JP4532558B2 - 自動車排ガスにおける有害物質還元のための調量システム - Google Patents
自動車排ガスにおける有害物質還元のための調量システム Download PDFInfo
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
- B01D53/90—Injecting reactants
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B1/00—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means
- B05B1/30—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to control volume of flow, e.g. with adjustable passages
- B05B1/3006—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to control volume of flow, e.g. with adjustable passages the controlling element being actuated by the pressure of the fluid to be sprayed
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
- F01N13/0097—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are arranged in a single housing
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/30—Arrangements for supply of additional air
- F01N3/303—Filtering additional air
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
- F01N2240/40—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a hydrolysis catalyst
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2260/00—Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for
- F01N2260/02—Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for for cooling the device
- F01N2260/022—Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for for cooling the device using air
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/10—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being heated, e.g. by heating tank or supply line of the added substance
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/14—Arrangements for the supply of substances, e.g. conduits
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/14—Arrangements for the supply of substances, e.g. conduits
- F01N2610/1453—Sprayers or atomisers; Arrangement thereof in the exhaust apparatus
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/14—Arrangements for the supply of substances, e.g. conduits
- F01N2610/1466—Means for venting air out of conduits or tanks
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Fluid-Pressure Circuits (AREA)
Description
いわゆるアンモニアSCR方法では、特に商用車の領域においては還元剤としてアンモニアが、相応な還元剤触媒手前の排ガス中で必要とされる。この場合、今日の方法では、水性の尿素−空気−エーロゾルを、圧縮空気によってエンジン排ガスに頻繁に吹き込むことにより、熱分解および続く触媒を用いた加水分解により、実際の還元剤であるアンモニアが遊離される。
したがって、有害物質を減少させる流動性の媒体、特に尿素水溶液を調量するための調量システムが提案される。このシステムでは少なくとも1つの調量ポンプが使用される。調量は、特に触媒を有し得る自動車排ガスシステムに行われることが望ましい。
以下に本発明を図面につき説明する。しかし、本発明は図示の実施例に制限されるものではない。この場合、同じ構成部材もしくは機能的に互いに相応な構成部材は同じ符号で示す。
図1には、たとえば特に商用車において有利な、選択還元触媒(SCR)のためのシステムが例示的に示してある。
Claims (10)
- 有害物質を減少させる流動性の媒体を、自動車排ガスシステム(220)に調量するための調量システムであって、以下の構成要素:
a)有害物質を減少させる少なくとも1つの流動性の媒体を貯蔵するための、少なくとも1つのリザーブタンク(210)と;
b)少なくとも1つの該リザーブタンク(210)に接続された、少なくとも1つの調量ポンプ(216)と;
c)少なくとも1つの調量ポンプ(216)に直接または管路システム(214)を介して接続された、少なくとも1つの自己開放式のノズル(218)と;
が設けられており、
−自己開放式のノズル(218)が、流動性の媒体を供給するための少なくとも1つの供給開口(312)を有しており、
−自己開放式のノズル(218)が、少なくとも1つのノズル開口(314)を有しており、
−少なくとも1つの該ノズル開口(314)が、この少なくとも1つのノズル開口(314)を介して流動性の媒体が、自動車排ガスシステム(220)に噴射されるように形成されており、
少なくとも1つの自己開放式のノズル(218)が、さらに以下の構成要素:
c1)ばね室(320)とニードル室(318)とを備えたノズルボディ(310)と、
c2)ニードル室(318)に挿入された少なくとも1つのノズルニードル(322)と、
c3)ばね室(320)に挿入された少なくとも1つのばねエレメント(332)と、
c4)少なくとも1つのシールエレメント(336)と、
c5)ニードル室(318)内に少なくとも1つのガイドエレメント(329,331)とを有しており、
−ニードル室(318)が、流動性の媒体を供給するための少なくとも1つの供給開口(312)と、少なくとも1つのノズル開口(314)とを有しており;
−少なくとも1つのノズルニードル(322)が、ニードル室(318)に可動におよび/または回動可能に支承されており、その結果、少なくとも1つのノズルニードル(322)が、少なくとも1つの位置および/または配向で、流動性の媒体のための少なくとも1つのノズル開口(314)を気密に閉鎖し、少なくとも1つの別の位置および/または配向で、流動性の媒体のためのノズル開口(314)を解放し;
−少なくとも1つのばねエレメント(332)が、力および/または回動モーメントを、少なくとも1つのノズルニードル(322)に加え、その結果、付加的な力および/または回動モーメントの作用なしに、少なくとも1つのノズルニードル(322)が、流動性の媒体のための少なくとも1つのノズル開口(314)を気密に閉鎖し;
−少なくとも1つのシールエレメント(336)が、流動性の媒体の、少なくとも1つのニードル室(318)から少なくとも1つのばね室(320)への侵入を防ぐかまたは減少させ、
−ノズルニードル(322)が少なくとも1つのガイドエレメント(329,331)によりガイドされていることを特徴とする、有害物質を減少させる流動性の媒体を自動車排ガスシステムに調量するための調量システム。 - 圧力p1で少なくとも1つのニードル室(318)に進入する流動体の媒体が、力および/または回動モーメントを少なくとも1つのノズルニードル(322)に加えており、
−この力もしくはこの回動モーメントが、少なくとも1つのばねエレメント(332)により少なくとも1つのノズルニードル(322)に加えられた力もしくは回動モーメントに抗して作用し、
−p1が、設定された最低圧力pminを上回ると、流動性の媒体のための少なくとも1つのノズル開口(314)が開放される、請求項1記載の調量システム。 - 少なくとも1つのシールエレメント(336)が、完全にまたは部分的にフレキシブルに形成されており、
−少なくとも1つのシールエレメント(336)が、少なくとも1つのノズルニードル(322)および/または少なくとも1つのばねエレメント(332)をフレキシブルにノズルボディ(310)に結合している、請求項1または2記載の調量システム。 - 少なくとも1つのシールエレメント(336)が、少なくとも1つのフレキシブルなダイヤフラム(336)を有している、請求項1から3までのいずれか1項記載の調量システム。
- ばね室(320)が少なくとも1つの放圧開口(316)を有している、請求項1から4までのいずれか1項記載の調量システム。
- 少なくとも1つの放圧開口(316)が、大気圧および/または自動車排ガスシステム(220)における圧力で負荷されている、請求項1から5までのいずれか1項記載の調量システム。
- 当該調量システムに付加的に、
d)少なくとも1つの通気弁(226)が設けられており、該通気弁(226)が、空気および/または保護ガスの、少なくとも1つの調量ポンプ(216)および/または少なくとも1つの自己開放式のノズル(218)への供給を制御できる、請求項1から6までのいずれか1項記載の調量システム。 - 管路システム(214)および/または少なくとも1つの調量ポンプ(216)および/または少なくとも1つの自己開放式のノズル(218)が、少なくとも1つのヒーティングエレメント(233)によって完全にまたは部分的に加熱可能に形成されている、請求項1から7までのいずれか1項記載の調量システム。
- 当該調量システムに付加的に、
e)少なくとも1つの調量ポンプ(216)および/または少なくとも1つの通気弁(226)および/または少なくとも1つのヒーティングエレメント(233)を制御するための、少なくとも1つの電子制御装置(234)が設けられている、請求項1から8までのいずれか1項記載の調量システム。 - 当該調量システムに付加的に、
f)有害物質を減少させる流動性の媒体の温度および/または圧力を測定するための、少なくとも1つの装置が設けられている、請求項1から9までのいずれか1項記載の調量システム。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102004048075A DE102004048075A1 (de) | 2004-10-02 | 2004-10-02 | Dosiersystem zur Schadstoffreduktion in Kraftfahrzeugabgasen |
PCT/EP2005/054502 WO2006037710A1 (de) | 2004-10-02 | 2005-09-09 | Dosiersystem zur schadstoffreduktion in kraftfahrzeugabgasen |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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JP2008514860A JP2008514860A (ja) | 2008-05-08 |
JP4532558B2 true JP4532558B2 (ja) | 2010-08-25 |
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JP2007533995A Expired - Fee Related JP4532558B2 (ja) | 2004-10-02 | 2005-09-09 | 自動車排ガスにおける有害物質還元のための調量システム |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US7571603B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1797290B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4532558B2 (ja) |
AT (1) | ATE471440T1 (ja) |
DE (2) | DE102004048075A1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2006037710A1 (ja) |
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DE102004050023A1 (de) * | 2004-10-13 | 2006-04-27 | L'orange Gmbh | Einrichtung zur dosierten Einspritzung eines Reduktionsmittels in den Abgastrakt einer Brennkraftmaschine |
US8210826B2 (en) * | 2006-04-15 | 2012-07-03 | William Freeman | Controlled liquid injection and blending apparatus |
DE102006023148A1 (de) * | 2006-05-16 | 2007-11-22 | Emitec Gesellschaft Für Emissionstechnologie Mbh | Vorrichtung zur Aufbereitung von Abgas einer Verbrennungskraftmaschine |
DE102006053556A1 (de) * | 2006-11-14 | 2008-05-15 | Purem Abgassysteme Gmbh & Co. Kg | Vorrichtung zum Dosieren von Reduktionsmittel und Injektor in einer Vorrichtung zum Dosieren von Reduktionsmittel |
JP4779959B2 (ja) * | 2006-12-20 | 2011-09-28 | 株式会社デンソー | 排気浄化装置 |
DE102006061736A1 (de) * | 2006-12-28 | 2008-07-03 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Fördermodul für selektive katalytische Reduktion |
DE102007020812B4 (de) | 2007-05-04 | 2010-01-14 | Audi Ag | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Zudosierung von fluiden schadstoffreduzierenden Medien in einen Abgaskanal einer Brennkraftmaschine |
DE102007033470B4 (de) * | 2007-07-18 | 2012-10-25 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Dosierung eines Reduktionsmittels in einen Abgastrakt eines Fahrzeugs |
DE102007043532A1 (de) * | 2007-09-12 | 2009-03-19 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Ventilanordnung zur Dosierung einer wässrigen Harnstofflösung |
DE102007043991A1 (de) | 2007-09-14 | 2009-04-02 | Magna Steyr Fuel Systems Gmbh | Tankdeckel |
DK2235338T4 (en) | 2007-12-05 | 2015-12-14 | Emitec Denmark As | Nozzle arrangement |
DE102008038984A1 (de) * | 2008-08-13 | 2010-02-18 | Emitec Gesellschaft Für Emissionstechnologie Mbh | Verfahren zum selektiven Beheizen einer Reduktionsmittelleitung |
DE102008044708A1 (de) * | 2008-08-28 | 2010-03-04 | Emitec Gesellschaft Für Emissionstechnologie Mbh | SCR-System mit Kompensationselement |
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-
2004
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2005
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- 2005-09-09 EP EP05789586A patent/EP1797290B1/de not_active Not-in-force
- 2005-09-09 DE DE502005009766T patent/DE502005009766D1/de active Active
- 2005-09-09 AT AT05789586T patent/ATE471440T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-09-09 US US11/576,192 patent/US7571603B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-09-09 WO PCT/EP2005/054502 patent/WO2006037710A1/de active Application Filing
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WO2006037710A1 (de) | 2006-04-13 |
DE102004048075A1 (de) | 2006-04-06 |
US20080092527A1 (en) | 2008-04-24 |
EP1797290A1 (de) | 2007-06-20 |
DE502005009766D1 (de) | 2010-07-29 |
JP2008514860A (ja) | 2008-05-08 |
EP1797290B1 (de) | 2010-06-16 |
US7571603B2 (en) | 2009-08-11 |
ATE471440T1 (de) | 2010-07-15 |
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