15下流の機関排気通路内に排気ガス中に含まれるNOと改質された炭化水素とを反応させるための排気浄化触媒13を配置し、排気浄化触媒13は互いに間隔を隔てて直列に配置された上流側触媒14aと下流側触媒14bからなり、上流側触媒14aは下流側に向けて拡開する輪郭形状を有すると共に炭化水素供給弁15から供給された炭化水素を改質する機能を有しており、上流側触媒14aと下流側触媒14bの排気ガス流通表面上には貴金属触媒51,52が担持されていると共に貴金属触媒51,52周りには塩基性の排気ガス流通表面部分54が形成されており、排気浄化触媒13は、上流側触媒14aに流入する炭化水素の濃度を予め定められた範囲内の振幅および予め定められた範囲内の周期でもって振動させると排気ガス中に含まれるNOを還元する性質を有すると共に、炭化水素濃度の振動周期をこの予め定められた範囲よりも長くすると排気ガス中に含まれるNOの吸蔵量が増大する性質を有しており、機関運転時に上流側触媒14aに流入する炭化水素の濃度を予め定められた範囲内の振幅および予め定められた範囲内の周期でもって振動させ、それにより排気ガス中に含まれるNOを排気浄化触媒13において還元するようにしている。
即ち、図4から図6A,6Bに示されるNO浄化方法は、貴金属触媒を担持しかつNOを吸収しうる塩基性層を形成した排気浄化触媒を用いた場合において、ほとんど硝酸塩を形成することなくNOを浄化するようにした新たなNO浄化方法であると言うことができる。実際、この新たなNO浄化方法を用いた場合には排気浄化触媒13をNO吸蔵触媒として機能させた場合に比べて、塩基性層53から検出される硝酸塩は極く微量である。なお、この新たなNO浄化方法を以下、第1のNO浄化方法と称する。
次に図10から図15を参照しつつこの第1のNO浄化方法についてもう少し詳細に説明する。
図10は図4に示される空燃比(A/F)inの変化を拡大して示している。なお、前述したようにこの上流側触媒14aへの流入排気ガスの空燃比(A/F)inの変化は同時に上流側触媒14aに流入する炭化水素の濃度変化を示している。なお、図10においてΔHは上流側触媒14aに流入する炭化水素HCの濃度変化の振幅を示しており、ΔTは上流側触媒14aに流入する炭化水素濃度の振動周期を示している。
更に図10において(A/F)bは機関出力を発生するための燃焼ガスの空燃比を示すベース空燃比を表している。言い換えるとこのベース空燃比(A/F)bは炭化水素の供給を停止したときに上流側触媒14aに流入する排気ガスの空燃比を表している。一方、図10においてXは、生成された活性NO が硝酸塩の形で塩基性層53内に吸蔵されることなく還元性中間体の生成のために使用される空燃比(A/F)inの上限を表しており、活性NO と改質された炭化水素とを反応させて還元性中間体を生成させるには空燃比(A/F)inをこの空燃比の上限Xよりも低くすることが必要となる。
別の言い方をすると図10のXは活性NO と改質された炭化水素とを反応させて還元性中間体を生成させるのに必要な炭化水素の濃度の下限を表しており、還元性中間体を生成するためには炭化水素の濃度をこの下限Xよりも高くする必要がある。この場合、還元性中間体が生成されるか否かは活性NO 周りの酸素濃度と炭化水素濃度との比率、即ち空燃比(A/F)inで決まり、還元性中間体を生成するのに必要な上述の空燃比の上限Xを以下、要求最小空燃比と称する。
図10に示される例では要求最小空燃比Xがリッチとなっており、従ってこの場合には還元性中間体を生成するために空燃比(A/F)inが瞬時的に要求最小空燃比X以下に、即ちリッチにされる。これに対し、図11に示される例では要求最小空燃比Xがリーンとなっている。この場合には空燃比(A/F)inをリーンに維持しつつ空燃比(A/F)inを周期的に低下させることによって還元性中間体が生成される。
この場合、要求最小空燃比Xがリッチになるかリーンになるかは上流側触媒14aの酸化力による。この場合、上流側触媒14aは例えば貴金属51の担持量を増大させれば酸化力が強まり、酸性を強めれば酸化力が強まる。従って上流側触媒14aの酸化力は貴金属51の担持量や酸性の強さによって変化することになる。
さて、酸化力が強い上流側触媒14aを用いた場合に図11に示されるように空燃比(A/F)inをリーンに維持しつつ空燃比(A/F)inを周期的に低下させると、空燃比(A/F)inが低下せしめられたときに炭化水素が完全に酸化されてしまい、その結果還元性中間体を生成することができなくなる。これに対し、酸化力が強い上流側触媒14aを用いた場合に図10に示されるように空燃比(A/F)inを周期的にリッチにさせると空燃比(A/F)inがリッチにされたときに炭化水素は完全に酸化されることなく部分酸化され、即ち炭化水素が改質され、斯くして還元性中間体が生成されることになる。従って酸化力が強い上流側触媒14aを用いた場合には要求最小空燃比Xはリッチにする必要がある。
一方、酸化力が弱い上流側触媒14aを用いた場合には図11に示されるように空燃比(A/F)inをリーンに維持しつつ空燃比(A/F)inを周期的に低下させると、炭化水素は完全に酸化されずに部分酸化され、即ち炭化水素が改質され、斯くして還元性中間体が生成される。これに対し、酸化力が弱い上流側触媒14aを用いた場合に図10に示されるように空燃比(A/F)inを周期的にリッチにさせると多量の炭化水素は酸化されることなく単に上流側触媒14aから排出されることになり、斯くして無駄に消費される炭化水素量が増大することになる。従って酸化力が弱い上流側触媒14aを用いた場合には要求最小空燃比Xはリーンにする必要がある。
即ち、要求最小空燃比Xは図12に示されるように上流側触媒14aの酸化力が強くなるほど低下させる必要があることがわかる。このように要求最小空燃比Xは上流側触媒14aの酸化力によってリーンになったり、或いはリッチになったりするが、以下要求最小空燃比Xがリッチである場合を例にとって、上流側触媒14aに流入する炭化水素の濃度変化の振幅や上流側触媒14aに流入する炭化水素濃度の振動周期について説明する。
さて、ベース空燃比(A/F)bが大きくなると、即ち炭化水素が供給される前の排気ガス中の酸素濃度が高くなると空燃比(A/F)inを要求最小空燃比X以下とするのに必要な炭化水素の供給量が増大する。従って、炭化水素が供給される前の排気ガス中の酸素濃度が高いほど炭化水素濃度の振幅を大きくする必要がある。
図13は同一のNO浄化率が得られるときの、炭化水素が供給される前の排気ガス中の酸素濃度と炭化水素濃度の振幅ΔHとの関係を示している。図13から同一のNO浄化率を得るためには炭化水素が供給される前の排気ガス中の酸素濃度が高いほど炭化水素濃度の振幅ΔHを増大させる必要があることがわかる。即ち、同一のNO浄化率を得るにはベース空燃比(A/F)bが高くなるほど炭化水素濃度の振幅ΔTを増大させることが必要となる。別の言い方をすると、NOを良好に浄化するためにはベース空燃比(A/F)bが低くなるほど炭化水素濃度の振幅ΔTを減少させることができる。
ところでベース空燃比(A/F)bが最も低くなるのは加速運転時であり、このとき炭化水素濃度の振幅ΔHが200ppm程度あればNOを良好に浄化することができる。ベース空燃比(A/F)bは通常、加速運転時よりも大きく、従って図14に示されるように炭化水素濃度の振幅ΔHが200ppm以上であれば良好なNO浄化率を得ることができることになる。
一方、ベース空燃比(A/F)bが最も高いときには炭化水素濃度の振幅ΔHを10000ppm程度にすれば良好なNO浄化率が得られることがわかっている。従って本発明では炭化水素濃度の振幅の予め定められた範囲が200ppmから10000ppmとされている。
また、炭化水素濃度の振動周期ΔTが長くなると炭化水素が供給された後、次に炭化水素が供給される間、活性NO 周りの酸素濃度が高くなる。この場合、炭化水素濃度の振動周期ΔTが5秒程度よりも長くなると活性NO が硝酸塩の形で塩基性層53内に吸収され始め、従って図15に示されるように炭化水素濃度の振動周期ΔTが5秒程度よりも長くなるとNO浄化率が低下することになる。従って炭化水素濃度の振動周期ΔTは5秒以下とする必要がある。
一方、炭化水素濃度の振動周期ΔTがほぼ0.3秒以下になると供給された炭化水素が上流側触媒14aの排気ガス流通表面上に堆積し始め、従って図15に示されるように炭化水素濃度の振動周期ΔTがほぼ0.3秒以下になるとNO浄化率が低下する。そこで本発明では炭化水素濃度の振動周期が0.3秒から5秒の間とされている。
さて、本発明では炭化水素供給弁15からの炭化水素供給量および噴射時期を変化させることによって炭化水素濃度の振幅ΔHおよび振動周期ΔTが機関の運転状態に応じた最適値となるように制御される。この場合、本発明による実施例ではこの最適な炭化水素濃度の振幅ΔHを得ることのできる炭化水素供給量Wが燃料噴射弁3からの噴射量Qおよび機関回転数Nの関数として図16に示すようなマップの形で予めROM32内に記憶されている。また、最適な炭化水素濃度の振動振幅ΔT、即ち炭化水素の噴射周期ΔTも同様に噴射量Qおよび機関回転数Nの関数としてマップの形で予めROM32内に記憶されている。
次に図17から図20を参照しつつ排気浄化触媒13をNO吸蔵触媒として機能させた場合のNO浄化方法について具体的に説明する。このように排気浄化触媒13をNO吸蔵触媒として機能させた場合のNO浄化方法を以下、第2のNO浄化方法と称する。
この第2のNO浄化方法では図17に示されるように塩基性層53に吸蔵された吸蔵NO量ΣNOが予め定められた許容量MAXを越えたときに上流側触媒14aに流入する排気ガスの空燃比(A/F)inが一時的にリッチにされる。排気ガスの空燃比(A/F)inがリッチにされると排気ガスの空燃比(A/F)inがリーンのときに塩基性層53内に吸蔵されたNOが塩基性層53から一気に放出されて還元される。それによってNOが浄化される。
吸蔵NO量ΣNOXは例えば機関から排出されるNO量から算出される。本発明による実施例では機関から単位時間当り排出される排出NO量NOXAが噴射量Qおよび機関回転数Nの関数として図18に示すようなマップの形で予めROM32内に記憶されており、この排出NO量NOXAから吸蔵NO量ΣNOXが算出される。この場合、前述したように排気ガスの空燃比(A/F)inがリッチにされる周期は通常1分以上である。
この第2のNO浄化方法では図19に示されるように燃焼室2内に燃料噴射弁3から燃焼用燃料Qに加え、追加の燃料WRを噴射することによって上流側触媒14aに流入する排気ガスの空燃比(A/F)inがリッチにされる。なお、図19の横軸はクランク角を示している。この追加の燃料WRは燃焼はするが機関出力となって現われない時期に、即ち圧縮上死点後ATDC90°の少し手前で噴射される。この燃料量WRは噴射量Qおよび機関回転数Nの関数として図20に示すようなマップの形で予めROM32内に記憶されている。無論、この場合炭化水素供給弁15からの炭化水素の供給量を増大させることによって排気ガスの空燃比(A/F)inをリッチにすることもできる。
図21Aは図1の排気浄化触媒13の周りの拡大図を示しており、図21Bは図21Aにおいて左側からみた上流側触媒14aの正面図を示しており、図21Cは上流側触媒14aの斜視図を示している。また、図21Dは図21Aから図21Cに示される本発明による排気浄化触媒13の機能を説明するための図である。
さて、前述したように還元性中間体を生成するには排気浄化触媒13に流入する排気ガスの空燃比(A/F)inを要求最小空燃比X以下にする必要がある。この場合、図21Dに示されるように排気浄化触媒13の前方に排気通路の断面拡張部55が形成されるいるとこの断面拡張部55において排気ガス流が乱れるために炭化水素供給弁15から噴射された炭化水素が半径方向および流れ方向に拡散してしまう。その結果、排気浄化触媒13に流入する排気ガスの空燃比は排気管12内における空燃比よりも大巾にリーン側にずれてしまう。従ってこの場合、排気浄化触媒13に流入する排気ガスの空燃比(A/F)inを要求最小空燃比X以下にするには多量の炭化水素を供給する必要がある。
本発明では、排気ガスの空燃比(A/F)inを要求最小空燃比X以下とするのに必要な炭化水素の供給量を低減するために図21Aに示される如く、排気浄化触媒13は互いに間隔を隔てて直列に配置された上流側触媒14aと下流側触媒14bからなり、図21Aから図21Cに示されるように上流側触媒14aは上流端から下流端に向けて拡開する輪郭形状を有すると共に上流側触媒14a内には上流端から下流端に向けて放射状に延びる複数個の排気ガス流通路56が形成されている。
即ち、前述したように上流側触媒14aの基体は金属薄板から形成されており、上流側触媒14aの中心軸線から半径方向に向かうように配列された金属薄板片と上流側触媒14aの中心軸線周りにおいて円錐面に沿って配列された金属薄板片とを接合することによって金属薄板により包囲された複数個の排気ガス流通路56が形成されている。図21Aから図21Cに示される実施例では上流側触媒14aの輪郭形状は円錐台形をなしており、各排気ガス流通路56は上流側触媒14aの上流側端面から下流側端面に向けて断面積を増大させつつ放射状に延びている。即ち、各排気ガス流通路56は下流側に向けて拡開している。
図21Aから図21Cに示される実施例では上流側触媒14aの上流端の径は下流側触媒14bの径よりも小さく、上流側触媒14aの下流端の径は下流側触媒14bの径と等しくされている。なお、ここで等しいというのはほぼ等しい場合も当然に含まれている。
炭化水素供給弁15から供給された炭化水素のラジカル化作用、即ち改質作用は主に上流側触媒14aの上流側で生じ、このとき炭化水素の改質作用を良好に行うためには上流側触媒14aの上流側において供給炭化水素が分散しないようにする必要がある。この場合、図21Aから図21Cに示されるように上流側触媒14aの上流端から下流端に向けて放射状に延びる複数個の排気ガス流通路56が形成されていると排気ガス流通路56内に流入した排気ガスは掻き混ぜられることなく排気ガス流通路56に沿って流れる。従って上流側触媒14aに流入した排気ガス中における供給炭化水素の拡散度合は弱く、斯くして排気ガスの空燃比(A/F)inを要求最小空燃比X以下とするのに必要な炭化水素の供給量を低減することができることになる。
一方、本発明では下流側触媒14bに流入する排気ガスの空燃比は要求最小空燃比X以下にする必要がなく、NO を生成するためには、即ち、NO浄化率を高めるためには下流側触媒14bに流入する排気ガスの空燃比をリーンに維持する必要がある。従って図21Aに示されるように上流側触媒14aは下流側触媒14bに向けて断面が拡大するように円錐台形に形成されている。
また、炭化水素供給弁15から噴射された炭化水素を拡散させないためには上流側触媒14aに流入する排気ガス流にできる限り乱れを与えないことが必要である。そこで本発明による実施例では図21Aに示されるように炭化水素供給弁15と上流側触媒14aとの間の機関排気通路がまっすぐに延びる一様な径の排気管12内に形成されている。
なお、本発明では上流側触媒14aを酸化触媒から構成し、上流側触媒14aでは炭化水素の部分酸化作用、即ち炭化水素の改質作用のみを行わせることもできる。この場合には還元性中間体の生成とNOの浄化作用は下流側触媒14bにおいて行われる。従って本発明では上流側触媒14aは少くとも炭化水素供給弁15から供給された炭化水素を改質する機能を有していることになる。
また、本発明では下流側触媒14bとして、例えば触媒担体上に貴金属よりも酸化力の低い金属を担持したNO浄化触媒を用いることもできる。このNO浄化触媒では例えば、触媒担体がアルミナ又はゼオライトからなり、この触媒担体上に担持されている金属が銀Ag、銅Cu、鉄Fe、バナジウムV、モリブデンMo、コバルトCo、ニッケルNi、マンガンMnから選ばれた少くとも一つの遷移金属からなる。従って本発明では、上流側触媒14aと下流側触媒14bの少くとも一方の触媒の排気ガス流通表面上に貴金属触媒51,52が担持されていると共にこれら貴金属触媒54,52周りに塩基性の排気ガス流通表面部分54が形成されていることになる。
さて、上流側触媒14aに流入する炭化水素の酸化反応は上流側触媒14aの上流端で最も活発に行われ、従って上流側触媒14aはその上流端の温度が最も高くなる。上流側触媒14aの上流端の温度が高くなると生成された活性NO が脱離しはじめ、その結果還元性中間体の生成量が低下しはじめるためにNO浄化率が低下しはじめる。即ち、上流側触媒14aの上流端の温度TCAにはNO浄化率の低下をひき起す予め定められた限界温度TCmaxが存在することになる。この限界温度TCmaxは500℃程度である。
そこで本発明による実施例では、上流側触媒14aの上流端の温度TCAがNO浄化率の低下をひき起す予め定められた限界温度TCmaxを越えたときには上流側触媒14aの上流端の温度TCAを低下させるようにしている。上流側触媒14aの上流端の温度TCAを低下させる一つの方法は、炭化水素の供給量を増量して上流側触媒14a内における雰囲気をリッチにする方法である。上流側触媒14a内における雰囲気をリッチにすると酸化反応が抑制され、供給炭化水素の気化熱により上流側触媒14aの上流端の温度TCAは低下することになる。
また、上流側触媒14aの上流端の温度TCAを低下させる他の方法は上流側触媒14aに流入する炭化水素の濃度の振動周期ΔTを長くする、即ち炭化水素の噴射周期を長くするか、又は炭化水素の供給を停止することである。本発明ではこれらのいずれかの方法が用いられる。
図22にNO浄化制御ルーチンを示す。このルーチンは一定時間毎に割込みによって実行される。
図22を参照するとまず初めにステップ60において温度センサ23の出力信号から上流側触媒14aの温度TCが活性化温度TXを越えているか否かが判別される。TC≧TXのとき、即ち上流側触媒14aが活性化しているときにはステップ61に進んで温度センサ23の出力信号から上流側触媒14aの上流端の温度TCAがNO浄化率の低下をひき起す予め定められた限界温度TCmaxを越えたか否かが判別される。TCA<TCmaxのときには第1のNO浄化方法を用いるべきであると判断され、このときにはステップ62に進む。ステップ62では炭化水素供給弁15からの炭化水素の供給制御が行われる。このとき第1のNO浄化方法によるNO浄化作用が実行される。
一方、ステップ61においてTCA≧TCmaxであると判別されたときにはステップ63に進んで上流側触媒14aの上流端の温度TCAを低下させる温度低下処理が行われる。例えば、上流側触媒14aに流入する排気ガスの空燃比がリーンのときには排気ガスの空燃比がリッチになるように、上流側触媒14aに流入する排気ガスの空燃比がリッチのときには排気ガスの空燃比が更にリッチになるように上流側触媒14aに流入する炭化水素の濃度が高められる。或いは、上流側触媒14aに流入する炭化水素の濃度の振動周期が長くされるか、又は炭化水素供給弁15からの炭化水素の供給が停止される。
一方、ステップ60においてTC<TXであると判断されたときには第2のNO浄化方法を用いるべきであると判断され、ステップ64に進む。ステップ64では図18に示すマップから単位時間当りの排出NO量NOXAが算出される。次いでステップ65ではΣNOXに排出NO量NOXAを加算することによって吸蔵NO量ΣNOXが算出される。次いでステップ66では吸蔵NO量ΣNOXが許容値MAXを越えたか否かが判別される。ΣNOX>MAXになるとステップ67に進んで図20に示すマップから追加の燃料量WRが算出され、追加の燃料の噴射作用が行われる。次いでステップ68ではΣNOXがクリアされる。
  FIG. 1 shows an overall view of a compression ignition type internal combustion engine.
  Referring to FIG. 1, 1 is an engine body, 2 is a combustion chamber of each cylinder, 3 is an electronically controlled fuel injection valve for injecting fuel into each combustion chamber 2, 4 is an intake manifold, and 5 is an exhaust manifold. Respectively. The intake manifold 4 is connected to the outlet of the compressor 7 a of the exhaust turbocharger 7 via the intake duct 6, and the inlet of the compressor 7 a is connected to the air cleaner 9 via the intake air amount detector 8. A throttle valve 10 driven by a step motor is disposed in the intake duct 6, and a cooling device 11 for cooling intake air flowing through the intake duct 6 is disposed around the intake duct 6. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the engine cooling water is guided into the cooling device 11, and the intake air is cooled by the engine cooling water.
  On the other hand, the exhaust manifold 5 is connected to the inlet of the exhaust turbine 7 b of the exhaust turbocharger 7, and the outlet of the exhaust turbine 7 b is connected to the exhaust purification catalyst 13 via the exhaust pipe 12. As shown in FIG. 1, the exhaust purification catalyst 13 includes an upstream side catalyst 14a and a downstream side catalyst 14b arranged in series at a distance from each other, and the upstream side catalyst 14a expands from the upstream end toward the downstream end. Has a contoured shape.
  In the exhaust pipe 12 upstream of the exhaust purification catalyst 13, a hydrocarbon supply valve 15 for supplying hydrocarbons composed of light oil and other fuels used as fuel for the compression ignition internal combustion engine is disposed. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, light oil is used as the hydrocarbon supplied from the hydrocarbon supply valve 15. The present invention can also be applied to a spark ignition type internal combustion engine in which combustion is performed under a lean air-fuel ratio. In this case, the hydrocarbon supply valve 15 supplies hydrocarbons made of gasoline or other fuel used as fuel for the spark ignition internal combustion engine.
  On the other hand, the exhaust manifold 5 and the intake manifold 4 are connected to each other via an exhaust gas recirculation (hereinafter referred to as EGR) passage 16, and an electronically controlled EGR control valve 17 is disposed in the EGR passage 16. A cooling device 18 for cooling the EGR gas flowing in the EGR passage 16 is disposed around the EGR passage 16. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the engine cooling water is guided into the cooling device 18, and the EGR gas is cooled by the engine cooling water. On the other hand, each fuel injection valve 3 is connected to a common rail 20 via a fuel supply pipe 19, and this common rail 20 is connected to a fuel tank 22 via an electronically controlled fuel pump 21 having a variable discharge amount. The fuel stored in the fuel tank 22 is supplied into the common rail 20 by the fuel pump 21, and the fuel supplied into the common rail 20 is supplied to the fuel injection valve 3 through each fuel supply pipe 19.
  The electronic control unit 30 is composed of a digital computer, and is connected to each other by a bidirectional bus 31. It comprises. A temperature sensor 23 for estimating the temperature of the upstream catalyst 14a and the temperature of the upstream end of the upstream catalyst 14a is attached downstream of the upstream catalyst 14a. Output signals of the temperature sensor 23 and the intake air amount detector 8 are input to the input port 35 via the corresponding AD converters 37, respectively. A load sensor 41 that generates an output voltage proportional to the depression amount L of the accelerator pedal 40 is connected to the accelerator pedal 40, and the output voltage of the load sensor 41 is input to the input port 35 via the corresponding AD converter 37. Is done. Further, the input port 35 is connected to a crank angle sensor 42 that generates an output pulse every time the crankshaft rotates, for example, 15 °. On the other hand, the output port 36 is connected to the fuel injection valve 3, the step motor for driving the throttle valve 10, the hydrocarbon supply valve 15, the EGR control valve 17, and the fuel pump 21 through corresponding drive circuits 38.
  In the first embodiment according to the present invention, the base of the upstream catalyst 14a is formed from a thin metal plate, and the base of the downstream catalyst 14b is formed from a ceramic such as cordierite. Thus, in the first embodiment, the bases of the upstream catalyst 14a and the downstream catalyst 14b are different, but the same catalyst carrier and the same catalyst are supported on the upstream catalyst 14a and the downstream catalyst 14b.
  FIG. 2 schematically shows the surface portions of the catalyst carrier supported on the bases of the upstream catalyst 14a and the downstream catalyst 14b. In the upstream catalyst 14a and the downstream catalyst 14b, as shown in FIG. 2, noble metal catalysts 51 and 52 are supported on a catalyst carrier 50 made of alumina, for example, and potassium K, Sodium Na, alkali metal such as cesium Cs, alkaline earth metal such as barium Ba, calcium Ca, rare earth such as lanthanoid and silver Ag, copper Cu, iron Fe, NO such as iridium IrxA basic layer 53 containing at least one selected from metals capable of donating electrons is formed. Since the exhaust gas flows along the catalyst carrier 50, it can be said that the noble metal catalysts 51 and 52 are supported on the exhaust gas flow surfaces of the upstream catalyst 14a and the downstream catalyst 14b. Further, since the surface of the basic layer 53 is basic, the surface of the basic layer 53 is referred to as a basic exhaust gas flow surface portion 54.
  On the other hand, in FIG. 2, the noble metal catalyst 51 is made of platinum Pt, and the noble metal catalyst 52 is made of rhodium Rh. That is, the noble metal catalysts 51 and 52 carried on the catalyst carrier 50 are composed of platinum Pt and rhodium Rh. In addition to platinum Pt and rhodium Rh, palladium Pd can be further supported on the catalyst carrier 50 of the upstream catalyst 14a and the downstream catalyst 14b, or palladium Pd can be supported instead of rhodium Rh. it can. That is, the noble metal catalysts 51 and 52 supported on the catalyst carrier 50 are composed of platinum Pt and at least one of rhodium Rh and palladium Pd.
  When hydrocarbons are injected into the exhaust gas from the hydrocarbon supply valve 15, the hydrocarbons are reformed in the upstream catalyst 14a. In the present invention, the reformed hydrocarbon is used in the downstream catalyst 14b for NO.xTo purify. FIG. 3 schematically shows the reforming action performed in the upstream catalyst 14a at this time. As shown in FIG. 3, the hydrocarbon HC injected from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 is converted into a radical hydrocarbon HC having a small number of carbons by the catalyst 51.
  FIG. 4 shows the supply timing of hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon supply valve 15 and the change in the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in of the exhaust gas flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a. Since the change in the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in depends on the change in the concentration of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas flowing into the upstream side catalyst 14a, the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in shown in FIG. It can be said that the change represents a change in hydrocarbon concentration. However, since the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in decreases as the hydrocarbon concentration increases, the hydrocarbon concentration increases as the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in becomes richer in FIG.
  FIG. 5 shows a change in the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in of the exhaust gas flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a as shown in FIG. 4 by periodically changing the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a. NO by the exhaust purification catalyst 13 whenxThe purification rate is shown for each catalyst temperature TC of the upstream catalyst 14a. The inventor has NO over a long period of time.xIn the research course, when the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the upstream side catalyst 14a is vibrated with an amplitude within a predetermined range and a period within a predetermined range, FIG. As shown in Fig. 4, extremely high NO even in a high temperature region of 400 ° C or higherxIt has been found that a purification rate can be obtained.
  Further, at this time, a large amount of a reducing intermediate containing nitrogen and hydrocarbons is generated on the surface of the basic layer 53 of the upstream catalyst 14a, that is, on the basic exhaust gas flow surface portion 54 of the upstream catalyst 14a. NO with high reducing intermediatexIt turns out that it plays a central role in obtaining the purification rate. Next, this will be described with reference to FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C. 6A and 6B schematically illustrate the surface portion of the catalyst carrier 50 of the upstream catalyst 14a, and FIG. 6C schematically illustrates the surface portion of the catalyst carrier 50 of the downstream catalyst 14b. In these FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C, it is estimated that the hydrocarbon concentration flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a is generated when it is vibrated with an amplitude within a predetermined range and a period within the predetermined range. The reaction is shown.
  6A shows a case where the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a is low, and FIG. 6B shows that the concentration of hydrocarbons supplied from the hydrocarbon supply valve 15 and flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a is high. It shows when
  As can be seen from FIG. 4, since the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a is maintained lean except for a moment, the exhaust gas flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a is usually in an oxygen-excess state. Therefore, NO contained in the exhaust gas is oxidized on the platinum 51 as shown in FIG.2And then this NO2Is further oxidized to NO3It becomes. NO2Part of is NO2 It becomes. In this case, NO3The amount of production is NO2 Much more than the amount of product. Therefore, a large amount of NO is present on platinum Pt51.3And a small amount of NO2 Will be generated. These NO3And NO2 Is highly active, and these NO3And NO2 Active NOx *Called.
  On the other hand, when hydrocarbon is supplied from the hydrocarbon supply valve 15, as shown in FIG. 3, this hydrocarbon is reformed in the upstream catalyst 14a to become radicals. As a result, as shown in FIG.x *The surrounding hydrocarbon concentration increases. By the way, active NOx *After NO is generated, active NOx *If the surrounding oxygen concentration is high for more than a certain period of time, active NOx *Is oxidized and nitrate ion NO3 In the basic layer 53. However, the active NOx *When the surrounding hydrocarbon concentration is increased, as shown in FIG.x *Reacts with the radical hydrocarbon HC on the platinum 51, thereby producing a reducing intermediate on the surface of the basic layer 53.
  Note that the first reducing intermediate produced at this time is the nitro compound R-NO.2It is thought that. This nitro compound R-NO2Is produced, it becomes a nitrile compound R-CN, but this nitrile compound R-CN can only survive for a moment in that state, so it immediately becomes an isocyanate compound R-NCO. When this isocyanate compound R-NCO is hydrolyzed, the amine compound R-NH2It becomes. However, in this case, it is considered that a part of the isocyanate compound R-NCO is hydrolyzed. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 6B, most of the reducing intermediates formed on the surface of the basic layer 53 are isocyanate compound R-NCO and amine compound R-NH.2It is thought that. Reducing intermediates R-NCO and R-NH produced in these upstream catalysts 14a2Is sent to the downstream catalyst 14b.
  On the other hand, the cross-sectional area of the downstream catalyst 14b is larger than the cross-sectional area of the upstream end of the upstream catalyst 14a. Therefore, even if the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing out to the upstream side catalyst 14a is instantaneously made rich, this rich gas diffuses before flowing into the downstream side catalyst 14b, and thus flows into the downstream side catalyst 14b. The air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas is always kept lean. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 6C, the active NO on the downstream catalyst 14b.x *Is actively generated. Further, the active NO produced in the upstream catalyst 14ax *Part of the catalyst flows out from the upstream catalyst 14a, flows into the downstream catalyst 14b, and is attached or adsorbed on the surface of the basic layer 53 of the downstream catalyst 14b. Accordingly, a large amount of active NO is present in the downstream catalyst 14b.x *Will be held.
  On the other hand, as described above, a large amount of reducing intermediate is sent from the upstream catalyst 14a into the downstream catalyst 14b. These reducing intermediates R-NCO and R-NH2Is the active NO retained in the downstream catalyst 14b as shown in FIG. 6C.x *Reacts with N2, CO2, H2O, so NOxWill be purified.
  Thus, in the exhaust purification catalyst 13, the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a is temporarily increased to produce a reducing intermediate, thereby generating active NO.x *Reacts with reducing intermediates and NOxIs purified. That is, the exhaust purification catalyst 13 makes NO.xIn order to purify, it is necessary to periodically change the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a.
  Of course, in this case, it is necessary to increase the concentration of the hydrocarbon to a concentration high enough to produce the reducing intermediate. That is, it is necessary to vibrate the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a with an amplitude within a predetermined range.
  On the other hand, if the supply cycle of the hydrocarbon is lengthened, the period during which the oxygen concentration becomes high after the hydrocarbon is supplied and before the next hydrocarbon is supplied becomes longer, so that the active NO.x *Is absorbed in the basic layer 53 in the form of nitrate without producing a reducing intermediate. In order to avoid this, it is necessary to oscillate the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 with a period within a predetermined range. Incidentally, in the example shown in FIG. 4, the injection interval is 3 seconds.
  As described above, when the oscillation period of the hydrocarbon concentration, that is, the supply period of the hydrocarbon HC is longer than a period within a predetermined range, the active NO produced on the platinum Pt 53x *Is nitrate ion NO as shown in FIG. 7A.3 In the form of nitrate in the form of nitrate. That is, at this time, NO in the exhaust gasxWill be absorbed in the basic layer 53 in the form of nitrate.
  On the other hand, FIG.xShows the case where the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a is made the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio or rich when is absorbed in the basic layer 53 in the form of nitrate. In this case, the reaction proceeds in the reverse direction (NO3 → NO2), And thus the nitrates absorbed in the basic layer 53 are successively converted to nitrate ions NO.3 And NO as shown in FIG. 7B2From the basic layer 53. Then released NO2Is reduced by hydrocarbons HC and CO contained in the exhaust gas.
  FIG. 8 shows the NO of the basic layer 53xThis shows a case where the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in of the exhaust gas flowing into the upstream side catalyst 14a is temporarily made rich slightly before the absorption capacity is saturated. In the example shown in FIG. 8, the time interval of this rich control is 1 minute or more. In this case, NO absorbed in the basic layer 53 when the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in of the exhaust gas is lean.xIs released from the basic layer 53 and reduced when the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in of the exhaust gas is temporarily made rich. Therefore, in this case, the basic layer 53 is NO.xIt plays the role of an absorbent for temporarily absorbing.
  At this time, the basic layer 53 is NO.xTherefore, if the term occlusion is used as a term including both absorption and adsorption, the basic layer 53 is not NO at this time.xNO for temporary storagexIt plays the role of a storage agent. That is, in this case, if the ratio of air and fuel (hydrocarbon) supplied into the engine intake passage, the combustion chamber 2 and the exhaust passage upstream of the upstream catalyst 14a is called the exhaust gas air-fuel ratio, the exhaust purification catalyst. 13 is NO when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas is leanxNO is stored when the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas decreases.xNO releasexIt functions as a storage catalyst.
  FIG. 9 shows that the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is thus NO.xNO when functioning as a storage catalystxThe purification rate is shown. The horizontal axis in FIG. 9 indicates the catalyst temperature TC of the upstream catalyst 14a. Set the exhaust purification catalyst 13 to NOxWhen functioning as an occlusion catalyst, as shown in FIG. 9, when the catalyst temperature TC is 300 ° C. to 400 ° C., extremely high NOxA purification rate can be obtained, but NO when the catalyst temperature TC reaches 400 ° C or higher.xThe purification rate decreases.
  Thus, when the catalyst temperature TC reaches 400 ° C. or higher, NOxThe purification rate decreases because when the catalyst temperature TC reaches 400 ° C. or higher, the nitrate is thermally decomposed and NO.2This is because it is discharged from the exhaust purification catalyst 13 in the form of. That is, NOxAs long as the catalyst temperature TC is high.xIt is difficult to obtain a purification rate. However, the new NO shown in FIGS. 4 to 6A and 6BxIn the purification method, as can be seen from FIGS. 6A and 6B, nitrate is not generated or is very small even if it is generated. Therefore, even when the catalyst temperature TC is high as shown in FIG.xA purification rate will be obtained.
  Therefore, in the first embodiment according to the present invention, the hydrocarbon supply valve 15 for supplying hydrocarbons is disposed in the engine exhaust passage, and NO contained in the exhaust gas in the engine exhaust passage downstream of the hydrocarbon supply valve 15.xAn exhaust purification catalyst 13 for reacting with the reformed hydrocarbon is disposed, and the exhaust purification catalyst 13 includes an upstream side catalyst 14a and a downstream side catalyst 14b arranged in series at a distance from each other. The catalyst 14a has a contour shape that expands toward the downstream side, and has a function of reforming hydrocarbons supplied from the hydrocarbon supply valve 15, and exhaust gas from the upstream catalyst 14a and the downstream catalyst 14b. Precious metal catalysts 51 and 52 are supported on the flow surface, and a basic exhaust gas flow surface portion 54 is formed around the precious metal catalysts 51 and 52, and the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is attached to the upstream catalyst 14 a. NO contained in exhaust gas when the concentration of inflowing hydrocarbons is vibrated with an amplitude within a predetermined range and a period within a predetermined rangexNO and contained in the exhaust gas when the oscillation period of the hydrocarbon concentration is longer than this predetermined range.xAnd the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a during engine operation is vibrated with an amplitude within a predetermined range and a period within a predetermined range, As a result, NO contained in the exhaust gasxIs reduced in the exhaust purification catalyst 13.
  That is, the NO shown in FIGS. 4 to 6A and 6B.xThe purification method carries a noble metal catalyst and NO.xIn the case of using an exhaust purification catalyst having a basic layer capable of absorbing NO, NO hardly forms nitrates.xNew NO to purifyxIt can be said that it is a purification method. In fact, this new NOxWhen the purification method is used, the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is set to NO.xCompared with the case where it functions as an occlusion catalyst, the amount of nitrate detected from the basic layer 53 is extremely small. This new NOxThe purification method is hereinafter referred to as the first NO.xThis is called a purification method.
  Next, referring to FIGS. 10 to 15, the first NO.xThe purification method will be described in a little more detail.
  FIG. 10 shows an enlarged view of the change in the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in shown in FIG. As described above, the change in the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in of the exhaust gas flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a simultaneously indicates the change in the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a. In FIG. 10, ΔH indicates the amplitude of the change in the concentration of hydrocarbon HC flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a, and ΔT indicates the oscillation cycle of the concentration of hydrocarbon flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a.
  Further, in FIG. 10, (A / F) b represents the base air-fuel ratio indicating the air-fuel ratio of the combustion gas for generating the engine output. In other words, the base air-fuel ratio (A / F) b represents the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas that flows into the upstream catalyst 14a when the supply of hydrocarbons is stopped. On the other hand, in FIG. 10, X represents the generated active NO.x *Represents the upper limit of the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in used for the production of the reducing intermediate without being occluded in the basic layer 53 in the form of nitrate,x *It is necessary to make the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in lower than the upper limit X of this air-fuel ratio in order to cause the reduced hydrocarbon to react with the reformed hydrocarbon.
  In other words, X in FIG.x *Represents the lower limit of the hydrocarbon concentration required to produce a reducing intermediate by reacting the modified hydrocarbon with the modified hydrocarbon. It is necessary to make it higher than the lower limit X. In this case, whether or not a reducing intermediate is generated depends on the active NO.x *The ratio between the surrounding oxygen concentration and the hydrocarbon concentration, that is, the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in, is determined by the above-mentioned upper limit X of the air-fuel ratio necessary for generating the reducing intermediate, Called.
  In the example shown in FIG. 10, the required minimum air-fuel ratio X is rich. Therefore, in this case, the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in is instantaneously required to generate the reducing intermediate. The following is made rich: On the other hand, in the example shown in FIG. 11, the required minimum air-fuel ratio X is lean. In this case, the reducing intermediate is generated by periodically reducing the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in while maintaining the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in lean.
  In this case, whether the required minimum air-fuel ratio X becomes rich or lean depends on the oxidizing power of the upstream catalyst 14a. In this case, for example, if the amount of the precious metal 51 supported is increased, the upstream catalyst 14a becomes stronger in oxidizing power, and if it becomes more acidic, the oxidizing power becomes stronger. Therefore, the oxidizing power of the upstream catalyst 14a varies depending on the amount of the noble metal 51 supported and the acidity.
  Now, when the upstream catalyst 14a having a strong oxidizing power is used, the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in is periodically decreased while maintaining the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in lean as shown in FIG. When the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in is lowered, the hydrocarbon is completely oxidized, and as a result, a reducing intermediate cannot be generated. On the other hand, when the upstream side catalyst 14a having a strong oxidizing power is used, if the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in is periodically made rich as shown in FIG. 10, the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in is rich. The hydrocarbons are partially oxidized without being completely oxidized, i.e., the hydrocarbons are reformed, thus producing a reducing intermediate. Therefore, when the upstream catalyst 14a having a strong oxidizing power is used, the required minimum air-fuel ratio X needs to be made rich.
  On the other hand, when the upstream side catalyst 14a having a weak oxidizing power is used, the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in is periodically decreased while maintaining the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in lean as shown in FIG. In this case, the hydrocarbon is not completely oxidized but partially oxidized, that is, the hydrocarbon is reformed, and thus a reducing intermediate is produced. On the other hand, when the upstream catalyst 14a having a weak oxidizing power is used, if the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in is periodically made rich as shown in FIG. 10, a large amount of hydrocarbons are not oxidized. It is simply discharged from the upstream side catalyst 14a, and thus the amount of hydrocarbons that are wasted is increased. Therefore, when the upstream catalyst 14a having a weak oxidizing power is used, the required minimum air-fuel ratio X needs to be made lean.
  That is, it can be seen that the required minimum air-fuel ratio X needs to be lowered as the oxidizing power of the upstream catalyst 14a becomes stronger, as shown in FIG. In this way, the required minimum air-fuel ratio X becomes lean or rich due to the oxidizing power of the upstream catalyst 14a. Hereinafter, the case where the required minimum air-fuel ratio X is rich will be described as an example in the upstream catalyst 14a. The amplitude of the concentration change of the inflowing hydrocarbon and the vibration period of the concentration of the hydrocarbon flowing into the upstream side catalyst 14a will be described.
  When the base air-fuel ratio (A / F) b increases, that is, when the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas before the hydrocarbons are supplied increases, the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in is made equal to or less than the required minimum air-fuel ratio X. This increases the amount of hydrocarbons required for this. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the amplitude of the hydrocarbon concentration as the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas before the hydrocarbon is supplied is higher.
  Figure 13 shows the same NOxIt shows the relationship between the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas before the hydrocarbon is supplied and the amplitude ΔH of the hydrocarbon concentration when the purification rate is obtained. The same NO from FIG.xIt can be seen that in order to obtain the purification rate, it is necessary to increase the amplitude ΔH of the hydrocarbon concentration as the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas before the hydrocarbon is supplied is higher. That is, the same NOxIn order to obtain the purification rate, it is necessary to increase the amplitude ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration as the base air-fuel ratio (A / F) b increases. In other words, NOxIn order to purify the gas well, the amplitude ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration can be reduced as the base air-fuel ratio (A / F) b becomes lower.
  By the way, the base air-fuel ratio (A / F) b becomes the lowest during the acceleration operation. At this time, if the amplitude ΔH of the hydrocarbon concentration is about 200 ppm, NOxCan be purified well. The base air-fuel ratio (A / F) b is usually larger than that during acceleration operation. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 14, when the hydrocarbon concentration amplitude ΔH is 200 ppm or more, good NO is obtained.xA purification rate can be obtained.
  On the other hand, when the base air-fuel ratio (A / F) b is the highest, if the amplitude ΔH of the hydrocarbon concentration is about 10000 ppm, good NOxIt is known that a purification rate can be obtained. Therefore, in the present invention, the predetermined range of the amplitude of the hydrocarbon concentration is set to 200 ppm to 10,000 ppm.
  In addition, when the vibration period ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration becomes longer, after the hydrocarbon is supplied, the active NO is maintained while the hydrocarbon is supplied next.x *The surrounding oxygen concentration becomes high. In this case, when the vibration period ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration is longer than about 5 seconds, the active NOx *Will begin to be absorbed in the basic layer 53 in the form of nitrate, and therefore, as shown in FIG. 15, when the vibration period ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration becomes longer than about 5 seconds, NOxThe purification rate will decrease. Therefore, the vibration period ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration needs to be 5 seconds or less.
  On the other hand, when the vibration period ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration becomes approximately 0.3 seconds or less, the supplied hydrocarbon begins to accumulate on the exhaust gas flow surface of the upstream catalyst 14a, and therefore the hydrocarbon concentration as shown in FIG. When the vibration period ΔT of the motor becomes approximately 0.3 seconds or less, NOxThe purification rate decreases. Therefore, in the present invention, the vibration period of the hydrocarbon concentration is set to be between 0.3 seconds and 5 seconds.
  In the present invention, the hydrocarbon supply amount and the injection timing from the hydrocarbon supply valve 15 are controlled so that the amplitude ΔH and the vibration period ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration become optimum values according to the operating state of the engine. The In this case, in the embodiment according to the present invention, the hydrocarbon supply amount W capable of obtaining the optimum hydrocarbon concentration amplitude ΔH is shown in FIG. 16 as a function of the injection amount Q from the fuel injection valve 3 and the engine speed N. Such a map is stored in the ROM 32 in advance. Similarly, the vibration amplitude ΔT of the optimum hydrocarbon concentration, that is, the hydrocarbon injection period ΔT, is also stored in the ROM 32 in advance in the form of a map as a function of the injection amount Q and the engine speed N.
  Next, referring to FIG. 17 to FIG.xNO when functioning as a storage catalystxThe purification method will be specifically described. In this way, the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is changed to NO.xNO when functioning as a storage catalystxThe purification method is hereinafter referred to as the second NO.xThis is called a purification method.
  This second NOxIn the purification method, the occluded NO occluded in the basic layer 53 as shown in FIG.xAmount ΣNOxWhen the air pressure exceeds a predetermined allowable amount MAX, the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in of the exhaust gas flowing into the upstream side catalyst 14a is temporarily made rich. When the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in of the exhaust gas is made rich, the NO stored in the basic layer 53 when the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in of the exhaust gas is leanxAre released from the basic layer 53 at once and reduced. NOxIs purified.
  Occlusion NOxThe amount ΣNOX is, for example, NO discharged from the enginexCalculated from the quantity. In the embodiment according to the present invention, the emission NO discharged from the engine per unit timexThe amount NOXA is stored in advance in the ROM 32 as a function of the injection amount Q and the engine speed N in the form of a map as shown in FIG.xFrom NOXA to NOxAn amount ΣNOX is calculated. In this case, as described above, the period during which the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in of the exhaust gas is made rich is usually 1 minute or more.
  This second NOxIn the purification method, as shown in FIG. 19, the air-fuel ratio (A) of the exhaust gas flowing into the upstream side catalyst 14a by injecting the additional fuel WR into the combustion chamber 2 from the fuel injection valve 3 in addition to the combustion fuel Q. / F) in is made rich. The horizontal axis in FIG. 19 indicates the crank angle. This additional fuel WR is injected when it burns but does not appear as engine output, that is, slightly before ATDC 90 ° after compression top dead center. This fuel amount WR is stored in advance in the ROM 32 as a function of the injection amount Q and the engine speed N in the form of a map as shown in FIG. Of course, the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in of the exhaust gas can be made rich by increasing the amount of hydrocarbons supplied from the hydrocarbon supply valve 15 in this case.
  21A shows an enlarged view around the exhaust purification catalyst 13 of FIG. 1, FIG. 21B shows a front view of the upstream catalyst 14a viewed from the left side in FIG. 21A, and FIG. 21C shows a perspective view of the upstream catalyst 14a. The figure is shown. FIG. 21D is a view for explaining the function of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 according to the present invention shown in FIGS. 21A to 21C.
  As described above, to generate the reducing intermediate, it is necessary to set the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in of the exhaust gas flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 to the required minimum air-fuel ratio X or less. In this case, as shown in FIG. 21D, if the cross-sectional expansion portion 55 of the exhaust passage is formed in front of the exhaust purification catalyst 13, the exhaust gas flow is disturbed in this cross-sectional expansion portion 55, so that the injection from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 The generated hydrocarbon diffuses in the radial direction and the flow direction. As a result, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is shifted to the lean side much more than the air-fuel ratio in the exhaust pipe 12. Therefore, in this case, it is necessary to supply a large amount of hydrocarbons in order to make the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in of the exhaust gas flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 not more than the required minimum air-fuel ratio X.
  In the present invention, as shown in FIG. 21A, the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is used to reduce the amount of hydrocarbons required to make the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in of the exhaust gas not more than the required minimum air-fuel ratio X. Consists of an upstream catalyst 14a and a downstream catalyst 14b arranged in series at a distance from each other, and as shown in FIGS. 21A to 21C, the upstream catalyst 14a expands from the upstream end toward the downstream end. A plurality of exhaust gas flow passages 56 extending radially from the upstream end toward the downstream end are formed in the upstream catalyst 14a.
  That is, as described above, the base of the upstream catalyst 14a is formed of a thin metal plate, and the thin metal plate pieces arranged in the radial direction from the central axis of the upstream catalyst 14a and the central axis of the upstream catalyst 14a. A plurality of exhaust gas flow passages 56 surrounded by the metal thin plate are formed by joining the metal thin plate pieces arranged along the conical surface in FIG. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 21A to 21C, the contour shape of the upstream catalyst 14a has a truncated cone shape, and each exhaust gas flow passage 56 has a cross-sectional area from the upstream end surface to the downstream end surface of the upstream catalyst 14a. Extending radially. That is, each exhaust gas flow passage 56 is expanded toward the downstream side.
  In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 21A to 21C, the diameter of the upstream end of the upstream catalyst 14a is smaller than the diameter of the downstream catalyst 14b, and the diameter of the downstream end of the upstream catalyst 14a is made equal to the diameter of the downstream catalyst 14b. ing. It should be noted that “equal” here also includes a case where they are substantially equal.
  The radicalization action of the hydrocarbon supplied from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15, that is, the reforming action mainly occurs on the upstream side of the upstream side catalyst 14 a. At this time, in order to perform the hydrocarbon reforming action well, the upstream side It is necessary to prevent the feed hydrocarbons from dispersing on the upstream side of the catalyst 14a. In this case, as shown in FIG. 21A to FIG. 21C, if a plurality of exhaust gas flow passages 56 extending radially from the upstream end to the downstream end of the upstream catalyst 14a are formed, The inflowing exhaust gas flows along the exhaust gas flow passage 56 without being stirred. Therefore, the degree of diffusion of the supplied hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a is weak, and thus the hydrocarbons required to make the air-fuel ratio (A / F) in of the exhaust gas be less than the required minimum air-fuel ratio X. The supply amount of can be reduced.
  On the other hand, in the present invention, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the downstream catalyst 14b does not need to be less than the required minimum air-fuel ratio X, and NOx *That is, NOxIn order to increase the purification rate, it is necessary to keep the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the downstream side catalyst 14b lean. Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 21A, the upstream catalyst 14a is formed in a truncated cone shape so that its cross section expands toward the downstream catalyst 14b.
  Further, in order not to diffuse the hydrocarbons injected from the hydrocarbon supply valve 15, it is necessary that the exhaust gas flow flowing into the upstream side catalyst 14a is not disturbed as much as possible. Therefore, in the embodiment according to the present invention, as shown in FIG. 21A, the engine exhaust passage between the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 and the upstream catalyst 14a is formed in the exhaust pipe 12 having a uniform diameter extending straight.
  In the present invention, the upstream catalyst 14a can be formed of an oxidation catalyst, and the upstream catalyst 14a can perform only a partial oxidation action of hydrocarbons, that is, a hydrocarbon reforming action. In this case, formation of a reducing intermediate and NOxThis purifying action is performed in the downstream catalyst 14b. Therefore, in the present invention, the upstream catalyst 14a has at least a function of reforming the hydrocarbon supplied from the hydrocarbon supply valve 15.
  In the present invention, as the downstream catalyst 14b, for example, NO on which a metal having a lower oxidizing power than a noble metal is supported on a catalyst carrier.xA purification catalyst can also be used. This NOxIn the purification catalyst, for example, the catalyst carrier is made of alumina or zeolite, and the metal supported on the catalyst carrier is selected from silver Ag, copper Cu, iron Fe, vanadium V, molybdenum Mo, cobalt Co, nickel Ni, manganese Mn. Of at least one transition metal. Therefore, in the present invention, the noble metal catalysts 51 and 52 are supported on the exhaust gas flow surface of at least one of the upstream catalyst 14a and the downstream catalyst 14b, and the basic exhaust around the noble metal catalysts 54 and 52 is provided. A gas flow surface portion 54 is formed.
  The oxidation reaction of hydrocarbons flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a is most actively performed at the upstream end of the upstream catalyst 14a, and therefore the upstream catalyst 14a has the highest temperature at the upstream end. Active NO generated when the temperature at the upstream end of the upstream catalyst 14a increases.x *NO begins to desorb, and as a result, the production of reducing intermediates begins to decrease.xThe purification rate begins to decline. That is, the temperature TCA at the upstream end of the upstream catalyst 14a is NO.xPredetermined limit temperature TC causing a reduction in purification ratemaxWill exist. This limit temperature TCmaxIs about 500 ° C.
  Therefore, in the embodiment according to the present invention, the temperature TCA at the upstream end of the upstream catalyst 14a is NO.xPredetermined limit temperature TC causing a reduction in purification ratemaxIs exceeded, the temperature TCA at the upstream end of the upstream catalyst 14a is lowered. One method of reducing the temperature TCA at the upstream end of the upstream catalyst 14a is a method of increasing the amount of hydrocarbons supplied to enrich the atmosphere in the upstream catalyst 14a. When the atmosphere in the upstream catalyst 14a is made rich, the oxidation reaction is suppressed, and the temperature TCA at the upstream end of the upstream catalyst 14a is lowered by the heat of vaporization of the supplied hydrocarbon.
  Another method for reducing the temperature TCA at the upstream end of the upstream catalyst 14a is to lengthen the oscillation period ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a, that is, to increase the hydrocarbon injection period, or It is to stop the supply of hydrocarbons. Any of these methods is used in the present invention.
  NO in FIG.xThe purification control routine is shown. This routine is executed by interruption every predetermined time.
  Referring to FIG. 22, first, at step 60, it is judged from the output signal of the temperature sensor 23 whether or not the temperature TC of the upstream catalyst 14a exceeds the activation temperature TX. When TC ≧ TX, that is, when the upstream catalyst 14a is activated, the routine proceeds to step 61 where the temperature TCA at the upstream end of the upstream catalyst 14a is NO from the output signal of the temperature sensor 23.xPredetermined limit temperature TC causing a reduction in purification ratemaxIt is determined whether or not the value has been exceeded. TCA <TCmaxAt the first NOxIt is determined that the purification method should be used. In step 62, supply control of hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon supply valve 15 is performed. At this time, the first NOxNO by purification methodxA purification action is performed.
  On the other hand, in step 61, TCA ≧ TCmaxWhen it is determined that the temperature is lower, the routine proceeds to step 63, where a temperature lowering process for lowering the temperature TCA at the upstream end of the upstream catalyst 14a is performed. For example, when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a is lean, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas becomes rich, and when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a is rich, the exhaust gas empty The concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a is increased so that the fuel ratio becomes richer. Alternatively, the oscillation cycle of the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the upstream catalyst 14a is lengthened, or the supply of hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon supply valve 15 is stopped.
  On the other hand, when it is determined in step 60 that TC <TX, the second NOxIt is determined that the purification method should be used, and the process proceeds to step 64. In step 64, the discharge NO per unit time is determined from the map shown in FIG.xThe quantity NOXA is calculated. Next, at step 65, NO is discharged to ΣNOX.xOcclusion NO by adding the amount NOXAxAn amount ΣNOX is calculated. Next, at step 66, the storage NOxIt is determined whether or not the amount ΣNOX exceeds the allowable value MAX. When ΣNOX> MAX, the routine proceeds to step 67, where an additional fuel amount WR is calculated from the map shown in FIG. 20, and an additional fuel injection action is performed. Next, at step 68, ΣNOX is cleared.

4…吸気マニホルド
5…排気マニホルド
7…排気ターボチャージャ
12…排気管
13…排気浄化触媒
14a…上流側触媒
14b…下流側触媒
15…炭化水素供給弁
4 ... Intake manifold 5 ... Exhaust manifold 7 ... Exhaust turbocharger 12 ... Exhaust pipe 13 ... Exhaust purification catalyst 14a ... Upstream catalyst 14b ... Downstream catalyst 15 ... Hydrocarbon supply valve

Claims (9)

炭化水素を供給するための炭化水素供給弁を機関排気通路内に配置し、炭化水素供給弁下流の機関排気通路内に排気ガス中に含まれるNOと改質された炭化水素とを反応させるための排気浄化触媒を配置し、該排気浄化触媒は互いに間隔を隔てて直列に配置された上流側触媒と下流側触媒からなり、該上流側触媒は少くとも炭化水素供給弁から供給された炭化水素を改質する機能を有しており、該上流側触媒は上流端から下流端に向けて拡開する輪郭形状を有すると共に該上流側触媒内には上流端から下流端に向けて放射状に延びる複数個の排気ガス流通路が形成されており、該上流側触媒と下流側触媒の少くとも一方の触媒の排気ガス流通表面上には貴金属触媒が担持されていると共に該貴金属触媒周りには塩基性の排気ガス流通表面部分が形成されており、該排気浄化触媒は、該上流側触媒に流入する炭化水素の濃度を予め定められた範囲内の振幅および予め定められた範囲内の周期でもって振動させると排気ガス中に含まれるNOを還元する性質を有すると共に、該炭化水素濃度の振動周期を該予め定められた範囲よりも長くすると排気ガス中に含まれるNOの吸蔵量が増大する性質を有しており、機関運転時に該上流側触媒に流入する炭化水素の濃度を上記予め定められた範囲内の振幅および上記予め定められた範囲内の周期でもって振動させ、それにより排気ガス中に含まれるNOを排気浄化触媒において還元するようにした内燃機関の排気浄化装置。The hydrocarbon feed valve for feeding hydrocarbons is arranged in the engine exhaust passage, reacting NO x and reformed hydrocarbons contained in the exhaust gas to the hydrocarbon feed valve engine exhaust passage downstream of An exhaust purification catalyst is provided, and the exhaust purification catalyst comprises an upstream catalyst and a downstream catalyst arranged in series at a distance from each other, and the upstream catalyst is at least carbonized from a hydrocarbon feed valve. It has a function of reforming hydrogen, and the upstream catalyst has a contour shape that expands from the upstream end to the downstream end, and radially in the upstream catalyst from the upstream end to the downstream end. A plurality of exhaust gas flow passages extending are formed. A noble metal catalyst is supported on the exhaust gas flow surface of at least one of the upstream catalyst and the downstream catalyst, and around the noble metal catalyst. Basic exhaust gas flow surface And the exhaust purification catalyst causes the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the upstream catalyst to oscillate with an amplitude within a predetermined range and a period within a predetermined range. which has a property for reducing the NO x contained in, have a property of absorbing the amount of the NO x contained the vibration period in the exhaust gas to be longer than the range defined the advance of the hydrocarbon concentration is increased And the hydrocarbon concentration flowing into the upstream catalyst during engine operation is vibrated with an amplitude within the predetermined range and a period within the predetermined range, whereby NO contained in the exhaust gas An exhaust purification device for an internal combustion engine, wherein x is reduced by an exhaust purification catalyst. 上記排気ガス流通路が下流側に向けて拡開している請求項1に記載の内燃機関の排気浄化装置。  The exhaust gas purification apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein the exhaust gas flow passage is expanded toward the downstream side. 該上流側触媒の上流端の径は下流側触媒の径よりも小さく、上流側触媒の下流端の径は下流側触媒の径と等しくされる請求項1に記載の内燃機関の排気浄化装置。  2. The exhaust gas purification apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein a diameter of an upstream end of the upstream catalyst is smaller than a diameter of a downstream catalyst, and a diameter of a downstream end of the upstream catalyst is equal to a diameter of the downstream catalyst. 上記上流側触媒の上流端の温度がNO浄化率の低下をひき起す予め定められた限界温度を越えたときには該上流側触媒の上流端の温度を低下させるために、上流側触媒に流入する排気ガスの空燃比がリーンのときには該排気ガスの空燃比がリッチになるように、上流側触媒に流入する排気ガスの空燃比がリッチのときには該排気ガスの空燃比が更にリッチになるように上流側触媒に流入する炭化水素の濃度が高められる請求項1に記載の内燃機関の排気浄化装置。For the lowering of the temperature of the upstream end of the upstream side catalyst when the temperature of the upstream end of the upstream catalyst exceeds a predetermined limit temperature cause a reduction of the NO x purification rate, and flows into the upstream catalyst When the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas is lean, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas becomes rich. When the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the upstream catalyst is rich, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas becomes further rich. The exhaust gas purification apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the upstream catalyst is increased. 上記上流側触媒の上流端の温度がNO浄化率の低下をひき起す予め定められた限界温度を越えたときには該上流側触媒の上流端の温度を低下させるために、上流側触媒に流入する炭化水素の濃度の振動周期を長くするか、又は炭化水素供給弁からの炭化水素の供給を停止する請求項1に記載の内燃機関の排気浄化装置。For the lowering of the temperature of the upstream end of the upstream side catalyst when the temperature of the upstream end of the upstream catalyst exceeds a predetermined limit temperature cause a reduction of the NO x purification rate, and flows into the upstream catalyst The exhaust emission control device for an internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein the vibration cycle of the hydrocarbon concentration is lengthened or the supply of hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon supply valve is stopped. 上記排気浄化触媒内において排気ガス中に含まれるNOと改質された炭化水素とが反応して窒素および炭化水素を含む還元性中間体が生成され、上記炭化水素濃度の振動周期は還元性中間体を生成し続けるのに必要な振動周期である請求項1に記載の内燃機関の排気浄化装置。In the exhaust purification catalyst, NO x contained in the exhaust gas reacts with the reformed hydrocarbon to generate a reducing intermediate containing nitrogen and hydrocarbons, and the oscillation cycle of the hydrocarbon concentration is reducible. 2. The exhaust emission control device for an internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein the vibration period is required to continue producing the intermediate. 上記炭化水素濃度の振動周期が0.3秒から5秒の間である請求項6に記載の内燃機関の排気浄化装置。  The exhaust gas purification apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to claim 6, wherein the vibration period of the hydrocarbon concentration is between 0.3 seconds and 5 seconds. 上記貴金属触媒は白金Ptと、ロジウムRhおよびパラジウムPdの少くとも一方とにより構成される請求項1に記載の内燃機関の排気浄化装置。  The exhaust purification device for an internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein the noble metal catalyst is composed of platinum Pt and at least one of rhodium Rh and palladium Pd. 上記排気ガス流通表面上にアルカリ金属又はアルカリ土類金属又は希土類又はNOに電子を供与しうる金属を含む塩基性層が形成されており、該塩基性層の表面が上記塩基性の排気ガス流通表面部分を形成している請求項1に記載の内燃機関の排気浄化装置。The are the basic layer is formed containing a metal capable of donating electrons to the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal or rare earth or NO x in the exhaust gas flow on the surface, an exhaust gas surface of the base layer is the basic The exhaust emission control device for an internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein a flow surface portion is formed.
JP2011531285A 2011-02-08 2011-02-08 Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine Expired - Fee Related JP5131390B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/JP2011/053065 WO2012108062A1 (en) 2011-02-08 2011-02-08 Internal combustion engine exhaust purification device

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JP5131390B2 true JP5131390B2 (en) 2013-01-30
JPWO2012108062A1 JPWO2012108062A1 (en) 2014-07-03

Family

ID=46638298

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP2011531285A Expired - Fee Related JP5131390B2 (en) 2011-02-08 2011-02-08 Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine

Country Status (4)

Country Link
JP (1) JP5131390B2 (en)
CN (1) CN103328781B (en)
DE (1) DE112011104856B4 (en)
WO (1) WO2012108062A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP6197993B2 (en) * 2013-07-29 2017-09-20 三菱自動車工業株式会社 Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
US10184411B2 (en) * 2013-12-20 2019-01-22 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Exhaust purification system for internal combustion engine

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2005113801A (en) * 2003-10-08 2005-04-28 Toyota Motor Corp Exhaust emission control device for internal combustion engine
JP2008002451A (en) * 2006-05-23 2008-01-10 Honda Motor Co Ltd Exhaust emission control device for diesel engine and exhaust emission control method for diesel engine
JP2009168031A (en) * 2001-12-03 2009-07-30 Eaton Corp System and method for improved emission control of internal combustion engine

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ES2299887T3 (en) * 2003-12-01 2008-06-01 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha PURIFICATION DEVICE FOR EXHAUST GASES OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION MOTOR FOR COMPRESSION.
US7743602B2 (en) * 2005-06-21 2010-06-29 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Co. Reformer assisted lean NOx catalyst aftertreatment system and method
CN101360894A (en) * 2006-05-24 2009-02-04 丰田自动车株式会社 Exhaust emission purifier of internal combustion engine
US7614214B2 (en) * 2006-07-26 2009-11-10 Eaton Corporation Gasification of soot trapped in a particulate filter under reducing conditions
JP4155320B2 (en) * 2006-09-06 2008-09-24 トヨタ自動車株式会社 Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
JP2009024642A (en) * 2007-07-20 2009-02-05 Toyota Motor Corp Exhaust emission control system of internal combustion engine

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2009168031A (en) * 2001-12-03 2009-07-30 Eaton Corp System and method for improved emission control of internal combustion engine
JP2005113801A (en) * 2003-10-08 2005-04-28 Toyota Motor Corp Exhaust emission control device for internal combustion engine
JP2008002451A (en) * 2006-05-23 2008-01-10 Honda Motor Co Ltd Exhaust emission control device for diesel engine and exhaust emission control method for diesel engine

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPWO2012108062A1 (en) 2014-07-03
DE112011104856T5 (en) 2013-11-14
WO2012108062A1 (en) 2012-08-16
DE112011104856T8 (en) 2014-01-16
CN103328781A (en) 2013-09-25
CN103328781B (en) 2015-09-09
DE112011104856B4 (en) 2016-08-11

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
JP4868097B1 (en) Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
JP5218672B2 (en) Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
JP5067511B2 (en) Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
JPWO2011125198A1 (en) Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
JP5131392B2 (en) Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
JP5304948B1 (en) Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
JP5182428B2 (en) Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
EP2541009B1 (en) Exhaust purification device for internal combustion engine
WO2012029190A1 (en) Exhaust gas purification device of internal combustion engine
JP5131393B2 (en) Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
JP5994931B2 (en) Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
JP5177302B2 (en) Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
JP5196024B2 (en) Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
JP5131389B2 (en) Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
JP5131390B2 (en) Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
JP5880781B2 (en) Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
JP5131394B2 (en) Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
JP5811286B2 (en) Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
JP5354104B1 (en) Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
JP5811290B2 (en) Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
JPWO2013190687A1 (en) Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
JP2015034502A (en) Exhaust emission control device of internal combustion engine

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
TRDD Decision of grant or rejection written
A01 Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model)

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01

Effective date: 20121009

A01 Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model)

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01

A61 First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure)

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61

Effective date: 20121022

FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20151116

Year of fee payment: 3

R151 Written notification of patent or utility model registration

Ref document number: 5131390

Country of ref document: JP

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R151

FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20151116

Year of fee payment: 3

LAPS Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees