JP2016075275A - 内燃機関の運転方法 - Google Patents
内燃機関の運転方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 84
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 110
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 10
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 9
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011217 control strategy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
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- F02D41/3035—Controlling fuel injection according to or using specific or several modes of combustion characterised by the mode(s) being used a mode being the premixed charge compression-ignition mode
- F02D41/3041—Controlling fuel injection according to or using specific or several modes of combustion characterised by the mode(s) being used a mode being the premixed charge compression-ignition mode with means for triggering compression ignition, e.g. spark plug
- F02D41/3047—Controlling fuel injection according to or using specific or several modes of combustion characterised by the mode(s) being used a mode being the premixed charge compression-ignition mode with means for triggering compression ignition, e.g. spark plug said means being a secondary injection of fuel
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- F02D19/10—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed simultaneously using pluralities of fuels peculiar to compression-ignition engines in which the main fuel is gaseous
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- F02D41/402—Multiple injections
- F02D41/405—Multiple injections with post injections
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract
【解決手段】圧縮着火機関は、少なくとも1つのシリンダと、少なくとも1つのシリンダ内で可動なピストンを有する。本発明の方法は、第一の燃料(F1)と空気(A)を全体に均一に混合することにより可燃性混合気を形成して、この混合気を少なくとも1つのシリンダ(2)に注入するステップと、可燃性混合気を、圧縮行程においてピストン(3)で圧縮するステップと、圧縮行程中ではあるが燃焼開始前に、第二の燃料(F2)を可燃性混合気に追加してシリンダ充填を生成するステップであって、第二の燃料(F2)が第一の燃料(F1)よりも自己着火しやすいステップと、第二の燃料(F2)の濃度および/または混合気の温度がもっとも高くなり、シリンダ(2)内の箇所で燃焼が開始するまで、圧縮行程を継続するステップとを含み、シリンダ充填の温度、可燃性混合気に追加された第二の燃料(F2)の量、またはそれら両方の組み合わせは、所望の燃焼持続時間が実現されるように選択される。
【選択図】図1
Description
異なる自己着火特性を持つ2つの燃料を組み合わせることで、燃焼工程を格段に良好に制御できる。このような異なる自己着火特性の第二の燃料がない場合、着火時間は再循環された排ガス量の百分率であるEGR率によって調節されてもよい。しかし、外部EGR率の変動は迅速な効果のある評価基準ではなく、遅延反応を示す。
− NOx排出が極めて少ない。なぜなら、例えば、火花点火エンジンでは可能ではない極めて高い空気燃料比(極めて希薄な混合気)を使用することが可能であるためである。第一および第二の燃料はいずれも、空気、またはシリンダ充填と予め混合されていることも重要である。
− COおよびHC排出が少ない。なぜなら、燃焼が速く、上死点付近で終了し、シリンダ充填の温度が高いためである。
− 煤煙排出が少ない。なぜなら、第一の燃料および第二の燃料はいずれも空気またはシリンダ充填(シリンダへの給気)と予め混合されているためである。
燃焼重心は、新しい(fresh)充填(給気)の半分が燃焼した状態を示す。これは、MFB50、すなわち、燃焼された50%の質量分率として知られる。これらの用語は内燃機関に関するテキストに見ることができ、具体的には、「Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals」、Heywood, John B.著、New York, McGraw−Hill、1988年(非特許文献1)を参照のこと。
− 第二の燃料の噴射のタイミングは、点火前上死点(before firing TDC)で180°から40°
− 第二の燃料は、自己着火源として作用
− 過剰空気とEGRの混合、ラムダ1.6よりも大、EGRの範囲0%から40%、内部または外部の冷却/非冷却EGR
− 第二の燃料の量は、エネルギー含量に基づいて0.1%から15%(全負荷の状態で、負荷運転の一部において第二の燃料の量を増加)
− シリンダの吸気口の混合気温度は50℃から130℃
経済的な考慮をしなければ、第二の燃料の量をできるだけ少なく抑え(ただし、燃焼重心がこれ以上は影響されないほど少なくはない)、一定に保ち、且つシリンダ充填の温度のみを上昇することが好ましいだろう。
変更した温度で、再度機関の運転を継続し、機関および排出の効率に関連して燃焼持続時間を確認する。燃焼持続時間が引き続き長すぎる場合には、可燃性混合気の温度をさらに上昇し、(経済的な考慮をする場合には)好ましくは第二の燃料の量を変更しない。
− 第二の燃料の噴射タイミングは、点火前上死点で80°から60°
− 第二の燃料は、自己着火源として作用
− 過剰空気とEGRの混合、ラムダは2.3と2.6の間、または2.6と2.9の間、および内部EGRが3%から20%の範囲。
− 第二の燃料(例えば軽油)の量は、エネルギー含量に基づいて1%から7%
− シリンダの吸気口の混合気の温度は70℃から100℃
− 第一の燃料の噴射タイミングは、点火前上死点で70°
− 第二の燃料は、自己着火源として作用
− 過剰空気とEGRの混合、ラムダ2.4、および内部EGRが10%
− 第二の燃料(例えば軽油)の量は、エネルギー含量に基づいて5%
− シリンダの吸気口の混合気温度は、75℃
− ブレーキ平均有効圧力は14バールから26バールの間(14×105Paから26×105Paの間)
− 圧縮率は10から14の間
− 1mmリフトで閉鎖している吸気バルブは、吸気行程(intakestroke)中の、下死点前30°から下死点後30°の間に位置する
Claims (10)
- 圧縮着火機関を運転する方法であって、前記機関は少なくとも一つのシリンダと、前記少なくとも一つのシリンダ内で可動なピストンとを有しており、
前記方法は、
− 第一の燃料(F1)と空気(A)とを、ほぼ均一に混合することにより可燃性混合気を形成し、およびこの混合気を前記少なくとも一つのシリンダ(2)に導入するステップと、
− 前記可燃性混合気を、圧縮行程において前記ピストン(3)で圧縮するステップと、
− 前記圧縮行程の途中ではあるが燃焼の開始前に、第二の燃料(F2)を前記可燃性混合気に追加し、これによりシリンダ充填を生成するステップであって、前記第二の燃料(F2)は前記第一の燃料(F1)よりも自己着火しやすいステップと、
− 前記第二の燃料(F2)の濃度および/または前記混合気の温度がもっとも高い、前記シリンダ(2)内の箇所で燃焼が開始するまで、前記圧縮行程を継続するステップと、
を含み、前記シリンダ充填の温度、前記可燃性混合気に追加された第2の燃料(F2)の量、またはそれら両方の組み合わせは、所望の燃焼持続時間が達成されるように選択されることを特徴とする方法。 - 前記第一の燃料は天然ガス、またはCO2とCH4の総量が80%よりも多い天然ガスとCO2との混合物であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記第二の燃料は、30から70の間のセタン価、好ましくは40から60の間のセタン価を有する燃料であることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記第二の燃料(F2)が、前記第一の燃料(F1)よりも後の時点で、前記内燃機関の少なくとも一つのシリンダに供給されることを特徴とする請求項1から3のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記シリンダ内の温度は、ガス交換工程の間燃焼室内で保持される内部EGR率、または吸気システムで再循環される外部EGR率のいずれかによって制御されることを特徴とする請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の方法。
- より自己着火しやすい前記燃料(F2)の噴射時間は、点火前上死点の180°から40°の間で、ラムダ値は1.6よりも大で、EGR率は0%から40%の間で選択され、より自己着火しやすい前記燃料(F2)の量は前記充填のエネルギー含量に対して0.1%から15%の間で選択され、シリンダの吸気口における前記混合気温度は50℃から130℃の間で選択されることを特徴とする請求項1から5のいずれかに記載の方法。
- より自己着火しやすい前記燃料の噴射時間は、点火前上死点の80°から60°の間でラムダ値は1.8と2.3の間で、内部EGR率は3%から20%の間で選択され、より自己着火しやすい前記燃料の量は、前記充填のエネルギー含量に対して1%から7%の間で選択され、シリンダの吸気口における前記混合気温度は70℃から100℃の間で選択されることを特徴とする請求項1から6のいずれかに記載の方法。
- − より自己着火しやすい前記燃料の噴射時間は、点火前上死点の80°から60°の間であり、
− ラムダ値は2.3と2.6の間、または2.6と2.9の間、または2.3と2.9の間であり、
− 内部EGR率は3%から20%の間であり、
− より自己着火しやすい前記燃料の量は、前記充填のエネルギー含量に対して1%から7%の間であり、
− シリンダ吸気口の混合気温度は、70℃から100℃の間であることを特徴とする請求項1から6のいずれかに記載の方法。 - ブレーキ平均有効圧力は14バールから26バールの間であり、
圧縮率は10から14の間であり、
1mmリフトで閉鎖している吸気バルブは、吸気行程の間に、下死点前30°から下死点後30°の間に位置することを特徴とする請求項7または8に記載の方法。 - 圧縮着火機関であって、前記機関は、少なくとも一つのシリンダと、当該少なくとも一つのシリンダ内で可動なピストンと、請求項1から9のうち少なくとも1つに記載の方法に準じて運転するよう構成された電子制御ユニットを有し、前記第二の燃料を噴射する噴射器と、を有することを特徴とする圧縮着火機関。
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BR102015024886A2 (pt) | 2016-08-02 |
US20160097338A1 (en) | 2016-04-07 |
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