JP4925793B2 - Fuel cell electrode catalyst - Google Patents

Fuel cell electrode catalyst Download PDF

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JP4925793B2
JP4925793B2 JP2006313105A JP2006313105A JP4925793B2 JP 4925793 B2 JP4925793 B2 JP 4925793B2 JP 2006313105 A JP2006313105 A JP 2006313105A JP 2006313105 A JP2006313105 A JP 2006313105A JP 4925793 B2 JP4925793 B2 JP 4925793B2
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metal
catalyst
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carbon powder
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宣宏 岡田
布士人 山口
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Asahi Kasei Corp
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50Fuel cells
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Description

本発明は、固体高分子型燃料電池用電極触媒に関する。   The present invention relates to an electrode catalyst for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.

燃料電池は水素、エタノールなどを電気化学的に反応させて電気エネルギーを直接得る装置であり、高効率かつ低公害性な発電システムとして近年注目されている。
この燃料電池は、使用される電解質などの違いにより数種類に分類され、溶融炭酸塩型(MCFC)、リン酸型(PAFC)、固体酸化物型(SOFC)、固体高分子型(PEFC)等がある。これらの中で、PEFCは小型、軽量、簡便性などの利点から、自動車用、家庭用定置型コジェネレーションシステムや、携帯電話、ノートPCなどの電子端末機器用小型電源等、実用化に向けた検討が試されている。
PEFCで用いる燃料源には色々なものがあり、水素やアルコールなどが挙げられ、特に比較的安価で取り扱いの容易なメタノールを燃料に用いる直接メタノール型PEFCはDMFCと呼ばれ、小型化、軽量化が容易であり注目されている。
A fuel cell is a device that directly obtains electric energy by electrochemically reacting hydrogen, ethanol, or the like, and has recently attracted attention as a highly efficient and low-pollution power generation system.
This fuel cell is classified into several types depending on the electrolyte used, etc., and includes molten carbonate type (MCFC), phosphoric acid type (PAFC), solid oxide type (SOFC), and solid polymer type (PEFC). is there. Among these, PEFC has the advantages of small size, light weight, simplicity, etc., so that it can be put to practical use such as stationary power generation for automobiles and home use, and small power supplies for electronic terminal devices such as mobile phones and notebook PCs. Consideration is being tried.
There are various fuel sources used in PEFC, such as hydrogen and alcohol. Direct methanol type PEFC that uses methanol, which is relatively inexpensive and easy to handle, is called DMFC, and is smaller and lighter. It is easy and attracts attention.

これらのPEFCのカソード(空気極)では、以下のような酸素還元反応がおきている。
カソード(空気極):O + 4H + 4e → 2H
この反応に使用される触媒として実用化されているのは、白金(Pt)をカーボン粒子に担持させたものである。しかし、例えば燃料電池車を世界規模で普及させることを考えた場合、Ptのみからなる触媒ではコストが高いために、普及は困難である。
These PEFC cathodes (air electrodes) undergo the following oxygen reduction reaction.
Cathode (air electrode): O 2 + 4H + + 4e → 2H 2 O
As a catalyst used for this reaction, platinum (Pt) is supported on carbon particles. However, for example, considering the spread of fuel cell vehicles on a global scale, it is difficult to spread a catalyst made of only Pt because of its high cost.

上記問題を解決するために、白金以外の金属、金属酸化物を触媒として適用することが検討されている。
酸化ルテニウム、酸化チタン、酸化バナジウム、酸化マンガン、酸化コバルト、酸化ニッケルおよび酸化タングステン、あるいは窒化モリブデンから選ばれる少なくとも1種の燃料電池用触媒(特許文献1)などがある。この技術において、白金を全く使用しないことは、コスト面では有用ではあるが、しかしながら、これらの電極触媒を使用した場合、その起電力は低く、実用上の性能を有しているとは言い難く、課題に対する解決策とはなりえていない。
In order to solve the above problems, it has been studied to apply a metal other than platinum or a metal oxide as a catalyst.
There are at least one fuel cell catalyst selected from ruthenium oxide, titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide and tungsten oxide, or molybdenum nitride (Patent Document 1). In this technique, it is useful in terms of cost not to use platinum at all. However, when these electrode catalysts are used, the electromotive force is low and it is difficult to say that they have practical performance. It is not a solution to the problem.

一方、白金以外の貴金属触媒では、Pd、Ru、Rh、Irなどが酸性電解質中で酸素還元活性を有することが知られており、この中でも、PdがPtに次いで酸素還元活性が高いとされている。特に、パラジウム−コバルト系合金は、高いORR活性を示すことが示されている(特許文献2、非特許文献1、非特許文献2、非特許文献3、非特許文献4、非特許文献5)。
しかし、本発明者等のその後の検討により、従来報告されているPd−Co系合金は、作動温度が室温付近では比較的良好な性能を示すが、燃料電池の実作動温度である60〜80℃近辺では劣化が著しく性能が落ち、改善が必要である。又、80℃近辺では、印加サイクルによる経時的な性能低下が生じるため、耐久性の面でも改善が必要であることが判明した。
On the other hand, in noble metal catalysts other than platinum, it is known that Pd, Ru, Rh, Ir and the like have oxygen reduction activity in an acidic electrolyte, and among these, Pd has the highest oxygen reduction activity after Pt. Yes. In particular, palladium-cobalt alloys have been shown to exhibit high ORR activity (Patent Document 2, Non-Patent Document 1, Non-Patent Document 2, Non-Patent Document 3, Non-Patent Document 4, Non-Patent Document 5). .
However, the Pd—Co-based alloys that have been reported so far show that the operating temperature is relatively good at room temperature, but the actual operating temperature of the fuel cell is 60 to 80. In the vicinity of ° C., the deterioration is remarkably reduced, and improvement is necessary. In addition, it was found that in the vicinity of 80 ° C., the performance deteriorates with time due to the application cycle, so that it is necessary to improve the durability.

又、該金属に配位子が配位した有機金属錯体を用いて触媒を調整する手法を用いることも知られている。
特許文献3では、Pt又はその合金と、有機金属錯体の混合触媒を担体上で焼成することで得られる触媒を、特許文献4では、遷移金属又はその合金と、平面状立体配位構造を有する有機金属錯体の混合触媒で、好ましくは担体上で焼成することで得られる触媒を提
案しているが、どちらの技術においてもアノード触媒用であり、カソード触媒としての能力は定かではない。又、先述したような80℃近辺の高温下での活性及び耐久性に関しては、更なる検討や改善が必要といえる。
非特許文献6では、Pd合金カソード触媒の調整方法として、PdClと鉄フタロシアニン錯体を、担体カーボン上で焼成をすることを提案している。しかし、この技術により得られる触媒も、先述したような80℃近辺の高温下での活性及び耐久性に関しては、更なる検討や改善が必要といえる。
It is also known to use a method of adjusting a catalyst using an organometallic complex in which a ligand is coordinated to the metal.
In Patent Document 3, a catalyst obtained by firing a mixed catalyst of Pt or an alloy thereof and an organometallic complex on a carrier is used. In Patent Document 4, a transition metal or an alloy thereof and a planar three-dimensional coordination structure are provided. A mixed catalyst of an organometallic complex, preferably a catalyst obtained by calcination on a support, has been proposed, but in both techniques, it is used for an anode catalyst, and its ability as a cathode catalyst is not clear. Further, it can be said that further study and improvement are necessary for the activity and durability at a high temperature around 80 ° C. as described above.
Non-Patent Document 6 proposes that PdCl 2 and an iron phthalocyanine complex are calcined on carrier carbon as a method for adjusting a Pd alloy cathode catalyst. However, it can be said that the catalyst obtained by this technique needs further study and improvement regarding the activity and durability at a high temperature around 80 ° C. as described above.

特開2005−63677号公報JP 2005-63677 A 特開2005−135752号公報JP 2005-135752 A 特開2006−85976号公報JP 2006-85976 A 特開2002−329500号公報JP 2002-329500 A Electrochemistry Communications 6(2004)105−109Electrochemistry Communications 6 (2004) 105-109 Journal of the American Chemical Society 127(2005)357−365Journal of the American Chemical Society 127 (2005) 357-365 Journal of the American Chemical Society 127(2005)13100−13101Journal of the American Chemical Society 127 (2005) 13100-13101 Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109(2005)22909−22912Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109 (2005) 22909-22912 6th International Symposium on New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 要旨集 NMES06−72(2006)6th International Symposium on New Materials for Electrochemical Systems Abstracts NMES06-72 (2006) 電気化学大会第73回大会 要旨集 3P05(2006)The 73rd Annual Meeting of the Electrochemical Society 3P05 (2006)

本発明は、上記した従来技術に鑑みてなされたものであり、その主な目的は、実作動温度である80℃近辺で、酸素還元性能及び耐久性の面で優れた性能を有する固体高分子型燃料電池用カソード触媒を提供することを目的とする。   The present invention has been made in view of the above-described prior art, and its main object is a solid polymer having an excellent performance in terms of oxygen reduction performance and durability at around 80 ° C. which is an actual operating temperature. An object of the present invention is to provide a cathode catalyst for a fuel cell.

本発明者は、前記課題を解決するため鋭意研究を重ねた結果、触媒を製造する過程で、特定の有機化合物を添加することで、実作動温度である80℃近辺で、酸素還元性能及び耐久性の面で優れた性能を有することを見出した。詳細には、80℃における電位サイクル後においても、酸素還元反応の過電圧の減少及び反応電流値の増大が見られ、優れた耐久性を示すことを見出した。   As a result of intensive studies to solve the above problems, the present inventor added a specific organic compound in the process of producing a catalyst, and thereby, the oxygen reduction performance and durability at an actual operating temperature of around 80 ° C. It has been found that it has excellent performance in terms of properties. Specifically, it was found that even after a potential cycle at 80 ° C., a decrease in overvoltage and an increase in the reaction current value of the oxygen reduction reaction were observed, and excellent durability was exhibited.

すなわち、本発明は、下記の固体高分子型燃料電池用カソード触媒を提供するものである。
1.(i)Pdである金属Mと、該金属M以外のCo、Cr,Auのいずれかから選ばれる金属A及び/又は(該金属Aの水酸化物、過酸化物、酸化物から選択される1種以上のA’)からなる混合物X、
(ii)Pdである金属Mと、該金属M以外のCo、Cr,Auのいずれかから選ばれる金属A及び/又は(該金属Aの水酸化物、過酸化物、酸化物から選択される1種以上のA’)、そして、該金属M、A以外のCo、Cr,Auのいずれかから選ばれる金属B及び/又は(該金属Bの水酸化物、過酸化物、酸化物から選択される1種以上のB’)からなる混合物Y、そして
(iii)下記一般式(1)で表される合金(下記一般式(1)中、0<x<1、0<y<1、0≦z<1、MはPdを示し、AとBはCo、Cr,Auのいずれかから選ばれる互いに異なるM以外の金属を示す)、
から選ばれる一種以上と、
非共有電子対を持つ窒素原子を含有している有機化合物と、
及び炭素粉末と、
を少なくとも含有する組成物を300℃〜1000℃で焼成して得られる固体高分子型燃料電池用カソード触媒であって、該有機化合物がmeso−Tetraphenylporphyrin、2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18−Octaethyl−21H,23H−porphine、Tetrakis(4−carboxyphenyl)porphineで表されるポルフィリン誘導体、Phthalocyanine、1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25−Octabutoxy−29H,31H−phthalocyanine、2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24−Octakis(octyloxy)−29H,31H−phthalocyanineで表されるフタロシアニン誘導体、N,N’−Bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine、N,N’−Bis(salicylidene)1,3−propanediamineで表されるサレン誘導体、及びポリアクリロニトリル、ポリメタアクリロニトリルで表されるニトリル誘導体の中から選ばれることを特徴とする固体高分子型燃料電池用カソード触媒。
xyz (1)
That is, the present invention provides the following cathode catalyst for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
1. (I) A metal M selected from Pd and a metal A selected from Co, Cr and Au other than the metal M and / or a hydroxide, a peroxide and an oxide of the metal A A mixture X consisting of one or more A ′),
(Ii) a metal M which is Pd and a metal A selected from Co, Cr and Au other than the metal M and / or a hydroxide, a peroxide and an oxide of the metal A One or more A ′), and metal B selected from any of Co, Cr, and Au other than the metals M and A and / or (selected from hydroxides, peroxides, and oxides of the metal B) (Iii) an alloy represented by the following general formula (1) (in the following general formula (1), 0 <x <1, 0 <y <1, 0 ≦ z <1, M represents Pd, and A and B represent different metals other than M selected from Co, Cr, and Au),
With one or more types selected from
An organic compound containing a nitrogen atom with an unshared electron pair;
And carbon powder,
A cathode catalyst for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell obtained by calcining a composition containing at least 300 to 1000 ° C., wherein the organic compound is meso-tetraphenyl porphyrin, 2, 3, 7, 8, 12, 13 , 17,18-Octaethyl-21H, 23H -porphine, Tetrakis (4-carbo xy phenyl) porphyrin derivative represented by porphine, Phthalocyanine, 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-Octabutoxy- 29H , 31H-phthalocyanine, 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-Octakis (octyloxy) -29H, 31H-phthalocyanine, N, '-Bis (salicylidene) ethylenediamine, N, N' selected from among salen derivatives represented by -Bis (salicylidene) 1,3-propanedine, and nitrile derivatives represented by polyacrylonitrile and polymethacrylonitrile A cathode catalyst for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
M x A y B z (1)

2.炭素粉末上に担持された該混合物X、及び/又は該混合物Yの担持体を、非共有電子対を持つ窒素原子を含有している有機化合物と共に焼成する事を特徴とする上記1に記載の固体高分子型燃料電池用カソード触媒の製造方法。 2. 2. The mixture X and / or the mixture Y supported on carbon powder is baked together with an organic compound containing a nitrogen atom having an unshared electron pair. A method for producing a cathode catalyst for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.

本発明の固体高分子型燃料電池用カソード触媒は、低コストで埋蔵資源量の制約を受けることがなく、かつ実作動温度である80℃近辺で、酸素還元性能及び耐久性の面で優れた性能発現を提供することができる。   The cathode catalyst for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell of the present invention is low in cost and is not subject to the limitation of reserve resources, and is excellent in oxygen reduction performance and durability at an actual operating temperature of around 80 ° C. Performance development can be provided.

以下、本発明の触媒について、具体的に説明する。
本発明の触媒は、下記一般式(1)で表される合金(下記一般式(1)中、0<x<1、0<y<1、0≦z<1、MはPd及び/又はPtを示し、AとBはM以外の金属を示す)、非共有電子対を持つ窒素原子を含有している有機化合物及び炭素粉末の混合物を焼成して得られる固体高分子型燃料電池用カソード触媒である。
(1)
本発明において、合金中にM,A,B以外の金属が含有されていても構わないが、本願発明の効果を奏するには、M、A、Bの成分の合計が原子比で合金全体の中で50%を超えることが必要である(以下、M,A,B以外の金属が含有される合金をM,A,Bを主成分とする合金と称する)。
Hereinafter, the catalyst of the present invention will be specifically described.
The catalyst of the present invention is an alloy represented by the following general formula (1) (in the following general formula (1), 0 <x <1, 0 <y <1, 0 ≦ z <1, M is Pd and / or A solid polymer type fuel cell cathode obtained by firing a mixture of an organic compound containing a nitrogen atom having an unshared electron pair and a carbon powder. It is a catalyst.
M x A y B z (1)
In the present invention, metals other than M, A, and B may be contained in the alloy. However, in order to achieve the effect of the present invention, the total of the components of M, A, and B is atomic ratio of the entire alloy. In particular, it is necessary to exceed 50% (hereinafter, an alloy containing a metal other than M, A, and B is referred to as an alloy containing M, A, and B as main components).

本発明において、MはPd及び/又はPtを表す。しかし、Ptはコストが高く、埋蔵資源量が少ないので、例えば燃料電池車を世界規模で普及させるだけのPt量が地球上に存在しないという致命的な問題があるため、Mは、好ましくはPdである。
本発明において、A、BはM以外の金属を表し、貴金属元素、遷移金属元素及び典型金属元素のいずれでも構わない。MにA、Bを合金化させる効果は定かではないが、Mのカソード触媒としての能力を向上させる効果や、Mの触媒としての耐久性能力を向上させる効果が発現すると思われる。よって、上記効果をより顕著に発現させるためには、A及び/又はBは、好ましくは遷移金属であり、更に好ましくはTi、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zr、Nb、Mo、Ta、W、Auの1種以上である。
In the present invention, M represents Pd and / or Pt. However, since Pt is expensive and has a small amount of reserve resources, for example, there is a fatal problem that there is no Pt amount on the earth to disperse fuel cell vehicles on a global scale, so M is preferably Pd It is.
In the present invention, A and B represent metals other than M, and may be any of noble metal elements, transition metal elements, and typical metal elements. Although the effect of alloying A and B with M is not clear, it seems that the effect of improving the ability of M as a cathode catalyst and the effect of improving the durability ability of M as a catalyst appear. Therefore, A and / or B is preferably a transition metal, more preferably Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr, Nb, Mo, in order to express the above effect more remarkably. , Ta, W, Au.

本発明の上記一般式(1)で表される合金は上記のごとく、M、A、B以外の成分を含んでいても良い。その成分としては、Au、Rh、Ir、Osなどの貴金属元素の1種以上、Ni、Co、Cr、Fe、Ta、Zr、Nb、Tiなどの遷移金属元素の1種以上、Al、Ga、In、Snなどの典型金属元素の1種以上、O、S、Se、Pなどの非金属元素の1種以上のいずれでも構わないが、M、A、Bからなる合金と化合物化できるものに限る。又、上記成分の元素の数は、化合物化できる範囲ならば特に制限はない。   The alloy represented by the general formula (1) of the present invention may contain components other than M, A and B as described above. As the component, one or more kinds of noble metal elements such as Au, Rh, Ir, Os, one or more kinds of transition metal elements such as Ni, Co, Cr, Fe, Ta, Zr, Nb, Ti, Al, Ga, One or more of typical metal elements such as In and Sn and one or more of non-metallic elements such as O, S, Se, and P may be used, but those that can be compounded with an alloy composed of M, A, and B Limited. Further, the number of elements of the above component is not particularly limited as long as it can be compounded.

本発明における合金中のモル比率は、上記一般式(1)において、0<x<1、0<y<1、0≦z<1である。各金属の役割は定かではないが、Mはカソード触媒としての活性中心であり、A、BはMの触媒活性能力を向上させる効果や、触媒の耐久性能力を向上させる効果を担っていると考えられる。よって、各金属の役割をより効果的にするといった観点から、好ましい比率は、0.20<x<0.99、0.01<y<0.80、0≦z<0.79であり、更に好ましい比率は、0.30<x<0.99、0.01<y<0.70、0≦z<0.69である。したがって、本発明の合金は、M、A、Bの三元系、M,Aの二元系のいずれかの態様を取り得る。   The molar ratio in the alloy in the present invention is 0 <x <1, 0 <y <1, and 0 ≦ z <1 in the general formula (1). Although the role of each metal is not clear, M is an active center as a cathode catalyst, and A and B have the effect of improving the catalyst activity ability of M and the effect of improving the durability ability of the catalyst. Conceivable. Therefore, from the viewpoint of making the role of each metal more effective, preferable ratios are 0.20 <x <0.99, 0.01 <y <0.80, 0 ≦ z <0.79, Further preferable ratios are 0.30 <x <0.99, 0.01 <y <0.70, and 0 ≦ z <0.69. Therefore, the alloy of the present invention can take any of the ternary system of M, A and B and the binary system of M and A.

本発明では上記一般式(1)で表される合金の代りに又は該合金と共に、Pd及び/又はPtから選択される金属Mと、該金属M以外の金属A及び/又は(該金属Aの水酸化物、過酸化物、酸化物から選択される1種以上のA’)からなる混合物X、或いは、Pd及び/又はPtから選択される金属Mと、該金属M以外の金属A及び/又は(該金属Aの水酸化物、過酸化物、酸化物から選択される1種以上のA’)、そして、該金属M、A以外の金属B及び/又は(該金属Bの水酸化物、過酸化物、酸化物から選択される1種以上のB’)からなる混合物Yといった合金化する前の段階(以下、合金前駆体と称する)で非共有電子対を持つ窒素原子を含有している有機化合物と、炭素粉末と共に焼成を行っても構わない。   In the present invention, instead of or together with the alloy represented by the general formula (1), a metal M selected from Pd and / or Pt, a metal A other than the metal M, and / or (of the metal A Mixture X consisting of one or more A ′) selected from hydroxides, peroxides and oxides, or a metal M selected from Pd and / or Pt, and a metal A other than the metal M and / or Or (one or more A ′ selected from hydroxides, peroxides and oxides of the metal A), and metals B other than the metals M and A and / or (hydroxides of the metal B) A nitrogen atom having an unshared electron pair in a stage before alloying (hereinafter referred to as an alloy precursor) such as a mixture Y composed of one or more B ′ selected from peroxides and oxides) Baking may be performed together with the organic compound and the carbon powder.

本発明のM、A、Bを主成分とする合金は、いかなる形態であっても構わないが、触媒として有効に働かせるといった観点から、微粒子状であることが好ましい。更に、粒子サイズは、同様な理由から高比表面積となり得るものが良いといった観点から、平均粒子径の上限値は、好ましくは1μm以下、より好ましくは100nm以下、更に好ましくは10nm以下である。平均粒子径の下限値は特に制限されるものではないが、物理的安定性の見地から1nm程度以上とすれば良い。ここで述べている平均粒子径とは、触媒担体を除いた実質的な触媒有効成分を透過型顕微鏡(TEM)により観察し、任意に選んだ100個の粒子径の算術平均値である。   The alloy mainly composed of M, A, and B of the present invention may be in any form, but is preferably in the form of fine particles from the viewpoint of effectively acting as a catalyst. Furthermore, the upper limit of the average particle diameter is preferably 1 μm or less, more preferably 100 nm or less, and even more preferably 10 nm or less, from the viewpoint that the particle size should be a high specific surface area for the same reason. The lower limit of the average particle diameter is not particularly limited, but may be about 1 nm or more from the viewpoint of physical stability. The average particle size described here is an arithmetic average value of 100 particle sizes arbitrarily selected by observing a substantial catalytic active component excluding the catalyst carrier with a transmission microscope (TEM).

本発明における非共有電子対を持つ窒素原子を含有している有機化合物とは、該有機化合物の窒素原子の非共有電子対が金属への供与体となることで、金属に配位結合できる能力を持つものであれば、特に制限はない。又、上記窒素原子を含有していれば、炭素及び水素原子の他に、硫黄原子、酸素原子、リン原子などの他の原子を、本発明の触媒として
の性能を落とすことがない範囲において含有していても構わない。更に、該有機化合物は、主に陰イオンあるいは中性分子であり、又、有機化合物一分子における窒素原子の数の下限は1個以上であり、上限は特に制限はない。
The organic compound containing a nitrogen atom having an unshared electron pair in the present invention is the ability to coordinately bond to a metal because the unshared electron pair of the nitrogen atom of the organic compound becomes a donor to the metal. If it has, there will be no restriction in particular. In addition to the carbon and hydrogen atoms, other atoms such as a sulfur atom, an oxygen atom, and a phosphorus atom are contained within a range that does not deteriorate the performance of the catalyst of the present invention. It does not matter. Further, the organic compound is mainly an anion or a neutral molecule, and the lower limit of the number of nitrogen atoms in one molecule of the organic compound is 1 or more, and the upper limit is not particularly limited.

本発明の有機化合物は、先述したように、該混合物X、該混合物Y、該合金から選ばれるいずれか一種以上と炭素粉末とから組成物を形成し焼成される。焼成後の構造は定かではないが、金属周りに有機化合物の窒素原子が存在、又は配位し、炭素を主とする成分が焼成時に担体の炭素粉末と一体化すると思われる。よって、金属との相互作用のしやすさと担体の炭素粉末との炭化のしやすさといった観点から、好ましくは、例えばmeso−Tetraphenylporphyrin、2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18−Octaethyl−21H,23H−porphine、Tetrakis(4−carboxyyphenyl)porphineなどが挙げられるポルフィリン誘導体、例えばPhthalocyanine、1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25−Octabutoxy−29H,31H−phthalocyanine、2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24−Octakis(octyloxy)−29H,31H−phthalocyanineなどが挙げられるフタロシアニン誘導体、N,N’−Bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine、N,N’−Bis(salicylidene)1,3−propanediamineなどが挙げられるサレン誘導体、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリメタアクリロニトリルなどが挙げられるニトリル誘導体、4,4’−Dimethoxy−2,2’−bipyridine、4,4’−Dicarboxy−2,2−bipyridine、4,4’−Di−tert−butyl−2,2’−bipyridylなどが挙げられるピリジン誘導体、5,6−Dimethyl−1,10−phenanthroline、4,7−Dihydroxy−1,10−phenanthroline、1,10−phenanthroline−5,6−dioneなどが挙げられるフェナントロリン誘導体から選択される1種以上である。   As described above, the organic compound of the present invention is fired by forming a composition from at least one selected from the mixture X, the mixture Y, and the alloy and carbon powder. Although the structure after firing is not certain, it is considered that nitrogen atoms of an organic compound exist around or coordinate with the metal, and a component mainly composed of carbon is integrated with the carbon powder of the support during firing. Therefore, from the viewpoint of ease of interaction with metal and ease of carbonization of the support carbon powder, for example, meso-tetraphenylporphyrin, 2, 3, 7, 8, 12, 13, 17, 18- Porphyrin derivatives such as Octaethyl-21H, 23H-porphine, Tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphine, such as Phthalocyanine, 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-Octabutoxy-29H, 31c-pheny , 3, 9, 10, 16, 17, 23, 24-Octakis (octyloxy) -29H, 31H-phthalocyanine, and the like, N, N -Bis (salicylidene) ethylenediamine, N, N'-Bis (salicylidene) 1,3-propanediamine, salen derivatives such as nitrile derivatives such as polyacrylonitrile, polymethacrylonitrile, 4,4'-dimethyl-2, Pyridine derivatives such as 2′-bipyridine, 4,4′-Dicarboxylic-2,2-bipyridine, 4,4′-Di-tert-butyl-2, 2′-bipyridine, 5,6-Dimethyl-1, 10-phenanthroline, 4,7-Dihydroxy-1,10-phenanthroline, 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dio e is at least one is selected from phenanthroline derivatives and the like.

本発明の触媒は、焼成することで、定かではないが先述したような構造をとっていると思われ、その有機化合物の焼成後の構造体の効果により、実作動温度である80℃近辺においても、酸素還元性能及び耐久性の面で優れた性能発現を提供することができると予測される。
よって、非共有電子対を持つ窒素原子を含有している有機化合物のM、A、Bを主成分とする合金に対する添加量は、(該有機化合物)/(該合金)のモル比率で示すと、その下限は、上記記載の効果が発現できる必要最小量より、好ましくは1×10−4以上、更に好ましくは1×10−3以上である。先述した、該有機化合物の焼成後の構造体は、触媒としての活性を考慮すると、最低限は該合金の表層原子においてのみ形成できれば良いと考えられる。よって、該合金の表層原子に必要な該有機化合物の量ということから、上記の下限値が見積もられる。又、その上限は、合金のモル比率が少なすぎることによる触媒活性の低下を防止することや、有機化合物のモル比率が多すぎることによる材料コストの上昇を防止するといった観点から、5以下が好ましく、3以下が更に好ましい。ここで、合金前駆体を用いて作製する場合は、該合金前駆体が該合金となった場合に換算して、該有機化合物の添加量を決定すればよい。
The catalyst of the present invention is supposed to have a structure as described above by firing, but it is considered to have a structure as described above. Due to the effect of the structure after firing of the organic compound, the actual operating temperature is around 80 ° C. In addition, it is predicted that excellent performance can be provided in terms of oxygen reduction performance and durability.
Therefore, the addition amount of an organic compound containing a nitrogen atom having an unshared electron pair with respect to an alloy containing M, A, and B as a main component is expressed by a molar ratio of (the organic compound) / (the alloy). The lower limit is preferably 1 × 10 −4 or more, more preferably 1 × 10 −3 or more, from the necessary minimum amount capable of exhibiting the effects described above. In view of the activity as a catalyst, it is considered that the above-mentioned structure after firing of the organic compound can be formed only at the surface layer atoms of the alloy. Therefore, the above lower limit value can be estimated from the amount of the organic compound necessary for the surface layer atoms of the alloy. Further, the upper limit is preferably 5 or less from the viewpoint of preventing a decrease in catalytic activity due to an excessively low molar ratio of the alloy and an increase in material cost due to an excessively high molar ratio of the organic compound. 3 or less is more preferable. Here, when producing using an alloy precursor, the addition amount of the organic compound may be determined in terms of the case where the alloy precursor becomes the alloy.

本発明に用いる炭素粉末は、導電性担体として用いられる限り特に限定はないが、例えば、カーボンブラック、アセチレンブラック、ファーネスブラック、グラファイト、活性炭等が挙げられる。粒子サイズは、上限は、好ましくは1μm以下、より好ましくは100nm以下であり、下限は、好ましくは10nm以上、より好ましくは30nm以上である。そして、炭素粒子の比表面積は、好ましくは20m/g〜1400m/g、より好ましくは400m/g〜1000m/g、最も好ましくは600m/g〜900m/gである。特に本発明の触媒には、カーボンブラックが、電池性能が向上するといった観点から好ましく、中でもケッチェンブラック(登録商標、ケッチェン・ブラック・インターナショナル株式会社製)を用いるのが好ましい。
尚、本発明では、上記の炭素粒子以外にも、フラーレン、カーボンナノチューブ、カーボンナノフォーン(ヘリンクボーン型やプレートレット型等)等を用いることができる。
The carbon powder used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is used as a conductive carrier, and examples thereof include carbon black, acetylene black, furnace black, graphite, activated carbon and the like. The upper limit of the particle size is preferably 1 μm or less, more preferably 100 nm or less, and the lower limit is preferably 10 nm or more, more preferably 30 nm or more. The specific surface area of the carbon particles is preferably 20m 2 / g~1400m 2 / g, more preferably 400m 2 / g~1000m 2 / g, most preferably 600m 2 / g~900m 2 / g. In particular, for the catalyst of the present invention, carbon black is preferable from the viewpoint of improving battery performance. Among them, Ketjen black (registered trademark, manufactured by Ketjen Black International Co., Ltd.) is preferably used.
In the present invention, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanophones (such as herringbone type and platelet type) can be used in addition to the above carbon particles.

次に本発明の触媒の調整方法を詳細に説明する。
本発明の触媒は、合金又は合金前駆体、非共有電子対を持つ窒素原子を含有している有機化合物及び炭素粉末の混合物を焼成することで得られる。
本発明の触媒の調整方法には、主に以下の8点の方法が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。
(1)炭素粉末上に担持された該合金前駆体の担持体を作製し、次いで該担持体と該有機化合物の混合体を形成後、該混合体を焼成する調整方法。
(2)炭素粉末上に担持された該合金前駆体の担持体を作製し、次いで該担持体を該有機化合物と共に加熱処理した後、焼成する調整方法。
(3)炭素粉末上に担持された該合金の担持体を作製し、次いで該担持体と該有機化合物の混合体を形成後、該混合体を焼成する調整方法。
(4)炭素粉末上に担持された該合金の担持体を作製し、次いで該担持体を該有機化合物と共に加熱処理した後、焼成する調整方法。
Next, the adjustment method of the catalyst of this invention is demonstrated in detail.
The catalyst of the present invention can be obtained by firing a mixture of an alloy or an alloy precursor, an organic compound containing a nitrogen atom having an unshared electron pair, and carbon powder.
The catalyst preparation method of the present invention mainly includes the following eight methods, but is not limited thereto.
(1) An adjustment method in which a support of the alloy precursor supported on carbon powder is prepared, and then a mixture of the support and the organic compound is formed, and then the mixture is fired.
(2) An adjustment method in which a carrier of the alloy precursor supported on carbon powder is prepared, and then the carrier is heated together with the organic compound and then fired.
(3) An adjustment method in which a carrier of the alloy supported on carbon powder is prepared, and then a mixture of the carrier and the organic compound is formed, and then the mixture is fired.
(4) An adjustment method in which a carrier of the alloy supported on carbon powder is produced, and then the carrier is heated together with the organic compound and then fired.

(5)該合金前駆体を作製し、次いで該合金前駆体、該有機化合物、及び炭素粉末の混合体を形成後、該混合体を焼成する調整方法。
(6)該合金前駆体を作製し、次いで該合金前駆体を該有機化合物と共に加熱処理した後、更に炭素粉末上に担持させ、焼成する調整方法。
(7)該合金を作製し、次いで該合金、該有機化合物、及び炭素粉末の混合体を形成後、該混合体を焼成する調整方法。
(8)該合金を作製し、次いで該合金を該有機化合物と共に加熱処理した後、更に炭素粉末上に担持させ、焼成する調整方法。
(5) An adjustment method in which the alloy precursor is prepared, and then a mixture of the alloy precursor, the organic compound, and carbon powder is formed, and then the mixture is fired.
(6) An adjustment method in which the alloy precursor is prepared, and then the alloy precursor is heat-treated with the organic compound, and then supported on carbon powder and fired.
(7) An adjustment method in which the alloy is produced, and then a mixture of the alloy, the organic compound, and carbon powder is formed, and then the mixture is fired.
(8) An adjustment method in which the alloy is manufactured, and then the alloy is heat-treated with the organic compound, and then supported on carbon powder and fired.

以上8点のうち、工程の簡便性、目的の触媒構造の構築のしやすさといった観点から、好ましくは(1)〜(4)の方法が良い。
上記(1)、(2)、(5)、(6)で用いる混合物Xや混合物Yといった合金前駆体は、各金属M,A,Bの金属源(例えば金属塩など)を原料に用いて、逆ミセル法、共沈法、含浸法、蒸発乾固法などの手法により作製することができ、引き続き該合金前駆体に適切な焼成工程を施すことで、目的の合金となす。本発明における該合金前駆体は、目的の元素組成比で合金を形成しやすいといったことから、逆ミセル法を用いて作製することが好ましい。
Of the above 8 points, the methods (1) to (4) are preferred from the viewpoints of process simplicity and ease of construction of the target catalyst structure.
The alloy precursors such as the mixture X and the mixture Y used in the above (1), (2), (5), and (6) use a metal source (for example, a metal salt) of each metal M, A, and B as a raw material. The alloy can be produced by a reverse micelle method, a coprecipitation method, an impregnation method, an evaporation to dryness method, etc., and the alloy precursor is subsequently subjected to an appropriate firing step to obtain a target alloy. The alloy precursor in the present invention is preferably produced by a reverse micelle method because an alloy can be easily formed at a target elemental composition ratio.

逆ミセル法とは、ミセル内部に各金属源の水溶液を含有する逆ミセル溶液(A)と、ミセル内部に還元剤及び/又はpH調整剤を含有する逆ミセル溶液(B)との混在により、ミセル内部で反応を行うことで、金属M、金属A及び/又は(該金属Aの水酸化物、過酸化物、酸化物から選択される1種以上のA’)等、金属B及び/又は(該金属Bの水酸化物、過酸化物、酸化物から選択される1種以上のB’)等の金属微粒子、金属化合物を作製する方法である。逆ミセル溶液とは、有機溶媒に界面活性剤を混合することにより、界面活性剤が集合して形成されるミセルを含有し、かつ該ミセル内部に金属イオン水溶液などを含有する溶液である。界面活性剤分子が、有機溶媒相内で、疎水性基を外側すなわち有機溶媒相側に向け、親水性基を内側に向けて配列し、疎水性基と親水性基の配列が水性溶媒相の場合と逆であるため、逆ミセル溶液と称する。このような逆ミセル溶液は、界面活性剤を有機溶媒に溶解した溶液に水溶液を加えて攪拌させることにより調整できる。親水性基が集合した部分には水などの極性溶媒を保持する能力がある。該水溶液は、ナノサ
イズの極めて小さな水滴となって有機溶媒中に安定して分散できるが、注入した水と界面活性剤のモル比によって、そのサイズをコントロールできる。
以上の方法で調整した金属M、金属A及び/又は(該金属Aの水酸化物、過酸化物、酸化物から選択される1種以上のA’)等、金属B及び/又は(該金属Bの水酸化物、過酸化物、酸化物から選択される1種以上のB’)等の逆ミセル溶液の逆ミセルを崩壊させた後、吸引ろ過等により取り出すことで、本発明の合金前駆体を得ることができる。
The reverse micelle method is a mixture of a reverse micelle solution (A) containing an aqueous solution of each metal source inside the micelle and a reverse micelle solution (B) containing a reducing agent and / or a pH adjuster inside the micelle. By reacting inside the micelle, metal B and / or metal M, metal A and / or (one or more A ′ selected from hydroxide, peroxide, oxide of metal A), etc. This is a method for producing metal fine particles and metal compounds such as (one or more B ′ selected from hydroxides, peroxides and oxides of the metal B). The reverse micelle solution is a solution containing a micelle formed by mixing a surfactant in an organic solvent and containing an aqueous metal ion solution or the like inside the micelle. Surfactant molecules are arranged in the organic solvent phase with the hydrophobic group facing outward, that is, toward the organic solvent phase, the hydrophilic group facing inward, and the arrangement of the hydrophobic group and the hydrophilic group in the aqueous solvent phase. Since it is the reverse of the case, it is called a reverse micelle solution. Such a reverse micelle solution can be prepared by adding an aqueous solution to a solution obtained by dissolving a surfactant in an organic solvent and stirring the solution. The portion where the hydrophilic groups are assembled has the ability to hold a polar solvent such as water. The aqueous solution can be stably dispersed in an organic solvent as nano-sized water droplets, but the size can be controlled by the molar ratio of the injected water and the surfactant.
Metal B and / or (the metal A, metal A and / or (one or more A ′ selected from hydroxide, peroxide, oxide of the metal A) prepared by the above method) The alloy precursor of the present invention is obtained by collapsing reverse micelles of a reverse micelle solution such as one or more B ′) selected from hydroxides, peroxides, and oxides of B, and then taking them out by suction filtration or the like. You can get a body.

上記(1)又は(2)において、逆ミセル法で合金前駆体を製造する場合には、逆ミセル法で合金前駆体を製造した後、炭素粉末を添加・分散させることで、逆ミセル溶液の逆ミセルを崩壊させると共に、該合金前駆体を炭素粉末に担持させることができ、目的の担持体を製造することができる。
一方、上記(3)、(4),(7),(8)における該合金は、上記記載の逆ミセル法等の各種手法により作製した合金前駆体に、適切な焼成を施すことで作製できる。又、逆ミセル法等のような湿式法ではなく、固相反応等でも構わない。スパッタ、蒸着などによる合金作製は、先述したように本発明のおける該合金の好ましい形態は、微粒子であるため、極力避ける。
上記(1)〜(8)における各種混合体の形成は、各化合物が均一に分散した状態での混合体を形成できれば、その手法に制限はないが、例えば、各化合物を溶媒中で、超音波ホモジナイザーにより分散させた後、溶媒をエバポレーター等により除去することで得られる。
In the above (1) or (2), when producing an alloy precursor by the reverse micelle method, after producing the alloy precursor by the reverse micelle method, by adding and dispersing the carbon powder, the reverse micelle solution While the reverse micelle is collapsed, the alloy precursor can be supported on the carbon powder, and the target support can be produced.
On the other hand, the alloys in the above (3), (4), (7), and (8) can be produced by subjecting an alloy precursor produced by various methods such as the above-described reverse micelle method to appropriate firing. . Further, a solid phase reaction or the like may be used instead of a wet method such as a reverse micelle method. Preparation of an alloy by sputtering or vapor deposition is avoided as much as possible because the preferred form of the alloy in the present invention is fine particles as described above.
The formation of the various mixtures in the above (1) to (8) is not limited as long as the mixture can be formed in a state in which each compound is uniformly dispersed. After dispersing with a sonic homogenizer, the solvent is removed by an evaporator or the like.

本発明における加熱処理とは、溶媒中における加熱反応により、該合金又は該合金前駆体に該有機化合物を化学反応により配位結合させるか、又は、分子間力等を用いた弱い結合をさせることであり、その結果、必要な量だけの該有機化合物を選択的に添加させることができる。
上記溶媒は特に制限はないが、加熱下において該有機化合物に対する溶解度が高いものが好ましい。
上記加熱反応とは、該合金又は該合金前駆体と該有機化合物を溶媒中で、加熱させ、上記記載の目的の結合を行うものである。反応温度は、反応の促進のため、好ましくは室温以上、更に好ましくは還流反応が起こる温度である。反応の雰囲気は、該合金又は該合金前駆体の酸化防止のため、不活性ガスフロー下が好ましい。又、反応の促進のため、必要に応じて、酸又は塩基、脱プロトン化剤などの添加剤を加えても構わない。
上記加熱処理により、目的の結合が形成されているかの判断は、例えば、赤外分光法(FT−IR)、X線光電子分光分析法(XPS)、飛行時間型二次イオン質量分析法(TOF−SIMS)等を用いて行える。
The heat treatment in the present invention means that the organic compound is coordinated to the alloy or the alloy precursor by a chemical reaction by a heat reaction in a solvent, or a weak bond using intermolecular force or the like is used. As a result, only the necessary amount of the organic compound can be selectively added.
Although the said solvent does not have a restriction | limiting in particular, A thing with high solubility with respect to this organic compound under a heating is preferable.
The heating reaction is to heat the alloy or the alloy precursor and the organic compound in a solvent to achieve the desired bonding described above. The reaction temperature is preferably room temperature or higher, more preferably a temperature at which a reflux reaction occurs, in order to promote the reaction. The reaction atmosphere is preferably an inert gas flow in order to prevent oxidation of the alloy or the alloy precursor. Moreover, in order to accelerate | stimulate reaction, you may add additives, such as an acid or a base, and a deprotonating agent, as needed.
For example, infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF) can be determined by the heat treatment. -SIMS) or the like.

本発明の炭素粉末の添加比率について説明する。
炭素粉末が多すぎると、触媒としての性能が十分に発現できない恐れがあり、逆に炭素粉末が少なすぎると、電子伝導の役割を十分に発現できない恐れがあるので、適度な比率が必要である。よって、(該合金+該有機化合物+該炭素粉末)全質量に対して、(該合金+該有機化合物)が、好ましくは5質量%〜80質量%、更に好ましくは10質量%〜70質量%である。ここで、該合金前駆体を用いて作製する場合は、該合金前駆体が該合金となった場合に換算して、炭素粉末の添加量を決定すればよい。
The addition ratio of the carbon powder of the present invention will be described.
If the amount of carbon powder is too much, the performance as a catalyst may not be sufficiently developed. Conversely, if the amount of carbon powder is too small, the role of electron conduction may not be sufficiently exhibited, so an appropriate ratio is required. . Therefore, (the alloy + the organic compound) is preferably 5% by mass to 80% by mass, more preferably 10% by mass to 70% by mass with respect to the total mass of the (alloy + the organic compound + the carbon powder). It is. Here, when producing using the alloy precursor, the amount of carbon powder added may be determined in terms of the case where the alloy precursor becomes the alloy.

本発明の焼成について説明する。
本発明の焼成は、1回のみでも、多段で行っても、どちらでも構わない。上記記載の調整法の選択により、焼成の役目が決まり、その役目を担うことができるように、焼成のガス、温度、回数を適宜決定すればよい。
焼成のガスは、水素ガス又は水素ガス含有不活性ガス又は不活性ガス雰囲気下で行う。本焼成工程は、例えば上記記載の調整法(1)、(2)のように該合金前駆体を用いる場
合は、該合金の形成と、先述したような有機化合物が合金中の金属周りにおいて担体の炭素粉末と一体化すると思われる構造の形成といった2種の役目を担っており、例えば上記記載の調整法(3)、(4)のように該合金を用いる場合は、先述したような有機化合物が合金中の金属周りにおいて担体の炭素粉末と一体化すると思われる構造の形成のみの役目を担う。
The firing of the present invention will be described.
The firing of the present invention may be performed only once or in multiple stages. The firing gas, temperature, and number of times may be appropriately determined so that the role of firing is determined by the selection of the adjustment method described above and the role can be assumed.
The firing gas is performed in a hydrogen gas, an inert gas containing hydrogen gas, or an inert gas atmosphere. In the firing step, for example, when the alloy precursor is used as in the adjustment methods (1) and (2) described above, the formation of the alloy and the organic compound as described above are supported around the metal in the alloy. For example, in the case of using the alloy as in the adjustment methods (3) and (4) described above, the organic material as described above is used. It is only responsible for the formation of structures where the compound appears to be integrated with the support carbon powder around the metal in the alloy.

ここで、該合金の形成には、合金中に卑金属が混在する場合は、その金属の金属化や酸化防止を促進する必要があるので、水素ガスが存在していることが好ましい。又、焼成の温度は、下限は好ましくは300℃以上が必要であり、上限は、粒子サイズの増大による触媒実効面積の低下を防止するため、好ましくは1000℃以下である。
又、該有機化合物が合金中の金属周りにおいて担体の炭素粉末と一体化すると思われる構造の形成には、焼成の温度に注意が必要で、300℃〜1000℃が好ましい。
焼成の時間には、特に制限はないが、上記記載の焼成による効果を十分とするために、好ましくは30分以上、6時間以下である。
Here, in the formation of the alloy, when a base metal is mixed in the alloy, it is necessary to promote metallization and oxidation prevention of the metal, and therefore it is preferable that hydrogen gas is present. The lower limit of the firing temperature is preferably 300 ° C. or higher, and the upper limit is preferably 1000 ° C. or lower in order to prevent a decrease in the effective catalyst area due to an increase in particle size.
In addition, the formation of a structure in which the organic compound is supposed to be integrated with the carbon powder of the support around the metal in the alloy requires attention to the firing temperature, and is preferably 300 ° C to 1000 ° C.
The firing time is not particularly limited, but is preferably 30 minutes or longer and 6 hours or shorter in order to make the above-described firing effect sufficient.

本発明の触媒は、本発明の触媒の性能を阻害しない又は向上させることができるならば、他の材料を混在させても構わない。例えば、金属、合金、ペロブスカイト型、ブロンズ型、パイロクロア型などの金属酸化物、金属窒化物、金属硫化物、配位高分子型錯体、大環状金属錯体などの1種以上が挙げられる。その混在割合は、本発明の触媒としての性能が十分に発現できるためには、本発明の触媒が全体の好ましくは70質量%以上が良く、更に好ましくは80質量%以上が良い。
本発明により得られた触媒の組成、構造決定は、粉末X線回折法(XRD)、蛍光X線分析法(XRF)、X線光電子分光分析法(XPS)、誘導結合高周波プラズマ発光分光分析法(ICP発光法)、飛行時間型二次イオン質量分析法(TOF−SIMS)等を用いて決定することができる。
尚、本発明の触媒はDMFC(直接メタノール型PEFC)用に最適である。本発明の触媒をカソードに用いれば、クロスオーバーによりカソードへ移動してきたアノードで消費できなかったメタノールが、カソードで酸化されることを好適に防止し、効率よく酸素を還元できるからである。
The catalyst of the present invention may be mixed with other materials as long as the performance of the catalyst of the present invention is not impaired or improved. For example, one or more of metal oxides such as metals, alloys, perovskite types, bronze types, pyrochlore types, metal nitrides, metal sulfides, coordination polymer type complexes, macrocyclic metal complexes, and the like can be given. The mixing ratio of the catalyst of the present invention is preferably 70% by mass or more, and more preferably 80% by mass or more, so that the performance as the catalyst of the present invention can be sufficiently exhibited.
The composition and structure of the catalyst obtained by the present invention are determined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP emission method), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) and the like can be used.
The catalyst of the present invention is most suitable for DMFC (direct methanol type PEFC). This is because when the catalyst of the present invention is used for the cathode, methanol that could not be consumed by the anode that has moved to the cathode due to crossover is preferably prevented from being oxidized at the cathode, and oxygen can be reduced efficiently.

次に、本発明の触媒を、固体高分子型燃料電池として用いる方法について説明する。
燃料電池の形状などについては、電解質膜として固体高分子型電解質を使用すれば特に限定されるものではなく、任意形状の電解質膜上にアノード、カソードを密着させた電極接合体として用いることができる。
本発明の燃料電池としては、本発明の触媒をカソード電極に有する必要があるが、その構造は従来公知のものと同様でよく、又、アノード電極および固体高分子型電解質も、従来公知のものと同様でよい。例えば、アノード電極に使用する触媒は、白金、白金−ルテニウム合金などを使用することができ、固体高分子型電解質は、アシプレックス、ナフィオンなどの商標名で市販されているものを使用することができる。
本発明の触媒を用いて電極を形成するには、本発明の触媒にバインダーを添加して固体高分子型電解質のカソード側に触媒層を形成し、アノード側にも同様に公知の触媒をバインダーに添加して触媒層とすれば良い。必要に応じて、拡散層、集電体をホットプレスなどにより一体化して、電極接合体とする。
Next, a method for using the catalyst of the present invention as a polymer electrolyte fuel cell will be described.
The shape of the fuel cell is not particularly limited as long as a solid polymer electrolyte is used as the electrolyte membrane, and can be used as an electrode assembly in which an anode and a cathode are in close contact with an electrolyte membrane of an arbitrary shape. .
The fuel cell of the present invention needs to have the catalyst of the present invention in the cathode electrode, and the structure thereof may be the same as that of a conventionally known one, and the anode electrode and the solid polymer electrolyte are also conventionally known. Same as above. For example, platinum, a platinum-ruthenium alloy, or the like can be used as a catalyst used for the anode electrode, and a polymer electrolyte that is commercially available under a trade name such as Aciplex or Nafion can be used. it can.
In order to form an electrode using the catalyst of the present invention, a binder is added to the catalyst of the present invention to form a catalyst layer on the cathode side of the solid polymer electrolyte, and a known catalyst is similarly bonded to the anode side. The catalyst layer may be added to the catalyst layer. If necessary, the diffusion layer and the current collector are integrated by hot pressing or the like to form an electrode assembly.

次に本発明を実施例及び比較例によって具体的に説明するが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。
実施例及び比較例において用いる測定法は以下のとおりである。
粉末X線回折法(XRD)は、RINT−2500(理学電機(株)製)を用い、測定条件は、線源がCu Kα線、走査軸が2θ/θ、ステップ間隔が0.01°、スキャン
スピードが0.5°/min、加速電圧が40kV、加速電流が200mAで行い、測定の際に使用したスリットは、発散スリットが1°、散乱スリットが1°、受光スリットが0.15mmであり、検出器の前にグラファイトモノクロメーターを装着した。
電気化学試験は、ポテンシオガルバノスタット:Solartron1255WB又は1280Z(いずれも英国ソーラトロン社製)を用いて行った。測定条件等の詳細は実施例及び比較例内に記載する。
EXAMPLES Next, although an Example and a comparative example demonstrate this invention concretely, this invention is not limited to these.
Measurement methods used in Examples and Comparative Examples are as follows.
For powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), RINT-2500 (manufactured by Rigaku Denki Co., Ltd.) was used, and the measurement conditions were a radiation source of Cu K α ray, a scanning axis of 2θ / θ, and a step interval of 0.01 °. The measurement was performed at a scan speed of 0.5 ° / min, an acceleration voltage of 40 kV, and an acceleration current of 200 mA. The slit used for the measurement was a diverging slit of 1 °, a scattering slit of 1 °, and a light receiving slit of 0.15 mm. A graphite monochromator was installed in front of the detector.
The electrochemical test was conducted using a potentiogalvanostat: Solartron 1255WB or 1280Z (both manufactured by Solartron, UK). Details of measurement conditions and the like are described in Examples and Comparative Examples.

[実施例1]
まず、逆ミセル法を用いて、炭素粉末上に担持させたPdCoCr合金前駆体を以下のように作製した。
<逆ミセル溶液(A)の作製>
ビス(エチルヘキシル)スルホコハク酸ナトリウム(AOT)(和光純薬工業(株)製)46.2gを、ヘプタン(和光純薬工業(株)製)213mlに溶解させた。(NH[PdCl](和光純薬工業(株)製)0.179g、Co(NO・6HO(和光純薬工業(株)製)0.031g、Cr(NO・9HO(和光純薬工業(株)製)0.043gを25.01gの精製水に溶解させた。上記2種の溶液を混合し、氷浴中、窒素バブリングをしながら、約20分間超音波ホモジナイザー分散とマグネティックスターラーによる攪拌を両立させた状態を施し、逆ミセル溶液を作製した。作製後、更に約30分間の窒素バブリングを施し、溶存酸素を十分に除去した。
[Example 1]
First, using a reverse micelle method, a PdCoCr alloy precursor supported on carbon powder was prepared as follows.
<Preparation of reverse micelle solution (A)>
46.2 g of sodium bis (ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was dissolved in 213 ml of heptane (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.). (NH 4) 2 [PdCl 6 ] ( manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Ltd.)) 0.179g, Co (NO 3 ) ( manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Ltd.)) 2 · 6H 2 O 0.031g , Cr (NO 3) 3 · 9H 2 O (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. and made) 0.043 g was dissolved in purified water 25.01 g. The above two solutions were mixed and subjected to a state in which ultrasonic homogenizer dispersion and stirring with a magnetic stirrer were combined for about 20 minutes while performing nitrogen bubbling in an ice bath to prepare a reverse micelle solution. After fabrication, nitrogen bubbling was further performed for about 30 minutes to sufficiently remove dissolved oxygen.

<逆ミセル溶液(B)の作製>
ビス(エチルヘキシル)スルホコハク酸ナトリウム(AOT)(和光純薬工業(株)製)61.7gを、ヘプタン(和光純薬工業(株)製)213mlに溶解させた。NaBH(和光純薬工業(株)製)を0.218gと、NaOH(和光純薬工業(株)製)を1mol/lの水溶液に調製したもの1滴を25.01gの精製水に溶解させた。上記2種の溶液を混合し、氷浴中、窒素バブリングをしながら、約20分間超音波ホモジナイザー分散とマグネティックスターラーによる攪拌を両立させた状態を施し、逆ミセル溶液を作製した。作製後、更に約30分間の窒素バブリングを施し、溶存酸素を十分に除去した。
<Preparation of reverse micelle solution (B)>
61.7 g of sodium bis (ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was dissolved in 213 ml of heptane (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.). NaBH 4 (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) 0.218 g and NaOH (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) prepared in a 1 mol / l aqueous solution 1 drop dissolved in 25.01 g of purified water I let you. The above two solutions were mixed and subjected to a state in which ultrasonic homogenizer dispersion and stirring with a magnetic stirrer were combined for about 20 minutes while performing nitrogen bubbling in an ice bath to prepare a reverse micelle solution. After fabrication, nitrogen bubbling was further performed for about 30 minutes to sufficiently remove dissolved oxygen.

<炭素粉末上に担持したPdCoCr合金前駆体の作製>
逆ミセル溶液(A)に逆ミセル溶液(B)を混合し、次いで12.5gの精製水を追加した後、60℃下、窒素バブリングをしながら、約30分間超音波ホモジナイザー分散とマグネティックスターラーによる攪拌を両立させた状態を施して、反応させた。次いで、炭素微粒子であるケッチェンブラック(登録商標)EC(ケッチェン・ブラック・インターナショナル株式会社製、表面積800m/g、一次粒径39.5nm)0.262gを加え、上記記載と同条件で約10分間超音波ホモジナイザー分散とマグネティックスターラーによる攪拌を両立させた状態を施した。更に、室温下でマグネティックスターラーによる攪拌を約1.5時間行った後、吸引ろ過により取り出した。精製水とアセトンで十分に洗浄した後、デシケーター中で乾燥させた。
<Preparation of PdCoCr alloy precursor supported on carbon powder>
The reverse micelle solution (B) was mixed with the reverse micelle solution (A), and then 12.5 g of purified water was added. Then, at 60 ° C., nitrogen bubbling was performed for about 30 minutes using an ultrasonic homogenizer dispersion and a magnetic stirrer. The reaction was carried out in a state in which stirring was achieved. Next, 0.262 g of Ketjen Black (registered trademark) EC (manufactured by Ketjen Black International Co., Ltd., surface area 800 m 2 / g, primary particle size 39.5 nm), which is carbon fine particles, was added, and about the same conditions as described above were added. A state in which ultrasonic homogenizer dispersion and stirring with a magnetic stirrer were both achieved for 10 minutes was applied. Furthermore, after stirring with a magnetic stirrer at room temperature for about 1.5 hours, it was taken out by suction filtration. After thoroughly washing with purified water and acetone, it was dried in a desiccator.

次に、上記にて作製した炭素粉末上に担持させた合金前駆体を用いて、本発明の触媒を作製した。
上記合金前駆体と、meso−Tetraphenylporphyrin(アルドリッチ社製)0.0665gとを、トルエン(和光純薬工業(株)製)100mlで混合させ、約10分間超音波ホモジナイザー分散を行った後、しばらく室温下で静置した。上記分散液を、エバポレーターを用い、約60℃で加熱しながら溶媒であるトルエンを除去した後、10%水素含有アルゴン気流下、900℃で1時間の焼成を施すことで、触媒を得た。
XRDより、Pd、Co及びCr金属単体は存在せず、合金化していることが確認でき、PdCoCr三元合金は単相であることが分かった。特に、Pd(111)ピークは2
θ=40.72°で、合金化により回折ピークが高角度へシフトしている。よって、得られた触媒は、PdCoCr三元単相合金中の表層金属周りにおいて、加えた有機化合物が担体の炭素粉末と一体化した構造と思われる。
Next, the catalyst of this invention was produced using the alloy precursor carry | supported on the carbon powder produced above.
The alloy precursor and 0.0665 g of meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (manufactured by Aldrich) are mixed with 100 ml of toluene (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and subjected to ultrasonic homogenizer dispersion for about 10 minutes. Let stand under. The dispersion was heated at about 60 ° C. using an evaporator to remove toluene as a solvent, and then calcined at 900 ° C. for 1 hour in a 10% hydrogen-containing argon stream to obtain a catalyst.
From XRD, it was confirmed that Pd, Co, and Cr metal alone did not exist and were alloyed, and it was found that the PdCoCr ternary alloy was a single phase. In particular, the Pd (111) peak is 2
At θ = 40.72 °, the diffraction peak is shifted to a high angle due to alloying. Therefore, the obtained catalyst seems to have a structure in which the added organic compound is integrated with the carbon powder of the support around the surface layer metal in the PdCoCr ternary single phase alloy.

<触媒の活性評価>
上記によって得られた触媒の電気化学特性を下記の方法によって評価した。まず、触媒の粉末10mgに50質量%エタノール水溶液を加え10gに調整し、超音波を印加して分散させ、0.1%触媒懸濁液を得た。この触媒懸濁液を15μl採取し、鏡面研磨したグラッシーカーボン電極(直径6mm)上に滴下し、乾燥機において50℃で乾燥させた。次に導電性樹脂溶液(アシプレックス、旭化成ケミカルズ登録商標、含有量0.15%エタノール溶液)を15μl滴下し、窒素雰囲気中、120℃で2時間乾燥することで固定化し、触媒試験電極を作製した。
<Evaluation of catalyst activity>
The electrochemical characteristics of the catalyst obtained as described above were evaluated by the following methods. First, 50 mg ethanol aqueous solution was added to 10 mg of catalyst powder to adjust to 10 g, and ultrasonic waves were applied to disperse to obtain a 0.1% catalyst suspension. 15 μl of this catalyst suspension was sampled, dropped onto a mirror-polished glassy carbon electrode (diameter 6 mm), and dried at 50 ° C. in a dryer. Next, 15 μl of a conductive resin solution (Aciplex, Asahi Kasei Chemicals registered trademark, 0.15% ethanol solution) is dropped and fixed by drying at 120 ° C. for 2 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere to produce a catalyst test electrode. did.

次に、得られた触媒試験電極について、以下の方法により0.5M硫酸水溶液中、80℃で3電極式の電気化学セルを用いて、電気化学試験を行った。以下、電位は、0.5M硫酸中水素電極に対する水素電極(RHE)に対する電位で示す。
硫酸水溶液中に酸素ガスを約30分間バブリングさせることにより、セル内の雰囲気を酸素飽和とした後、電位走査(電位走査範囲:0.05〜1.0V、走査速度100mV/s)を150回行った。上記操作は、強酸性、80℃、酸素飽和下で、電位サイクルを150回施すといった過酷な条件であり、上記操作後の触媒の活性は、その耐久性を反映させたものといえる。次に電位を1.0Vで15秒保持後、1.0Vから0.30Vまで電位を5mV/sの速度で変化させて酸素還元電流値を測定した。
電極上のパラジウム1gあたりの酸素還元電流値が5A/gを超える電位は、0.818Vであった。
Next, the obtained catalyst test electrode was subjected to an electrochemical test in a 0.5 M aqueous sulfuric acid solution at 80 ° C. using a three-electrode electrochemical cell by the following method. Hereinafter, the potential is shown as a potential with respect to a hydrogen electrode (RHE) with respect to a 0.5 M hydrogen electrode in sulfuric acid.
The atmosphere in the cell was saturated with oxygen by bubbling oxygen gas into the sulfuric acid aqueous solution for about 30 minutes, and then the potential scan (potential scan range: 0.05 to 1.0 V, scan speed 100 mV / s) was performed 150 times. went. The above operation is a severe condition in which a potential cycle is applied 150 times under strong acidity, 80 ° C. and oxygen saturation, and the activity of the catalyst after the above operation can be said to reflect its durability. Next, after maintaining the potential at 1.0 V for 15 seconds, the potential was changed at a rate of 5 mV / s from 1.0 V to 0.30 V, and the oxygen reduction current value was measured.
The potential at which the oxygen reduction current value per gram of palladium on the electrode exceeded 5 A / g was 0.818V.

[実施例2]
実施例1と同様な方法で作製した炭素粉末上に担持させたPdCoCr合金前駆体と、N,N’−Bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine(アルドリッチ社製)0.0290gとを、エタノール(和光純薬工業(株)製)100mlで混合させ、約10分間超音波ホモジナイザー分散を行った後、しばらく室温下で静置した。上記分散液を、エバポレーターを用い、約60℃で加熱しながら溶媒であるトルエンを除去した後、10%水素含有アルゴン気流下、900℃で1時間の焼成を施すことで、触媒を得た。
XRDより、Pd、Co及びCr金属単体は存在せず、合金化していることが確認でき、PdCoCr三元合金は単相であることが分かった。特に、Pd(111)ピークは2θ=41.02°で、合金化により回折ピークが高角度へシフトしている。よって、得られた触媒は、PdCoCr三元単相合金中の表層金属周りにおいて、加えた有機化合物が担体の炭素粉末と一体化した構造と思われる。
上記によって得られた触媒の電気化学特性を実施例1と同様に測定したところ、電極上のパラジウム1gあたりの酸素還元電流値が5A/gを超える電位は、0.798Vであった。
[Example 2]
A PdCoCr alloy precursor supported on carbon powder produced by the same method as in Example 1 and 0.0290 g of N, N′-Bis (salicylidene) ethylenediamine (manufactured by Aldrich) were mixed with ethanol (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.). (Made by Co., Ltd.) After mixing with 100 ml and dispersing with an ultrasonic homogenizer for about 10 minutes, the mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for a while. The dispersion was heated at about 60 ° C. using an evaporator to remove toluene as a solvent, and then calcined at 900 ° C. for 1 hour in a 10% hydrogen-containing argon stream to obtain a catalyst.
From XRD, it was confirmed that Pd, Co, and Cr metal alone did not exist and were alloyed, and it was found that the PdCoCr ternary alloy was a single phase. In particular, the Pd (111) peak is 2θ = 41.02 °, and the diffraction peak is shifted to a high angle due to alloying. Therefore, the obtained catalyst seems to have a structure in which the added organic compound is integrated with the carbon powder of the support around the surface layer metal in the PdCoCr ternary single phase alloy.
When the electrochemical characteristics of the catalyst obtained as described above were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, the potential at which the oxygen reduction current value per gram of palladium on the electrode exceeded 5 A / g was 0.798 V.

[実施例3]
実施例1と同様な方法で作製した炭素粉末上に担持させたPdCoCr合金前駆体と、ポリアクリロニトリル(アルドリッチ社製)0.00573gとを、ジメチルホルムアミド(和光純薬工業(株)製)40mlで加熱しながら混合させ、約10分間超音波ホモジナイザー分散を行った後、しばらく室温下で静置した。上記分散液を、エバポレーターを用い、約60℃で加熱しながら溶媒であるトルエンを除去した後、10%水素含有アルゴン気流下、900℃で1時間の焼成を施すことで、触媒を得た。
XRDより、Pd、Co及びCr金属単体は存在せず、合金化していることが確認でき
、PdCoCr三元合金は単相であることが分かった。特に、Pd(111)ピークは2θ=40.73°で、合金化により回折ピークが高角度へシフトしている。よって、得られた触媒は、PdCoCr三元単相合金中の表層金属周りにおいて、加えた有機化合物が担体の炭素粉末と一体化した構造と思われる。
上記によって得られた触媒の電気化学特性を実施例1と同様に測定したところ、電極上のパラジウム1gあたりの酸素還元電流値が5A/gを超える電位は、0.812Vであった。
[Example 3]
PdCoCr alloy precursor supported on carbon powder produced by the same method as in Example 1 and 0.00573 g of polyacrylonitrile (manufactured by Aldrich) in 40 ml of dimethylformamide (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) After mixing with heating and dispersing with an ultrasonic homogenizer for about 10 minutes, the mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for a while. The dispersion was heated at about 60 ° C. using an evaporator to remove toluene as a solvent, and then calcined at 900 ° C. for 1 hour in a 10% hydrogen-containing argon stream to obtain a catalyst.
From XRD, it was confirmed that Pd, Co, and Cr metal alone did not exist and were alloyed, and it was found that the PdCoCr ternary alloy was a single phase. In particular, the Pd (111) peak is 2θ = 40.73 °, and the diffraction peak is shifted to a high angle due to alloying. Therefore, the obtained catalyst seems to have a structure in which the added organic compound is integrated with the carbon powder of the support around the surface layer metal in the PdCoCr ternary single phase alloy.
When the electrochemical characteristics of the catalyst obtained as described above were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, the potential at which the oxygen reduction current value per gram of palladium on the electrode exceeded 5 A / g was 0.812 V.

[実施例4]
実施例1と同様な方法で作製した炭素粉末上に担持させたPdCoCr合金前駆体と、フタロシアニン(東京化成工業(株)製)0.0556gとを、ジメチルホルムアミド(和光純薬工業(株)製)150mlで混合させ、約10分間超音波ホモジナイザー分散を行った後、しばらく室温下で静置した。上記分散液を、エバポレーターを用い、約60℃で加熱しながら溶媒であるトルエンを除去した後、10%水素含有アルゴン気流下、900℃で1時間の焼成を施すことで、触媒を得た。
XRDより、Pd、Co及びCr金属単体は存在せず、合金化していることが確認でき、PdCoCr三元合金は単相であることが分かった。特に、Pd(111)ピークは2θ=40.27°で、合金化により回折ピークが高角度へシフトしている。よって、得られた触媒は、PdCoCr三元単相合金中の表層金属周りにおいて、加えた有機化合物が担体の炭素粉末と一体化した構造と思われる。
上記によって得られた触媒の電気化学特性を実施例1と同様に測定したところ、電極上のパラジウム1gあたりの酸素還元電流値が5A/gを超える電位は、0.793Vであった。
[Example 4]
A PdCoCr alloy precursor supported on a carbon powder produced by the same method as in Example 1 and 0.0556 g of phthalocyanine (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) were combined with dimethylformamide (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.). ) After mixing at 150 ml and dispersing with an ultrasonic homogenizer for about 10 minutes, the mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for a while. The dispersion was heated at about 60 ° C. using an evaporator to remove toluene as a solvent, and then calcined at 900 ° C. for 1 hour in a 10% hydrogen-containing argon stream to obtain a catalyst.
From XRD, it was confirmed that Pd, Co, and Cr metal alone did not exist and were alloyed, and it was found that the PdCoCr ternary alloy was a single phase. In particular, the Pd (111) peak is 2θ = 40.27 °, and the diffraction peak is shifted to a high angle due to alloying. Therefore, the obtained catalyst seems to have a structure in which the added organic compound is integrated with the carbon powder of the support around the surface layer metal in the PdCoCr ternary single phase alloy.
When the electrochemical characteristics of the catalyst obtained above were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, the potential at which the oxygen reduction current value per gram of palladium on the electrode exceeded 5 A / g was 0.793 V.

[実施例5]
まず、逆ミセル法を用いて、炭素粉末上に担持させたPdCr合金前駆体を以下のように作製した。
<逆ミセル溶液(A)の作製>
ビス(エチルヘキシル)スルホコハク酸ナトリウム(AOT)(和光純薬工業(株)製)46.2gを、ヘプタン(和光純薬工業(株)製)213mlに溶解させた。(NH[PdCl](和光純薬工業(株)製)0.153g、Cr(NO・9HO(和光純薬工業(株)製)0.115gを25.01gの精製水に溶解させた。上記2種の溶液を混合し、氷浴中、窒素バブリングをしながら、約20分間超音波ホモジナイザー分散とマグネティックスターラーによる攪拌を両立させた状態を施し、逆ミセル溶液を作製した。作製後、更に約30分間の窒素バブリングを施し、溶存酸素を十分に除去した。
[Example 5]
First, using a reverse micelle method, a PdCr alloy precursor supported on carbon powder was prepared as follows.
<Preparation of reverse micelle solution (A)>
46.2 g of sodium bis (ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was dissolved in 213 ml of heptane (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.). (NH 4) 2 [PdCl 6 ] ( manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, (Ltd.)) 0.153g, Cr (NO 3 ) 3 · 9H 2 O ( manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Ltd.)) 0.115 g of 25.01g In purified water. The above two solutions were mixed and subjected to a state in which ultrasonic homogenizer dispersion and stirring with a magnetic stirrer were combined for about 20 minutes while performing nitrogen bubbling in an ice bath to prepare a reverse micelle solution. After fabrication, nitrogen bubbling was further performed for about 30 minutes to sufficiently remove dissolved oxygen.

<逆ミセル溶液(B)の作製>
ビス(エチルヘキシル)スルホコハク酸ナトリウム(AOT)(和光純薬工業(株)製)61.7gを、ヘプタン(和光純薬工業(株)製)213mlに溶解させた。NaBH(和光純薬工業(株)製)を0.174gと、NaOH(和光純薬工業(株)製)を1mol/lの水溶液に調製したもの1滴を25.01gの精製水に溶解させた。上記2種の溶液を混合し、氷浴中、窒素バブリングをしながら、約20分間超音波ホモジナイザー分散とマグネティックスターラーによる攪拌を両立させた状態を施し、逆ミセル溶液を作製した。作製後、更に約30分間の窒素バブリングを施し、溶存酸素を十分に除去した。
<Preparation of reverse micelle solution (B)>
61.7 g of sodium bis (ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was dissolved in 213 ml of heptane (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.). NaBH 4 (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) 0.174 g and NaOH (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) prepared in a 1 mol / l aqueous solution 1 drop dissolved in 25.01 g of purified water I let you. The above two solutions were mixed and subjected to a state in which ultrasonic homogenizer dispersion and stirring with a magnetic stirrer were combined for about 20 minutes while performing nitrogen bubbling in an ice bath to prepare a reverse micelle solution. After fabrication, nitrogen bubbling was further performed for about 30 minutes to sufficiently remove dissolved oxygen.

<炭素粉末上に担持したPdCr合金前駆体の作製>
逆ミセル溶液(A)に逆ミセル溶液(B)を混合し、次いで12.5gの精製水を追加した後、60℃下、窒素バブリングをしながら、約30分間超音波ホモジナイザー分散とマグネティックスターラーによる攪拌を両立させた状態を施して、反応させた。次いで、
炭素微粒子であるケッチェンブラック(登録商標)EC(ケッチェン・ブラック・インターナショナル株式会社製、表面積800m/g、一次粒径39.5nm)0.244gを加え、上記記載と同条件で約10分間超音波ホモジナイザー分散とマグネティックスターラーによる攪拌を両立させた状態を施した。更に、室温下でマグネティックスターラーによる攪拌を約1.5時間行った後、吸引ろ過により取り出した。精製水とアセトンで十分に洗浄した後、デシケーター中で乾燥させた。
<Preparation of PdCr alloy precursor supported on carbon powder>
The reverse micelle solution (B) was mixed with the reverse micelle solution (A), and then 12.5 g of purified water was added. Then, at 60 ° C., nitrogen bubbling was performed for about 30 minutes using an ultrasonic homogenizer dispersion and a magnetic stirrer. The reaction was carried out in a state in which stirring was achieved. Then
Ketjen Black (registered trademark) EC (manufactured by Ketjen Black International Co., Ltd., surface area 800 m 2 / g, primary particle size 39.5 nm) 0.244 g, which is a carbon fine particle, is added, and about 10 minutes under the same conditions as described above. A state in which dispersion by an ultrasonic homogenizer and stirring by a magnetic stirrer were made compatible was applied. Furthermore, after stirring with a magnetic stirrer at room temperature for about 1.5 hours, it was taken out by suction filtration. After thoroughly washing with purified water and acetone, it was dried in a desiccator.

次に、上記にて作製した炭素粉末上に担持させた合金前駆体を用いて、本発明の触媒を作製した。
上記合金前駆体と、meso−Tetraphenylporphyrin(アルドリッチ社製)0.177gとを、トルエン(和光純薬工業(株)製)140mlで混合させ、約10分間超音波ホモジナイザー分散を行った後、しばらく室温下で静置した。上記分散液を、エバポレーターを用い、約60℃で加熱しながら溶媒であるトルエンを除去した後、10%水素含有アルゴン気流下、900℃で1時間の焼成を施すことで、触媒を得た。
XRDより、Pd及びCr金属単体は存在せず、合金化していることが確認でき、PdCr二元合金は単相であることが分かった。特に、Pd(111)ピークは2θ=40.21°で、合金化により回折ピークが高角度へシフトしている。よって、得られた触媒は、PdCr二元単相合金中の表層金属周りにおいて、加えた有機化合物が担体の炭素粉末と一体化した構造と思われる。
<触媒の活性評価>
上記によって得られた触媒の電気化学特性を実施例1と同様に測定したところ、電極上のパラジウム1gあたりの酸素還元電流値が5A/gを超える電位は、0.778Vであった。
Next, the catalyst of this invention was produced using the alloy precursor carry | supported on the carbon powder produced above.
The alloy precursor and meso-tetraphenyl porphyrin (Aldrich) 0.177 g were mixed with 140 ml of toluene (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and subjected to ultrasonic homogenizer dispersion for about 10 minutes. Let stand under. The dispersion was heated at about 60 ° C. using an evaporator to remove toluene as a solvent, and then calcined at 900 ° C. for 1 hour in a 10% hydrogen-containing argon stream to obtain a catalyst.
From XRD, it was confirmed that there was no Pd and Cr metal simple substance and alloying, and it was found that the PdCr binary alloy was a single phase. In particular, the Pd (111) peak is 2θ = 40.21 °, and the diffraction peak is shifted to a high angle due to alloying. Therefore, the obtained catalyst seems to have a structure in which the added organic compound is integrated with the carbon powder of the support around the surface layer metal in the PdCr binary single phase alloy.
<Evaluation of catalyst activity>
When the electrochemical characteristics of the catalyst obtained above were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, the potential at which the oxygen reduction current value per gram of palladium on the electrode exceeded 5 A / g was 0.778 V.

[比較例1]
実施例1と同様な方法で作製したPdCoCr合金前駆体に有機化合物を何も加えずに、10%水素含有アルゴン気流下、900℃で1時間の焼成を施すことで、触媒を得た。
XRDより、Pd、Co及びCr金属単体は存在せず、合金化していることが確認でき、PdCoCr三元合金は単相であることが分かった。特に、Pd(111)ピークは2θ=40.77°で、合金化により回折ピークが高角度へシフトしている。
上記によって得られた触媒の電気化学特性を実施例1と同様に測定したところ、電極上のパラジウム1gあたりの酸素還元電流値が5A/gを超える電位は、0.642Vであった。
[Comparative Example 1]
A catalyst was obtained by firing at 900 ° C. for 1 hour in a 10% hydrogen-containing argon stream without adding any organic compound to the PdCoCr alloy precursor produced by the same method as in Example 1.
From XRD, it was confirmed that Pd, Co, and Cr metal alone did not exist and were alloyed, and it was found that the PdCoCr ternary alloy was a single phase. In particular, the Pd (111) peak is 2θ = 40.77 °, and the diffraction peak is shifted to a high angle due to alloying.
When the electrochemical characteristics of the catalyst obtained above were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, the potential at which the oxygen reduction current value per gram of palladium on the electrode exceeded 5 A / g was 0.642 V.

[比較例2]
5質量%塩化パラジウム(II)塩酸水溶液(アルドリッチ社製)を 0.1質量%に希釈したもの179.8gに、炭素微粒子であるケッチェンブラック(登録商標)EC(ケッチェン・ブラック・インターナショナル株式会社製、表面積800m/g、一次粒径39.5nm)1.15gを加え、約10分間超音波ホモジナイザー分散を行った。上記分散液に、ヒドラジン・一水和物(和光純薬工業(株)製)を0.05質量%に希釈したものを約2時間程度かけて滴下し、分散液のpHが7になるようにした。滴下後、室温で約1時間攪拌した後、吸引ろ過より取り出し、精製水、エタノールで洗浄した。得られた粉末を、空気中、80℃で約8時間乾燥することで、Pdが炭素粉末担体に担持した触媒を得た。
XRDより、Pd金属のみからなる構造を同定した。
上記によって得られた触媒の電気化学特性を実施例1と同様に測定したところ、電極上のパラジウム1gあたりの酸素還元電流値が5A/gを超える電位は、0.681Vであった。
以上、実施例1〜5及び比較例1〜2をまとめると表1のようになり、本発明による触
媒及び製造方法が、固体高分子型燃料電池用カソード触媒として優れていることは明確である。
[Comparative Example 2]
179.8 g of 5% by mass palladium chloride (II) hydrochloric acid aqueous solution (manufactured by Aldrich) diluted to 0.1% by mass is added to Ketjen Black (registered trademark) EC (Ketjen Black International Co., Ltd.), which is carbon fine particles. (Manufactured, surface area 800 m 2 / g, primary particle size 39.5 nm) 1.15 g was added, and ultrasonic homogenizer dispersion was performed for about 10 minutes. A solution obtained by diluting hydrazine monohydrate (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) to 0.05 mass% is added dropwise to the dispersion over about 2 hours so that the pH of the dispersion becomes 7. I made it. After dropping, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for about 1 hour, then taken out through suction filtration, and washed with purified water and ethanol. The obtained powder was dried in air at 80 ° C. for about 8 hours to obtain a catalyst in which Pd was supported on a carbon powder carrier.
A structure consisting only of Pd metal was identified by XRD.
When the electrochemical characteristics of the catalyst obtained above were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, the potential at which the oxygen reduction current value per gram of palladium on the electrode exceeded 5 A / g was 0.681 V.
As described above, Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 are summarized as shown in Table 1, and it is clear that the catalyst and the production method according to the present invention are excellent as a cathode catalyst for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. .




Figure 0004925793
Figure 0004925793

[実施例6]
まず、逆ミセル法を用いて、炭素粉末上に担持させたPdCoAu合金前駆体を以下のように作製した。
<逆ミセル溶液(A)の作製>
ビス(エチルヘキシル)スルホコハク酸ナトリウム(AOT)(和光純薬工業(株)製)61.7gを、ヘプタン(和光純薬工業(株)製)213mlに溶解させた。(NH[PdCl](和光純薬工業(株)製)0.103g、Co(NO・6HO(和光純薬工業(株)製)0.0943g、HAuCl・nHO(アルドリッチ社製)を30質量%水溶液に調製したもの0.122gを24.9gの精製水に溶解させた。上記2種の溶液を混合し、氷浴中、窒素バブリングをしながら、約20分間超音波ホモジナイザー分散とマグネティックスターラーによる攪拌を両立させた状態を施し、逆ミセル溶液を作製した。作製後、更に約30分間の窒素バブリングを施し、溶存酸素を十分に除去した。
[Example 6]
First, using a reverse micelle method, a PdCoAu alloy precursor supported on carbon powder was prepared as follows.
<Preparation of reverse micelle solution (A)>
61.7 g of sodium bis (ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was dissolved in 213 ml of heptane (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.). (NH 4) 2 [PdCl 6 ] ( manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Ltd.)) 0.103g, Co (NO 3 ) ( manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Ltd.)) 2 · 6H 2 O 0.0943g , HAuCl 4 · 0.122 g of nH 2 O (manufactured by Aldrich) prepared in a 30% by mass aqueous solution was dissolved in 24.9 g of purified water. The above two solutions were mixed and subjected to a state in which ultrasonic homogenizer dispersion and stirring with a magnetic stirrer were combined for about 20 minutes while performing nitrogen bubbling in an ice bath to prepare a reverse micelle solution. After fabrication, nitrogen bubbling was further performed for about 30 minutes to sufficiently remove dissolved oxygen.

<逆ミセル溶液(B)の作製>
ビス(エチルヘキシル)スルホコハク酸ナトリウム(AOT)(和光純薬工業(株)製)61.7gを、ヘプタン(和光純薬工業(株)製)213mlに溶解させた。NaBH(和光純薬工業(株)製)を1.74gと、NaOH(和光純薬工業(株)製)を1mol/lの水溶液に調製したもの3gを22.1gの精製水に溶解させた。上記2種の溶
液を混合し、氷浴中、窒素バブリングをしながら、約20分間超音波ホモジナイザー分散とマグネティックスターラーによる攪拌を両立させた状態を施し、逆ミセル溶液を作製した。作製後、更に約30分間の窒素バブリングを施し、溶存酸素を十分に除去した。
<Preparation of reverse micelle solution (B)>
61.7 g of sodium bis (ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was dissolved in 213 ml of heptane (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.). 1.74 g of NaBH 4 (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and 3 g of NaOH (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) prepared in a 1 mol / l aqueous solution were dissolved in 22.1 g of purified water. It was. The above two solutions were mixed and subjected to a state in which ultrasonic homogenizer dispersion and stirring with a magnetic stirrer were combined for about 20 minutes while performing nitrogen bubbling in an ice bath to prepare a reverse micelle solution. After fabrication, nitrogen bubbling was further performed for about 30 minutes to sufficiently remove dissolved oxygen.

<炭素粉末上に担持したPdCoAu合金前駆体の作製>
逆ミセル溶液(A)に逆ミセル溶液(B)を混合し、60℃下、窒素バブリングをしながら、約30分間超音波ホモジナイザー分散とマグネティックスターラーによる攪拌を両立させた状態を施して、反応させた。次いで、炭素微粒子であるケッチェンブラック(登録商標)EC(ケッチェン・ブラック・インターナショナル株式会社製、表面積800m/g、一次粒径39.5nm)0.284gを加え、上記記載と同条件で約10分間超音波ホモジナイザー分散とマグネティックスターラーによる攪拌を両立させた状態を施した。更に、室温下でマグネティックスターラーによる攪拌を約1.5時間行った後、吸引ろ過により取り出した。精製水とアセトンで十分に洗浄した後、デシケーター中で乾燥させた。
<Preparation of PdCoAu alloy precursor supported on carbon powder>
The reverse micelle solution (A) is mixed with the reverse micelle solution (B), and subjected to a reaction in which mixing with an ultrasonic homogenizer and stirring with a magnetic stirrer are performed for about 30 minutes while bubbling nitrogen at 60 ° C. It was. Next, 0.284 g of Ketjen Black (registered trademark) EC (manufactured by Ketjen Black International Co., Ltd., surface area 800 m 2 / g, primary particle size 39.5 nm), which is a carbon fine particle, was added, and about the same conditions as described above were added. A state in which ultrasonic homogenizer dispersion and stirring with a magnetic stirrer were both achieved for 10 minutes was applied. Furthermore, after stirring with a magnetic stirrer at room temperature for about 1.5 hours, it was taken out by suction filtration. After thoroughly washing with purified water and acetone, it was dried in a desiccator.

次に、上記にて作製した炭素粉末上に担持させた合金前駆体を用いて、本発明の触媒を作製した。
上記合金前駆体と、ポリアクリロニトリル(アルドリッチ社製)0.0172gとを、ジメチルホルムアミド(和光純薬工業(株)製)40mlで加熱しながら混合させ、約10分間超音波ホモジナイザー分散を行った後、しばらく室温下で静置した。上記分散液を、エバポレーターを用い、約60℃で加熱しながら溶媒であるトルエンを除去した後、10%水素含有アルゴン気流下、900℃で1時間の焼成を施すことで、触媒を得た。
<触媒の活性評価>
上記によって得られた触媒の電気化学特性を実施例1と同様に測定したところ、電極上のパラジウム1gあたりの酸素還元電流値が5A/gを超える電位は、0.793Vであった。
Next, the catalyst of this invention was produced using the alloy precursor carry | supported on the carbon powder produced above.
After mixing the above alloy precursor and 0.0172 g of polyacrylonitrile (manufactured by Aldrich) while heating with 40 ml of dimethylformamide (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and performing ultrasonic homogenizer dispersion for about 10 minutes. And left at room temperature for a while. The dispersion was heated at about 60 ° C. using an evaporator to remove toluene as a solvent, and then calcined at 900 ° C. for 1 hour in a 10% hydrogen-containing argon stream to obtain a catalyst.
<Evaluation of catalyst activity>
When the electrochemical characteristics of the catalyst obtained above were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, the potential at which the oxygen reduction current value per gram of palladium on the electrode exceeded 5 A / g was 0.793 V.

[実施例7]
実施例5と同様な方法で作製した炭素粉末上に担持させたPdCoAu合金前駆体を、10%水素含有アルゴン気流下、900℃で1時間の焼成を施すことで、炭素粉末上に担持させたPdCoAu合金を得た。
上記合金と、meso−Tetraphenylporphyrin(アルドリッチ社製)0.199gとを、トルエン(和光純薬工業(株)製)150mlで混合させ、約10分間超音波ホモジナイザー分散を行った後、しばらく室温下で静置した。上記分散液を、エバポレーターを用い、約60℃で加熱しながら溶媒であるトルエンを除去した後、10%水素含有アルゴン気流下、900℃で1時間の焼成を施すことで、触媒を得た。
上記によって得られた触媒の電気化学特性を実施例1と同様に測定したところ、電極上のパラジウム1gあたりの酸素還元電流値が5A/gを超える電位は、0.734Vであった。
[Example 7]
The PdCoAu alloy precursor supported on the carbon powder produced by the same method as in Example 5 was supported on the carbon powder by firing at 900 ° C. for 1 hour in a 10% hydrogen-containing argon stream. A PdCoAu alloy was obtained.
The above alloy and meso-tetraphenyl porphyrin (manufactured by Aldrich) 0.199 g were mixed with 150 ml of toluene (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and subjected to ultrasonic homogenizer dispersion for about 10 minutes. Left to stand. The dispersion was heated at about 60 ° C. using an evaporator to remove toluene as a solvent, and then calcined at 900 ° C. for 1 hour in a 10% hydrogen-containing argon stream to obtain a catalyst.
When the electrochemical characteristics of the catalyst obtained above were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, the potential at which the oxygen reduction current value per gram of palladium on the electrode exceeded 5 A / g was 0.734 V.

[比較例3]
実施例6と同様な方法で作製したPdCoAu合金前駆体に有機化合物を何も加えずに、10%水素含有アルゴン気流下、900℃で1時間の焼成を施すことで、触媒を得た。
XRDより、Pd、Co及びAu金属単体は存在せず、合金化していることが確認でき、PdCoAu三元合金は単相であることが分かった。特に、Pd(111)ピークは2θ=41.24°で、合金化により回折ピークが高角度へシフトしている。
上記によって得られた触媒の電気化学特性を実施例1と同様に測定したところ、電極上のパラジウム1gあたりの酸素還元電流値が5A/gを超える電位は、0.541Vであった。
以上、実施例6〜7及び比較例3をまとめると表2のようになり、本発明による触媒及
び製造方法が、固体高分子型燃料電池用カソード触媒として優れていることは明確である。
[Comparative Example 3]
A catalyst was obtained by firing at 900 ° C. for 1 hour in a 10% hydrogen-containing argon stream without adding any organic compound to the PdCoAu alloy precursor produced in the same manner as in Example 6.
From XRD, it was confirmed that Pd, Co, and Au metal alone did not exist and were alloyed, and the PdCoAu ternary alloy was found to be a single phase. In particular, the Pd (111) peak is 2θ = 41.24 °, and the diffraction peak is shifted to a high angle due to alloying.
When the electrochemical characteristics of the catalyst obtained as described above were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, the potential at which the oxygen reduction current value per gram of palladium on the electrode exceeded 5 A / g was 0.541 V.
As described above, Examples 6 to 7 and Comparative Example 3 are summarized as shown in Table 2, and it is clear that the catalyst and the production method according to the present invention are excellent as a cathode catalyst for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.

Figure 0004925793
Figure 0004925793

Claims (2)

(i)Pdである金属Mと、該金属M以外のCo、Cr,Auのいずれかから選ばれる金属A及び/又は(該金属Aの水酸化物、過酸化物、酸化物から選択される1種以上のA’)
からなる混合物X、
(ii)Pdである金属Mと、該金属M以外のCo、Cr,Auのいずれかから選ばれる金属A及び/又は(該金属Aの水酸化物、過酸化物、酸化物から選択される1種以上のA’)、そして、該金属M、A以外のCo、Cr,Auのいずれかから選ばれる金属B及び/又は(該金属Bの水酸化物、過酸化物、酸化物から選択される1種以上のB’)からなる混合物Y、そして
(iii)下記一般式(1)で表される合金(下記一般式(1)中、0<x<1、0<y<1、0≦z<1、MはPdを示し、AとBはCo、Cr,Auのいずれかから選ばれる互いに異なるM以外の金属を示す)、
から選ばれる一種以上と、
非共有電子対を持つ窒素原子を含有している有機化合物と、
及び炭素粉末と、
を少なくとも含有する組成物を300℃〜1000℃で焼成して得られる固体高分子型燃料電池用カソード触媒であって、該有機化合物がmeso−Tetraphenylporphyrin、2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18−Octaethyl−21H,23H−porphine、Tetrakis(4−carboxyphenyl)porphineで表されるポルフィリン誘導体、Phthalocyanine、1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25−Octabutoxy−29H,31H−phthalocyanine、2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24−Octakis(octyloxy)−29H,31H−phthalocyanineで表されるフタロシアニン誘導体、N,N’−Bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine、N,N’−Bis(salicylidene)1,3−propanediamineで表されるサレン誘導体、及びポリアクリロニトリル、ポリメタアクリロニトリルで表されるニトリル誘導体の中から選ばれることを特徴とする固体高分子型燃料電池用カソード触媒。
xyz (1)
(I) A metal M selected from Pd and a metal A selected from Co, Cr and Au other than the metal M and / or a hydroxide, a peroxide and an oxide of the metal A One or more A ')
A mixture X consisting of
(Ii) a metal M which is Pd and a metal A selected from Co, Cr and Au other than the metal M and / or a hydroxide, a peroxide and an oxide of the metal A One or more A ′), and metal B selected from any of Co, Cr, and Au other than the metals M and A and / or (selected from hydroxides, peroxides, and oxides of the metal B) (Iii) an alloy represented by the following general formula (1) (in the following general formula (1), 0 <x <1, 0 <y <1, 0 ≦ z <1, M represents Pd, and A and B represent different metals other than M selected from Co, Cr, and Au),
With one or more types selected from
An organic compound containing a nitrogen atom with an unshared electron pair;
And carbon powder,
A cathode catalyst for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell obtained by calcining a composition containing at least 300 to 1000 ° C., wherein the organic compound is meso-tetraphenyl porphyrin, 2, 3, 7, 8, 12, 13 , 17,18-Octaethyl-21H, 23H -porphine, Tetrakis (4-carbo xy phenyl) porphyrin derivative represented by porphine, Phthalocyanine, 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-Octabutoxy- 29H , 31H-phthalocyanine, 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-Octakis (octyloxy) -29H, 31H-phthalocyanine, N, '-Bis (salicylidene) ethylenediamine, N, N' selected from among salen derivatives represented by -Bis (salicylidene) 1,3-propanedine, and nitrile derivatives represented by polyacrylonitrile and polymethacrylonitrile A cathode catalyst for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
M x A y B z (1)
炭素粉末上に担持された該混合物X、及び/又は該混合物Yの担持体を、非共有電子対
を持つ窒素原子を含有している有機化合物と共に焼成する事を特徴とする請求項1に記載の固体高分子型燃料電池用カソード触媒の製造方法。
The mixture X and / or the support Y of the mixture Y supported on carbon powder is baked together with an organic compound containing a nitrogen atom having an unshared electron pair. Of producing a cathode catalyst for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
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