JP2015017493A - Method and system for estimating end resistance of rotary press-in pile - Google Patents
Method and system for estimating end resistance of rotary press-in pile Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、軸方向の荷重と軸回りのトルクを同時に与えられながら回転圧入される杭の先端抵抗を推定する回転圧入杭の先端抵抗推定方法及び推定システムに関する。 The present invention relates to a tip resistance estimation method and an estimation system for a rotary press-fit pile that estimate the tip resistance of a pile that is rotationally press-fitted while being simultaneously given an axial load and a torque around the shaft.
圧入工法は杭の施工技術の一つで、油圧力により杭を静的に貫入させる工法である。低振動低騒音、仮設不要等の利点から、主に都市部で利用されている。このうち、杭を回転させながら圧入する「回転圧入」という技術は硬質地盤にも適用可能で、近年その市場が拡大しつつある。
杭の回転圧入中には圧入力とトルクを計測することができる。この情報を用いて何らかの方法により先端抵抗を知ることができれば、施工の効率化、杭の品質保証、地盤情報の推定などにつながると考えられる。一般には、先端抵抗を知るためには、杭の先端部に何らかの計測器を取付ける必要がある。
非特許文献１に記載の技術にあっては、杭の先端部に計測器を取付ける方法による。
非特許文献２に記載の技術にあっては、杭を上下に動かす「打抜」という動作をすることを前提として、付加的な計測器を導入することなく先端抵抗を推定する。
The press-in method is one of the construction techniques of piles, and is a method in which the piles are statically penetrated by hydraulic pressure. It is mainly used in urban areas because of its advantages such as low vibration, low noise, and temporary construction. Among these, the technique called “rotational press-fitting”, which press-fits while rotating piles, can be applied to hard ground, and its market is expanding in recent years.
Pressure input and torque can be measured during rotary press-fitting of piles. If this information can be used to determine the tip resistance in some way, it will lead to improved construction efficiency, pile quality assurance, and ground information estimation. In general, in order to know the tip resistance, it is necessary to attach some measuring device to the tip of the pile.
In the technique described in Non-Patent Document 1, it is based on a method of attaching a measuring instrument to the tip of the pile.
In the technique described in Non-Patent Document 2, the tip resistance is estimated without introducing an additional measuring instrument on the premise of performing an operation of “punching” to move the pile up and down.
しかし、回転圧入中の杭の先端抵抗を知るために杭の先端部に計測器を取付ける方法においては、以下のような問題がある。
杭の先端部にロードセル等の計測器を備えることは、計測器そのものの費用や、計測器を備えるための杭先端構造を杭に付加する費用などの付加的な費用を発生させる。
また、このような杭を施工現場で用いることは、計測器を備えた杭を圧入した後で引抜く、計測器の出力に基づき計測値を演算する計測装置を現場に持参して計測器と計測装置を接続する、などの付加的な作業を発生させる。
非特許文献２に記載の技術にあっては、「打抜」という動作をすることを前提として、付加的な計測器を導入することなく先端抵抗を推定することができるが、推定値が深度方向に離散的になる上に、最終貫入時点での値は推定できず支持力確認として使用するには不十分な技術である。
However, there are the following problems in the method of attaching a measuring instrument to the tip of the pile in order to know the tip resistance of the pile during rotary press-fitting.
Providing a measuring instrument such as a load cell at the tip of the pile generates additional costs such as the cost of the measuring instrument itself and the cost of adding a pile tip structure for providing the measuring instrument to the pile.
In addition, using such a pile at the construction site means bringing a measuring device that calculates the measured value based on the output of the measuring instrument and pulling it out after press-fitting the pile equipped with the measuring instrument. Generate additional work such as connecting measuring devices.
In the technique described in Non-Patent Document 2, it is possible to estimate the tip resistance without introducing an additional measuring instrument on the assumption that the operation of “punching” is performed. In addition to being discrete in the direction, the value at the time of final penetration cannot be estimated, and this technique is insufficient for use as a bearing capacity check.
本発明は以上の従来技術における問題に鑑みてなされたものであって、軸方向の荷重と軸回りのトルクを同時に与えられながら回転圧入される杭の先端抵抗を推定する回転圧入杭の先端抵抗推定方法及び推定システムにおいて、杭の先端部に計測器を設置することなく、また杭の特別な動作を必要とすることなく、回転圧入中の杭の先端抵抗を推定することを課題とする。 The present invention has been made in view of the above problems in the prior art, and the tip resistance of a rotary press-fit pile that estimates the tip resistance of a pile that is press-fitted while being simultaneously given an axial load and a torque around the shaft. An object of the estimation method and the estimation system is to estimate the tip resistance of a pile during rotary press-fitting without installing a measuring instrument at the tip of the pile and without requiring a special operation of the pile.
以上の課題を解決するための請求項１記載の発明は、軸方向の荷重Ｑと軸回りのトルクＴを同時に与えられながら回転圧入される杭について、
前記杭の回転圧入に伴う前記杭の先端の深度ｚの増分△ｚに応じた荷重Ｑの増分△Ｑ及びトルクＴの増分△Ｔに基づき前記杭の先端抵抗値を推定する回転圧入杭の先端抵抗推定方法である。
The invention according to claim 1 for solving the above-mentioned problem is about a pile that is rotationally press-fitted while being simultaneously given an axial load Q and a torque T about the axis.
Tip of the rotary press-fit pile that estimates the tip resistance value of the pile based on the increment ΔQ of the load Q and the increment ΔT of the torque T according to the increment Δz of the depth z of the tip of the pile accompanying the rotary press-fitting of the pile This is a resistance estimation method.
請求項２記載の発明は、前記杭の圧入進行に伴い深度ｚを逐次計測する工程と、
深度ｚの増加に伴い荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴを逐次計測する工程と、
増分△ｚに応じた増分△Ｑ及び増分△Ｔを演算する工程と、
△ｚを小区間として△Ｑ及び△Ｔに応じた先端抵抗値の増分相当の関数を既に到達した所定の深度ｚ（ｉ）まで積分して当該深度ｚ（ｉ）における先端抵抗値を演算する工程とを含む請求項１に記載の回転圧入杭の先端抵抗推定方法である。
The invention according to claim 2 is a step of sequentially measuring the depth z with the progress of press-fitting of the pile,
A step of sequentially measuring the load Q and the torque T as the depth z increases,
Calculating an increment ΔQ and an increment ΔT according to the increment Δz;
The tip resistance value at the depth z (i) is calculated by integrating a function corresponding to the increment of the tip resistance value according to ΔQ and ΔT to a predetermined depth z (i) that has already been reached, with Δz being a small section. It is a front-end | tip resistance estimation method of the rotary press-fit pile of Claim 1 including a process.
請求項３記載の発明は、軸方向の荷重Ｑと軸回りのトルクＴを同時に与えながら回転圧入される杭について、
前記杭の回転圧入に伴う前記杭の先端の深度ｚに応じた荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴに基づき前記杭の先端抵抗値を推定する回転圧入杭の先端抵抗推定方法である。
The invention described in claim 3 relates to a pile that is rotationally press-fitted while simultaneously applying an axial load Q and a torque T about the axis.
It is the tip resistance estimation method of the rotary press-fit pile which estimates the tip resistance value of the said pile based on the load Q and torque T according to the depth z of the tip of the said pile accompanying the rotary press-fit of the said pile.
請求項４記載の発明は、前記杭の圧入進行に伴い深度ｚを逐次計測する工程と、
深度ｚの増加に伴い荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴを逐次計測する工程と、
深度ｚに応じたＱ及びＴに基づき先端抵抗値を演算する工程とを含む請求項３に記載の回転圧入杭の先端抵抗推定方法である。
The invention according to claim 4 is a step of sequentially measuring the depth z with the progress of press-fitting of the pile,
A step of sequentially measuring the load Q and the torque T as the depth z increases,
It is a tip resistance estimation method of the rotary press-fit pile of Claim 3 including the process of calculating a tip resistance value based on Q and T according to the depth z.
請求項５記載の発明は、軸方向の荷重Ｑと軸回りのトルクＴを同時に与えられながら回転圧入される杭の先端抵抗を推定する回転圧入杭の先端抵抗推定システムであって、
前記杭の先端の深度ｚを計測する深度計測手段と、
荷重Ｑを計測する圧入力計測手段と、
トルクＴを計測するトルク計測手段と、を備えるとともに、
前記杭の圧入進行過程における前記深度計測手段、前記圧入力計測手段及び前記トルク計測手段がそれぞれ出力する計測値の時系列データに基づき、増分△ｚに応じた増分△Ｑ及び増分△Ｔを演算し、△ｚを小区間として△Ｑ及び△Ｔに応じた先端抵抗値の増分相当の関数を既に到達した所定の深度ｚ（ｉ）まで積分して当該深度ｚ（ｉ）における先端抵抗値を演算する演算手段と、
前記演算手段による先端抵抗値の演算結果を記憶するデータ記憶手段とを備えた回転圧入杭の先端抵抗推定システムである。
The invention according to claim 5 is a tip resistance estimation system for a rotary press-fit pile that estimates the tip resistance of a pile that is rotationally press-fitted while being simultaneously given an axial load Q and a torque T about the axis,
Depth measuring means for measuring the depth z of the tip of the pile;
A pressure input measuring means for measuring the load Q;
Torque measuring means for measuring the torque T, and
Increment ΔQ and increment ΔT corresponding to increment Δz are calculated based on time series data of measured values output from the depth measuring means, the pressure input measuring means, and the torque measuring means in the process of press-fitting the pile. Then, with Δz as a small section, a function corresponding to the increment of the tip resistance value corresponding to ΔQ and ΔT is integrated to a predetermined depth z (i), and the tip resistance value at the depth z (i) is obtained. Computing means for computing;
It is the tip resistance estimation system of the rotary press-fit pile provided with the data storage means which memorize | stores the calculation result of the tip resistance value by the said calculating means.
請求項６記載の発明は、軸方向の荷重Ｑと軸回りのトルクＴを同時に与えながら回転圧入される杭の先端抵抗を推定する回転圧入杭の先端抵抗推定システムであって、
前記杭の先端の深度ｚを計測する深度計測手段と、
荷重Ｑを計測する圧入力計測手段と、
トルクＴを計測するトルク計測手段と、を備えるとともに、
前記杭の圧入進行過程における前記深度計測手段、前記圧入力計測手段及び前記トルク計測手段がそれぞれ出力する計測値の時系列データに基づき、深度ｚに応じたＱ及びＴに基づき先端抵抗値を演算する演算手段と、
前記演算手段による先端抵抗値の演算結果を記憶するデータ記憶手段とを備えた回転圧入杭の先端抵抗推定システムである。
The invention according to claim 6 is a tip resistance estimation system for a rotary press-fit pile that estimates the tip resistance of the pile that is press-fitted while being simultaneously applied with an axial load Q and a torque T about the axis,
Depth measuring means for measuring the depth z of the tip of the pile;
A pressure input measuring means for measuring the load Q;
Torque measuring means for measuring the torque T, and
The tip resistance value is calculated based on Q and T according to the depth z based on time series data of the measured values output from the depth measuring means, the pressure input measuring means, and the torque measuring means in the progress of press-fitting of the pile. Computing means for
It is the tip resistance estimation system of the rotary press-fit pile provided with the data storage means which memorize | stores the calculation result of the tip resistance value by the said calculating means.
請求項７記載の発明は、前記演算結果は、深度ｚの変化に応じた先端抵抗値のデータ列の態様をなす請求項５又は請求項６に記載の回転圧入杭の先端抵抗推定システムである。 The invention according to claim 7 is the tip resistance estimation system for rotary press-fit piles according to claim 5 or claim 6, wherein the calculation result is in the form of a data string of tip resistance values corresponding to changes in the depth z. .
請求項８記載の発明は、前記データ列には、最終深度における先端抵抗値が含まれる請求項７に記載の回転圧入杭の先端抵抗推定システムである。 The invention according to claim 8 is the tip resistance estimation system for a rotary press-fit pile according to claim 7, wherein the data string includes a tip resistance value at a final depth.
請求項９記載の発明は、前記演算結果を表示する表示手段を備えた請求項５から請求項８のいずれか一項に記載の回転圧入杭の先端抵抗推定システムである。 Invention of Claim 9 is a tip resistance estimation system of the rotary press-fit pile as described in any one of Claim 5-8 provided with the display means which displays the said calculation result.
杭を回転圧入するときの杭の先端抵抗の影響は、圧入機から杭に与えられる荷重Ｑの変化とトルクＴの変化に現れる。
本発明のうちの第１の発明によれば、杭の回転圧入に伴い、杭の先端の深度ｚと、荷重Ｑと、トルクＴとを計測し、増分△ｚに応じた増分△Ｑ及び増分△Ｔに基づき杭の先端抵抗値を推定することができる。
また、本発明のうちの第２の発明によれば、杭の回転圧入に伴い、杭の先端の深度ｚと、荷重Ｑと、トルクＴとを計測し、ｚに応じたＱ及びＴに基づき杭の先端抵抗値を推定することができる。
本発明によれば、杭の回転圧入中に連続して計測を実行することで、杭の先端の深度ｚに対して連続的に先端抵抗値を算出することができる。
The influence of the tip resistance of the pile when the pile is rotationally press-fitted appears in changes in the load Q and torque T applied to the pile from the press-fitting machine.
According to the first invention of the present invention, the depth z, the load Q, and the torque T of the tip of the pile are measured along with the rotary press-fitting of the pile, and the increment ΔQ and the increment corresponding to the increment Δz. The tip resistance value of the pile can be estimated based on ΔT.
Moreover, according to 2nd invention of this invention, with rotation press-fitting of a pile, the depth z of the front-end | tip of a pile, the load Q, and the torque T are measured, and based on Q and T according to z The tip resistance value of the pile can be estimated.
According to the present invention, the tip resistance value can be continuously calculated with respect to the depth z of the tip of the pile by continuously performing the measurement during the rotary press-fitting of the pile.
以下に本発明の一実施形態につき図面を参照して説明する。以下は本発明の一実施形態であって本発明を限定するものではない。 An embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. The following is one embodiment of the present invention and does not limit the present invention.
〔第１実施形態〕
まず、本発明の第１実施形態につき説明する。
図１に示すように圧入機１にコンピュータ２を通信接続して圧入機１からの情報をコンピュータ２に取得しコンピュータ２により先端抵抗値を演算する形態を実施する。
圧入機１は、杭３に図２(a)に示すような軸方向の荷重Ｑと図２(b)に示すような軸回りのトルクＴとを同時に与えながら杭３を回転圧入する。
杭３の回転圧入時に圧入機１からコンピュータ２に入力すべき情報は、少なくとも杭の先端の深度ｚ、荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴである。
杭の先端の深度ｚを計測する深度計測手段は、圧入機１による圧入ストロークを検出するストロークセンサーを圧入機１に設けてこれを利用して構成する。
また、荷重Ｑを計測する圧入力計測手段、トルクＴを計測するトルク計測手段は、圧入機１の油圧駆動部の油圧を検出する油圧センサーを利用して構成する。
圧入機１において深度ｚ、荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴを計測し、圧入機１から深度ｚ、荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴの計測値がコンピュータ２に入力されるように構成する。
[First Embodiment]
First, a first embodiment of the present invention will be described.
As shown in FIG. 1, a computer 2 is communicatively connected to the press-fitting machine 1, information from the press-fitting machine 1 is acquired by the computer 2, and the tip resistance value is calculated by the computer 2.
The press machine 1 rotationally presses the pile 3 while simultaneously applying to the pile 3 an axial load Q as shown in FIG. 2 (a) and a torque T about the axis as shown in FIG. 2 (b).
Information to be input from the presser 1 to the computer 2 at the time of rotary press-fitting of the pile 3 is at least the depth z, the load Q, and the torque T at the tip of the pile.
The depth measuring means for measuring the depth z of the tip of the pile is configured by providing a stroke sensor for detecting the press-fitting stroke by the press-fitting machine 1 in the press-fitting machine 1.
The pressure input measuring means for measuring the load Q and the torque measuring means for measuring the torque T are configured using a hydraulic sensor that detects the hydraulic pressure of the hydraulic drive unit of the press-fitting machine 1.
The depth z, the load Q, and the torque T are measured in the press-fitting machine 1, and the measurement values of the depth z, the load Q, and the torque T are input from the press-fitting machine 1 to the computer 2.
コンピュータ２に入力される計測値は、杭の圧入進行過程における時系列データの形態とされる。コンピュータ２は、付属する記憶装置に深度ｚ、荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴの時系列データを記憶する。深度ｚ、荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴの時系列データは、相互に対応がとれたものである。
コンピュータ２のＣＰＵは、先端抵抗値を演算する演算手段として機能し、深度ｚ、荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴの時系列データに基づき、増分△ｚに応じた増分△Ｑ及び増分△Ｔを演算し、△ｚを小区間として△Ｑ及び△Ｔに応じた先端抵抗値の増分相当の関数を既に到達した所定の深度ｚ（ｉ）まで積分して当該深度ｚ（ｉ）における先端抵抗値を演算する。積分区間の始点は、回転圧入開始時（深度及び先端抵抗ゼロ時）とする。
The measurement value input to the computer 2 is in the form of time-series data in the process of pressing in the pile. The computer 2 stores time series data of the depth z, the load Q, and the torque T in the attached storage device. The time series data of the depth z, the load Q, and the torque T are mutually corresponding.
The CPU of the computer 2 functions as a calculation means for calculating the tip resistance value, calculates the increment ΔQ and the increment ΔT corresponding to the increment Δz based on the time series data of the depth z, the load Q and the torque T, The tip resistance value at the depth z (i) is calculated by integrating a function corresponding to the increment of the tip resistance value according to ΔQ and ΔT to a predetermined depth z (i) that has already been reached, with Δz being a small section. . The starting point of the integration interval is when rotation press-fitting starts (when the depth and tip resistance are zero).
圧入機１において、杭３の圧入進行に伴い深度ｚを逐次計測し、深度ｚの増加に伴い荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴを逐次計測する。
杭の回転圧入の進行中にコンピュータ２に蓄積される深度ｚ、荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴの時系列データが更新されるたびに、杭３の新たに到達した先端位置における先端抵抗値を算出し、回転圧入中に深度ｚの変化に応じた先端抵抗値のデータ列の大部分を算出してもよい。回転圧入中は、少なくとも深度ｚ、荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴの時系列データの記録を行って、杭３の回転圧入中又は回転圧入の施工が終了した後の任意の時に、コンピュータ２により先端抵抗値の演算を実行する。
In the press-fitting machine 1, the depth z is sequentially measured with the progress of press-fitting of the pile 3, and the load Q and the torque T are sequentially measured as the depth z increases.
Each time the time series data of the depth z, load Q and torque T accumulated in the computer 2 during the progress of rotary press-fitting of the pile is updated, the tip resistance value at the tip position where the pile 3 is newly reached is calculated. Most of the data string of the tip resistance value corresponding to the change of the depth z may be calculated during the press-fitting. During rotary press-fitting, record time series data of at least depth z, load Q and torque T, and at any time during rotary press-fitting of the pile 3 or after completion of rotary press-fitting, the tip resistance value is calculated by the computer 2 Execute the operation.
コンピュータ２は、付属する記憶装置に先端抵抗値の演算結果を記憶する。この先端抵抗値の演算結果は、例えば図４のようにグラフ化される深度ｚの変化に応じた先端抵抗値のデータ列の態様をなし、杭３の最終深度における先端抵抗値が含まれる。また、コンピュータ２は、表示装置２１に演算結果を表示する。 The computer 2 stores the calculation result of the tip resistance value in the attached storage device. The calculation result of the tip resistance value is in the form of a data string of tip resistance values corresponding to changes in the depth z plotted as shown in FIG. 4, for example, and includes the tip resistance value at the final depth of the pile 3. Further, the computer 2 displays the calculation result on the display device 21.
（推定理論）
次に、先端抵抗値の増分相当の関数の一例につき説明する。
荷重ＱとトルクＴは、図２中にも示すように先端成分（下付きｂで表す）と周面成分（下付きＳで表す）から成ると考えられる。杭先端が深度ｚ（ｉ）にある場合の各抵抗をＱｂ（ｉ）等と表記し、杭先端がｚ（ｉ）からｚ（ｉ＋１）へ移行する間の各抵抗の増分を△Ｑｂ（ｉ，ｉ＋１） 等と表記すると、荷重Ｑの増分△Ｑ、トルクＴの増分△Ｔは（１）（２）式で表される。
(Estimation theory)
Next, an example of a function corresponding to the increment of the tip resistance value will be described.
The load Q and the torque T are considered to be composed of a tip component (represented by a subscript b) and a peripheral surface component (represented by a subscript S) as shown in FIG. Each resistance when the pile tip is at the depth z (i) is expressed as Qb (i) or the like, and the increment of each resistance during the transition of the pile tip from z (i) to z (i + 1) is ΔQb (i , I + 1) and the like, the increment ΔQ of the load Q and the increment ΔT of the torque T are expressed by equations (1) and (2).
ところで、Ｑｂ（ｉ）とＴｂ（ｉ）は、先端抵抗力度ｑｂ（ｉ） と壁面摩擦角δ（ｉ）を用いて（３）（４）式で表され、（３）（４）式より両者の関係は（５）式となる。杭の直径をＤとする。また（５）式に示すとおりαを定義する。
ここで、先端抵抗力度ｑｂとは、先端抵抗Ｑｂの単位面積当たりの値である。また、先端面上の微小面積ｄＡに生じる垂直抗力は、ｑｂ・ｄＡと表され、杭を回転させたときに杭の先端面上の微小面積ｄＡに生じる摩擦力は、ｑｂ・ｄＡに摩擦係数を乗じたものである。この摩擦係数をｔａｎδとしたとき、すなわち、上記摩擦力を、ｑｂ・ｄＡ・ｔａｎδとしたときのδが壁面摩擦角である。
By the way, Qb (i) and Tb (i) are expressed by the equations (3) and (4) using the tip resistance force qb (i) and the wall friction angle δ (i), and from the equations (3) and (4) The relationship between the two is the equation (5). D is the diameter of the pile. Also, α is defined as shown in equation (5).
Here, the tip resistance force qb is a value per unit area of the tip resistance Qb. Further, the normal force generated in the minute area dA on the tip surface is expressed as qb · dA, and the frictional force generated in the minute area dA on the tip surface of the pile when the pile is rotated is the friction coefficient in qb · dA. Multiplied by. When this friction coefficient is tan δ, that is, when the friction force is qb · dA · tan δ, δ is the wall surface friction angle.
いま、深度方向の地盤条件（壁面摩擦角）の変化を無視できるとし、α(i)=α(i+1)=αとすると、（６）式が得られる。 Now, assuming that the change in the ground condition (wall friction angle) in the depth direction can be ignored and α (i) = α (i + 1) = α, equation (6) is obtained.
他方、周面に関しては、 △ＱＳ（ｉ，ｉ＋１）と△ＴＳ（ｉ，ｉ＋１）は、土と杭周面との間の単位面積当たりの摩擦力ｆ（ｉ，ｉ＋１）とピッチ（圧入速度に対する回転速度の比）ｐを用いて（７）（８）式で表わされ、（７）（８）式より両者の関係は（９）式となる。また（９）式に示すとおりβを定義する。
以上の関係式からさらに（１０）式が導かれる。（１０）式を先端抵抗値の増分相当の関数として適用し、（１１）式に示すように先端抵抗値を積分法により求める。このとき、壁面摩擦角は現場ごとに適切な定数を設定して、定数として実施しても十分な結果が得られる。また、圧入機においてトルクＴが大きくなると回転速度が設定値よりも小さくなるため、ピッチｐの算出に必要になる回転速度は圧入機の設定値をトルクＴの計測値で補正して推定することができる。すなわち、回転速度を直接検知せずにピッチｐを深度ｚとトルクＴの計測値から推算しても十分な結果が得られる。もちろん、杭の回転速度を直接検知して実施してもよい。
On the other hand, regarding the circumferential surface, ΔQS (i, i + 1) and ΔTS (i, i + 1) are the frictional force f (i, i + 1) and pitch (press-fit speed) between the soil and the pile circumferential surface. (The ratio of the rotational speed to the above) p) is expressed by the equations (7) and (8), and the relationship between them is the equation (9) from the equations (7) and (8). Also, β is defined as shown in equation (9).
Equation (10) is further derived from the above relational expression. The formula (10) is applied as a function corresponding to the increment of the tip resistance value, and the tip resistance value is obtained by an integration method as shown in the formula (11). At this time, even if the wall surface friction angle is set as an appropriate constant for each site and implemented as a constant, sufficient results can be obtained. Further, when the torque T increases in the press-fitting machine, the rotational speed becomes smaller than the set value. Therefore, the rotational speed necessary for calculating the pitch p is estimated by correcting the set value of the press-fitting machine with the measured value of the torque T. Can do. That is, sufficient results can be obtained even if the pitch p is estimated from the measured values of the depth z and the torque T without directly detecting the rotational speed. Of course, the rotation speed of the pile may be directly detected.
（実証試験）
上述した第１実施形態に係る先端抵抗の推定理論を確認するために実証試験を行った。図３に試験場の地盤条件を示す。この試験場の地盤条件に応じた壁面摩擦角δを定数として設定した。試験杭は直径Ｄ＝318.5ｍｍの閉端構造とし、検証用に先端部にロードセルを設置して先端抵抗を計測した。荷重ＱとトルクＴは回転圧入機の油圧の計測値に杭重量などを加味して求めた。深度ｚはドラム式ストロークセンサーを用いて計測した。２種類の試験１，２を行った。表１に回転圧入機における圧入速度、回転速度の各設定値、さらに試験２ついては引抜速度の設定値を示した。試験１では回転圧入動作を継続的に行い、試験２では、回転圧入動作に打抜動作(杭を上下に動かす動作)を加えた。例えば打抜ストローク800-400 とは下方向変位800ｍｍと上方向変位400ｍｍを繰返すことを意味する。杭の回転速度は計測器を用いて測定することで得た。
(Verification test)
A verification test was conducted to confirm the estimation theory of the tip resistance according to the first embodiment described above. Fig. 3 shows the ground conditions of the test site. The wall friction angle δ according to the ground conditions of this test site was set as a constant. The test pile had a closed end structure with a diameter D = 318.5 mm, and a load cell was installed at the tip for verification to measure the tip resistance. The load Q and torque T were obtained by adding the pile weight and the like to the measured hydraulic pressure of the rotary press-fitting machine. The depth z was measured using a drum type stroke sensor. Two types of tests 1 and 2 were performed. Table 1 shows set values of the press-fitting speed and the rotational speed in the rotary press-fitting machine, and further, for Test 2, the set value of the drawing speed. In Test 1, a rotary press-fitting operation was continuously performed, and in Test 2, a punching operation (moving the pile up and down) was added to the rotary press-fitting operation. For example, the punching stroke 800-400 means that a downward displacement of 800 mm and an upward displacement of 400 mm are repeated. The rotation speed of the pile was obtained by measuring with a measuring instrument.
上述した第１実施形態に係る推定理論に基づき推定した先端抵抗の推定値と、杭先端のロードセルで計測された先端抵抗の計測値とを、図４のグラフに示した。図４(a)は試験１のもの、図４(b)は試験２のものである。
図４に示すようにいずれの試験でも、先端抵抗の推定値は計測値とよく一致することが確認された。
以上の試験により、閉端鋼管杭の回転圧入時の杭頭荷重ＱとトルクＴの情報から先端抵抗を精度よく推定できることが確認された。
The estimated value of the tip resistance estimated based on the estimation theory according to the first embodiment described above and the measured value of the tip resistance measured by the load cell at the tip of the pile are shown in the graph of FIG. 4 (a) is for Test 1, and FIG. 4 (b) is for Test 2.
As shown in FIG. 4, in any test, it was confirmed that the estimated value of the tip resistance was in good agreement with the measured value.
From the above test, it was confirmed that the tip resistance can be accurately estimated from the information on the pile head load Q and the torque T at the time of rotary press-fitting of the closed-end steel pipe pile.
〔第２実施形態〕
次に、本発明の第２実施形態につき説明する。
図１に示すように圧入機１にコンピュータ２を通信接続して圧入機１からの情報をコンピュータ２に取得しコンピュータ２により先端抵抗値を演算する形態を実施する。
圧入機１は、杭３に図２(a)に示すような軸方向の荷重Ｑと図２(b)に示すような軸回りのトルクＴとを同時に与えながら杭３を回転圧入する。
杭３の回転圧入時に圧入機１からコンピュータ２に入力すべき情報は、少なくとも杭の先端の深度ｚ、荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴである。
杭の先端の深度ｚを計測する深度計測手段は、圧入機１による圧入ストロークを検出するストロークセンサーを圧入機１に設けてこれを利用して構成する。
また、荷重Ｑを計測する圧入力計測手段、トルクＴを計測するトルク計測手段は、圧入機１の油圧駆動部の油圧を検出する油圧センサーを利用して構成する。
圧入機１において深度ｚ、荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴを計測し、圧入機１から深度ｚ、荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴの計測値がコンピュータ２に入力されるように構成する。
[Second Embodiment]
Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described.
As shown in FIG. 1, a computer 2 is communicatively connected to the press-fitting machine 1, information from the press-fitting machine 1 is acquired by the computer 2, and the tip resistance value is calculated by the computer 2.
The press machine 1 rotationally presses the pile 3 while simultaneously applying to the pile 3 an axial load Q as shown in FIG. 2 (a) and a torque T about the axis as shown in FIG. 2 (b).
Information to be input from the presser 1 to the computer 2 at the time of rotary press-fitting of the pile 3 is at least the depth z, the load Q, and the torque T at the tip of the pile.
The depth measuring means for measuring the depth z of the tip of the pile is configured by providing a stroke sensor for detecting the press-fitting stroke by the press-fitting machine 1 in the press-fitting machine 1.
The pressure input measuring means for measuring the load Q and the torque measuring means for measuring the torque T are configured using a hydraulic sensor that detects the hydraulic pressure of the hydraulic drive unit of the press-fitting machine 1.
The depth z, the load Q, and the torque T are measured in the press-fitting machine 1, and the measurement values of the depth z, the load Q, and the torque T are input from the press-fitting machine 1 to the computer 2.
コンピュータ２に入力される計測値は、杭の圧入進行過程における時系列データの形態とされる。コンピュータ２は、付属する記憶装置に深度ｚ、荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴの時系列データを記憶する。深度ｚ、荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴの時系列データは、相互に対応がとれたものである。
コンピュータ２のＣＰＵは、先端抵抗値を演算する演算手段として機能し、深度ｚ、荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴの時系列データに基づき、当該深度ｚにおける先端抵抗値を演算する。
The measurement value input to the computer 2 is in the form of time-series data in the process of pressing in the pile. The computer 2 stores time series data of the depth z, the load Q, and the torque T in the attached storage device. The time series data of the depth z, the load Q, and the torque T are mutually corresponding.
The CPU of the computer 2 functions as calculation means for calculating the tip resistance value, and calculates the tip resistance value at the depth z based on the time series data of the depth z, the load Q, and the torque T.
圧入機１において、杭３の圧入進行に伴い深度ｚを逐次計測し、深度ｚの増加に伴い荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴを逐次計測する。
杭の回転圧入の進行中にコンピュータ２に蓄積される深度ｚ、荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴの時系列データが更新されるたびに、杭３の新たに到達した先端位置における先端抵抗値を算出し、回転圧入中に深度ｚの変化に応じた先端抵抗値のデータ列の大部分を算出してもよい。回転圧入中は、少なくとも深度ｚ、荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴの時系列データの記録を行って、杭３の回転圧入中又は回転圧入の施工が終了した後の任意の時に、コンピュータ２により先端抵抗値の演算を実行する。
In the press-fitting machine 1, the depth z is sequentially measured with the progress of press-fitting of the pile 3, and the load Q and the torque T are sequentially measured as the depth z increases.
Each time the time series data of the depth z, load Q and torque T accumulated in the computer 2 during the progress of rotary press-fitting of the pile is updated, the tip resistance value at the tip position where the pile 3 is newly reached is calculated. Most of the data string of the tip resistance value corresponding to the change of the depth z may be calculated during the press-fitting. During rotary press-fitting, record time series data of at least depth z, load Q and torque T, and at any time during rotary press-fitting of the pile 3 or after completion of rotary press-fitting, the tip resistance value is calculated by the computer 2 Execute the operation.
コンピュータ２は、付属する記憶装置に先端抵抗値の演算結果を記憶する。この先端抵抗値の演算結果は、例えば図４のようにグラフ化される深度ｚの変化に応じた先端抵抗値のデータ列の態様をなし、杭３の最終深度における先端抵抗値が含まれる。また、コンピュータ２は、表示装置２１に演算結果を表示する。 The computer 2 stores the calculation result of the tip resistance value in the attached storage device. The calculation result of the tip resistance value is in the form of a data string of tip resistance values corresponding to changes in the depth z plotted as shown in FIG. 4, for example, and includes the tip resistance value at the final depth of the pile 3. Further, the computer 2 displays the calculation result on the display device 21.
（推定理論）
次に、先端抵抗値相当の関数の一例につき説明する。
荷重ＱとトルクＴは、図２中にも示すように先端成分（下付きｂで表す）と周面成分（下付きＳで表す）から成ると考えられる。杭先端が深度ｚにある場合の各抵抗をＱｂ（ｚ）等と表記すると、荷重Ｑ、トルクＴは（Ａ１）（Ａ２）式で表される。
(Estimation theory)
Next, an example of a function corresponding to the tip resistance value will be described.
The load Q and the torque T are considered to be composed of a tip component (represented by a subscript b ) and a peripheral surface component (represented by a subscript S ) as shown in FIG. When each resistance when the pile tip is at a depth z is expressed as Q b (z) or the like, the load Q and the torque T are expressed by equations (A1) and (A2).
ところで、Ｑｂ（ｚ）とＴｂ（ｚ）は、先端抵抗力度ｑｂ（ｚ） と壁面摩擦角δ（ｚ）を用いて（Ａ３）（Ａ４）式で表され、（Ａ３）（Ａ４）式より両者の関係は（Ａ５）式となる。杭の直径をＤとする。また（Ａ５）式に示すとおりα（ｚ）を定義する。
ここで、先端抵抗力度ｑｂとは、先端抵抗Ｑｂの単位面積当たりの値である。また、先端面上の微小面積ｄＡに生じる垂直抗力は、ｑｂ・ｄＡと表され、杭を回転させたときに杭の先端面上の微小面積ｄＡに生じる摩擦力は、ｑｂ・ｄＡに摩擦係数を乗じたものである。この摩擦係数をｔａｎδとしたとき、すなわち、上記摩擦力を、ｑｂ・ｄＡ・ｔａｎδとしたときのδが壁面摩擦角である。
By the way, Q b (z) and T b (z) are expressed by the expressions (A3) and (A4) using the tip resistance force q b (z) and the wall friction angle δ (z), and (A3) (A4 The relationship between the two is represented by equation (A5). D is the diameter of the pile. Further, α (z) is defined as shown in the equation (A5).
Here, the tip resistance force qb is a value per unit area of the tip resistance Qb. Further, the normal force generated in the minute area dA on the tip surface is expressed as qb · dA, and the frictional force generated in the minute area dA on the tip surface of the pile when the pile is rotated is the friction coefficient in qb · dA. Multiplied by. When this friction coefficient is tan δ, that is, when the friction force is qb · dA · tan δ, δ is the wall surface friction angle.
他方、周面に関しては、ＱＳ（ｚ）とＴＳ（ｚ）は、土と杭周面の間の単位面積当たりの摩擦力ｆ（ｚ）とピッチ（圧入速度に対する回転速度の比）ｐ（ｚ）を用いて（Ａ６）（Ａ７）式で表わされ、（Ａ６）（Ａ７）式より両者の関係は（Ａ８）式となる。また（Ａ８）式に示すとおりβ（ｚ）を定義する。
以上の関係式から（Ａ９）式が導かれ、（Ａ９）式を先端抵抗値の関数として適用する。このとき、壁面摩擦角は現場ごとに適切な定数を設定して、定数として実施しても十分な結果が得られる。また、圧入機においてトルクＴが大きくなると回転速度が設定値よりも小さくなるため、ピッチｐの算出に必要になる回転速度は圧入機の設定値をトルクＴの計測値で補正して推定することができる。すなわち、回転速度を直接検知せずにピッチｐを深度ｚとトルクＴの計測値から推算しても十分な結果が得られる。もちろん、杭の回転速度を直接検知して実施してもよい。
On the other hand, regarding the circumferential surface, Q S (z) and T S (z) are the frictional force f (z) and pitch (ratio of the rotational speed to the press-fit speed) p between the soil and the pile circumferential surface, p. Using (z), it is expressed by the equations (A6) and (A7), and the relationship between them is the equation (A8) from the equations (A6) and (A7). Further, β (z) is defined as shown in the equation (A8).
Expression (A9) is derived from the above relational expression, and expression (A9) is applied as a function of the tip resistance value. At this time, even if the wall surface friction angle is set as an appropriate constant for each site and implemented as a constant, sufficient results can be obtained. Further, when the torque T increases in the press-fitting machine, the rotational speed becomes smaller than the set value. Therefore, the rotational speed necessary for calculating the pitch p is estimated by correcting the set value of the press-fitting machine with the measured value of the torque T. Can do. That is, sufficient results can be obtained even if the pitch p is estimated from the measured values of the depth z and the torque T without directly detecting the rotational speed. Of course, the rotation speed of the pile may be directly detected.
（実証試験）
上述した第２実施形態に係る先端抵抗の推定理論を確認するために実証試験を行った。図３に試験場の地盤条件を示す（第１実施形態のときと同じである）。この試験場の地盤条件に応じた壁面摩擦角δを定数として設定した。試験杭は直径Ｄ＝318.5ｍｍの閉端構造とし、検証用に先端部にロードセルを設置して先端抵抗を計測した。荷重ＱとトルクＴは回転圧入機の油圧の計測値に杭重量などを加味して求めた。深度ｚはドラム式ストロークセンサーを用いて計測した。２種類の試験１，２を行った。表１に回転圧入機における圧入速度、回転速度の各設定値、さらに試験２ついては引抜速度の設定値を示した（第１実施形態のときと同じである）。試験１では回転圧入動作を継続的に行い、試験２では、回転圧入動作に打抜動作(杭を上下に動かす動作)を加えた。例えば打抜ストローク800-400 とは下方向変位800ｍｍと上方向変位400ｍｍを繰返すことを意味する。杭の回転速度は計測器を用いて測定することで得た。
(Verification test)
A verification test was performed to confirm the estimation theory of the tip resistance according to the second embodiment described above. FIG. 3 shows the ground conditions of the test site (the same as in the first embodiment). The wall friction angle δ according to the ground conditions of this test site was set as a constant. The test pile had a closed end structure with a diameter D = 318.5 mm, and a load cell was installed at the tip for verification to measure the tip resistance. The load Q and torque T were obtained by adding the pile weight and the like to the measured hydraulic pressure of the rotary press-fitting machine. The depth z was measured using a drum type stroke sensor. Two types of tests 1 and 2 were performed. Table 1 shows the set values of the press-fitting speed and the rotational speed in the rotary press-fitting machine, and the set values of the drawing speed for test 2 (the same as in the first embodiment). In Test 1, a rotary press-fitting operation was continuously performed, and in Test 2, a punching operation (moving the pile up and down) was added to the rotary press-fitting operation. For example, the punching stroke 800-400 means that a downward displacement of 800 mm and an upward displacement of 400 mm are repeated. The rotation speed of the pile was obtained by measuring with a measuring instrument.
上述した第２実施形態に係る推定理論に基づき推定した先端抵抗の推定値と、杭先端のロードセルで計測された先端抵抗の計測値とを、図５のグラフに示した。図５(a)は試験１のもの、図５(b)は試験２のものである。
図５に示すようにいずれの試験でも、先端抵抗の推定値は計測値とよく一致することが確認された。
以上の試験により、閉端鋼管杭の回転圧入時の杭頭荷重ＱとトルクＴの情報から先端抵抗を精度よく推定できることが確認された。
The estimated value of the tip resistance estimated based on the estimation theory according to the second embodiment described above and the measured value of the tip resistance measured by the load cell at the tip of the pile are shown in the graph of FIG. FIG. 5 (a) is for Test 1 and FIG. 5 (b) is for Test 2.
As shown in FIG. 5, in any test, it was confirmed that the estimated value of the tip resistance was in good agreement with the measured value.
From the above test, it was confirmed that the tip resistance can be accurately estimated from the information on the pile head load Q and the torque T at the time of rotary press-fitting of the closed-end steel pipe pile.
なお、本発明は、支持力確認や地盤情報推定などにも利用することができる。 In addition, this invention can be utilized also for a bearing capacity check, ground information estimation, etc.
１ 圧入機
２ コンピュータ（演算手段、データ記憶手段、表示手段）
３ 杭
1 Press-fitting machine 2 Computer (calculation means, data storage means, display means)
3 piles
Claims (9)
前記杭の回転圧入に伴う前記杭の先端の深度ｚの増分△ｚに応じた荷重Ｑの増分△Ｑ及びトルクＴの増分△Ｔに基づき前記杭の先端抵抗値を推定する回転圧入杭の先端抵抗推定方法。 For piles that are rotationally press-fitted while simultaneously applying axial load Q and axial torque T,
Tip of the rotary press-fit pile that estimates the tip resistance value of the pile based on the increment ΔQ of the load Q and the increment ΔT of the torque T according to the increment Δz of the depth z of the tip of the pile accompanying the rotary press-fitting of the pile Resistance estimation method.
深度ｚの増加に伴い荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴを逐次計測する工程と、
増分△ｚに応じた増分△Ｑ及び増分△Ｔを演算する工程と、
△ｚを小区間として△Ｑ及び△Ｔに応じた先端抵抗値の増分相当の関数を既に到達した所定の深度ｚ（ｉ）まで積分して当該深度ｚ（ｉ）における先端抵抗値を演算する工程とを含む請求項１に記載の回転圧入杭の先端抵抗推定方法。 A step of sequentially measuring the depth z with the progress of press-fitting of the pile;
A step of sequentially measuring the load Q and the torque T as the depth z increases,
Calculating an increment ΔQ and an increment ΔT according to the increment Δz;
The tip resistance value at the depth z (i) is calculated by integrating a function corresponding to the increment of the tip resistance value according to ΔQ and ΔT to a predetermined depth z (i) that has already been reached, with Δz being a small section. The tip resistance estimation method of the rotary press-fit pile of Claim 1 including a process.
前記杭の回転圧入に伴う前記杭の先端の深度ｚに応じた荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴに基づき前記杭の先端抵抗値を推定する回転圧入杭の先端抵抗推定方法。 For piles that are rotationally press-fitted while simultaneously applying axial load Q and axial torque T,
The tip resistance estimation method of the rotary press-fit pile which estimates the tip resistance value of the said pile based on the load Q and the torque T according to the depth z of the tip of the said pile accompanying the rotary press-fit of the said pile.
深度ｚの増加に伴い荷重Ｑ及びトルクＴを逐次計測する工程と、
深度ｚに応じたＱ及びＴに基づき先端抵抗値を演算する工程とを含む請求項３に記載の回転圧入杭の先端抵抗推定方法。 A step of sequentially measuring the depth z with the progress of press-fitting of the pile;
A step of sequentially measuring the load Q and the torque T as the depth z increases,
The method of estimating the tip resistance of the rotary press-fit pile according to claim 3, further comprising: calculating a tip resistance value based on Q and T according to the depth z.
前記杭の先端の深度ｚを計測する深度計測手段と、
荷重Ｑを計測する圧入力計測手段と、
トルクＴを計測するトルク計測手段と、を備えるとともに、
前記杭の圧入進行過程における前記深度計測手段、前記圧入力計測手段及び前記トルク計測手段がそれぞれ出力する計測値の時系列データに基づき、増分△ｚに応じた増分△Ｑ及び増分△Ｔを演算し、△ｚを小区間として△Ｑ及び△Ｔに応じた先端抵抗値の増分相当の関数を既に到達した所定の深度ｚ（ｉ）まで積分して当該深度ｚ（ｉ）における先端抵抗値を演算する演算手段と、
前記演算手段による先端抵抗値の演算結果を記憶するデータ記憶手段とを備えた回転圧入杭の先端抵抗推定システム。 A rotary press-fit pile tip resistance estimation system that estimates the tip resistance of a pile that is rotary press-fitted while simultaneously applying an axial load Q and an axial torque T,
Depth measuring means for measuring the depth z of the tip of the pile;
A pressure input measuring means for measuring the load Q;
Torque measuring means for measuring the torque T, and
Increment ΔQ and increment ΔT corresponding to increment Δz are calculated based on time series data of measured values output from the depth measuring means, the pressure input measuring means, and the torque measuring means in the process of press-fitting the pile. Then, with Δz as a small section, a function corresponding to the increment of the tip resistance value corresponding to ΔQ and ΔT is integrated to a predetermined depth z (i), and the tip resistance value at the depth z (i) is obtained. Computing means for computing;
A tip resistance estimation system for a rotary press-fit pile, comprising data storage means for storing a calculation result of the tip resistance value by the calculation means.
前記杭の先端の深度ｚを計測する深度計測手段と、
荷重Ｑを計測する圧入力計測手段と、
トルクＴを計測するトルク計測手段と、を備えるとともに、
前記杭の圧入進行過程における前記深度計測手段、前記圧入力計測手段及び前記トルク計測手段がそれぞれ出力する計測値の時系列データに基づき、深度ｚに応じたＱ及びＴに基づき先端抵抗値を演算する演算手段と、
前記演算手段による先端抵抗値の演算結果を記憶するデータ記憶手段とを備えた回転圧入杭の先端抵抗推定システム。 A rotary press-fit pile tip resistance estimation system that estimates the tip resistance of a pile that is rotary press-fitted while simultaneously applying an axial load Q and an axial torque T,
Depth measuring means for measuring the depth z of the tip of the pile;
A pressure input measuring means for measuring the load Q;
Torque measuring means for measuring the torque T, and
The tip resistance value is calculated based on Q and T according to the depth z based on time series data of the measured values output from the depth measuring means, the pressure input measuring means, and the torque measuring means in the progress of press-fitting of the pile. Computing means for
A tip resistance estimation system for a rotary press-fit pile, comprising data storage means for storing a calculation result of the tip resistance value by the calculation means.
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JP2017002623A (en) * | 2015-06-12 | 2017-01-05 | 株式会社技研製作所 | Estimation system for tip resistance degree, press-fit installation method, and estimation method for tip resistance degree |
| CN107642112A (en) * | 2017-09-30 | 2018-01-30 | 青岛理工大学 | A kind of end open type PHC pile tube end resistance test devices |
| JP2018162563A (en) * | 2017-03-24 | 2018-10-18 | 株式会社技研製作所 | Tip resistance estimation system, fluid injection combined and press-fitting execution system, and tip resistance estimation method |
| WO2019186660A1 (en) * | 2018-03-26 | 2019-10-03 | 日本製鉄株式会社 | Method for estimating end bearing capacity of rotary press-in pile, end bearing capacity management system, construction management method, and program |
| JP2020084403A (en) * | 2018-11-14 | 2020-06-04 | 日本製鉄株式会社 | End bearing capacity estimation method of rotary press-in pile, end bearing capacity control system, construction control method and program |
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JP2017002623A (en) * | 2015-06-12 | 2017-01-05 | 株式会社技研製作所 | Estimation system for tip resistance degree, press-fit installation method, and estimation method for tip resistance degree |
| JP2018162563A (en) * | 2017-03-24 | 2018-10-18 | 株式会社技研製作所 | Tip resistance estimation system, fluid injection combined and press-fitting execution system, and tip resistance estimation method |
| CN107642112A (en) * | 2017-09-30 | 2018-01-30 | 青岛理工大学 | A kind of end open type PHC pile tube end resistance test devices |
| WO2019186660A1 (en) * | 2018-03-26 | 2019-10-03 | 日本製鉄株式会社 | Method for estimating end bearing capacity of rotary press-in pile, end bearing capacity management system, construction management method, and program |
| JPWO2019186660A1 (en) * | 2018-03-26 | 2020-10-22 | 日本製鉄株式会社 | Tip bearing capacity estimation method, tip bearing capacity management system, construction management method, and program for rotary press-fit piles |
| JP2020084403A (en) * | 2018-11-14 | 2020-06-04 | 日本製鉄株式会社 | End bearing capacity estimation method of rotary press-in pile, end bearing capacity control system, construction control method and program |
| JP7155911B2 (en) | 2018-11-14 | 2022-10-19 | 日本製鉄株式会社 | Method for estimating tip bearing capacity of rotary press-in piles, tip bearing capacity management system, construction management method, and program |
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