JP2019169376A - Positive electrode and lithium ion secondary battery - Google Patents

Positive electrode and lithium ion secondary battery Download PDF

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JP2019169376A
JP2019169376A JP2018056884A JP2018056884A JP2019169376A JP 2019169376 A JP2019169376 A JP 2019169376A JP 2018056884 A JP2018056884 A JP 2018056884A JP 2018056884 A JP2018056884 A JP 2018056884A JP 2019169376 A JP2019169376 A JP 2019169376A
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positive electrode
graphene
active material
electrode active
multilayer graphene
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JP7102831B2 (en
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洋 苅宿
Hiroshi Kariyado
洋 苅宿
長谷川 智彦
Tomohiko Hasegawa
智彦 長谷川
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TDK Corp
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

To provide a positive electrode capable of improving output characteristics, and an ion secondary battery.SOLUTION: A positive electrode according to the present invention includes a positive electrode collector and a positive electrode active material layer provided on a surface of the positive electrode collector. The positive electrode active material layer contains: a positive electrode active material represented by a predetermined composition formula; and graphene or multilayer graphene. The positive electrode active material includes a particle group A1 comprising particles having a particle size equal to or less than half of the average particle diameter Da of the graphene or the multilayer graphene, at least a part of the particle group A1 adhering to a surface of the graphene or the multilayer graphene.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Description

本発明は、正極及びリチウムイオン二次電池に関する。   The present invention relates to a positive electrode and a lithium ion secondary battery.

リチウムイオン二次電池は、ニッケルカドミウム電池、ニッケル水素電池等と比べ、軽量、高容量であるため、携帯電子機器用電源として広く応用されている。また、ハイブリッド自動車や、電気自動車用に搭載される電源として有力な候補ともなっている。そして、近年の携帯電子機器の小型化、高機能化に伴い、これらの電源となるリチウムイオン二次電池への更なる高容量化が期待されている。   Lithium ion secondary batteries are widely applied as power sources for portable electronic devices because they are lighter and have a higher capacity than nickel cadmium batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries, and the like. It is also a promising candidate as a power source for use in hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles. With the recent miniaturization and higher functionality of portable electronic devices, further increase in capacity is expected for lithium ion secondary batteries that serve as these power sources.

特に、正極活物質として層状構造のリチウム含有遷移金属複合酸化物を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池は、従来の電池と比較して電池の高エネルギー密度化が可能であるため、現在では広く普及している。しかしながら、現在のリチウムイオン二次電池は、用途の多様化により、様々な特性の向上が望まれている。   In particular, a lithium ion secondary battery using a lithium-containing transition metal composite oxide having a layered structure as a positive electrode active material is capable of increasing the energy density of the battery as compared with a conventional battery, and is now widely used. ing. However, current lithium ion secondary batteries are desired to have various characteristics improved due to diversification of applications.

層状構造のリチウム含有遷移金属複合酸化物を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池の課題の一つとして、出力特性の向上が挙げられる。出力特性向上を目的として、様々な方法が試みられているが、その中の一つとして正極にグラフェンまたは多層グラフェンを用いることが挙げられている。   One of the problems of a lithium ion secondary battery using a lithium-containing transition metal composite oxide having a layered structure is improvement of output characteristics. Various methods have been tried for the purpose of improving output characteristics, and one of them is to use graphene or multilayer graphene for the positive electrode.

例えば特許文献1には、粒状正極活物質をグラフェンで被覆して、電子伝導性とイオン伝導性とを改善したリチウム二次電池用正極材料が開示されている。   For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery in which a granular positive electrode active material is coated with graphene to improve electron conductivity and ion conductivity.

特開2017−135105号公報JP 2017-135105 A

しかしながら、更なる出力特性の改善が求められている。   However, further improvement of output characteristics is demanded.

本発明は上記従来技術の有する課題に鑑みてなされたものであり、出力特性を向上することができる正極およびイオン二次電池を提供することを目的とする。   The present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems of the prior art, and an object thereof is to provide a positive electrode and an ion secondary battery capable of improving output characteristics.

本発明者は、上記課題を解決するために、鋭意検討を重ねた。
本発明者は、正極活物質層中に含まれるグラフェン又は多層グラフェンの表面に所定の微粒子が付着している場合、リチウムイオン二次電池の出力特性を改善できることを見出した。
すなわち、上記課題を解決するため、以下の手段を提供する。
In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventor has made extensive studies.
The present inventor has found that the output characteristics of a lithium ion secondary battery can be improved when predetermined fine particles are attached to the surface of graphene or multilayer graphene contained in the positive electrode active material layer.
That is, in order to solve the above problems, the following means are provided.

(1)第1の態様にかかる正極は、正極集電体と、前記正極集電体の表面上に設けられた正極活物質層とを有し、前記正極活物質層は、以下の組成式(1)で表される正極活物質と、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンとを含み、前記正極活物質は、前記グラフェン又は前記多層グラフェンの平均粒子径Daの2分の1以下の粒子径を有する粒子からなる粒子群A1を有し、前記粒子群A1の少なくとも一部は前記グラフェン又は前記多層グラフェンの表面に付着している。
LiNiCoMn(M) (1)
(ただし、Mは、Al、Si、Zr、Ti、Fe、Mg、Nb、Ba及びVからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種を示し、1.90≦(a+b+c+d+e)≦2.2、0<a≦1.3、0.5≦b≦1.0、0≦c≦1.0、0≦d≦0.7、0≦e≦0.2である。)
(1) A positive electrode according to a first aspect includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer provided on a surface of the positive electrode current collector, wherein the positive electrode active material layer has the following composition formula: A positive electrode active material represented by (1) and graphene or multilayer graphene, wherein the positive electrode active material is composed of particles having a particle diameter equal to or less than one half of an average particle diameter Da of the graphene or the multilayer graphene. And at least part of the particle group A1 is attached to the surface of the graphene or the multilayer graphene.
Li a Ni b Co c Mn d (M) e O 2 (1)
(However, M represents at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, Si, Zr, Ti, Fe, Mg, Nb, Ba and V. 1.90 ≦ (a + b + c + d + e) ≦ 2.2, 0 <a ≦ 1.3, 0.5 ≦ b ≦ 1.0, 0 ≦ c ≦ 1.0, 0 ≦ d ≦ 0.7, 0 ≦ e ≦ 0.2.)

(2)上記態様にかかる正極において、前記正極活物質は、前記グラフェン又は前記多層グラフェンの平均粒子径Daよりも大きい粒子径を有する粒子からなる粒子群A2を更に有し、前記粒子群A1の少なくとも一部は、前記グラフェン又は前記多層グラフェンと前記粒子群A2との間に存在してもよい。 (2) In the positive electrode according to the above aspect, the positive electrode active material further includes a particle group A2 composed of particles having a particle diameter larger than an average particle diameter Da of the graphene or the multilayer graphene, and the particle group A1 At least a portion may be present between the graphene or the multilayer graphene and the particle group A2.

(3)上記態様にかかる正極において、前記グラフェン又は前記多層グラフェンの表面に付着した付着粒子の平均粒子径Dbは3μm以下でもよい。 (3) In the positive electrode according to the aspect described above, the average particle diameter Db of the attached particles attached to the surface of the graphene or the multilayer graphene may be 3 μm or less.

(4)上記態様にかかる正極において、前記グラフェン又は前記多層グラフェンの平均粒子径Daは3〜25μmでもよい。 (4) In the positive electrode according to the above aspect, the average particle diameter Da of the graphene or the multilayer graphene may be 3 to 25 μm.

(5)上記態様にかかる正極において、前記グラフェン又は前記多層グラフェンの平均粒子径Daと、前記グラフェン又は前記多層グラフェンの表面に付着した付着粒子の平均粒子径Dbとが、Da/Db≧2を満たしてもよい。 (5) In the positive electrode according to the above aspect, the average particle diameter Da of the graphene or the multilayer graphene and the average particle diameter Db of attached particles attached to the surface of the graphene or the multilayer graphene satisfy Da / Db ≧ 2. May be satisfied.

(6)第2の態様にかかるリチウムイオン二次電池は、上記態様に係る正極を有する。 (6) The lithium ion secondary battery according to the second aspect includes the positive electrode according to the aspect.

上記態様に係る正極は、正極活物質層中に含まれるグラフェン又は多層グラフェンの表面に所定の微粒子が付着しているため、リチウムイオン二次電池の出力特性が向上する。   In the positive electrode according to the above aspect, since predetermined fine particles are attached to the surface of graphene or multilayer graphene contained in the positive electrode active material layer, the output characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery are improved.

本実施形態にかかるリチウムイオン二次電池の断面模式図である。It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of the lithium ion secondary battery concerning this embodiment. 本実施形態に係る正極活物質の走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)像である。It is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the positive electrode active material which concerns on this embodiment.

以下、本実施形態について、図を適宜参照しながら詳細に説明する。以下の説明で用いる図面は、本発明の特徴をわかりやすくするために便宜上特徴となる部分を拡大して示している場合があり、各構成要素の寸法比率などは実際とは異なっていることがある。以下の説明において例示される材料、寸法等は一例であって、本発明はそれらに限定されるものではなく、その要旨を変更しない範囲で適宜変更して実施することが可能である。   Hereinafter, the present embodiment will be described in detail with appropriate reference to the drawings. In the drawings used in the following description, in order to make the characteristics of the present invention easier to understand, there are cases where the characteristic parts are enlarged for the sake of convenience, and the dimensional ratios of the respective components are different from actual ones. is there. The materials, dimensions, and the like exemplified in the following description are examples, and the present invention is not limited to them, and can be appropriately modified and implemented without departing from the scope of the invention.

[リチウムイオン二次電池]
図1は、本実施形態にかかるリチウムイオン二次電池100の断面模式図である。図1に示すリチウムイオン二次電池100は、主として積層体40、積層体40を密閉した状態で収容する外装体50、及び積層体40に接続された一対のリード60、62を備えている。また図示されていないが、積層体40とともに電解液が、外装体50内に収容されている。
[Lithium ion secondary battery]
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a lithium ion secondary battery 100 according to the present embodiment. A lithium ion secondary battery 100 shown in FIG. 1 mainly includes a stacked body 40, an exterior body 50 that accommodates the stacked body 40 in a sealed state, and a pair of leads 60 and 62 connected to the stacked body 40. Although not shown, the electrolyte solution is accommodated in the outer package 50 together with the laminate 40.

積層体40は、正極20と負極30とが、セパレータ10を挟んで対向配置されたものである。正極20は、板状(膜状)の正極集電体22上に正極活物質層24が設けられたものである。負極30は、板状(膜状)の負極集電体32上に負極活物質層34が設けられたものである。   The stacked body 40 is configured such that the positive electrode 20 and the negative electrode 30 are disposed to face each other with the separator 10 interposed therebetween. The positive electrode 20 is obtained by providing a positive electrode active material layer 24 on a plate-like (film-like) positive electrode current collector 22. The negative electrode 30 is obtained by providing a negative electrode active material layer 34 on a plate-like (film-like) negative electrode current collector 32.

正極活物質層24及び負極活物質層34は、セパレータ10の両側にそれぞれ接触している。正極集電体22及び負極集電体32の端部には、それぞれリード62、60が接続されており、リード60、62の端部は外装体50の外部にまで延びている。図1では、外装体50内に積層体40が一つの場合を例示したが、複数積層されていてもよい。   The positive electrode active material layer 24 and the negative electrode active material layer 34 are in contact with both sides of the separator 10. Leads 62 and 60 are connected to the end portions of the positive electrode current collector 22 and the negative electrode current collector 32, respectively, and the end portions of the leads 60 and 62 extend to the outside of the exterior body 50. In FIG. 1, the case where there is one laminated body 40 in the exterior body 50 is illustrated, but a plurality of laminated bodies 40 may be laminated.

「正極」
正極20は、正極集電体22と、正極集電体22の表面上に設けられた正極活物質層24とを有する。
"Positive electrode"
The positive electrode 20 includes a positive electrode current collector 22 and a positive electrode active material layer 24 provided on the surface of the positive electrode current collector 22.

(正極集電体)
正極集電体22は、導電性の板材であればよく、例えば、アルミニウム、銅、ニッケル箔の金属薄板を用いることができる。
(Positive electrode current collector)
The positive electrode current collector 22 may be a conductive plate material, and for example, a thin metal plate of aluminum, copper, or nickel foil can be used.

(正極活物質層)
正極活物質層24は、以下の組成式(1)で表される正極活物質と、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンとを含み、必要に応じてバインダーを含んでよい。組成式(1)から分かるように正極活物質はLi及びNiを含み、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンは正極導電材の役割を果たす。
LiNiCoMn(M) (1)
(ただし、Mは、Al、Si、Zr、Ti、Fe、Mg、Nb、Ba及びVからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種を示し、1.90≦(a+b+c+d+e)≦2.2、0<a≦1.3、0.5≦b≦1.0、0≦c≦1.0、0≦d≦0.7、0≦e≦0.2である。)
(Positive electrode active material layer)
The positive electrode active material layer 24 includes a positive electrode active material represented by the following composition formula (1) and graphene or multilayer graphene, and may include a binder as necessary. As can be seen from the composition formula (1), the positive electrode active material contains Li and Ni, and graphene or multilayer graphene plays a role of a positive electrode conductive material.
Li a Ni b Co c Mn d (M) e O 2 (1)
(However, M represents at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, Si, Zr, Ti, Fe, Mg, Nb, Ba and V. 1.90 ≦ (a + b + c + d + e) ≦ 2.2, 0 <a ≦ 1.3, 0.5 ≦ b ≦ 1.0, 0 ≦ c ≦ 1.0, 0 ≦ d ≦ 0.7, 0 ≦ e ≦ 0.2.)

多層グラフェンとの用語は、約50層以下の積層構造を有するグラフェンを意味し、特に2層〜30層程度の積層構造を有するグラフェンを含む。   The term “multilayer graphene” means graphene having a stacked structure of about 50 layers or less, and particularly includes graphene having a stacked structure of about 2 to 30 layers.

図2に、本実施形態に係る正極活物質層用粉末の走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)像を示す。正極活物質は、正極活物質層24に含まれるグラフェン又は多層グラフェンGの平均粒子径Daの2分の1以下の粒子径を有する粒子からなる粒子群A1を有する。   In FIG. 2, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the powder for positive electrode active material layers which concerns on this embodiment is shown. The positive electrode active material has a particle group A1 made of particles having a particle size of 1/2 or less of the average particle size Da of graphene or multilayer graphene G contained in the positive electrode active material layer 24.

グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGと正極活物質の粒子径は、SEMで測定することで求めることができる。具体的には、以下のように求める。まず正極の断面の倍率1000倍の二次電子像と反射電子像を10枚撮影する。バインダーは二次電子像において黒く映るため、画像を2値化し、正極活物質及びグラフェン又は多層グラフェンGを抽出する。次いで、反射電子像を2値化し、正極活物質とグラフェン又は多層グラフェンGをそれぞれ抽出する。抽出したすべての粒子の粒径を画像処理により測定する。同様の作業を10枚の画像で行い、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGの粒子径及び正極活物質の粒子径を求める。グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGは扁平形状であり、粒子径はグラフェン又は多層グラフェンGの積層方向と直交するグラフェン又は多層グラフェンGの幅(長径)を意味する。   The particle diameters of graphene or multilayer graphene G and the positive electrode active material can be determined by measuring with SEM. Specifically, it is obtained as follows. First, ten secondary electron images and reflected electron images with a magnification of 1000 times of the cross section of the positive electrode are taken. Since the binder appears black in the secondary electron image, the image is binarized and the positive electrode active material and graphene or multilayer graphene G are extracted. Next, the reflected electron image is binarized, and the positive electrode active material and graphene or multilayer graphene G are extracted. The particle size of all the extracted particles is measured by image processing. The same operation is performed on ten images, and the particle diameter of graphene or multilayer graphene G and the particle diameter of the positive electrode active material are obtained. The graphene or multilayer graphene G has a flat shape, and the particle diameter means the width (major axis) of the graphene or multilayer graphene G perpendicular to the stacking direction of the graphene or multilayer graphene G.

代替的に、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGと正極活物質の粒子径は、正極からグラフェン及び正極活物質を分離してから測定してもよい。具体的には、電池から取り出した正極を、バインダーを溶解する溶媒中に入れて攪拌し、溶媒中に遊離した正極構成材料をろ過により取り出す。その後、正極構成材料から分離されたグラフェン又は多層グラフェンGと正極活物質粒子とを電子顕微鏡で観察することで、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGと正極活物質の粒子径を求めることができる。   Alternatively, the particle sizes of graphene or multilayer graphene G and the positive electrode active material may be measured after separating graphene and the positive electrode active material from the positive electrode. Specifically, the positive electrode taken out from the battery is placed in a solvent that dissolves the binder and stirred, and the positive electrode constituent material released in the solvent is taken out by filtration. Then, the particle diameter of graphene or multilayer graphene G, and a positive electrode active material can be calculated | required by observing the graphene or multilayer graphene G and positive electrode active material particle which were isolate | separated from the positive electrode constituent material with an electron microscope.

粒子群A1は、上記の測定により求められたグラフェン又は多層グラフェンGの平均粒子径Daの2分の1以下の粒子径を有する粒子からなる。粒子群A1に含まれる粒子の組成は、上記組成式(1)を満たしてればよく、粒子群A1に含まれない正極活物質(後述する粒子群A2)と同じでも、異なってもよい。   The particle group A1 is composed of particles having a particle diameter equal to or less than one half of the average particle diameter Da of the graphene or multilayer graphene G obtained by the above measurement. The composition of the particles included in the particle group A1 only needs to satisfy the composition formula (1), and may be the same as or different from the positive electrode active material (particle group A2 described later) not included in the particle group A1.

粒子群A1の粒子数は、正極活物質の粒子数の3%以上であることが好ましく、5%以上であることが更に好ましい。このような粒子数を採用することによって、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGと正極活物質との電子伝導経路を十分に確保することができる。また、粒子群A1の粒子数は、正極活物質の粒子数の30%以下であることが好ましく、15%以下であることが更に好ましい。このような粒子数を採用することによって、リチウムイオン二次電池100の充放電サイクル中に正極活物質層24の劣化を抑制できる。即ち、リチウムイオン二次電池のサイクル特性を向上することができる。   The number of particles in the particle group A1 is preferably 3% or more of the number of particles of the positive electrode active material, and more preferably 5% or more. By adopting such a number of particles, a sufficient electron conduction path between graphene or multilayer graphene G and the positive electrode active material can be secured. In addition, the number of particles in the particle group A1 is preferably 30% or less, more preferably 15% or less, of the number of particles of the positive electrode active material. By adopting such a number of particles, deterioration of the positive electrode active material layer 24 during the charge / discharge cycle of the lithium ion secondary battery 100 can be suppressed. That is, the cycle characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery can be improved.

従来も正極活物質として小さな破砕粒子が混入することがあったが、サイクル特性の低下を防ぐために、小さな破砕粒子は除去されるのが通常である。従って、従来の正極活物質層では、3μm以下の平均粒子径を有する小さな正極活物質粒子は3%未満であり、通常は1%未満である。即ち、意図的に小さな正極活物質を追加しない限り、粒子群A1の粒子数が、正極活物質の全粒子数の3%以上にはならない。   Conventionally, small crushed particles are sometimes mixed as a positive electrode active material, but in order to prevent deterioration of cycle characteristics, the small crushed particles are usually removed. Therefore, in the conventional positive electrode active material layer, the small positive electrode active material particles having an average particle diameter of 3 μm or less are less than 3%, and usually less than 1%. That is, unless a small positive electrode active material is intentionally added, the number of particles of the particle group A1 does not become 3% or more of the total number of particles of the positive electrode active material.

粒子群A1の少なくとも一部は、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGの表面に付着している。以下、このグラフェン又は多層グラフェンGの表面に付着した正極活物質を付着粒子Fという。付着粒子Fの組成は、上記組成式(1)を満たしてればよく、粒子群A1に含まれない正極活物質(後述する粒子群A2)と同じでも、異なってもよい。   At least a part of the particle group A1 is attached to the surface of the graphene or multilayer graphene G. Hereinafter, the positive electrode active material attached to the surface of this graphene or multilayer graphene G is referred to as attached particles F. The composition of the adhering particles F only needs to satisfy the composition formula (1), and may be the same as or different from the positive electrode active material (particle group A2 described later) not included in the particle group A1.

グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGの表面に比較的小さな正極活物質が付着していることによって、リチウムイオン二次電池の出力特性を高めることができる。この理由は完全に明らかではないが、以下のように考えることができる。即ち、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGの表面上にNiを含有する小さな正極活物質が付着していることにより、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGの表面上に付着していないNiを含有する正極活物質と、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGとの間の親和性が高まる。その結果、グラフェンと正極活物質との電子伝導経路が確保しやすくなったのだと理解することができる。   When a relatively small positive electrode active material is attached to the surface of graphene or multilayer graphene G, the output characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery can be improved. The reason for this is not completely clear, but can be considered as follows. That is, since a small positive electrode active material containing Ni is attached to the surface of graphene or multilayer graphene G, a positive electrode active material containing Ni that is not attached to the surface of graphene or multilayer graphene G, and graphene Alternatively, the affinity between the multilayer graphene G is increased. As a result, it can be understood that the electron conduction path between the graphene and the positive electrode active material is easily secured.

付着粒子Fの平均粒子径Dbは3μm以下であることが好ましく、2μm以下であることが更に好ましい。付着粒子Fの平均粒子径Dbは、SEM像において確認される任意の20個の付着粒子Fの粒子径を平均することで求めることができる。付着粒子Fの粒子径は、SEM像においてグラフェン又は多層グラフェンGと重なっており、二値化による抽出では測定しにくい。そのため、上記のように付着粒子FをSEM像から直接測定する。このようなDbを選択することによって、付着粒子Fがグラフェン又は多層グラフェンGと正極活物質との間の電子伝導経路を好適に確保することができる。   The average particle diameter Db of the adhered particles F is preferably 3 μm or less, and more preferably 2 μm or less. The average particle diameter Db of the adhering particles F can be obtained by averaging the particle diameters of 20 arbitrary adhering particles F confirmed in the SEM image. The particle diameter of the adhering particles F overlaps with graphene or multilayer graphene G in the SEM image, and is difficult to measure by extraction by binarization. Therefore, the adhered particles F are directly measured from the SEM image as described above. By selecting such Db, the adhering particle F can suitably ensure an electron conduction path between the graphene or the multilayer graphene G and the positive electrode active material.

正極活物質は、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGの平均粒子径Daよりも大きい粒子径を有する粒子からなる粒子群A2を更に有し、粒子群A1の少なくとも一部は、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGと粒子群A2との間に存在していることが好ましい。   The positive electrode active material further includes a particle group A2 composed of particles having a particle diameter larger than the average particle diameter Da of graphene or multilayer graphene G, and at least a part of the particle group A1 includes graphene or multilayer graphene G and the particle group It is preferable that it exists between A2.

粒子群A1の少なくとも一部がグラフェン又は多層グラフェンGと粒子群A2との間に存在することにより、リチウムイオン二次電池の出力特性を向上させることができる。この理由は完全に明らかではないが、以下のように考えることができる。粒径の大きな粒子群A1は、リチウムを吸蔵、放出し、電池の主反応を担う。そこで発生した電子が、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGと親和性の高い粒子群A2(特に付着粒子)を介して伝導することで、リチウムイオン二次電池の出力特性を向上するものと理解できる。   When at least a part of the particle group A1 exists between the graphene or the multilayer graphene G and the particle group A2, the output characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery can be improved. The reason for this is not completely clear, but can be considered as follows. The particle group A1 having a large particle size occludes and releases lithium and takes charge of the main reaction of the battery. It can be understood that the generated electrons are conducted through the particle group A2 (particularly, attached particles) having high affinity with the graphene or the multilayer graphene G, thereby improving the output characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery.

グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGの表面上に付着している比較的小さな正極活物質粒子は、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGの表面上に付着していない比較的大きな正極活物質粒子と隣接していることが好ましい。この場合、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGの表面上に付着している比較的小さな正極活物質粒子は、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGと、比較的大きな正極活物質粒子とに接する。従って、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGと比較的大きな正極活物質との電子伝導が更に容易となる。   The relatively small positive electrode active material particles attached on the surface of graphene or multilayer graphene G are preferably adjacent to relatively large positive electrode active material particles not attached on the surface of graphene or multilayer graphene G. . In this case, the relatively small positive electrode active material particles attached on the surface of the graphene or multilayer graphene G are in contact with the graphene or multilayer graphene G and the relatively large positive electrode active material particles. Therefore, electronic conduction between graphene or multilayer graphene G and a relatively large positive electrode active material is further facilitated.

グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGの平均粒子径Daは、3〜25μmであることが好ましく、5〜20μmであることが更に好ましく、10〜15μmであることが更に好ましい。このようなDaを採用することによって、正極活物質層24の平坦性を維持しつつ、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGと正極活物質との間の電子伝導経路を好適に確保することができる。   The average particle diameter Da of the graphene or multilayer graphene G is preferably 3 to 25 μm, more preferably 5 to 20 μm, and still more preferably 10 to 15 μm. By adopting such Da, the electron conduction path between graphene or multilayer graphene G and the positive electrode active material can be suitably secured while maintaining the flatness of the positive electrode active material layer 24.

グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGの平均粒子径Daと、付着粒子Fの平均粒子径Dbとは、Da/Db≧2を満たすことが好ましく、Da/Db≧5を満たすことが更に好ましい。Da及びDbがこのような関係を満たすことによって、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンG上に正極活物質を好適に付着させることができ、正極活物質層24中の電子伝導経路を好適に確保することができる。   The average particle diameter Da of the graphene or multilayer graphene G and the average particle diameter Db of the adhered particles F preferably satisfy Da / Db ≧ 2, and more preferably satisfy Da / Db ≧ 5. When Da and Db satisfy such a relationship, the positive electrode active material can be suitably attached onto the graphene or multilayer graphene G, and the electron conduction path in the positive electrode active material layer 24 can be suitably ensured. .

粒子群A1の粒子径の個数分布は、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGの平均粒子径Daの2分の1以下にピークを有することが好ましい。この場合、正極活物質全体の粒子径の個数分布は2以上のピークを有することになる。粒子群A1がこのような粒子径分布を有することによって、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンGと正極活物質との間の電子伝導経路を好適に確保することができる。   The number distribution of the particle size of the particle group A1 preferably has a peak at half or less of the average particle size Da of graphene or multilayer graphene G. In this case, the number distribution of the particle diameter of the whole positive electrode active material has two or more peaks. When the particle group A1 has such a particle size distribution, an electron conduction path between the graphene or the multilayer graphene G and the positive electrode active material can be suitably secured.

(正極バインダー)
バインダーは、公知のものを用いることができる。例えば、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、テトラフルオロエチレン−ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体(FEP)、テトラフルオロエチレン−パーフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル共重合体(PFA)、エチレン−テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体(ETFE)、ポリクロロトリフルオロエチレン(PCTFE)、エチレン−クロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体(ECTFE)、ポリフッ化ビニル(PVF)等のフッ素樹脂、が挙げられる。
(Positive electrode binder)
A well-known thing can be used for a binder. For example, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer (PFA), ethylene-tetrafluoro Fluorine resins such as ethylene copolymer (ETFE), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE), and polyvinyl fluoride (PVF).

上記の他に、バインダーとして、例えば、ビニリデンフルオライド−ヘキサフルオロプロピレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF−HFP系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド−ヘキサフルオロプロピレン−テトラフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF−HFP−TFE系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド−ペンタフルオロプロピレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF−PFP系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド−ペンタフルオロプロピレン−テトラフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF−PFP−TFE系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド−パーフルオロメチルビニルエーテル−テトラフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF−PFMVE−TFE系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド−クロロトリフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF−CTFE系フッ素ゴム)等のビニリデンフルオライド系フッ素ゴムを用いてもよい。   In addition to the above, as the binder, for example, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-based fluororubber (VDF-HFP-based fluororubber), vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene-based fluororubber (VDF-HFP-TFE-based) Fluororubber), vinylidene fluoride-pentafluoropropylene-based fluororubber (VDF-PFP-based fluororubber), vinylidene fluoride-pentafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene-based fluororubber (VDF-PFP-TFE-based fluororubber), vinylidene fluoride Ride-perfluoromethyl vinyl ether-tetrafluoroethylene fluorine rubber (VDF-PFMVE-TFE fluorine rubber), vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene fluorine rubber (VDF-CTFE-based fluorine rubber) may be used vinylidene fluoride-based fluorine rubbers such.

また、バインダーとして電子伝導性の導電性高分子やイオン伝導性の導電性高分子を用いてもよい。電子伝導性の導電性高分子としては、例えば、ポリアセチレン等が挙げられる。この場合は、バインダーが導電材の機能も発揮するので導電材を添加しなくてもよい。イオン伝導性の導電性高分子としては、例えば、リチウムイオン等のイオンの伝導性を有するものを使用することができ、例えば、高分子化合物(ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリプロピレンオキシド等のポリエーテル系高分子化合物、ポリフォスファゼン等)のモノマーと、LiClO、LiBF、LiPF等のリチウム塩又はリチウムを主体とするアルカリ金属塩と、を複合化させたもの等が挙げられる。複合化に使用する重合開始剤としては、例えば、上記のモノマーに適合する光重合開始剤または熱重合開始剤が挙げられる。 Alternatively, an electron conductive conductive polymer or an ion conductive conductive polymer may be used as the binder. Examples of the electron conductive conductive polymer include polyacetylene. In this case, since the binder also functions as a conductive material, it is not necessary to add a conductive material. As the ion-conductive conductive polymer, for example, those having ion conductivity such as lithium ion can be used. For example, polymer compounds (polyether-based polymer compounds such as polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide) , Polyphosphazene, etc.) and a lithium salt such as LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , or an alkali metal salt mainly composed of lithium, and the like. Examples of the polymerization initiator used for the combination include a photopolymerization initiator or a thermal polymerization initiator that is compatible with the above-described monomer.

またこの他に、バインダーとして、例えば、セルロース、スチレン・ブタジエンゴム、エチレン・プロピレンゴム、ポリイミド樹脂、ポリアミドイミド樹脂、アクリル樹脂等を用いてもよい。   In addition, for example, cellulose, styrene / butadiene rubber, ethylene / propylene rubber, polyimide resin, polyamideimide resin, acrylic resin, or the like may be used as the binder.

正極活物質層24における正極活物質の構成比率は、質量比で80%以上90%以下であることが好ましい。また正極活物質層24における導電材の構成比率は、質量比で0.5%以上10%以下であることが好ましく、正極活物質層24におけるバインダーの構成比率は、質量比で0.5%以上10%以下であることが好ましい。   The constituent ratio of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer 24 is preferably 80% or more and 90% or less by mass ratio. The constituent ratio of the conductive material in the positive electrode active material layer 24 is preferably 0.5% or more and 10% or less by mass ratio, and the constituent ratio of the binder in the positive electrode active material layer 24 is 0.5% by mass ratio. It is preferable that it is 10% or less.

「負極」
負極30は、負極集電体32と負極集電体の表面上に設けられた負極活物質層34とを有する。
"Negative electrode"
The negative electrode 30 includes a negative electrode current collector 32 and a negative electrode active material layer 34 provided on the surface of the negative electrode current collector.

(負極集電体)
負極集電体32は、導電性の板材であればよく、例えば、アルミニウム、銅、ニッケル箔の金属薄板を用いることができる。負極集電体32は、リチウムと合金化しないことが好ましく、銅が特に好ましい。負極集電体32の厚みは6〜30μmとすることが好ましい。
(Negative electrode current collector)
The negative electrode current collector 32 may be a conductive plate material, and for example, a thin metal plate of aluminum, copper, or nickel foil can be used. The negative electrode current collector 32 is preferably not alloyed with lithium, and copper is particularly preferable. The thickness of the negative electrode current collector 32 is preferably 6 to 30 μm.

(負極活物質層)
負極活物質層34は、負極活物質と負極バインダーとを有し、必要に応じて導電材を有する。
(Negative electrode active material layer)
The negative electrode active material layer 34 has a negative electrode active material and a negative electrode binder, and has a conductive material as necessary.

(負極活物質)
負極活物質は、公知の非水電解液二次電池に用いられる負極活物質を使用できる。負極活物質としては、例えば、金属リチウム等のアルカリ又はアルカリ土類金属、イオンを吸蔵・放出可能な黒鉛(天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛)、カーボンナノチューブ、難黒鉛化炭素、易黒鉛化炭素、低温度焼成炭素等の炭素材料、アルミニウム、シリコン、スズ等のリチウム等の金属と化合することのできる金属、SiO(0<x<2)、二酸化スズ等の酸化物を主体とする非晶質の化合物、チタン酸リチウム(LiTi12)等を含む粒子が挙げられる。
(Negative electrode active material)
As the negative electrode active material, a negative electrode active material used in a known nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery can be used. Examples of the negative electrode active material include alkali or alkaline earth metals such as lithium metal, graphite capable of occluding and releasing ions (natural graphite, artificial graphite), carbon nanotube, non-graphitizable carbon, graphitizable carbon, low temperature Carbon materials such as calcined carbon, metals that can be combined with metals such as lithium such as aluminum, silicon, and tin, amorphous materials mainly composed of oxides such as SiO x (0 <x <2) and tin dioxide Examples thereof include particles containing a compound, lithium titanate (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ), and the like.

(負極導電材)
導電材としては、例えば、カーボンブラック類等のカーボン粉末、カーボンナノチューブ、炭素材料、銅、ニッケル、ステンレス、鉄等の金属微粉、炭素材料及び金属微粉の混合物、ITO等の導電性酸化物等を用いることができる。これらの中でも、カーボンブラック等の炭素材料が好ましい。活物質材料のみで十分な導電性を確保できる場合は、導電助剤を含んでいなくてもよい。
(Negative electrode conductive material)
Examples of the conductive material include carbon powders such as carbon blacks, carbon nanotubes, carbon materials, fine metal powders such as copper, nickel, stainless steel, and iron, a mixture of carbon materials and fine metal powders, and conductive oxides such as ITO. Can be used. Among these, carbon materials such as carbon black are preferable. In the case where sufficient conductivity can be ensured with only the active material, the conductive additive may not be included.

(負極バインダー)
負極に用いるバインダーは正極と同様のものを使用できる。また、負極バインダーとして水系バインダーを使用してもよい。水系バインダーは、例えばスチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)を使用することができる。
(Negative electrode binder)
The binder used for a negative electrode can use the same thing as a positive electrode. An aqueous binder may be used as the negative electrode binder. As the aqueous binder, for example, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) can be used.

負極活物質層中の負極活物質、導電材及びバインダーの含有量は特に限定されない。負極活物質層における負極活物質の構成比率は、質量比で70%以上99%以下であることが好ましく、90%以上98%以下であることがより好ましい。また負極活物質層における導電材の構成比率は、質量比で0%以上20%以下であることが好ましく、負極活物質層におけるバインダーの構成比率は、質量比で1%以上30%以下であることが好ましい。   The contents of the negative electrode active material, the conductive material, and the binder in the negative electrode active material layer are not particularly limited. The composition ratio of the negative electrode active material in the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 70% or more and 99% or less, and more preferably 90% or more and 98% or less by mass ratio. The constituent ratio of the conductive material in the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 0% or more and 20% or less by mass ratio, and the constituent ratio of the binder in the negative electrode active material layer is 1% or more and 30% or less by mass ratio. It is preferable.

負極活物質とバインダーの含有量を上記範囲とすることにより、バインダーの量が少なすぎて強固な負極活物質層を形成できなくなることを防ぐことができる。また、電気容量に寄与しないバインダーの量が多くなり、十分な体積エネルギー密度を得ることが困難となる傾向も抑制できる。   By making content of a negative electrode active material and a binder into the said range, it can prevent that the quantity of a binder is too small and it becomes impossible to form a strong negative electrode active material layer. In addition, the amount of the binder that does not contribute to the electric capacity increases, and the tendency that it is difficult to obtain a sufficient volume energy density can be suppressed.

「セパレータ」
セパレータ10は、電気絶縁性の多孔質構造から形成されていればよく、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン又はポリオレフィンからなるフィルムの単層体、積層体や上記樹脂の混合物の延伸膜、或いはセルロース、ポリエステル及びポリプロピレンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の構成材料からなる繊維不織布が挙げられる。
"Separator"
The separator 10 only needs to be formed of an electrically insulating porous structure, for example, a single layer of a film made of polyethylene, polypropylene, or polyolefin, a stretched film of a laminate or a mixture of the above resins, or cellulose, polyester, and Examples thereof include a fiber nonwoven fabric made of at least one constituent material selected from the group consisting of polypropylene.

「電解液」
電解液には、リチウム塩を含む電解質溶液(電解質水溶液、有機溶媒を使用する電解質溶液)を使用することができる。ただし、電解質水溶液は電気化学的に分解電圧が低いため、充電時の耐用電圧が低く制限される。そのため、有機溶媒を使用する電解質溶液(非水電解質溶液)であることが好ましい。
"Electrolyte"
As the electrolytic solution, an electrolyte solution containing lithium salt (electrolyte aqueous solution, electrolyte solution using an organic solvent) can be used. However, since the electrolytic aqueous solution has a low decomposition voltage electrochemically, the withstand voltage during charging is limited to be low. Therefore, an electrolyte solution (non-aqueous electrolyte solution) using an organic solvent is preferable.

非水電解液は、非水溶媒に電解質が溶解されており、非水溶媒として環状カーボネートと、鎖状カーボネートと、を含有してもよい。   The nonaqueous electrolytic solution has an electrolyte dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent, and may contain a cyclic carbonate and a chain carbonate as a nonaqueous solvent.

環状カーボネートとしては、電解質を溶媒和することができるものを用いることができる。例えば、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート及びブチレンカーボネートなどを用いることができる。   As cyclic carbonate, what can solvate electrolyte can be used. For example, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, and the like can be used.

鎖状カーボネートは、環状カーボネートの粘性を低下させることができる。例えば、ジエチルカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネートが挙げられる。その他、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、プロピオン酸メチル、プロピオン酸エチル、γ−ブチロラクトン、1,2−ジメトキシエタン、1,2−ジエトキシエタンなどを混合して使用してもよい。   The chain carbonate can reduce the viscosity of the cyclic carbonate. Examples thereof include diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate. In addition, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, γ-butyrolactone, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, and the like may be mixed and used.

非水溶媒中の環状カーボネートと鎖状カーボネートの割合は体積にして1:9〜1:1にすることが好ましい。   The ratio of the cyclic carbonate and the chain carbonate in the non-aqueous solvent is preferably 1: 9 to 1: 1 by volume.

電解質としては、例えば、LiPF、LiClO、LiBF、LiCFSO、LiCFCFSO、LiC(CFSO、LiN(CFSO、LiN(CFCFSO、LiN(CFSO)(CSO)、LiN(CFCFCO)、LiBOB等のリチウム塩が使用できる。なお、これらのリチウム塩は1種を単独で使用してもよく、2種以上を併用してもよい。特に、電離度の観点から、LiPFを含むことが好ましい。 Examples of the electrolyte include LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 CF 2 SO 3 , LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (CF 3 CF 2 SO 2) 2, LiN ( CF 3 SO 2) (C 4 F 9 SO 2), LiN (CF 3 CF 2 CO) 2, lithium salts such as LiBOB can be used. In addition, these lithium salts may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together. In particular, LiPF 6 is preferably included from the viewpoint of the degree of ionization.

LiPFを非水溶媒に溶解する際は、非水電解液中の電解質の濃度を、0.5〜2.0mol/Lに調整することが好ましい。電解質の濃度が0.5mol/L以上であると、非水電解液のリチウムイオン濃度を充分に確保することができ、充放電時に十分な容量が得られやすい。また、電解質の濃度が2.0mol/L以内に抑えることで、非水電解液の粘度上昇を抑え、リチウムイオンの移動度を充分に確保することができ、充放電時に十分な容量が得られやすくなる。 When LiPF 6 is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent, the concentration of the electrolyte in the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably adjusted to 0.5 to 2.0 mol / L. When the concentration of the electrolyte is 0.5 mol / L or more, the lithium ion concentration of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution can be sufficiently secured, and a sufficient capacity can be easily obtained during charging and discharging. Moreover, by suppressing the electrolyte concentration to within 2.0 mol / L, it is possible to suppress an increase in the viscosity of the non-aqueous electrolyte, to sufficiently secure the mobility of lithium ions, and to obtain a sufficient capacity during charging and discharging. It becomes easy.

LiPFをその他の電解質と混合する場合にも、非水電解液中のリチウムイオン濃度が0.5〜2.0mol/Lに調整することが好ましく、LiPFからのリチウムイオン濃度がその50mol%以上含まれることがさらに好ましい。 Even when LiPF 6 is mixed with another electrolyte, the lithium ion concentration in the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably adjusted to 0.5 to 2.0 mol / L, and the lithium ion concentration from LiPF 6 is 50 mol%. More preferably, it is contained.

「外装体」
外装体50は、その内部に積層体40及び電解液を密封するものである。外装体50は、電解液の外部への漏出や、外部からのリチウムイオン二次電池100内部への水分等の侵入等を抑止できる物であれば特に限定されない。
"Exterior body"
The exterior body 50 seals the laminated body 40 and the electrolytic solution therein. The outer package 50 is not particularly limited as long as it can prevent leakage of the electrolytic solution to the outside and entry of moisture and the like into the lithium ion secondary battery 100 from the outside.

例えば、外装体50として、図1に示すように、金属箔52を高分子膜54で両側からコーティングした金属ラミネートフィルムを利用できる。金属箔52としては例えばアルミ箔を、高分子膜54としてはポリプロピレン等の膜を利用できる。例えば、外側の高分子膜54の材料としては融点の高い高分子、例えば、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)、ポリアミド等が好ましく、内側の高分子膜54の材料としてはポリエチレン(PE)、ポリプロピレン(PP)等が好ましい。   For example, as the outer package 50, as shown in FIG. 1, a metal laminate film in which a metal foil 52 is coated with a polymer film 54 from both sides can be used. For example, an aluminum foil can be used as the metal foil 52 and a film such as polypropylene can be used as the polymer film 54. For example, the material of the outer polymer film 54 is preferably a polymer having a high melting point, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyamide, and the material of the inner polymer film 54 is polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP). Etc. are preferred.

「リード」
リード60、62は、アルミ等の導電材料から形成されている。して、公知の方法により、リード60、62を正極集電体22、負極集電体32にそれぞれ溶接し、正極20の正極活物質層24と負極30の負極活物質層34との間にセパレータ10を挟んだ状態で、電解液と共に外装体50内に挿入し、外装体50の入り口をシールする。
"Lead"
The leads 60 and 62 are made of a conductive material such as aluminum. Then, the leads 60 and 62 are welded to the positive electrode current collector 22 and the negative electrode current collector 32 by a known method, respectively, and between the positive electrode active material layer 24 of the positive electrode 20 and the negative electrode active material layer 34 of the negative electrode 30. The separator 10 is inserted into the exterior body 50 together with the electrolyte, and the entrance of the exterior body 50 is sealed.

[リチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法]
以下、リチウムイオン二次電池100の製造方法を具体的に説明する。
[Method for producing lithium ion secondary battery]
Hereinafter, a method for manufacturing the lithium ion secondary battery 100 will be specifically described.

負極活物質、バインダー及び溶媒を混合して塗料を作製する。必要に応じ導電材を更に加えても良い。溶媒としては例えば、水、N−メチル−2−ピロリドン、N,N−ジメチルホルムアミド等を用いることができる。負極活物質、導電材、バインダーの構成比率は、質量比で70wt%〜90wt%:0.1wt%〜10wt%:0.1wt%〜30wt%であることが好ましい。これらの質量比は、全体で100wt%となるように調整される。   A negative electrode active material, a binder, and a solvent are mixed to prepare a paint. A conductive material may be further added as necessary. As the solvent, for example, water, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N, N-dimethylformamide or the like can be used. The constituent ratio of the negative electrode active material, the conductive material, and the binder is preferably 70 wt% to 90 wt%: 0.1 wt% to 10 wt%: 0.1 wt% to 30 wt% in mass ratio. These mass ratios are adjusted so as to be 100 wt% as a whole.

塗料を構成するこれらの成分の混合方法は特に制限されず、混合順序もまた特に制限されない。上記塗料を、負極集電体32に塗布する。塗布方法としては、特に制限はなく、通常電極を作製する場合に採用される方法を用いることができる。例えば、スリットダイコート法、ドクターブレード法が挙げられる。   The mixing method of these components constituting the paint is not particularly limited, and the mixing order is not particularly limited. The paint is applied to the negative electrode current collector 32. There is no restriction | limiting in particular as an application | coating method, The method employ | adopted when producing an electrode normally can be used. Examples thereof include a slit die coating method and a doctor blade method.

正極についても、所望の粒子径分布を有する正極活物質を用いて、負極と同様に正極集電体22上に塗料を塗布する。所望の粒子径分布を有する正極活物質は、粒子径が制御された正極活物質を混合することで準備できる。また特定の粒子径を有する正極活物質にせん断力を加えながら混合し、粒径の小さい粒子群A1と粒径の大きい粒子群A2とを作製してもよい。   Also for the positive electrode, a coating material is applied onto the positive electrode current collector 22 in the same manner as the negative electrode, using a positive electrode active material having a desired particle size distribution. A positive electrode active material having a desired particle size distribution can be prepared by mixing a positive electrode active material with a controlled particle size. Further, the positive electrode active material having a specific particle size may be mixed while applying a shearing force to produce a particle group A1 having a small particle size and a particle group A2 having a large particle size.

続いて、正極集電体22及び負極集電体32上に塗布された塗料中の溶媒を除去する。除去方法は特に限定されない。例えば、塗料が塗布された正極集電体22及び負極集電体32を、80℃〜150℃の雰囲気下で乾燥させればよい。   Subsequently, the solvent in the paint applied on the positive electrode current collector 22 and the negative electrode current collector 32 is removed. The removal method is not particularly limited. For example, the positive electrode current collector 22 and the negative electrode current collector 32 to which the paint is applied may be dried in an atmosphere of 80 ° C. to 150 ° C.

そして、このようにして正極活物質層24、負極活物質層34が形成された電極を必要に応じ、ロールプレス装置等によりプレス処理を行う。   Then, the electrode on which the positive electrode active material layer 24 and the negative electrode active material layer 34 are formed in this way is subjected to a press treatment by a roll press device or the like as necessary.

次いで、正極活物質層24を有する正極20と、負極活物質層34を有する負極30と、正極と負極との間に介在するセパレータ10と、電解液と、を外装体50内に封入する。   Next, the positive electrode 20 having the positive electrode active material layer 24, the negative electrode 30 having the negative electrode active material layer 34, the separator 10 interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and the electrolytic solution are sealed in the outer package 50.

例えば、正極20と、負極30と、セパレータ10とを積層し、予め作製した袋状の外装体50に、積層体40を入れる。   For example, the positive electrode 20, the negative electrode 30, and the separator 10 are stacked, and the stacked body 40 is put into a bag-shaped exterior body 50 that is prepared in advance.

最後に電解液を外装体50内に注入することにより、リチウムイオン二次電池が作製される。なお、外装体に電解液を注入するのではなく、積層体40を電解液に含浸させてもよい。   Finally, the lithium ion secondary battery is produced by injecting the electrolytic solution into the outer package 50. Instead of injecting the electrolyte into the exterior body, the laminate 40 may be impregnated with the electrolyte.

以上、本発明の実施形態について図面を参照して詳述したが、各実施形態における各構成及びそれらの組み合わせ等は一例であり、本発明の趣旨から逸脱しない範囲内で、構成の付加、省略、置換、及びその他の変更が可能である。   Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail with reference to the drawings, the configurations and combinations of the embodiments in the embodiments are examples, and the addition and omission of configurations are within the scope not departing from the gist of the present invention. , Substitutions, and other changes are possible.

「実施例1」
(負極の作製)
94重量%のリチウムイオン電池グレードの黒鉛(負極活物質)と、2重量%のアセチレンブラック(導電助剤)と、4重量%のPVDF(バインダー)と、N−メチル−2−ピロリドン(溶媒)とを混合分散させて、ペースト状の負極スラリーを作製した。負極スラリーを厚さ10μmの電界銅箔の一面に、塗布量が6.1mg/cmとなるように塗布した。塗布後に、100℃で乾燥させて溶媒を除去し、負極活物質層を形成した。その後、負極活物質層をロールプレスにより加圧成形し、実施例1に係る負極を作製した。
"Example 1"
(Preparation of negative electrode)
94% by weight of lithium ion battery grade graphite (negative electrode active material), 2% by weight of acetylene black (conductive aid), 4% by weight of PVDF (binder), and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (solvent) Were mixed and dispersed to prepare a paste-like negative electrode slurry. The negative electrode slurry was applied to one surface of an electrolytic copper foil having a thickness of 10 μm so that the coating amount was 6.1 mg / cm 2 . After coating, the solvent was removed by drying at 100 ° C. to form a negative electrode active material layer. Thereafter, the negative electrode active material layer was pressure-molded by a roll press to produce a negative electrode according to Example 1.

(正極の作製)
平均粒子径が25μmのLiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05と平均粒子径が2.0μmのLiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05とを、95:5の個数比で混合して正極活物質を用意した。用意した正極活物質と、導電材として用意した多層グラフェンを含むグラフェンと、バインダーとして用意したポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)とを混合し、正極合剤とした。導電材として使用した多層グラフェンを含むグラフェンの平均粒子径は10μmであった。
(Preparation of positive electrode)
The average particle diameter of the LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 of 25μm and an average particle diameter of 2.0 .mu.m LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2, 95: 5 of A positive electrode active material was prepared by mixing at a number ratio. The prepared positive electrode active material, graphene including multilayer graphene prepared as a conductive material, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) prepared as a binder were mixed to obtain a positive electrode mixture. The average particle diameter of graphene including multilayer graphene used as the conductive material was 10 μm.

正極活物質と、導電材と、バインダーは質量比で90:5:5とした。この正極合剤を、N−メチル−2−ピロリドンに分散させて正極合剤塗料を作製した。そして、厚さ20μmのアルミニウム箔の一面に、算出した正極の単位面積当たりの重量となるように塗布した。塗布後に、100℃で乾燥させ、溶媒を除去して正極活物質層を形成した。その後、正極活物質層をロールプレスにより加圧成形し、実施例1に係る正極を作製した。作製した正極の一部を断面SEMで確認したところ、平均粒子径が2.0μmのLiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05の一部が多層グラフェンを含むグラフェンの表面に付着していることが確認された。 The positive electrode active material, the conductive material, and the binder were 90: 5: 5 by mass ratio. This positive electrode mixture was dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to prepare a positive electrode mixture paint. And it apply | coated so that it might become the calculated weight per unit area of the positive electrode on one surface of the 20-micrometer-thick aluminum foil. After application, the film was dried at 100 ° C., and the solvent was removed to form a positive electrode active material layer. Thereafter, the positive electrode active material layer was pressure-formed by a roll press to produce a positive electrode according to Example 1. When a part of the produced positive electrode was confirmed by a cross-sectional SEM, a part of LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 having an average particle diameter of 2.0 μm adhered to the surface of graphene including multilayer graphene. It was confirmed that

(評価用リチウムイオン二次電池の作製 フルセル)
作製した負極と正極とを、厚さ16μmのポリプロピレン製のセパレータを介して交互に積層し、負極3枚と正極2枚とを積層することで積層体を作製した。さらに、積層体の負極において、負極活物質層を設けていない銅箔の突起端部にニッケル製の負極リードを取り付けた。また積層体の正極においては、正極活物質層を設けていないアルミニウム箔の突起端部にアルミニウム製の正極リードを超音波溶接機によって取り付けた。
(Production of lithium ion secondary battery for evaluation full cell)
The produced negative electrode and positive electrode were alternately laminated through a polypropylene separator having a thickness of 16 μm, and a laminate was produced by laminating three negative electrodes and two positive electrodes. Furthermore, in the negative electrode of the laminate, a negative electrode lead made of nickel was attached to the protruding end portion of the copper foil not provided with the negative electrode active material layer. Moreover, in the positive electrode of the laminated body, an aluminum positive electrode lead was attached by an ultrasonic welding machine to the protruding end portion of the aluminum foil not provided with the positive electrode active material layer.

そしてこの積層体を、アルミラミネートフィルムの外装体内に挿入して周囲の1箇所を除いてヒートシールすることにより閉口部を形成した。外装体内には、ECとEMCとDECとが体積比3:5:2の割合で配合された溶媒と、リチウム塩として1.5M(mol/L)のLiPFが添加された非水電解液と、を注入した。そして、残りの1箇所を真空シール機によって減圧しながらヒートシールで密封し、リチウムイオン二次電池(フルセル)を作製した。 And this closed body was inserted in the exterior body of an aluminum laminated film, and the sealing part was formed by heat-sealing except for the surrounding 1 place. A nonaqueous electrolyte solution in which EC, EMC, and DEC are mixed in a volume ratio of 3: 5: 2 and 1.5 M (mol / L) LiPF 6 as a lithium salt is added to the exterior body. And injected. And the remaining 1 place was sealed by heat sealing, reducing pressure with a vacuum sealing machine, and the lithium ion secondary battery (full cell) was produced.

(実施例2〜6)
導電材の大きさと正極活物質の粒子径分布とを変えて正極活物質層を用意したことを除いて、実施例1と同様にリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。正極活物質は、25μmの平均粒子径を有するものと、2.0〜4.0μmの平均粒子径を有するものとを、95:5の個数比で混合することで、粒子径分布を変化させた。実施例2〜6においても、平均粒子径が2.0〜4.0μmの正極活物質の一部が多層グラフェンを含むグラフェンの表面に付着していることを確認した。
(Examples 2 to 6)
A lithium ion secondary battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the positive electrode active material layer was prepared by changing the size of the conductive material and the particle size distribution of the positive electrode active material. The positive electrode active material changes the particle size distribution by mixing a material having an average particle size of 25 μm and a material having an average particle size of 2.0 to 4.0 μm in a number ratio of 95: 5. It was. Also in Examples 2 to 6, it was confirmed that a part of the positive electrode active material having an average particle diameter of 2.0 to 4.0 μm was attached to the surface of graphene including multilayer graphene.

(実施例7及び8)
使用した正極活物質の組成を変えたことを除いて、実施例1と同様にリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。実施例7及び8においても、平均粒子径が2.0μmの正極活物質の一部が多層グラフェンを含むグラフェンの表面に付着していることを確認した。
(Examples 7 and 8)
A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the composition of the positive electrode active material used was changed. Also in Examples 7 and 8, it was confirmed that a part of the positive electrode active material having an average particle diameter of 2.0 μm adhered to the surface of graphene including multilayer graphene.

(実施例9)
平均粒子径が25μmのLiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05と平均粒子径が2.0μmのLiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1とを混合して正極活物質を用意したことを除いて、実施例1と同様にリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。実施例9においても、平均粒子径が2.0μmの正極活物質の一部が多層グラフェンを含むグラフェンの表面に付着していることを確認した。
Example 9
LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 having an average particle diameter of 25 μm and LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 having an average particle diameter of 2.0 μm are mixed to produce a positive electrode active material. A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the material was prepared. Also in Example 9, it was confirmed that a part of the positive electrode active material having an average particle diameter of 2.0 μm was attached to the surface of graphene including multilayer graphene.

(実施例10)
平均粒子径が25μmのLiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05と平均粒子径が2.0μmのLiNi0.9Co0.08Al0.02とを混合して正極活物質を用意したことを除いて、実施例1と同様にリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。実施例10においても、平均粒子径が2.0μmの正極活物質の一部が多層グラフェンを含むグラフェンの表面に付着していることを確認した。
(Example 10)
LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 having an average particle diameter of 25 μm and LiNi 0.9 Co 0.08 Al 0.02 O 2 having an average particle diameter of 2.0 μm are mixed to produce a positive electrode active material. A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the material was prepared. Also in Example 10, it was confirmed that a part of the positive electrode active material having an average particle diameter of 2.0 μm was attached to the surface of graphene including multilayer graphene.

(比較例1)
平均粒子径が2μmのLiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05を加えずに正極活物質を用意したことを除いて、実施例1と同様にリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。比較例1の正極の断面SEM像を確認したところ、平均粒子径が多層グラフェンを含むグラフェンの平均粒子径の半分以下のものは、正極活物質の全粒子数の1%であった。
(Comparative Example 1)
A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the positive electrode active material was prepared without adding LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 having an average particle diameter of 2 μm. When the cross-sectional SEM image of the positive electrode of the comparative example 1 was confirmed, that whose average particle diameter is less than half of the average particle diameter of the graphene containing multilayer graphene was 1% of the total number of particles of the positive electrode active material.

(比較例2)
正極活物質としてLiCoOを使用したことを除いて、実施例1と同様にリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。比較例2の正極の断面SEM像を確認したところ、平均粒子径が多層グラフェンを含むグラフェンの平均粒子径の半分以下のものは、正極活物質の全粒子数の1%であった。
(Comparative Example 2)
A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that LiCoO 2 was used as the positive electrode active material. When the cross-sectional SEM image of the positive electrode of Comparative Example 2 was confirmed, the average particle size was less than half the average particle size of graphene including multilayer graphene, which was 1% of the total number of particles of the positive electrode active material.

作製したリチウムイオン二次電池を、以下の方法によって評価した。   The produced lithium ion secondary battery was evaluated by the following methods.

(粒子群A1、粒子群A2、及び導電材の粒子径測定)
実施例及び比較例で作製したリチウムイオン二次電池について、株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズの「IM4000」を用いて正極の断面出しを行い、正極断面のSEM像を1000倍の倍率で10枚撮影した。撮影されたSEM像からグラフェン又は多層グラフェンの粒子径Da及び正極活物質粒子の粒子径を算出した。またグラフェン又は多層グラフェンに付着した任意の20個の付着粒子を測定し、その平均値をDbとした。
(Particle group A1, particle group A2, and particle size measurement of conductive material)
About the lithium ion secondary battery produced by the Example and the comparative example, the cross section of the positive electrode was extracted using "IM4000" of Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, and 10 SEM images of the positive electrode cross section were photographed at a magnification of 1000 times. The particle diameter Da of graphene or multilayer graphene and the particle diameter of the positive electrode active material particles were calculated from the photographed SEM image. In addition, 20 arbitrary adhered particles adhering to graphene or multilayer graphene were measured, and the average value was defined as Db.

(容量維持率測定試験)
実施例及び比較例で作製したリチウムイオン二次電池について、二次電池充放電試験装置(北斗電工株式会社製)を用い、25℃の環境下で容量維持率の測定を行った。容量維持率は、電圧範囲を4.2Vから3.0Vまでとし、フルセル設計容量当たり1C=3500mAhとし、5C容量維持率(%)で評価した。5C容量維持率は、0.2C定電流放電時の放電容量を基準とし、0.2C放電容量に対する5C定電流放電時における放電容量の割合であり以下の式(1)で表される。
(5C容量維持率(%))=(5C定電流放電時における放電容量)/(0.2C定電流放電時の放電容量)×100 ・・・(1)
(Capacity maintenance rate measurement test)
About the lithium ion secondary battery produced by the Example and the comparative example, the capacity | capacitance maintenance factor was measured in 25 degreeC environment using the secondary battery charging / discharging test apparatus (made by Hokuto Denko Co., Ltd.). The capacity maintenance ratio was evaluated from a 5C capacity maintenance ratio (%) with a voltage range from 4.2 V to 3.0 V, 1 C = 3500 mAh per full cell design capacity. The 5C capacity maintenance rate is a ratio of the discharge capacity at the time of 5C constant current discharge to the 0.2C discharge capacity with reference to the discharge capacity at the time of 0.2C constant current discharge, and is represented by the following formula (1).
(5C capacity maintenance rate (%)) = (discharge capacity at 5C constant current discharge) / (discharge capacity at 0.2C constant current discharge) × 100 (1)

この5C容量維持率が高いほど、急速充電特性が良好であることを意味し、リチウムイオン二次電池の出力特性が優れる。   The higher the 5C capacity retention rate, the better the quick charge characteristics, and the better the output characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery.

実施例及び比較例で作製したリチウムイオン二次電池の評価結果を表1に示す。   Table 1 shows the evaluation results of the lithium ion secondary batteries produced in Examples and Comparative Examples.

実施例1〜10及び比較例2において、導電材上に付着した正極活物質が粒子群A2の粒子とも接していることをSEM像から確認した。   In Examples 1 to 10 and Comparative Example 2, it was confirmed from SEM images that the positive electrode active material attached on the conductive material was also in contact with the particles of the particle group A2.

表1の結果から分かるように、正極活物質及び導電材の組成及び大きさを特定の組み合わせとすることによって、リチウムイオン二次電池の容量維持率が顕著に向上した。   As can be seen from the results in Table 1, the capacity retention rate of the lithium ion secondary battery was significantly improved by using a specific combination of the composition and size of the positive electrode active material and the conductive material.

10 セパレータ
20 正極
22 正極集電体
24 正極活物質層
30 負極
32 負極集電体
34 負極活物質層
40 積層体
50 外装体
60、62 リード
100 リチウムイオン二次電池
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Separator 20 Positive electrode 22 Positive electrode collector 24 Positive electrode active material layer 30 Negative electrode 32 Negative electrode collector 34 Negative electrode active material layer 40 Laminate 50 Exterior body 60, 62 Lead 100 Lithium ion secondary battery

Claims (6)

正極集電体と、前記正極集電体の表面上に設けられた正極活物質層とを有する正極であって、
前記正極活物質層は、組成式(1)で表される正極活物質と、グラフェン又は多層グラフェンとを含み、
前記正極活物質は、前記グラフェン又は前記多層グラフェンの平均粒子径Daの2分の1以下の粒子径を有する粒子からなる粒子群A1を有し、
前記粒子群A1の少なくとも一部は前記グラフェン又は前記多層グラフェンの表面に付着している、正極。
LiNiCoMn(M) (1)
(ただし、Mは、Al、Si、Zr、Ti、Fe、Mg、Nb、Ba及びVからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種を示し、1.90≦(a+b+c+d+e)≦2.2、0<a≦1.3、0.5≦b≦1.0、0≦c≦1.0、0≦d≦0.7、0≦e≦0.2である。)
A positive electrode having a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer provided on a surface of the positive electrode current collector,
The positive electrode active material layer includes a positive electrode active material represented by the composition formula (1) and graphene or multilayer graphene,
The positive electrode active material has a particle group A1 composed of particles having a particle size of 1/2 or less of the average particle size Da of the graphene or the multilayer graphene,
The positive electrode in which at least a part of the particle group A1 is attached to the surface of the graphene or the multilayer graphene.
Li a Ni b Co c Mn d (M) e O 2 (1)
(However, M represents at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, Si, Zr, Ti, Fe, Mg, Nb, Ba and V. 1.90 ≦ (a + b + c + d + e) ≦ 2.2, 0 <a ≦ 1.3, 0.5 ≦ b ≦ 1.0, 0 ≦ c ≦ 1.0, 0 ≦ d ≦ 0.7, 0 ≦ e ≦ 0.2.)
前記正極活物質が、前記グラフェン又は前記多層グラフェンの平均粒子径Daよりも大きい粒子径を有する粒子からなる粒子群A2を更に有し、
前記粒子群A1の少なくとも一部は、前記グラフェン又は前記多層グラフェンと前記粒子群A2との間に存在する、請求項1に記載の正極。
The positive electrode active material further includes a particle group A2 composed of particles having a particle diameter larger than the average particle diameter Da of the graphene or the multilayer graphene,
The positive electrode according to claim 1, wherein at least a part of the particle group A1 exists between the graphene or the multilayer graphene and the particle group A2.
前記グラフェン又は前記多層グラフェンの表面に付着した付着粒子の平均粒子径Dbは3μm以下である、請求項1又は2に記載の正極。   The positive electrode according to claim 1, wherein an average particle diameter Db of attached particles attached to the surface of the graphene or the multilayer graphene is 3 μm or less. 前記グラフェン又は前記多層グラフェンの平均粒子径Daが3〜25μmである、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の正極。   The positive electrode according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein an average particle diameter Da of the graphene or the multilayer graphene is 3 to 25 µm. 前記グラフェン又は前記多層グラフェンの平均粒子径Daと、前記グラフェン又は前記多層グラフェンの表面に付着した付着粒子の平均粒子径Dbとが、Da/Db≧2を満たす、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の正極。   The average particle diameter Da of the graphene or the multilayer graphene and the average particle diameter Db of attached particles attached to the surface of the graphene or the multilayer graphene satisfy Da / Db ≧ 2. The positive electrode according to one item. 請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の正極を含む、リチウムイオン二次電池。   The lithium ion secondary battery containing the positive electrode as described in any one of Claims 1-5.
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