JP2010265472A - フッ素置換オレフィンを含有する組成物 - Google Patents
フッ素置換オレフィンを含有する組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2010265472A JP2010265472A JP2010165521A JP2010165521A JP2010265472A JP 2010265472 A JP2010265472 A JP 2010265472A JP 2010165521 A JP2010165521 A JP 2010165521A JP 2010165521 A JP2010165521 A JP 2010165521A JP 2010265472 A JP2010265472 A JP 2010265472A
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Classifications
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Abstract
【解決手段】1,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン(HFO-1234ze)、及び1,1,1,2-テトラフルオロエタン(HFC-134a)、ジフルオロエタン(HFC-152a)、1,1,1,2,3,3,3-ヘプタフルオロプロパン(HFC-227ea)、1,1,1,3,3-ペンタフルオロプロパン(HFC-245fa)、1,1,1,3,3-ペンタフルオロブタン(HFC-365mfc)、水及びCO2からなる群から選ばれる1以上の化合物を含む組成物。
【選択図】なし
Description
特定のフルオロカーボン類は、多くの適用において長年の間、冷媒などの多くの熱交換流体において好ましい成分のものであった。例えば、クロロフルオロメタンやクロロフルオロエタンの誘導体などのフルオロアルカン類は、それらの化学特性と物理特性の独特な組み合わせのために、空調や熱ポンプの適用を含む適用における冷媒として広範囲にわたる用途があった。蒸気圧縮装置において一般に利用される冷媒の多くのものは、単一成分の流体と共沸混合物のいずれかである。
XCFzR3−z (I)
ここでXはC2またはC3不飽和置換または非置換アルキル基であり、Rはそれぞれ独立してCl、F、Br、IまたはHであり、そしてZは1〜3である。式Iの化合物の中で非常に好ましいものは、1,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン(HFO-1234ze)のシスおよびトランス異性体である。
組成物
本発明は、3〜4個の炭素原子、好ましくは3個の炭素原子、および少なくとも一つの炭素−炭素二重結合を含む少なくとも一つのフルオロアルケンを含む組成物を対象とする。本発明のフルオロアルケン化合物はしばしば、本明細書中で便宜上の目的により、それらが少なくとも一つの水素を含んでいる場合は、ヒドロフルオロ-オレフィンまたは「HFOs」と称される。本発明のHFOsは二つの炭素−炭素二重結合を含むかもしれないと考えられるが、そのような化合物は現時点においては好ましいものであるとは考えられない。
ジフルオロメタン(HFC-32)
ペンタフルオロエタン(HFC-125)
1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエタン(HFC-134)
1,1,1,2-テトラフルオロエタン(HFC-134a)
ジフルオロエタン(HFC-152a)
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-ヘプタフルオロプロパン(HFC-227ea)
1,1,1,3,3,3-ヘキサフルオロプロパン(HFC-236fa)
1,1,1,3,3-ペンタフルオロプロパン(HFC-245fa)
1,1,1,3,3-ペンタフルオロブタン(HFC-365mfc)
水
CO2
上記の成分のいずれの相対的な量、および本組成物に含むことのできるいかなる追加の成分の相対的な量も、組成物についての特定の適用に従って、本発明の包括的な広い範囲内で広範囲に変えることができ、全てのそのような相対的な量が本発明の範囲内であると考えられる。
本発明の組成物は本発明の化合物を広く変化する量で含むことができると考えられるが、本発明の冷媒組成物は、式Iに従う化合物、より好ましくは式IIに従う化合物、そしてさらに好ましくはHFO-1234zeを、組成物の少なくとも約50重量%、より好ましくは少なくとも約70重量%の量で含むのが一般的に好ましい。多くの態様において、本発明の熱伝達組成物はトランスHFO-1234zeを含むのが好ましい。特定の好ましい態様において、本発明の熱伝達組成物は、シスHFO-1234zeとトランスHFO-1234zeの組み合わせをシス:トランスの重量比率で約1:99から約10:99までの範囲で、より好ましくは約1:99から約5:95までの範囲で、そしてさらに好ましくは約1:99から約3:97までの範囲で含む。
発泡剤もまた、本組成物の1以上を含むか、あるいはそれを構成していてよい。上述したように、本発明の組成物は本発明の化合物を、広く変化する量で含むことができる。しかしながら、本発明に従う発泡剤として用いるための好ましい組成物については、式Iに従う化合物、より好ましくは式IIに従う化合物が、組成物の少なくとも約5重量%、より好ましくは少なくとも約15重量%の量で存在するのが一般的に好ましい。特定の好ましい態様において、本発明の発泡剤組成物は、HFO-1234(好ましくはHFO-1234ze)に加えて、下記の成分の1以上を共発泡剤、充填剤、蒸気圧調節剤として、あるいはその他のあらゆる目的で含んでいる:
ジフルオロメタン(HFC-32)
ペンタフルオロエタン(HFC-125)
1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエタン(HFC-134)
1,1,1,2-テトラフルオロエタン(HFC-134a)
ジフルオロエタン(HFC-152a)
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-ヘプタフルオロプロパン(HFC-227ea)
1,1,1,3,3,3-ヘキサフルオロプロパン(HFC-236fa)
1,1,1,3,3-ペンタフルオロプロパン(HFC-245fa)
1,1,1,3,3-ペンタフルオロブタン(HFC-365mfc)
水
CO2
本発明の発泡剤組成物は、シスHFO-1234ze、トランスHFO-1234zeまたはこれらの組み合わせを含んでいてもよいと考えられる。特定の好ましい態様において、本発明の発泡剤組成物は、シスHFO-1234zeとトランスHFO-1234zeの組み合わせをシス:トランスの重量比率で約1:99から約10:99までの範囲で、より好ましくは約1:99から約5:95までの範囲で含む。
別の面において、本発明は、本発明の組成物を含むかまたは本質的にこの組成物からなる噴射剤組成物を提供し、そのような噴射剤組成物は好ましくは霧化しうる組成物である。本発明の噴射剤組成物は好ましくは、噴射されるべき材料と、本発明に従う組成物を含む(あるいは本質的にその組成物からなる、またはその組成物からなる)噴射剤とを含む。不活性成分、溶剤、およびその他の物質も、霧化可能混合物中に存在していてもよい。好ましくは、この霧化しうる組成物はエアゾール(aerosol)である。噴射されるべき適当な材料としては、限定するものではないが、消臭剤、香料、ヘアスプレー、クレンザーなどの化粧品、および磨き剤、さらには抗喘息成分、口臭除去成分、および好ましくは吸入することが意図される他の全ての薬物または薬剤を含む他の全ての薬品などの医薬物質がある。薬物またはその他の治療剤は、組成物中に治療量で存在するのが好ましく、組成物の残りの本質的な部分は本発明の式Iの化合物、好ましくはHFO-1234、さらに好ましくはHFO-1234zeを含む。
本発明の組成物は、香味配合物および芳香配合物の一部として、そして特にこれらのためのキャリヤーとして用いられるときにも利点を提供する。この目的のための本組成物の適性は、0.39グラムのジャスモンを厚肉のガラス管の中に入れる試験手順によって例証された。1.73グラムのR-1234zeがガラス管に添加された。次いで、管は冷凍され、そして密封された。管が解凍したとき、混合物は一つの液体相を有していた。その溶液は20wt.%のジャスモンと80wt.%のR-1234zeを含んでいて、従ってエアゾールおよびその他の配合物において、香味配合物のための供給系のキャリヤーとして、あるいはその供給系の一部として用いるのに有利であることが確認された。また、植物から抽出されるものを含めて、芳香の抽出剤としての可能性も確認された。
本発明の組成物は、冷却装置、空調装置および熱ポンプ装置において用いられる冷媒など、熱を伝達するための方法と装置における熱伝達流体としての用途を含めて、多くの方法と装置に関して有用である。本組成物はまた、エアゾールを発生させる装置と方法、好ましくはそのような装置と方法におけるエアゾール噴射剤を含むかまたはそれからなるエアゾールを発生させる装置と方法において用いるのに有利である。気泡材料を形成する方法および炎を消しそして抑える方法も、本発明の特定の面に含まれる。本発明はまた、特定の面において、そのような方法と装置において本組成物が溶剤組成物として用いられている物品から残留物を除去する方法も提供する。
好ましい熱伝達方法は、概して言えば、本発明の組成物を用意し、そして組成物の相を変化させるその組成物へ、またはその組成物から、伝達させるべき熱を発生させることを含む。例えば、本方法は、冷却されるべき物体または流体の近くで、その流体または物品から熱を吸収することによって、好ましくは本冷媒組成物を蒸発させることによって本組成物を含む蒸気を生成し、それによって冷却することを提供する。好ましくは、その方法は冷媒の蒸気を圧縮するさらなる工程を含み、これは通常、比較的高い圧力において本組成物の蒸気を生成するために、圧縮機または類似の装置を用いて行なわれる。一般に、蒸気を圧縮する工程によって蒸気に熱が加えられ、従って比較的高い圧力の蒸気の温度は上昇する。好ましくは、本方法は、この比較的高い温度と圧力の蒸気から、蒸発と圧縮の工程によって加えられた熱の少なくとも一部を取り出すことを含む。熱を取り出す工程は好ましくは、蒸気が比較的高い圧力の条件にあるときに、高温高圧の蒸気を凝縮し、それによって本発明の組成物を含む比較的高い圧力の液体を生成することを含む。このとき、この比較的高い圧力の液体は、好ましくは、圧力の名目上の等エンタルピー低下を受け、それによって比較的低い温度で低い圧力の液体が生成する。このような態様においては、この温度の低下した冷媒液体は、次に、冷却されるべき物体または流体から伝達される熱によって蒸発する。
本発明の一つの態様は、気泡材料を形成する方法、そして好ましくはポリウレタンおよびポリイソシアヌレートの気泡材料を形成する方法に関する。その方法は、概して言えば、本発明の発泡剤組成物を用意し、その発泡剤組成物を(直接または間接に)発泡性組成物に添加し、そして気泡材料または気泡構造物が形成されるのに有効な条件下で発泡性組成物を反応させることを含み、この工程は当分野で周知である。例えば「ポリウレタンの化学と技術(Polyurethanes Chemistry and Technology)」Volumes I and II, Saunders and Frisch, 1962, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, (この記載は本明細書中に参考文献として援用される)に記載されているような、当分野で周知のいかなる方法も、本発明の気泡材料の態様に従って用いるために、使用するかあるいは適合させることができる。一般に、そのような好ましい方法は、イソシアネート、ポリオールまたはポリオールの混合物、発泡剤または本発明の組成物を1以上含む発泡剤の混合物、および触媒、界面活性剤、そして任意に難燃剤、着色剤またはその他の添加剤などの他の材料を組み合わせることによって、ポリウレタンまたはポリイソシアヌレートの気泡材料を調製することを含む。
本発明はまた、製品、部材、部品、基板、またはその他のあらゆる物品またはその部分から、その物品に本発明の組成物を適用することによって、汚染物質を除去する方法を提供する。便宜上の目的から、「物品」という用語は、本明細書においては、そのようなあらゆる製品、部材、部品、基板、および類似物を意味するものとして用いられ、またさらには、あらゆる表面またはその部分を意味することが意図されている。さらに、「汚染物質」という用語は、物品の上に存在するあらゆる望ましくない材料または物質を意味することが意図されていて、そのような物質が物品の上に意図的に置かれている場合であっても、そうである。例えば、半導体デバイスの製造においては、基板の上にフォトレジスト材料を堆積してエッチング工程のためのマスクを形成し、次いでフォトレジスト材料を基板から除去するのが一般的である。ここで用いられる「汚染物質」という用語は、そのようなフォトレジスト材料に適用され、そしてそれを含むことが意図されている。
特定の他の好ましい態様によれば、本発明は流体の可燃性を低減するための方法を提供し、前記方法は、前記流体に本発明の化合物または組成物を添加することを含む。広い範囲で可燃性を有する流体のいかなるものに関する可燃性も、本発明に従って低減するだろう。例えば、エチレンオキシド、可燃性ヒドロフルオロカーボン、およびHFC-152a、1,1,1-トリフルオロエタン(HFC-143a)、ジフルオロメタン(HFC-32)、プロパン、ヘキサン、オクタン、および類似物を含めた炭化水素などの流体に関する可燃性は、本発明に従って低減させることができる。本発明の目的に関して、可燃性流体とは、例えばASTM E-681などのあらゆる標準的で一般的な試験方法によって測定されて空気中で可燃性範囲を示すあらゆる流体であろう。
本発明はさらに、炎を抑える方法を提供し、その方法は、炎に本発明の化合物または組成物を含む流体を接触させることを含む。炎を本組成物と接触させるために、いかなる適当な方法を用いてもよい。例えば、本発明の組成物を炎の上にスプレーしたり、注ぎ込むなどすることができ、あるいは炎の少なくとも一部を組成物に浸漬してもよい。ここでの教示を考慮して、当業者であれば、本発明において用いるための様々な一般的な鎮火装置と鎮火方法を容易に適用することができるだろう。
多くの物品、装置、および材料、特に医療分野で用いられるものは、患者や病院職員の健康と安全などの健康上と安全上の理由から、使用する前に滅菌されなければならない。本発明は、滅菌されるべき物品、装置または材料を、1以上の滅菌剤と組み合わせて、式Iの化合物、好ましくはHFO-1234、そしてさらに好ましくはHFO-1234zeを含む本発明の化合物または組成物と接触させることを含む、滅菌方法を提供する。当分野で多くの滅菌剤が知られていて、それらを本発明に関して用いるために適用することができると考えられるが、特定の好ましい態様においては、滅菌剤は、エチレンオキシド、ホルムアルデヒド、過酸化水素、二酸化塩素、オゾン、およびこれらの組み合わせを含む。特定の態様においては、エチレンオキシドが好ましい滅菌剤である。本明細書に含まれる教示に鑑みて、当業者であれば、本滅菌組成物および方法に関して用いられるべき本化合物と滅菌剤の相対的な割合を容易に決定することができるだろう。そしてそのような割合の全ての範囲が、本発明の広い範囲に含まれる。当業者には知られているように、エチレンオキシドなどの特定の滅菌剤は比較的可燃性の高い成分であるが、本発明に従う化合物は、組成物中に存在する他の成分とともに、滅菌組成物の可燃性を許容可能なレベルまで低減させるのに有効な量で、本組成物中に含まれる。
実施例1
成績係数(coefficient of performance:COP)は、一般に認められている冷媒性能の尺度であり、冷媒の蒸発または凝縮を含む特定の加熱または冷却のサイクルにおける冷媒の相対的な熱力学的効率を表わすのに特に有益である。冷却工学において、この用語は、蒸気を圧縮する際に圧縮機によって加えられたエネルギーに対する有用な冷却の比率を表わす。冷媒の能力(capacity)は冷媒が与える冷却または加熱の量を表わし、それは、冷媒の所定の容積流量に対して圧縮機が熱量を与える性能の尺度を与える。言い換えると、特定の圧縮機があるとき、冷媒の能力が大きいほど、その冷媒はより大きな冷却能力または加熱能力を伝えるだろう。特定の操作条件における冷媒のCOPを評価するための一つの手段は、標準冷却サイクル分析法を用いる冷媒の熱力学的特性からのものである(例えば、R.C. Downing, FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS HANDBOOK(フルオロカーボン冷媒便覧), Chapter 3, Prentice-Hall, 1988を参照されたい)。
様々な冷却潤滑剤とのHFO-1225yeおよびHFO-1234zeの混和性が試験された。試験された潤滑剤は、鉱油(C3)、アルキルベンゼン(Zerol 150)、エステルオイル(Mobil EAL 22ccおよびSolest 120)、ポリアルキレングリコール(PAG)オイル(134a系のためのGoodwrench Refrigeration Oil)、およびポリ(アルファ-オレフィン)オイル(CP-6005-100)である。それぞれの冷媒/オイルの組み合わせについて、三つの組成物が試験された。すなわち、5、20および50重量パーセントの潤滑剤と、各々の残りは試験に供された本発明の化合物である。
本発明の冷媒化合物および組成物のPAG潤滑オイルとの適合性が、冷却装置と空調装置において用いられる金属と接触している状態で、350°Fにおいて試験された。この温度は、多くの冷却や空調の適用において見出される条件よりもずっと厳しい条件を表わす。
a)HFO-1234zeとGM Goodwrench PAGオイル
b)HFO-1243zfとGM Goodwrench PAGオイル
c)HFO-1234zeとMOPAR-56 PAGオイル
d)HFO-1243zfとMOPAR-56 PAGオイル
e)HFO-1225yeとMOPAR-56 PAGオイル。
アルミニウム、銅および鋼の試験片が、鉱油およびCFC-12とともに厚肉のガラス管の中に置かれ、実施例3におけると同様に、350°Fにおいて一週間加熱された。曝露期間の最後にガラス管を取り出し、そして目視観察が行なわれた。液体の内容物が黒色に変化したのが観察され、このことは、管の内容物が激しく分解したことを示す。
本実施例は、本発明の好ましい態様のうちの一つに従う発泡剤の使用、すなわちHFO-1234zeの使用、および本発明に従うポリオール気泡材料の製造を例証する。ポリオール気泡材料配合物の成分は下記の表に従って調製された。
気泡材料は、発泡剤を添加せずに、成分を最初に混合することによって調製された。二つのフィッシャー・ポーター管のそれぞれに、約52.6グラムの(発泡剤を含まない)ポリオール混合物を充填し、密封し、次いで冷蔵庫の中に置いて冷却し、そしてわずかな真空を形成した。ガスビュレットを用いて、約17.4グラムのHFO-1234zeを各々の管に添加し、次いで温水中の超音波浴中に管を置き、そして30分間放置した。得られた溶液は曇っていて、室温において測定した蒸気圧は約70psigの蒸気圧を示し、このことは、発泡剤が溶液中に溶解していないことを示す。次いで、管を冷凍室の中に27°Fにおいて2時間置いた。蒸気圧を再び測定すると14psigであった。約87.9グラムのイソシアネート混合物を金属容器の中に入れ、そして冷蔵庫の中に置いて約50°Fまで冷却した。次いで、ポリオールの管を開け、金属の混合容器の中に秤量した(約100グラムのポリオールブレンドを用いた)。次いで、冷却した金属容器からイソシアネートをすぐにポリオールの中に注ぎ、そして二つのプロペラを有するエアミキサーを用いて3000RPM(回転/分)で10秒間混合した。この配合物は攪拌するとすぐに泡立ち始め、次いでこれを8x8x4インチの箱の中に注ぎ込み、そして発泡させた。泡立ちが起こったため、クリーム時間は測定することができなかった。気泡材料は4分間のゲル化時間と5分間の不粘着時間を有していた。次いで、気泡材料を室温において二日間硬化させた。次いで、気泡材料を、物理的特性を測定するのに適した試料に切断し、それは2.14pcfの密度を有していた。Kファクターが測定され、次の通りであった。
本実施例は、本発明の二つの好ましい態様に従う発泡剤の使用、すなわちHFO-1234zeおよびHFO-1234yfの使用、およびポリスチレン気泡材料の製造を例証する。特定の発泡剤とポリマーで気泡材料を製造することができるか否か、およびその気泡材料の性質を決定するための手助けになるように、試験装置と試験手順が決定された。粉砕したポリマー(Dow Polystyrene 685D)と本質的にHFO-1234zeからなる発泡剤が、容器内で配合された。容器の略図を、あとの方に示す。容器の容積は200cm3で、それは二つのパイプフランジと直径2インチで長さ4インチのスケジュール40ステンレス鋼パイプの部分から成っている(図1を参照)。容器を炉中に置き、温度を約190°Fから約285°Fまで、好ましくはポリスチレンについて265°Fに設定し、そこで温度が平衡に達するまで放置した。
[1]
熱伝達組成物であって、
(a)式Iで表わされる少なくとも1つのフルオロアルケン:
XCFzR3−z (I)
(ここでXはC2またはC3不飽和置換または非置換アルキル基であり、Rは独立してCl、F、Br、IまたはHであり、そしてZは1〜3である)を含み、
約1000以下の地球温暖化係数(GWP)を有する、前記組成物。
[2]
前記少なくとも1つのフルオロアルケンは式IIで表わされる化合物であり、
[3]
前記少なくとも1つのフルオロアルケンは、少なくとも1つのテトラフルオロプロペン(HFO-1234)を含む、1に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[4]
前記少なくとも1つのHFO-1234はHFO-1234yfを含む、3に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[5]
前記少なくとも1つのHFO-1234はHFO-1234zeを含む、3に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[6]
式IIで表わされる前記組成物を少なくとも約50重量%含む、2に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[7]
前記少なくとも1つのフルオロアルケンは、少なくとも1つのテトラフルオロプロペン(HFO-1234)を含む、2に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[8]
前記少なくとも1つのHFO-1234はHFO-1234yfを含む、7に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[9]
前記少なくとも1つのHFO-1234は本質的にHFO-1234yfからなる、7に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[10]
前記少なくとも1つのHFO-1234はHFO-1234zeを含む、7に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[11]
HFO-1234を約5重量%から約99重量%まで含む、7に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[12]
HFO-1234を約5重量%から約95重量%まで含む、7に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[13]
前記HFO-1234は、HFO-1234yf、HFO-1234zeおよびこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される、12に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[14]
前記HFO-1234は、トランスHFO-1234とシスHFO-1234zeを、シス:トランスの重量比率で約1:99から約10:99までの範囲で含む、13に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[15]
式Iで表わされる前記組成物を、ほぼ痕跡量よりも多い量から約100重量%未満まで含む、1に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[16]
HFO-1234yfを約5重量%から約95重量%まで含む、15に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[17]
HFO-1234zeを約5重量%から約95重量%まで含む、15に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[18]
前記HFO-1234zeは、少なくとも約90重量%のトランス-1,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン(トランスHFO-1234ze)を含む、17に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[19]
ジフルオロメタン(HFC-32)、ペンタフルオロエタン(HFC-125)、1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエタン(HFC-134)、1,1,1,2-テトラフルオロエタン(HFC-134a)、ジフルオロエタン(HFC-152a)、1,1,1,2,3,3,3-ヘプタフルオロプロパン(HFC-227ea)、1,1,1,3,3,3-ヘキサフルオロプロパン(HFC-236fa)、1,1,1,3,3-ペンタフルオロプロパン(HFC-245fa)、1,1,1,3,3-ペンタフルオロブタン(HFC-365mfc)、水、CO2 、およびこれらの2以上の組み合わせからなる群から選択される1以上の化合物をさらに含む、1に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[20]
1以上の潤滑剤をさらに含む、1に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[21]
1以上の潤滑剤を、熱伝達組成物の約30重量%から約50重量%までの量でさらに含む、1に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[22]
1以上の鎮火剤をさらに含む、1に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[23]
1以上の鎮火剤を、熱伝達組成物の約0.5重量%から約5重量%までの量でさらに含む、1に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[24]
前記鎮火剤はCF3Iを含む、1に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[25]
冷却装置に含まれる現行の冷媒を取り替える方法であって、
前記現行の冷媒の少なくとも一部を前記装置から取り替えることと、そして
式Iで表わされる少なくとも1つのフルオロアルケン:
XCFzR3−z (I)
(ここでXはC2またはC3不飽和置換または非置換アルキル基であり、Rは独立してCl、F、Br、IまたはHであり、そしてZは1〜3である)を含む冷媒組成物を前記装置に導入することによって前記現行の冷媒の少なくとも一部を取り替えること、
を含む、前記方法。
[26]
前記現行の冷媒はHFC-134aを含む、25に記載の方法。
[27]
前記現行の冷媒はR-12を含む、25に記載の方法。
[28]
前記現行の冷媒はR-500を含む、25に記載の方法。
[29]
前記現行の冷却装置は、少なくとも1つの比較的大きな排気量の圧縮機を含む、25に記載の方法。
[30]
前記現行の冷却装置は、商業用の空調装置において用いられる冷却機である、25に記載の方法。
[31]
前記現行の冷却装置は、住宅用の空調装置において用いられる冷却機である、25に記載の方法。
[32]
前記冷媒は約1000以下の地球温暖化係数(GWP)を有する、25に記載の方法。
[33]
前記冷媒はHFO-1234zeを約5重量%から約95重量%まで含む、25に記載の方法。
[34]
前記冷媒はHFO-1234yfを約5重量%から約95重量%まで含む、25に記載の方法。
[35]
前記現行の冷却装置は、商業用の空調装置において用いられる冷却機である、34に記載の方法。
[36]
流体または物体へ、または流体または物体から熱を伝達する方法であって、
流体または物体を、式Iで表わされるフルオロアルケン:
XCFzR3−z (I)
(ここでXはC2またはC3不飽和置換または非置換アルキル基であり、Rはそれぞれ独立してCl、F、Br、IまたはHであり、そしてZは1〜3である)を含む組成物と接触させることを含み、
前記組成物は1000以下の地球温暖化係数(GWP)を有する、前記方法。
[37]
前記組成物は約500以下のGWPを有する、36に記載の方法。
[38]
式Iで表わされる前記フルオロアルケンはHFO-1234yfを含む、36に記載の方法。
[39]
式Iで表わされる前記フルオロアルケンはHFO-1234zeを含む、36に記載の方法。
[40]
前記接触させる工程は、自動車の空調装置の中で前記組成物を循環させることを含む、36に記載の方法。
[41]
前記接触させる工程は、商業用の冷却装置の中で前記組成物を循環させることを含む、36に記載の方法。
[42]
前記接触させる工程は、冷却機の中で前記組成物を循環させることを含む、36に記載の方法。
[43]
前記接触させる工程は、住宅用の冷蔵庫と冷凍庫の中で前記組成物を循環させることを含む、36に記載の方法。
[44]
前記接触させる工程は、熱ポンプの中で前記組成物を循環させることを含む、36に記載の方法。
[45]
発泡性組成物であって、
発泡性ポリマーまたはプレポリマーと、式Iで表わされる少なくとも1つのフルオロアルケン:
XCFzR3−z (I)
(ここでXはC2またはC3不飽和置換または非置換アルキル基であり、Rは独立してCl、F、Br、IまたはHであり、そしてZは1〜3である)を含む発泡剤とを含み、
前記発泡剤は約1000以下の地球温暖化係数(GWP)を有する、前記組成物。
[46]
45に記載の発泡性組成物から製造された気泡材料。
[47]
気泡材料のプレミックス組成物であって、
ポリマーまたはプレポリマーと、式Iで表わされる少なくとも1つのフルオロアルケン:
XCFzR3−z (I)
(ここでXはC2またはC3不飽和置換または非置換アルキル基であり、Rはそれぞれ独立してCl、F、Br、IまたはHであり、そしてZは1〜3である)を含む発泡剤とを含む、前記組成物。
[48]
約1000以下の地球温暖化係数(GWP)を有する、47に記載の気泡材料のプレミックス組成物。
[49]
鎮火剤をさらに含む、48に記載の気泡材料のプレミックス組成物。
[50]
組成物であって、
(a)式Iで表わされる少なくとも1つのフルオロアルケン:
XCFzR3−z (I)
(ここでXはC2またはC3不飽和置換または非置換アルキル基であり、Rはそれぞれ独立してCl、F、Br、IまたはHであり、そしてZは1〜3である)、および
(b)ポリオールプレミックス成分、香味剤、芳香剤、およびこれらの2以上の組み合わせからなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの補助剤、
を含む前記組成物。
[51]
約1000以下の地球温暖化係数(GWP)を有する、50に記載の組成物。
[52]
噴射剤組成物であって、
(a)式Iで表わされる少なくとも1つのフルオロアルケン:
XCFzR3−z (I)
(ここでXはC2またはC3不飽和置換または非置換アルキル基であり、Rは独立してCl、F、Br、IまたはHであり、そしてZは1〜3である)を含み、
約1000以下の地球温暖化係数(GWP)を有する、前記組成物。
[53]
発泡剤であって、
(a)式Iで表わされる少なくとも1つのフルオロアルケン:
XCFzR3−z (I)
(ここでXはC2またはC3不飽和置換または非置換アルキル基であり、Rは独立してCl、F、Br、IまたはHであり、そしてZは1〜3である)を含み、そして
約1000以下の地球温暖化係数(GWP)を有する、前記発泡剤。
[54]
鎮火剤をさらに含む、53に記載の発泡剤。
[55]
植物から香味化合物または芳香化合物を抽出する方法であって、
前記植物を、式Iで表わされる少なくとも1つのフルオロアルケン:
XCFzR3−z (I)
(ここでXはC2またはC3不飽和置換または非置換アルキル基であり、Rは独立してCl、F、Br、IまたはHであり、そしてZは1〜3である)を含む抽出剤と接触させることを含む、前記方法。
[56]
前記抽出剤はHFO-1234を含む、55に記載の方法。
[57]
前記抽出剤はHFO-1234zeを含む、55に記載の方法。
[58]
約0.05以下のオゾン破壊係数(ODP)を有する、1に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[59]
約0.02以下のオゾン破壊係数(ODP)を有する、1に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[60]
約0(ゼロ)のオゾン破壊係数(ODP)を有する、1に記載の熱伝達組成物。
[61]
相溶剤をさらに含む、1に記載の組成物。
[62]
前記相溶剤は、組成物の約0.5重量%から約5重量%までの量で存在する、62に記載の組成物。
[63]
洗浄すべき物品を1に記載の組成物と接触させることを含む、超臨界洗浄方法。
[64]
1に記載の前記組成物はさらにCO2を含む、63に記載の超臨界洗浄方法。
Claims (10)
1,1,1,2-テトラフルオロエタン(HFC-134a)、ジフルオロエタン(HFC-152a)、1,1,1,2,3,3,3-ヘプタフルオロプロパン(HFC-227ea)、1,1,1,3,3-ペンタフルオロプロパン(HFC-245fa)、1,1,1,3,3-ペンタフルオロブタン(HFC-365mfc)、水及びCO2からなる群から選ばれる1以上の化合物
を含む組成物。
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