JP2011140463A - Technique for controlling plant disease using waste mushroom bed of edible mushroom - Google Patents

Technique for controlling plant disease using waste mushroom bed of edible mushroom Download PDF

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JP2011140463A
JP2011140463A JP2010002061A JP2010002061A JP2011140463A JP 2011140463 A JP2011140463 A JP 2011140463A JP 2010002061 A JP2010002061 A JP 2010002061A JP 2010002061 A JP2010002061 A JP 2010002061A JP 2011140463 A JP2011140463 A JP 2011140463A
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waste
bed
disease control
plant
control agent
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Hiroshi Otani
浩 尾谷
Yanira Parada Jaco Roxana
ロクサナ・ヤニラ・パラダ・ハコ
Norihiro Shimomura
典宏 霜村
Shigeyuki Murakami
重幸 村上
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NIPPON KINOKO CENTER
Tottori University NUC
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Tottori University NUC
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an agent for controlling plant diseases, which includes a waste mushroom bed of edible mushroom. <P>SOLUTION: The method for controlling plant diseases includes applying a waste mushroom bed of edible mushroom or its aqueous extract to plant bodies or cultivation soil. Lyophyllum decastes, Pleurotus eryngii, etc., are used as the edible mushrooms. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&amp;INPIT

Description

本発明は植物病害の防除技術に関する。詳細には、本発明は食用きのこ廃菌床を含む植物の病害防除剤に関する。   The present invention relates to a plant disease control technique. In detail, this invention relates to the disease control agent of the plant containing an edible mushroom waste fungus bed.

農作物の病害防除は病原菌を直接殺す殺菌剤に大きく依存している。しかし、このような殺菌剤は環境への影響が大きな問題であり、環境負荷軽減型の病害防除技術の開発が強く望まれている。その一つとして植物が具備している抵抗性を発現させて病害を防除するという非殺菌性の抵抗性誘導剤に関心が集まっている。   Disease control of agricultural crops relies heavily on fungicides that directly kill pathogens. However, such a bactericide has a large impact on the environment, and development of a disease control technology that reduces the environmental load is strongly desired. As one of them, there is an interest in non-bactericidal resistance inducers that develop the resistance of plants and control diseases.

植物は感染しようとする病原菌を察知すると、抵抗性を発現して外敵から身を守っている。植物病原菌の中でも80%以上は糸状菌(菌類)で、このような菌類の感染においては、植物が生産するキチン分解酵素(キチナーゼ)やグルカン分解酵素(β−1,3−グルカナーゼ)によって菌類細胞壁成分のキチンやβ−1,3−グルカンが分解され、遊離した種々のオリゴ糖を植物がシグナル分子(エリシター)として認識し、抵抗性を発現するという仕組みが明らかとなっている。なお、植物が誘導する抵抗性には病原菌が感染する部分にのみ発現する局部誘導抵抗性と植物全体に発現する全身誘導抵抗性があり、局部誘導抵抗性は一時的に発現するが、全身誘導抵抗性は長期間(1ヶ月以上)持続することが知られている。したがって、病害防除の観点からは全身誘導抵抗性が注目されている。近年、植物感染生理学の分野ではエリシターに対する植物の応答機構に関する研究が国内外を問わず精力的に展開されており、遺伝子レベルでの解析が急速に進展している(非特許文献1等照例)。   When plants detect pathogenic bacteria to be infected, they develop resistance and protect themselves from external enemies. More than 80% of plant pathogenic fungi are filamentous fungi (fungi). In the infection of such fungi, the fungal cell walls are caused by chitin-degrading enzymes (chitinases) and glucan-degrading enzymes (β-1,3-glucanases) produced by plants. It has become clear that the components chitin and β-1,3-glucan are decomposed, and the various oligosaccharides that have been released are recognized as signal molecules (elicitors) by the plant and develop resistance. The plant-induced resistance includes local induced resistance that appears only in the part infected by pathogenic bacteria and whole body induced resistance that appears in the whole plant. Local induced resistance is temporarily expressed, but systemic induction It is known that resistance lasts for a long time (one month or more). Therefore, systemic induction resistance has attracted attention from the viewpoint of disease control. In recent years, in the field of plant infection physiology, research on the response mechanism of plants to elicitors has been energetically developed both at home and abroad, and analysis at the gene level is rapidly progressing (references such as Non-Patent Document 1). .

このような植物感染機構の解析が進展している一方で、農作物の病害防除は、未だに殺菌剤に大きく依存している。現在使用されている殺菌剤の多くは、安全性の面から選択性の高い殺菌剤が主流で抗菌スペクトラムが狭く、さらに、殺菌剤に対する耐性菌の出現などの問題も生じている。これに対して、植物の全身抵抗性誘導剤による病害防除は、環境への影響がなく、広範囲の病害に有効で、耐性菌出現の心配も無いことから、これらの問題を一気に解決できることが期待されているが、これまでに実用化されているのは、イネいもち病の防除薬剤である合成化合物のプロベナゾールなどごくわずかである。   While analysis of such plant infection mechanisms is progressing, crop disease control still depends heavily on fungicides. Many of the currently used bactericides are mainly selective bactericides from the viewpoint of safety, have a narrow antibacterial spectrum, and problems such as the emergence of resistant bacteria to the bactericides have arisen. On the other hand, disease control with plant systemic resistance inducers has no impact on the environment, is effective for a wide range of diseases, and there is no concern about the emergence of resistant bacteria, so it is expected that these problems can be solved at once. However, only a few compounds such as probenazole, a synthetic compound that is a rice blast control agent, have been put to practical use so far.

Kaku, H. et al.: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 103:11086-11091, 2006Kaku, H. et al .: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 103: 11086-11091, 2006

本発明の解決しようとする課題は、環境負荷軽減型の病害防除技術、とりわけ、新たな全身抵抗性誘導剤による植物の病害防除技術を開発することであった。   The problem to be solved by the present invention was to develop a disease control technique of environmental load reduction type, in particular, a plant disease control technique using a new systemic resistance inducer.

本発明者らは、抵抗性誘導剤として、植物感染機構解析の研究から明らかとなった菌類細胞壁成分のエリシターを利用しようと考えた。食用きのこも菌類の仲間であり、植物は病原菌類と同様にきのこの細胞壁成分をエリシターとして認識し抵抗性を発現するものと思われる。食用きのこの多くは菌床栽培が行われており、きのこ収穫後の菌床(廃菌床)はそのままゴミとして大量に廃棄されているが、菌糸体が充満した廃菌床は豊富なエリシター源となり得る可能性が高い。このような食用きのこの廃菌床を用いた病害防除の研究は皆無であることから、本研究では、食用きのこ廃菌床の菌糸体を用いた植物の全身誘導抵抗性の発現による病害防除について検討した。本研究が成功すれば、廃菌床の利用と病害防除剤の開発という一石二鳥の技術へと発展することが大いに期待できる。   The inventors of the present invention have considered to use an elicitor of a fungal cell wall component that has been clarified from a study of plant infection mechanism analysis as a resistance inducer. Edible mushrooms are also a family of fungi, and plants, like pathogenic fungi, appear to develop resistance by recognizing mushroom cell wall components as elicitors. Many edible mushrooms are cultivated on the fungus bed, and the fungus bed after harvesting the mushrooms (waste fungus bed) is discarded in large quantities as garbage, but the waste fungus bed filled with mycelium is an abundant source of elicitor Is likely to be. Since there is no research on disease control using the waste fungus bed of such edible mushrooms, in this study, the disease control by the expression of systemic induced resistance of plants using the mycelium of the waste fungus bed of edible mushrooms. investigated. If this research is successful, it can be greatly expected to develop into two birds with one stone, such as the use of waste bacterial beds and the development of disease control agents.

本発明者らは、このような考え方に基づいて鋭意研究を重ねた結果、食用きのこ廃菌床またはその水抽出液を用いることにより、植物の全身誘導抵抗性を発現させ、植物の病害を効果的に防除できることを確認し、本発明を完成させるに至った。   As a result of intensive studies based on such a concept, the present inventors have developed a systemic induced resistance of plants by using an edible mushroom waste fungus bed or an aqueous extract thereof, and have an effect on plant diseases. As a result, the present invention was completed.

したがって、本発明は:
(1)食用きのこ廃菌床またはその水抽出液を含む植物の病害防除剤;
(2)食用きのこ廃菌床またはその水抽出液がオートクレーブ滅菌処理されたものである(1)記載の病害防除剤;
(3)廃菌床がハタケシメジの廃菌床である(1)または(2)記載の病害防除剤;
(4)廃菌床がエリンギの廃菌床である(1)または(2)記載の病害防除剤:
(5)菌床に針葉樹おがくずが使用されている、(3)または(4)記載の病害防除剤;
(6)病害が菌類の感染によるものである(1)〜(5)のいずれかに記載の病害防除剤;
(7)土壌と混和されたものである(1)〜(6)のいずれか1項記載の病害防除剤;
(8)食用きのこ廃菌床またはその水抽出液を植物に適用することを特徴とする植物の病害防除方法。
を提供する。
Thus, the present invention provides:
(1) An edible mushroom waste fungus bed or a plant disease control agent containing an aqueous extract thereof;
(2) The disease control agent according to (1), wherein the edible mushroom waste fungus bed or an aqueous extract thereof has been subjected to autoclave sterilization treatment;
(3) The disease control agent according to (1) or (2), wherein the waste fungus bed is a waste fungus bed of Hatakeshimeji;
(4) The disease control agent according to (1) or (2), wherein the waste fungus bed is a waste bed of eringi:
(5) The disease control agent according to (3) or (4), wherein coniferous sawdust is used for the fungus bed;
(6) The disease controlling agent according to any one of (1) to (5), wherein the disease is caused by fungal infection;
(7) The disease control agent according to any one of (1) to (6), which is mixed with soil;
(8) A disease control method for a plant, which comprises applying an edible mushroom waste fungus bed or an aqueous extract thereof to the plant.
I will provide a.

本発明は、植物の病害に対する全身誘導抵抗性を発現させ、植物の病害を効果的に防除するものである。本発明は、有害な薬剤を用いないこと、そして食用きのこ菌床栽培において処理に困っていた大量の廃菌床の有効利用が可能となることから、環境負荷軽減型の病害防除剤の開発に大きく貢献できる。   The present invention develops systemic induced resistance to plant diseases and effectively controls plant diseases. Since the present invention does not use harmful drugs and enables effective use of a large amount of waste fungus beds that were difficult to treat in edible mushroom fungus bed cultivation, the development of a disease control agent that reduces the environmental load. It can contribute greatly.

図1は、キュウリに対する廃菌床水抽出液処理および病原菌接種の方法を図解したものである。FIG. 1 illustrates a method of treating waste cucumber floor water with cucumber and inoculating pathogens. 図2は、キュウリ苗に対する廃菌床処理の方法を図解したものである。FIG. 2 illustrates a method of waste bacterial bed treatment for cucumber seedlings. 図3は、子実体および廃菌床水抽出液の浸漬処理による病害抑制効果を示す写真である。T1は子実体水抽出液で処理、T2は廃菌床水抽出液(無処理=オートクレーブせず)で処理、T3は廃菌床水抽出液(滅菌処理=オートクレーブ処理)で処理、T4は水で処理した葉である。FIG. 3 is a photograph showing the disease-suppressing effect by the immersion treatment of fruit bodies and waste fungus floor water extract. T1 is treated with fruit body water extract, T2 is treated with waste bacterial bed water extract (no treatment = not autoclaved), T3 is treated with waste bacterial bed water extract (sterilization treatment = autoclave treatment), T4 is water It is the leaf processed with. 図4は、廃菌床水抽出液処理葉の分生子懸濁液滴下接種による病害抑制効果を示す写真である。FIG. 4 is a photograph showing the disease control effect of conidia suspension dripping inoculation of waste bacterial bed water extract treated leaves. 図5は、育苗土への滅菌廃菌床処理による病斑形成の抑制を示す写真である。FIG. 5 is a photograph showing suppression of lesion formation by treatment of sterilized waste fungi on nursery soil. 図6は、廃菌床水抽出液の炭疽病菌に対する抗菌活性を調べた結果を示す図である。FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the results of examining the antibacterial activity against anthrax of the waste bacterial bed water extract. 図7は、廃菌水抽出液処理による病害抵抗性関連遺伝子の発現を調べた結果を示すグラフである。FIG. 7 is a graph showing the results of examining the expression of disease resistance-related genes by treatment with waste bacterial water extract.

本発明は、食用きのこ廃菌床またはその水抽出液を含む植物の病害防除剤を提供するものである。病原菌類の感染においては、植物が誘導生産するキチナーゼやβ−1,3−グルカナーゼによって菌類細胞壁成分のキチンやβ−1,3−グルカンが分解され、遊離した種々のオリゴ糖を植物がエリシターとして認識し、全身誘導抵抗性を発現するという仕組みが知られているが、本発明は、菌類細胞壁成分のソースとして廃菌床またはその水抽出液を利用するという斬新な考え方に基づくものである。さらに本発明は、病害防除効果が優れていることだけでなく、食用きのこ廃菌床には毒性がなく人畜無害な病害防除剤を提供できること、処理に困っていた大量の廃菌床の有効利用が可能となること、ならびに植物の全身抵抗性を誘導するので、効果が長持ちし、通常は1ヶ月以上効果が持続すること等の利点を有する。   The present invention provides a plant disease control agent comprising an edible mushroom waste fungus bed or an aqueous extract thereof. In the infection with pathogenic fungi, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase induced by plants decompose chitin and β-1,3-glucan, which are fungal cell wall components, and the plants use various oligosaccharides as elicitors. Although a mechanism for recognizing and developing systemic induced resistance is known, the present invention is based on a novel idea of using a waste fungus bed or its aqueous extract as a source of fungal cell wall components. Furthermore, the present invention not only has an excellent disease control effect, but also can provide a disease control agent that is not toxic and harmless to edible mushroom waste fungi beds, and effective use of a large amount of waste fungi beds that have been in trouble with processing. And inducing the systemic resistance of the plant, it has a long-lasting effect and usually has an advantage that the effect lasts for more than one month.

本発明に用いる廃菌床は、食用きのこであればいずれのきのこを栽培して得られるものであってもよい。食用きのことしては、ハタケシメジ、ブナシメジ、エリンギ、シイタケ、マイタケ、エノキタケ、ナメコ、マッシュルーム、アガリクス、ヒラタケなどが例示されるが、これらに限らない。好ましい食用きのことしてはハタケシメジ、エリンギなどが挙げられる。   The waste microbial bed used in the present invention may be obtained by cultivating any mushroom as long as it is an edible mushroom. Examples of edible mushrooms include, but are not limited to, Hatake Shimeji, Beech Shimeji, Eringi, Shiitake, Maitake, Enokitake, Nameko, Mushroom, Agaricus, Oyster. Preferred edible mushrooms include Hatake shimeji and eringi.

廃菌床は、おがくずや米糠などの栄養源を混合した培地である菌床にきのこの菌糸を接種して培養し、収穫した後の菌床である。菌床の作成方法や成分、菌床への菌の接種方法やきのこの栽培方法は当業者に公知である。   The waste fungus bed is a fungus bed after inoculating and cultivating and harvesting mushroom mycelia on a fungus bed that is a medium in which nutrient sources such as sawdust and rice bran are mixed. Methods for preparing and components of the fungus bed, methods for inoculating the fungus bed, and cultivation methods for mushrooms are known to those skilled in the art.

廃菌床あるいはその水抽出液をオートクレーブ滅菌処理してもよい。オートクレーブ滅菌処理により病害防除効果が低下することはない。むしろオートクレーブ滅菌処理により保存性が高まり、病害防除効果も長持ちするようになるので好ましい。   The waste microbial bed or its aqueous extract may be autoclaved. Autoclave sterilization does not reduce the disease control effect. Rather, autoclaving is preferable because storability is enhanced and the disease control effect is prolonged.

本発明の植物の病害防除剤が有効な病害は菌類の感染による病害であり、その種類には特に制限はない。本発明の病害防除剤が有効な植物病害の例としては、キュウリの場合、炭疽菌病、うどんこ病、べと病などが挙げられる。本発明の植物の病害防除剤が有効な植物についても特に制限はない。   The disease for which the plant disease control agent of the present invention is effective is a disease caused by fungal infection, and the kind thereof is not particularly limited. Examples of plant diseases for which the disease control agent of the present invention is effective include anthrax, powdery mildew, downy mildew and the like in the case of cucumber. There is no particular limitation on the plant for which the plant disease control agent of the present invention is effective.

本発明の植物の病害防除剤の形態は特に制限はなく、廃菌床をそのまま用いてもよく、廃菌床を適宜加工して用いてもよい。例えば、廃菌床を乾燥させて、廃菌床を粉末あるいは顆粒にしたものであってもよい。廃菌床を本発明の植物の病害防除剤に適用する際に、菌糸が破砕されていてもよく、破砕されていなくてもよい。あるいは、本発明の植物の病害防除剤は、廃菌床の水抽出液であってもよく、廃菌床の水抽出液を適宜加工したものであってもよい。例えば、廃菌床の水抽出液を濾過したものであってもよく、廃菌床の水抽出液を濃縮あるいは乾燥させたものであってもよい。すなわち、本発明の植物の病害防除剤を、固形(例えば、廃菌床そのまま、廃菌床の粉砕物、粉末、顆粒、廃菌床の水抽出液の乾燥物など)、液状(例えば、水抽出液、水抽出液の濃縮物など)、あるいは半固体、ペーストなどの様々な形態に適宜加工することができる。これらの形態を得るための方法は当業者によく知られている。さらに、当業者に公知の賦形剤、担体、希釈剤、あるいは誘導剤(展着剤)を本発明の植物の病害防除剤に適宜添加してもよい。   The form of the plant disease control agent of the present invention is not particularly limited, and the waste microbial bed may be used as it is, or the waste microbial bed may be appropriately processed and used. For example, the waste microbial bed may be dried to form powder or granules. When applying the waste fungus bed to the plant disease control agent of the present invention, the mycelium may or may not be crushed. Alternatively, the plant disease control agent of the present invention may be a water extract of a waste fungus bed, or a product obtained by appropriately processing a water extract of a waste fungus bed. For example, the water extract of the waste microbial bed may be filtered, or the water extract of the waste microbial bed may be concentrated or dried. That is, the plant disease control agent of the present invention may be a solid (for example, a waste bacterial bed as it is, a ground product of a waste bacterial bed, a powder, a granule, a dried product of a water extract of a waste bacterial bed), a liquid (for example, water Extract, concentrate of water extract, etc.), or can be appropriately processed into various forms such as semi-solid and paste. Methods for obtaining these forms are well known to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, excipients, carriers, diluents, or inducers (spreading agents) known to those skilled in the art may be appropriately added to the plant disease control agent of the present invention.

本発明の植物の病害防除剤を様々な方法で植物に適用することができる。例えば、本発明の植物の病害防除剤が液状である場合には、植物に直接散布、噴霧あるいは塗布してもよいし、土壌に散布あるいは混和してもよい。本発明の植物の病害防除剤が濃縮液の形態である場合には水で薄めて植物に散布してもよい。また例えば、本発明の植物の病害防除剤が固形である場合には、土壌に混和して用いてもよい。例えば、廃菌床をそのまま、あるいはオートクレーブされた廃菌床を土壌と混和して用いることができる。本発明の植物の病害防除剤が乾燥物の形態である場合には展着剤を加えて水に懸濁して植物に散布してもよい。本発明の植物の病害防除剤を土壌と混和して用いる場合、土壌は育苗土であってもよく、畑の土壌であってもよい。本発明の植物の病害防除剤を土壌と混和して育苗土の形態(例えば、袋詰め)として用いてもよく、セルトレイやポットに入れて植物を育成してもよい。本発明の植物の病害防除剤の植物への適用方法は上記のものには限定されない。   The plant disease control agent of the present invention can be applied to plants by various methods. For example, when the plant disease control agent of the present invention is in liquid form, it may be sprayed, sprayed or applied directly to the plant, or sprayed or mixed into the soil. When the plant disease control agent of the present invention is in the form of a concentrated solution, it may be diluted with water and sprayed onto plants. For example, when the plant disease control agent of the present invention is solid, it may be mixed with soil. For example, the waste microbial bed can be used as it is, or an autoclaved waste microbial bed can be mixed with soil. When the plant disease control agent of the present invention is in the form of a dried product, a spreading agent may be added, suspended in water and sprayed onto the plant. When the plant disease control agent of the present invention is mixed with soil, the soil may be a seedling soil or a field soil. The plant disease control agent of the present invention may be mixed with soil and used as a seedling soil form (for example, bagging), or may be grown in a cell tray or pot. The method of applying the plant disease control agent of the present invention to plants is not limited to the above.

本発明の植物の病害防除剤に他の植物の病害防除剤を混合してもよい。あるいは本発明の植物の病害防除剤を他の植物の病害防除剤と併用してもよい。   You may mix the disease control agent of another plant with the disease control agent of the plant of this invention. Alternatively, the plant disease control agent of the present invention may be used in combination with other plant disease control agents.

本発明の植物の病害防除剤の植物への適用量は、当業者が対象植物および対象病害、植物への他の処置などを考慮して、効果を見ながら適宜定めうる。植物への適用回数についても同様に、当業者が適宜定めうる。また、本発明の植物の病害防除剤の適用時期も特に制限はなく、植物が種子の状態から成熟した植物体に成長するまで、いずれの時期であってもよい。   The application amount of the plant disease control agent of the present invention to a plant can be appropriately determined by a person skilled in the art while considering the effect in consideration of the target plant, the target disease, other treatments on the plant, etc. Similarly, the number of times of application to plants can be appropriately determined by those skilled in the art. Also, the application time of the plant disease control agent of the present invention is not particularly limited, and may be any time until the plant grows from a seed state to a mature plant body.

さらに本発明は、食用きのこ廃菌床またはその水抽出液を植物に適用することを特徴とする植物の病害防除方法を提供する。   Furthermore, the present invention provides a disease control method for plants, which comprises applying an edible mushroom waste fungus bed or an aqueous extract thereof to plants.

以下に実施例を示して本発明をさらに詳細かつ具体的に説明するが、実施例はあくまでも例示説明であり、本発明の範囲を限定するものと解してはならない。   The present invention will be described in more detail and specifically with reference to the following examples. However, the examples are merely illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.

I.材料および実験方法
1.供試廃菌床
(財)日本きのこセンター菌蕈研究所と鳥取県の共同研究によって優良食用きのことして開発されたハタケシメジ(Lyophyllum decastes)(TMIC30940)の廃菌床を用いた。また、実験によっては、ヒラタケ(Pleurotus ostreatus)(TMIC35101)、エリンギ(Pleurotus eryngii)(TMIC35100)およびヤマブシタケ(Hericium erinaceum)(TMIC35102)の廃菌床も使用した。
I. Materials and experimental methods Test waste bed The waste bed of Lyophyllum decastes (TMIC30940), which was developed as a good edible mushroom through joint research between the Fungus Research Institute of Japan Mushroom Center and Tottori Prefecture, was used. In some experiments, waste beds of Pleurotus ostreatus (TMIC35101), Pleurotus eryngii (TMIC35100), and Hericium erinaceum (TMIC35102) were also used.

2.供試植物および病原菌
病害防除の検定には、植物における病害抵抗性誘導のモデル実験系となっているキュウリ(Cucumis sativus)品種「夏すずみ」とキュウリ炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum orbiculare)C−14菌株(全農営農・技術センターより分譲)を用いた。キュウリ種子をセルトレイの育苗土に蒔き、発芽苗をポット(直径9cm)の育苗土に移植し、25℃、14時間明期10時間暗期の育苗室内に入れて栽培した。一方、炭疽病菌はジャガイモ煎汁寒天培地(PDA培地)上で培養・保存し、接種用の胞子(分生子)を得る場合には、0.5%酵母エキスを含むPDA培地(PDY培地)上で25℃、7〜12日間培養した。培地上に形成された分生子を蒸留水(DW)に懸濁し、遠心分離(800xg、5分)により数回洗浄して、分生子濃度を5x10個/mlに調製後、直ちに実験に使用した。
2. Test plants and pathogenic fungi For the disease control test, the cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cultivar “Natsu Suzumi” and the cucumber anthracnose fungus (Colletotrichum orbiculare) C-14 strain (all agricultural) Used from the farming and technical center. The cucumber seeds were sown on the seedling raising soil in the cell tray, and the germinated seedlings were transplanted to the seedling soil in a pot (diameter 9 cm) and cultivated in a nursery room at 25 ° C., 14 hours light period, 10 hours dark period. On the other hand, when anthrax is cultivated and stored on a potato broth agar medium (PDA medium) to obtain spores (conidia) for inoculation, the anthracnose fungus is on a PDA medium (PDY medium) containing 0.5% yeast extract. And cultured at 25 ° C. for 7 to 12 days. The conidia formed on the medium are suspended in distilled water (DW), washed several times by centrifugation (800 xg, 5 minutes), adjusted to a conidia concentration of 5 x 10 5 cells / ml, and immediately used for experiments. did.

3.廃菌床からの水抽出液の調製
ハタケシメジの収穫直後の廃菌床200gに蒸留水500mlを入れてホモゲナイザー(Nissey)で磨砕(1,500rpm、2分)し、磨砕液をガーゼでろ過後、遠心分離(800xg、5分)により上清画分(水抽出液)を得、さらに、水抽出液の一部をオートクレーブ(滅菌)処理(121℃、30分)して(図1参照)、使用まで−80℃で保存した。使用に際しては、水抽出液を室温で解凍して用いた。なお、比較のためにハタケシメジの子実体(きのこ)から廃菌床と同様の操作を行って水抽出液(50g子実体/250ml蒸留水)を得た。
3. Preparation of water extract from waste bacteria bed 500ml of distilled water was added to 200g of waste bacteria bed just after harvesting, and ground with a homogenizer (1,500rpm, 2 minutes), and the ground liquid was filtered with gauze The supernatant fraction (water extract) is obtained by centrifugation (800 × g, 5 minutes), and a part of the water extract is further autoclaved (sterilized) (121 ° C., 30 minutes) (see FIG. 1). And stored at −80 ° C. until use. In use, the water extract was thawed at room temperature. For comparison, a water extract (50 g fruit body / 250 ml distilled water) was obtained from the fruit body (mushroom) of Hatake shimeji mushroom by the same operation as the waste fungus bed.

4.廃菌床水抽出液および廃菌床処理による病害抑制検定
水抽出液をキュウリに処理する場合には、第2葉が十分展開したポット植えのキュウリ苗全体に噴霧処理または第1葉に浸漬処理(10秒)した(図1参照)。なお、対照としてDWを処理した。処理キュウリ苗を再び25℃、14時間明期10時間暗期の育苗室内に置き、1週間後に炭疽病菌の分生子懸濁液をキュウリ苗全体に噴霧接種またはキュウリ葉に滴下接種(30μlを10箇所/葉)した(図1参照)。なお、対照にはDWを用いた。キュウリ苗を湿度90%の20℃暗下のグロースキャビネット内に入れ、24時間後にキュウリ苗を取り出して育苗室に置いた。1週間後に噴霧接種では病斑数を、滴下接種では病斑面積を測定した。
4). Disease control test by waste fungus bed water extract and waste fungus bed treatment When treating water extract with cucumber, spray treatment or immersion treatment on the first leaf of potted cucumber seedling with fully developed second leaf (10 seconds) (see FIG. 1). In addition, DW was processed as a control. The treated cucumber seedlings were again placed in a nursery room at 25 ° C., 14 hours light period 10 hours dark period, and after 1 week, conidia suspension of anthrax was sprayed on the whole cucumber seedlings or inoculated dropwise onto cucumber leaves (10 μl of 30 μl). (See Fig. 1). As a control, DW was used. The cucumber seedling was placed in a growth cabinet at 90 ° C. and dark at 20 ° C. After 24 hours, the cucumber seedling was taken out and placed in a nursery room. One week later, the number of lesions was measured by spray inoculation, and the area of lesions was measured by drop inoculation.

一方、ハタケシメジの廃菌床および滅菌処理(121℃、30分)した廃菌床を、キュウリの育苗土に育苗土:廃菌床が2:1(v/v)となるように混和した(図2参照)。キュウリ種子をセルトレイの廃菌床混和育苗土または育苗土に蒔き、1週間後に発芽苗をポット(直径9cm)の廃菌床混和育苗土または育苗土に移植し、25℃、14時間明期10時間暗期の育苗室内に入れて2〜3週間栽培した(図2参照)。キュウリ苗の第1葉および第2葉に炭疽病菌の分生子懸濁液を滴下接種(30μlを10箇所/葉)した。なお、対照としてDWを用いた。キュウリ苗を湿度90%の20℃暗下のグロースキャビネット内に入れ、24時間後にキュウリ苗を取り出して育苗室に置いた。1週間後に病斑面積を測定した。   On the other hand, the waste fungus bed of Hatake Shimeji and the sterilized (121 ° C., 30 minutes) waste fungus bed were mixed with the cucumber seedling soil so that the nursery soil: waste fungus bed was 2: 1 (v / v) ( (See FIG. 2). Seed the cucumber seeds on the waste tray mixed seedling soil or seedling soil in the cell tray, and after 1 week, transplant the germinated seedlings to the waste fungus bed mixed seedling soil or seedling soil in a pot (diameter 9 cm), 25 ° C, 14 hours light period 10 It put in the nursery room of the time dark period, and was cultivated for 2-3 weeks (refer FIG. 2). The first and second leaves of cucumber seedlings were inoculated dropwise with conidia suspension of anthrax fungus (30 μl at 10 spots / leaf). DW was used as a control. The cucumber seedling was placed in a growth cabinet at 90 ° C. and dark at 20 ° C. After 24 hours, the cucumber seedling was taken out and placed in a nursery room. One week later, the lesion area was measured.

5.廃菌床水抽出液の抗菌活性検定
廃菌床水抽出液処理による病害抑制効果が、水抽出液の病原菌に対する抗菌活性によって引き起こされる可能性もあるため、水抽出液およびDWに炭疽病菌の分生子を懸濁し(5x10個/ml)、スライドグラス上に滴下して、25℃暗下の湿室内に24時間静置後、胞子発芽率および発芽管長を測定した。また、滅菌水抽出液を含むPDY培地および対照としてPDY培地上に炭疽病菌の菌体ディスク(直径5mm)を植え付け、25℃暗下に静置して一定期間後に生育した菌糸の直径を測定した。
5. Antibacterial activity test of waste bacteria bed water extract Since the disease control effect of waste bacteria bed water extract treatment may be caused by the antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria of the water extract, Viables were suspended (5 × 10 5 cells / ml), dropped onto a slide glass, and allowed to stand in a dark room at 25 ° C. for 24 hours, and then the spore germination rate and germ tube length were measured. In addition, an anthrax bacterial cell disc (5 mm in diameter) was planted on a PDY medium containing a sterilized water extract and a PDY medium as a control, and the diameter of mycelia grown after a certain period of time was measured in the dark at 25 ° C.

6.廃菌床水抽出液および廃菌床処理葉における誘導抵抗性関連遺伝子の発現解析
廃菌床水抽出液および廃菌床を処理したキュウリ苗を用いて炭疽病菌の分生子接種前および接種1日後の葉より常法によりRNAを抽出し、リアルタイムPCRによって抵抗性関連遺伝子発現の解析を行った。抵抗性関連遺伝子はキュウリにおいてすでに報告されている6遺伝子(カロース合成酵素遺伝子、リグニンパーオキシダーゼ遺伝子、キチナーゼ遺伝子、β−1,3−グルカナーゼ遺伝子、PR−タンパク質1遺伝子およびPAL遺伝子)について調べた。
6). Expression analysis of induced resistance-related genes in waste fungus floor water extract and waste fungus bed treated leaves Cucumber seedling treated with waste fungus floor water extract and waste fungus bed before and 1 day after inoculation of anthracnose fungus RNA was extracted from leaves using a conventional method, and resistance-related gene expression was analyzed by real-time PCR. Resistance-related genes were examined for 6 genes already reported in cucumber (callose synthase gene, lignin peroxidase gene, chitinase gene, β-1,3-glucanase gene, PR-protein 1 gene and PAL gene).

II.結果および考察
1.キュウリ葉への廃菌床水抽出液処理による病害抑制効果
はじめに、ハタケシメジの菌糸体成分が病害抑制効果を示すかどうか、さらに、病害抑制に必要なキュウリ苗への水抽出液処理時間を検討するため、ハタケシメジの子実体より得た水抽出液をキュウリ苗全体に噴霧処理または浸漬処理し、一定時間後に炭疽病菌の分生子懸濁液をキュウリ苗全体に噴霧接種して1週間後に葉の病斑数を調べた。キュウリ苗第1葉に浸漬処理した結果を表1に示す。水抽出液浸漬処理5時間後から病害抑制効果が見られ、4日目で抑制効果が顕著となり、7日後にはほぼ100%に近い抑制効果が示された。なお、水抽出液をキュウリ苗全体に噴霧処理した場合も、浸漬処理とほぼ同じ結果が得られた。したがって、廃菌床処理による病害抑制効果の検定は、水抽出液処理1週間後に行うこととした。

Figure 2011140463
II. Results and discussion Disease control effect of waste microbial bed water extract treatment on cucumber leaves First, examine whether the mycelium component of Hatake-shimeji shows disease control effect, and also consider the water extract treatment time for cucumber seedlings necessary for disease control Therefore, the water extract obtained from the fruit body of Hatake shimeji was sprayed or immersed in the whole cucumber seedling, and after a certain time, the conidia suspension of anthrax was sprayed on the whole cucumber seedling and one week later the leaf disease The number of spots was examined. Table 1 shows the results of the immersion treatment on the first cucumber seedling leaves. The disease-suppressing effect was observed 5 hours after the immersion in the water extract, and the suppressing effect was remarkable on the 4th day. After 7 days, the suppressing effect was almost 100%. In addition, when the water extract was sprayed over the entire cucumber seedling, almost the same result as the immersion treatment was obtained. Therefore, the disease suppression effect test by waste bacterial bed treatment was carried out one week after the water extract treatment.
Figure 2011140463

さらに、子実体水抽出液処理による病害抑制効果が廃菌床水処理によっても誘起されるかどうかを見るために、キュウリ苗第1葉に子実体水抽出液と廃菌床水抽出液(滅菌処理および無処理)を浸漬処理し、1週間後に分生子懸濁液をキュウリ苗に噴霧接種して第2葉の病斑数を調べた。その結果、いずれの水抽出液処理においても、顕著に病斑数が抑制され、廃菌床水抽出液は子実体水抽出液と同様の病害抑制効果を示すこと、病害抑制効果を示す成分は熱に安定であること、病害抑制効果は処理以外の葉にも認められることが明らかとなった(表2、図3)。

Figure 2011140463
Furthermore, in order to see if the disease control effect of the fruit body water extract treatment is also induced by the waste fungus bed water treatment, the fruit body water extract and the waste fungus bed water extract (sterilized) are added to the first leaf of the cucumber seedling. Treatment and non-treatment) were carried out, and after 1 week, the conidia suspension was spray-inoculated on the cucumber seedlings, and the number of lesions on the second leaf was examined. As a result, in any water extract treatment, the number of lesions is remarkably suppressed, the waste fungus floor water extract exhibits the same disease control effect as the fruit body water extract, It was clarified that the heat-stable and disease-suppressing effect was also observed in leaves other than the treatment (Table 2, FIG. 3).
Figure 2011140463

次に、簡易に病害抑制効果を見るための効率的分生子接種法を検討するため、廃菌床水抽出液をキュウリ苗全体に噴霧処理または第1葉に浸漬処理し、1週間後に分生子懸濁液をキュウリ苗に滴下接種して病斑面積を調べた。その結果、廃菌床水抽出液噴霧処理および第1葉浸漬処理ともに分生子懸濁液滴下による病斑面積の顕著な減少が見られた(表3、図4)。そこで、以後の病害抑制実験では、接種する分生子懸濁液の量が少なくて、容易に病害抑制検定が行える滴下接種法を用いることとした。

Figure 2011140463
Next, in order to examine an efficient conidial inoculation method for simply seeing the disease-suppressing effect, the whole cucumber seedling is sprayed or soaked in the first leaf, and conidia after one week. The suspension was inoculated dropwise into a cucumber seedling to examine the lesion area. As a result, both the waste bacterial bed water extract spray treatment and the first leaf immersion treatment showed a marked decrease in the lesion area due to the conidial suspension dripping (Table 3, FIG. 4). Therefore, in subsequent disease control experiments, the dripping inoculation method was used in which the amount of conidial suspension to be inoculated was small and the disease control test could be easily performed.
Figure 2011140463

2.キュウリ育苗土壌への廃菌床処理による病害抑制効果
キュウリ育苗土壌に廃菌床または滅菌処理廃菌床を2:1(v/v)となるように混和し、セルトレイ内の混和土壌にキュウリ種子を播種し、さらにポット内の混和土壌にキュウリ苗を移植してキュウリ苗第1葉および第2葉における病害抑制効果を調べた。その結果、廃菌床および滅菌処理廃菌床いずれにおいてもポット内の混和土壌に移植したキュウリ苗において病害抑制効果が見られた(表4、図5)。特に、滅菌処理廃菌床混和土壌で栽培したキュウリ苗の抑制効果が顕著で、滅菌処理により廃菌床内の菌糸を死滅させた方が高い効果を示すことが明らかとなった。その原因として、滅菌処理により廃菌床内の菌糸体からエリシターが無処理よりも多く遊離したためと思われる。なお、対照としてハタケシメジ植菌前の菌床を用いたところ、キュウリ苗の生育を阻害したため、DWを使用した。ハタケシメジ栽培後の廃菌床は生育阻害を示さないことから、ハタケシメジにより菌床に存在する生育阻害物質が分解されるものと思われる。

Figure 2011140463
2. Disease control effect of waste microbial bed treatment on cucumber seedling soil Mix cucumber seedling soil with waste fungus bed or sterilization waste fungus bed to 2: 1 (v / v), and add cucumber seeds to the mixed soil in the cell tray. Then, cucumber seedlings were transplanted into the mixed soil in the pot, and the disease control effect on the first and second leaves of the cucumber seedlings was examined. As a result, in both the waste fungus bed and the sterilization waste fungus bed, the disease suppression effect was observed in the cucumber seedlings transplanted to the mixed soil in the pot (Table 4, FIG. 5). In particular, the suppression effect of cucumber seedlings cultivated in soil mixed with sterilized waste fungus bed was remarkable, and it became clear that killing the mycelium in the waste fungus bed by sterilization showed a higher effect. This is probably because sterilization released more elicitor from the mycelium in the waste fungus bed than without treatment. In addition, when the fungal bed before inoculation with Hatake-shimeji was used as a control, DW was used because the growth of the cucumber seedling was inhibited. Since the waste microbial bed after cultivation of Hatake shimeji does not show growth inhibition, it is considered that the growth inhibitory substance present in the microbial bed is decomposed by Hatake shimeji.
Figure 2011140463

次に、廃菌床の保存期間と病害抑制効果の関係を調べた。廃菌床を室内に放置したもの、滅菌処理廃菌床を室内に放置したものを一定期間後に取り出し、育苗土壌に混和して病害抑制効果を調べた。その結果、2週間室内に放置した廃菌床では病害抑制効果が消失したが、3週間室内に放置した滅菌処理廃菌床では抑制効果が維持され、長期間の保存が可能であることが示された(表5)。なお、室内に放置した廃菌床の効果が消失した原因については明らかではないが、廃菌床が乾燥して硬くなったため育苗土壌との混和が不十分であったことも考えられる。

Figure 2011140463
Next, the relationship between the storage period of the waste bacteria bed and the disease control effect was examined. The waste bacteria bed left in the room and the sterilized waste bed left in the room were taken out after a certain period of time and mixed with the seedling soil to examine the disease control effect. As a result, it was shown that the disease-suppressing effect disappeared in the waste bed left in the room for 2 weeks, but the inhibitory effect was maintained in the waste bed that was left in the room for 3 weeks, and it could be stored for a long time. (Table 5). Although the cause of the disappearance of the effect of the waste fungus bed left in the room is not clear, it is considered that the waste fungus bed has become dry and hard, so that the mixing with the seedling soil is insufficient.
Figure 2011140463

次に、ハタケシメジ以外の食用きのこの廃菌床においても病害抑制効果があるかどうかをみるため、ヒラタケ、エリンギおよびヤマブシタケの滅菌廃菌床を用いて検討した。ヒラタケおよびヤマブシタケの滅菌廃菌床を育苗土に混和した場合には、キュウリ苗の生育阻害がみられたため、病害抑制効果は調べられなかったが、エリンギの滅菌廃菌床混和土壌では、ハタケシメジの廃菌床よりもさらに顕著な病害抑制効果が示された(表6)。ハタケシメジおよびエリンギでは菌床に針葉樹おがくずを使用しているのに対して、生育阻害を示したヒラタケおよびヤマブシタケでは菌床に広葉樹おがくずを使用しており、これが植物の生育抑制に関与していることも考えられる。

Figure 2011140463
Next, in order to see if there is a disease-inhibiting effect even in the waste fungi beds of edible mushrooms other than Hatake shimeji, we examined using sterilized waste fungi beds of oyster mushrooms, eringi and yamabushitake. When sterilized waste beds of oyster mushrooms and yamabushitake were mixed with the seedling soil, the growth inhibition of cucumber seedlings was observed, so the disease control effect was not investigated. The disease suppression effect more remarkable than the waste bacteria bed was shown (Table 6). Hatakeshimeji and eringi use coniferous sawdust in the fungus bed, whereas hiratake and Yamabushitake, which showed growth inhibition, use hardwood sawdust in the fungus bed, which is involved in the suppression of plant growth Is also possible.
Figure 2011140463

3.廃菌床水抽出液の抗菌活性
廃菌床水抽出液および滅菌処理抽出液による病害抑制効果は、植物の抵抗性誘導ではなく病原菌に対する抗菌作用によることも考えられるので、炭疽病菌の分生子を廃菌床水抽出液に懸濁し、24時間後に分生子発芽および発芽管伸長を調べた。その結果、抗菌活性は全くみられず、分生子発芽および発芽管伸長ともに水抽出液の方が旺盛であった(表7、図6)。これは、水抽出液には菌床の栄養分が含まれており、炭疽病菌の生育に影響したためと思われる。一方、滅菌水抽出液を含むCzapeck培地(9cmシャーレ)に炭疽病菌の菌糸片(5mm)を置床し,1週間後に菌糸生育を測定すると、いずれの培地でも菌糸の生育は旺盛で、水抽出液には抗菌物質の存在はみられなかった(表7、図6)。これらの結果から、本発明の植物の妨害防除剤の効果は、病原菌に対する抗菌作用によるものではく、植物の抵抗性誘導によるものであると考えられる。

Figure 2011140463
3. Antibacterial Activity of Waste Bacteria Bed Water Extract The disease suppression effect of waste bed extract and sterilized extract may be due to antibacterial action against pathogenic bacteria, not induced resistance of plants. After suspending in the waste bacterial bed water extract, conidia germination and germ tube elongation were examined 24 hours later. As a result, no antibacterial activity was observed, and the water extract was more active in both conidia germination and germ tube elongation (Table 7, FIG. 6). This is probably because the aqueous extract contained nutrients in the fungus bed and affected the growth of anthrax. On the other hand, when a mycelium of anthrax (5 mm) was placed on a Czapek medium (9 cm petri dish) containing a sterilized water extract and mycelial growth was measured after one week, the mycelium growth was vigorous in any medium. No antibacterial substance was found in Table 7 (FIG. 7, FIG. 6). From these results, it is considered that the effect of the plant hindrance control agent of the present invention is not due to the antibacterial action against pathogenic bacteria, but due to the induction of plant resistance.
Figure 2011140463

4.廃菌床水抽出液処理キュウリ苗における病害抵抗性関連遺伝子の発現解析
廃菌床水抽出液処理による病害防除効果に植物の全身誘導抵抗性が関与しているのかどうかをみるために、キュウリですでに全身誘導抵抗性に関与することが明らかとなっている6種類の遺伝子の発現について解析した。その結果、水抽出液噴霧処理葉ではキチナーゼ遺伝子が、また、水抽出液を第1葉に浸漬処理した第2葉ではキチナーゼ遺伝子およびβ−1,3−グルカナーゼ遺伝子の発現が増加し、分生子懸濁液接種で1日後にはさらに顕著な発現がみられた(図7)。これらの結果から、植物の全身抵抗性を誘導することによって本発明の植物の妨害防除剤の効果が奏されることが示された。
4). Expression analysis of disease resistance-related genes in cucumber seedlings treated with waste fungus floor water extract Cucumber is a cucumber to see if the whole body induced resistance of plants is involved in the disease control effect of waste fungus floor water extract treatment The expression of 6 types of genes that have been shown to be involved in systemic induced resistance was analyzed. As a result, the expression of chitinase gene was increased in the spray-treated leaves of the water extract, and the expression of chitinase gene and β-1,3-glucanase gene was increased in the second leaf obtained by immersing the water extract in the first leaf. Further remarkable expression was observed 1 day after suspension inoculation (FIG. 7). From these results, it was shown that the effect of the plant interference control agent of the present invention is exhibited by inducing systemic resistance of the plant.

本発明は、農業分野、農薬分野などにおいて利用可能である。   The present invention can be used in the agricultural field, the agricultural chemical field, and the like.

Claims (8)

食用きのこ廃菌床またはその水抽出液を含む植物の病害防除剤。   A plant disease control agent comprising an edible mushroom waste fungus bed or an aqueous extract thereof. 食用きのこ廃菌床またはその水抽出液がオートクレーブ滅菌処理されたものである請求項1記載の病害防除剤。   The disease control agent according to claim 1, wherein the edible mushroom waste fungus bed or its aqueous extract has been subjected to autoclave sterilization treatment. 廃菌床がハタケシメジの廃菌床である請求項1または2記載の病害防除剤。   The disease control agent according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the waste fungus bed is a waste fungus bed of Hatakeshimeji. 廃菌床がエリンギの廃菌床である請求項1または2記載の病害防除剤。   The disease control agent according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the waste fungus bed is a waste bed of eringi. 菌床に針葉樹おがくずが使用されている、請求項3または4記載の病害防除剤。   The disease control agent according to claim 3 or 4, wherein coniferous wood sawdust is used for the fungus bed. 病害が菌類の感染によるものである請求項1〜5のいずれか1項記載の病害防除剤。   The disease control agent according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the disease is caused by fungal infection. 土壌と混和されたものである請求項1〜6のいずれか1項記載の病害防除剤。   The disease control agent according to any one of claims 1 to 6, which is mixed with soil. 食用きのこ廃菌床またはその水抽出液を植物に適用することを特徴とする植物の病害防除方法。   A plant disease control method comprising applying an edible mushroom waste fungus bed or an aqueous extract thereof to a plant.
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