JP2009213449A - Method for producing monosaccharide and ethanol by using oil-based plant biomass residue as raw material - Google Patents

Method for producing monosaccharide and ethanol by using oil-based plant biomass residue as raw material Download PDF

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JP2009213449A
JP2009213449A JP2008063366A JP2008063366A JP2009213449A JP 2009213449 A JP2009213449 A JP 2009213449A JP 2008063366 A JP2008063366 A JP 2008063366A JP 2008063366 A JP2008063366 A JP 2008063366A JP 2009213449 A JP2009213449 A JP 2009213449A
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oil
plant biomass
based plant
biomass
residue
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Koichi Ito
鉱一 伊藤
Yoko Umeda
陽子 梅田
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Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc
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Tokyo Electric Power Co Inc
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel

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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for efficiently producing monosaccharide and ethanol from residue in which wastes derived from biomass can be reduced and which could not be utilized only in biomass production field. <P>SOLUTION: A residue obtained by extracting and removing an oil contained in an oil-based plant biomass with steam is used as a raw material and the oil-based plant biomass residue is pre-treated and then hydrolyzed with an acid and saccharified to produce the monosaccharide. The oil-based plant biomass residue is fermented in solid state to produce ethanol. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT

Description

本発明は、油系植物バイオマス残渣から単糖類及びエタノールを製造する方法に関する。ここで、「油系植物バイオマス」とは、抽出可能な油脂または精油（以下、これらを総称して「油」という。）が含まれる植物バイオマスを言う。   The present invention relates to a method for producing monosaccharides and ethanol from oil-based plant biomass residues. Here, “oil-based plant biomass” refers to plant biomass containing extractable oils or essential oils (hereinafter collectively referred to as “oil”).

地球温暖化対策の一環として、バイオマス燃料が注目されているが、特にバイオエタノールと植物油由来のバイオディーゼルが注目されている。このうち、バイオエタノールはサトウキビ、トウモロコシ、キャッサバ等を原料とし、主にブラジル、アメリカ等で製造が盛んであるが、バイオマスが嵩高いため輸送コストを勘案してバイオマス生産地の近くで製造されることが多い。   Biomass fuel is attracting attention as part of measures to combat global warming, but bioethanol and biodiesel derived from vegetable oil are particularly attracting attention. Of these, bioethanol is made from sugarcane, corn, cassava, etc., and is mainly produced in Brazil, the United States, etc., but because biomass is bulky, it is manufactured near the biomass production area considering transportation costs. There are many cases.

しかし、油系植物バイオマスの場合、パーム油搾油後の残渣（パーム果実房）等は一部燃やして熱利用されているが、利用量にも限度があり、現状では大半が廃棄物として処理されている。これらの油系植物バイオマスでは、含まれている油が糖化および発酵工程を阻害すると言われており、セルロース系の原料であっても、該原料からエタノールを製造することは容易でない。また、油系植物バイオマスからエタノールを製造するには、油を搾油した後の利用になるため、バイオマス生産地での製造が中心になる。   However, in the case of oil-based plant biomass, the residue after palm oil extraction (palm fruit bunch) etc. is partly burned and used for heat, but the amount of use is also limited, and currently most of it is treated as waste ing. In these oil-based plant biomass, it is said that the contained oil inhibits saccharification and fermentation processes, and even if it is a cellulosic raw material, it is not easy to produce ethanol from the raw material. Moreover, in order to manufacture ethanol from oil-based plant biomass, since it becomes the utilization after squeezing oil, manufacture in a biomass production center becomes a center.

セルロース系バイオマスから糖化と発酵によりエタノールを製造する場合において、発酵効率を高めるための各種バイオマス前処理方法が報告されている。例えば、希硫酸で前処理した後、中和し、中和後の反応物を湿式粉砕する方法（特許文献１参照）、水蒸気加熱による膨潤処理と希硫酸による酸処理を行う方法（特許文献２参照）、さらには、植物系原料を酸素雰囲気下にてアルコール溶媒中で加熱処理した後、糖化酵素処理してエタノール発酵物を得る方法（特許文献３参照）などである。   In the case of producing ethanol from cellulosic biomass by saccharification and fermentation, various biomass pretreatment methods for increasing fermentation efficiency have been reported. For example, after pretreatment with dilute sulfuric acid, neutralization, wet pulverization of the neutralized reaction product (see Patent Document 1), swelling treatment by steam heating and acid treatment with dilute sulfuric acid (Patent Document 2) And a method of obtaining an ethanol fermented product by heat-treating a plant-based raw material in an alcohol solvent under an oxygen atmosphere, followed by saccharifying enzyme treatment (see Patent Document 3).

しかしながら、特許文献２記載の方法では、木質系バイオマスチップを水蒸気により膨潤処理し、膨潤処理後のチップと酸を向流接触させて処理するため、生成糖液の中に油が溶存もしくは混入している恐れがある。特許文献３記載の方法では、原料に残留する有機溶媒が固体発酵工程において菌体の生育阻害になる恐れがあり、残存する有機溶媒を取り除くためには乾燥もしくは減圧蒸留工程を増やすことになり、コスト高になる。   However, in the method described in Patent Document 2, the woody biomass chip is swollen with water vapor, and the swollen chip and acid are brought into countercurrent contact with each other, so that oil is dissolved or mixed in the generated sugar solution. There is a fear. In the method described in Patent Document 3, there is a risk that the organic solvent remaining in the raw material may inhibit the growth of bacterial cells in the solid fermentation process, and in order to remove the remaining organic solvent, the drying or vacuum distillation process will be increased. High cost.

一方、固体発酵法によるエタノールの製造技術も開発されている。この固体発酵技術はバイオマス粉砕物に直接菌をまぶして糖化と発酵を同時進行させる方法であり、装置がコンパクトで済み、廃液が出ないメリットがあるため、次世代技術として注目されている（非特許文献１、非特許文献２等参照）。
特開２００７−１２４９３３号公報 特開２００７−２０２５１８号公報 特開２００８−５８３２号公報 「微生物固体発酵による高効率なリグノセルロース完全利用システムの開発」神戸大学、京都大学、大阪大学、月桂冠（株）、バイオ・エナジー（株）、バイオマスエネルギー高効率転換技術開発平成１８年度成果報告会予稿集、p.65-82 「固体発酵法によるバイオエタノール製造技術とその特性 」鈴木昌治 (東京農業大学)、農業農村工学会大会講演会講演要旨集 Vol.2007、p.100-101 On the other hand, ethanol production technology using solid fermentation has also been developed. This solid fermentation technology is a method in which bacteria are directly applied to the pulverized biomass to simultaneously proceed with saccharification and fermentation. Since the apparatus is compact and has the advantage of not producing waste liquid, it is attracting attention as a next-generation technology. (See Patent Document 1, Non-Patent Document 2, etc.).
JP 2007-124933 A JP 2007-202518 A JP 2008-5832 A "Development of a highly efficient lignocellulose full utilization system by solid-state fermentation of microorganisms" Kobe University, Kyoto University, Osaka University, Laurel Wreath Co., Bio Energy Co., Ltd., Biomass Energy High-Efficiency Conversion Technology Development 2006 Results Report Meeting Proceedings, p.65-82 "Bioethanol production technology by solid-state fermentation and its characteristics" Shoji Suzuki (Tokyo University of Agriculture), Abstracts of Proceedings of the Agricultural and Rural Engineering Conference Vol.2007, p.100-101

本発明は、バイオマス由来の廃棄物を減量化することが可能で、かつ、バイオマス生産現地でしか利用できなかった残渣から効率よく単糖類及びエタノールを製造する方法を提供することを課題とする。   This invention makes it a subject to provide the method of manufacturing monosaccharide and ethanol efficiently from the residue which can reduce the waste derived from biomass and can only be utilized in biomass production field.

前記課題を解決するため、本発明は次の手段をとるものである。   In order to solve the above problems, the present invention takes the following means.

第一の発明：
（１）油系植物バイオマスから単糖類を製造する方法において、油系植物バイオマス中に含まれる油を水蒸気により抽出除去した残渣を原料として用い、該油系植物バイオマス残渣を前処理した後、酸加水分解して糖化することを特徴とする単糖類の製造方法。
（２）前処理が、硫酸による膨潤処理またはマイクロ波加熱処理のうちの少なくとも一つの処理である前記（１）に記載の単糖類の製造方法。
（３）油系植物バイオマス残渣を粉砕処理した後に前処理を行う前記（１）または（２）に記載の単糖類の製造方法。
（４）油系植物バイオマスが栽培系バイオマスまたは伐採木である前記（１）〜（３）のいずれかに記載の単糖類の製造方法。 First invention:
(1) In a method for producing monosaccharides from oil-based plant biomass, a residue obtained by extracting and removing oil contained in oil-based plant biomass with water vapor is used as a raw material, and the oil-based plant biomass residue is pretreated and then acidified. A method for producing a monosaccharide, characterized by hydrolysis and saccharification.
(2) The method for producing a monosaccharide according to (1), wherein the pretreatment is at least one of a swelling treatment with sulfuric acid or a microwave heating treatment.
(3) The method for producing a monosaccharide according to (1) or (2) above, wherein the pretreatment is performed after pulverizing the oil-based plant biomass residue.
(4) The method for producing a monosaccharide according to any one of (1) to (3), wherein the oil-based plant biomass is a cultivated biomass or a felled tree.

第二の発明：
（５）油系植物バイオマスからエタノールを製造する方法において、油系植物バイオマス中に含まれる油を水蒸気により抽出除去した残渣を原料として用い、該油系植物バイオマス残渣を固体発酵させてエタノールを製造することを特徴とするエタノールの製造方法。 Second invention:
(5) In a method for producing ethanol from oil-based plant biomass, the residue obtained by extracting and removing oil contained in oil-based plant biomass with water vapor is used as a raw material, and the oil-based plant biomass residue is solid-fermented to produce ethanol. And a method for producing ethanol.

本発明によれば、従来あらかじめ油を分離除去してからでなければ糖化原料として使用できなかった油系植物バイオマスから、効率よく単糖類及びエタノールを製造することができる。油系植物バイオマス中に含まれる油を水蒸気で抽出除去した場合は、有機溶媒で分離除去したものに比べて環境負荷が少なく、バイオマスに残存する有機溶媒による悪影響、特に固体発酵における菌体への生育阻害がないなどの利点がある。さらに、抽出した油等は有効利用でき、その上、廃棄物として処理されていた残渣を再利用するため廃棄物の減量化にもつながり、経済効果が高い。   According to the present invention, monosaccharides and ethanol can be efficiently produced from oil-based plant biomass that could not be used as a saccharification raw material until oil has been separated and removed in advance. When the oil contained in the oil-based plant biomass is extracted and removed with water vapor, the environmental impact is less than that obtained by separating and removing with an organic solvent. There are advantages such as no growth inhibition. Furthermore, the extracted oil or the like can be used effectively, and moreover, the residue that has been treated as waste is reused, leading to a reduction in the amount of waste, which is highly economical.

また、残渣中のセルロースを糖化を経てエタノールに変換することができるので、これまでバイオマス生産現地でしか利用できなかった残渣を、セルロース発酵技術を用いてエタノールに変換することで、遠方へ輸送することが可能になる。   In addition, since cellulose in the residue can be converted to ethanol through saccharification, the residue that has been available only in the field of biomass production up to now can be transported far away by converting it to ethanol using cellulose fermentation technology. It becomes possible.

さらに、残渣中のセルロースを糖化を経て乳酸及びポリ乳酸に変換することができるので、バイオマスを製品として長寿命化することができる。また、不要になったバイオプラスチックは回収して燃料使用できるので、バイオマス燃料としてはコスト回収につながる。   Furthermore, since cellulose in the residue can be converted into lactic acid and polylactic acid through saccharification, the life of the biomass can be extended as a product. In addition, since bioplastics that are no longer needed can be recovered and used as fuel, the cost of biomass fuel can be recovered.

図１には、本発明（第一の発明）に係る油系植物バイオマス残渣から単糖類を製造する方法、さらに該単糖類からエタノールまたは有機酸を製造する方法のフローチャートを示した。   FIG. 1 shows a flowchart of a method for producing a monosaccharide from the oil-based plant biomass residue according to the present invention (first invention), and a method for producing ethanol or an organic acid from the monosaccharide.

図２には、本発明（第二の発明）に係る油系植物バイオマス残渣から固体発酵法によりエタノールを製造する方法のフローチャートを示した。   FIG. 2 shows a flowchart of a method for producing ethanol from an oil-based plant biomass residue according to the present invention (second invention) by a solid fermentation method.

いずれの発明も、油系植物バイオマスから効率よくエタノールを製造することが可能な方法に関わるものであり、原料として、油系植物バイオマス中に含まれる油を水蒸気により抽出除去した後の油系植物バイオマス残渣を用いることに特徴がある。糖化工程以降の工程及び固体発酵は公知の方法に準じて実施すればよい。   Any invention relates to a method capable of efficiently producing ethanol from oil-based plant biomass, and the oil-based plant after the oil contained in the oil-based plant biomass is extracted and removed by steam as a raw material It is characterized by using biomass residue. What is necessary is just to implement the process after a saccharification process and solid fermentation according to a well-known method.

［油系植物バイオマス］
本発明で用いる油系植物バイオマスとしては、多糖類を含有するものであれば特に制限はないが、例えば、マツ、スギ、キリ、クスノキ等の剪定枝、伐採木などの林業廃棄物系バイオマス；アブラヤシ（パーム油の原料）、ヤシ殻、モミ殻、稲藁、麦藁等の農業廃棄物系バイオマス；ネピアグラス、ポプラ、プラタナス、笹、竹、松葉等のセルロース系バイオマスなどの栽培系バイオマス；トウモロコシ、米、大豆、菜種、ヒマワリの搾油残渣等の植物油脂残渣系バイオマス；或いはこれらの混合バイオマスなどを挙げることができる。 [Oil-based plant biomass]
The oil-based plant biomass used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it contains a polysaccharide. For example, pruned branches such as pine, cedar, drill, and camphor, and forestry waste biomass such as felled trees; Agricultural waste biomass such as oil palm (raw material of palm oil), coconut husk, fir husk, rice straw, wheat straw; cultivation biomass such as cellulose biomass such as napiergrass, poplar, plane tree, straw, bamboo, pine needles; corn Vegetable oil residue biomass such as rice, soybean, rapeseed, sunflower oil residue, or mixed biomass thereof.

これらの油系植物バイオマスの中でも、高品質の油の含有量が多いという点では、栽培系バイオマスまたは伐採木が好ましく、一般的には広葉樹より針葉樹が好ましい。成分の安定性では栽培系バイオマスが好ましい。また、栽培系バイオマスは、実、葉、枝、幹などを用いることができ、これらの中でも、多糖類が多く含まれている点では枝や幹が好ましい。油系植物バイオマスは、植物中に含まれる油の含有量（バイオマス乾重量当たりの油含有量）が１質量％以上あれば抽出される油の量も多く、油を有効利用した際における経済的な期待効果が高く、かつ阻害要因除去効果も高い。しかも、本発明の方法によれば油抽出残渣をそのまま糖化または糖化・発酵原料として利用することができる。   Among these oil-based plant biomass, cultivated biomass or felled trees are preferable in terms of a high content of high-quality oil, and conifers are generally preferable to broad-leaved trees. Cultivated biomass is preferred in terms of component stability. Moreover, a cultivated biomass can use a fruit, a leaf, a branch, a trunk, etc. Among these, a branch and a trunk are preferable in that many polysaccharides are contained. Oil-based plant biomass has a large amount of oil extracted if the content of oil contained in the plant (oil content per biomass dry weight) is 1% by mass or more. The expected effect is high and the obstruction factor removal effect is also high. Moreover, according to the method of the present invention, the oil extraction residue can be used as a raw material for saccharification or saccharification / fermentation as it is.

油系植物バイオマスには、（化１）に示すセルロース（Ｄ−グルコースを構成ユニットとする多糖類）、ヘミセルロース（Ｄ−キシロース、Ｄ−アラビノース、Ｄ−マンノース、Ｄ−ガラクトース、Ｄ−グルコースを構成ユニットとする多糖類）、リグニンが存在し、また、栽培系のバイオマスには（化２）に示すデンプン（Ｄ−グルコースと一部マルトースを構成ユニットとする多糖類）も多く含まれている。   The oil-based plant biomass is composed of cellulose (polysaccharide having D-glucose as a constituent unit) and hemicellulose (D-xylose, D-arabinose, D-mannose, D-galactose, D-glucose shown in (Chemical Formula 1). (Polysaccharides as units) and lignin exist, and the biomass of the cultivation system contains a large amount of starch (polysaccharides having D-glucose and some maltose as constituent units) as shown in (Chemical Formula 2).


［油分抽出］
油分抽出工程では、油系植物バイオマスを、採取時のものを、２軸式カッター或いはミルカッター等を用いて８ｍｍアンダーに粉砕した後、水蒸気により溶媒抽出法にて油を抽出除去する。溶媒抽出法としては、水蒸気蒸留方法や減圧蒸留方法などの公知の方法が適用される。熱水抽出なども適用可能であるが、油成分が熱劣化を受けやすくなる場合があり、また、固体発酵法に用いる場合には、ろ過等の作業が必要となるデメリットがある。油系植物バイオマスに対する抽出溶媒の割合は、公知の方法に従えばよく特に限定されないが、通常、バイオマス（常温・含水状態）：溶媒＝１：０．１〜１：５（質量／質量）とするのが好ましい。前記割合より抽出溶媒が少ない場合は油の抽出効率が低下し、一方、多い場合は加熱に要するエネルギーが大きくなるため非効率である。抽出溶媒として水を用いるのは、安全性が高く、入手しやすく安価である他、特に固体発酵法に適用する場合に菌体生育への阻害がないという点で使いやすい溶媒だからである。 [Oil extraction]
In the oil extraction step, the oil-based plant biomass is pulverized to 8 mm under using a biaxial cutter or a mill cutter, and then the oil is extracted and removed by water vapor using a solvent extraction method. As the solvent extraction method, a known method such as a steam distillation method or a vacuum distillation method is applied. Although hot water extraction etc. are applicable, an oil component may become easy to receive thermal degradation, and when using it for a solid fermentation method, there exists a demerit which requires work, such as filtration. The ratio of the extraction solvent with respect to the oil-based plant biomass is not particularly limited as long as it is in accordance with a known method, but usually, biomass (room temperature and water-containing state): solvent = 1: 0.1 to 1: 5 (mass / mass) It is preferable to do this. When the amount of the extraction solvent is less than the above ratio, the extraction efficiency of the oil is lowered. Water is used as an extraction solvent because it is highly safe, easily available, and inexpensive, and is easy to use because it does not inhibit the growth of cells when applied to a solid fermentation method.

油分抽出時の温度は、通常、１００℃〜２００℃、好ましくは１００℃〜１２０℃である。温度をこの範囲に保持することにより、抽出される油成分の分解を防止し、抽出効率を高めることができる。抽出時間は特に限定されないが、通常、約３０秒〜１時間、好ましくは約１分〜３０分である。抽出時間が長すぎると、油が分解するだけでなく、単糖類等が水に溶出してしまうため発酵に有効利用することができなくなる恐れがある。   The temperature during oil extraction is usually 100 ° C to 200 ° C, preferably 100 ° C to 120 ° C. By maintaining the temperature in this range, it is possible to prevent the oil component to be extracted from being decomposed and increase the extraction efficiency. The extraction time is not particularly limited, but is usually about 30 seconds to 1 hour, preferably about 1 minute to 30 minutes. If the extraction time is too long, not only the oil is decomposed, but also monosaccharides and the like are eluted in water, so that there is a possibility that they cannot be effectively used for fermentation.

油分抽出時の加熱手段は特に限定されるものではなく、温浴、電熱、マイクロ波加熱等を用いることができる。   The heating means at the time of oil extraction is not particularly limited, and a warm bath, electric heating, microwave heating or the like can be used.

［前処理］
次に、油を抽出除去した植物バイオマス残渣を原料として用い、加水分解による糖化を行うが、通常、水蒸気による抽出後の残渣は、抽出前と同程度ないし半分程度の水分を含有するが、油の含有量は抽出前の１０％以下である。前記の残渣を必要に応じて乾燥した後、微粉砕し、その後に前処理するのがよい。前処理としては、硫酸による膨潤処理またはマイクロ波加熱処理のうちの、少なくとも一つの処理を行うことが好ましい。処理順序は特に限定されないが、油分抽出を先に行う観点からはマイクロ波加熱処理を先に行うのが好ましい。これらの処理を行うことによってバイオマスの繊維がほぐれ、加水分解されやすくなる効果がある。これらの処理は大気中で実施することができる。 [Preprocessing]
Next, saccharification by hydrolysis is performed using the plant biomass residue from which oil has been extracted and removed as a raw material. Usually, the residue after extraction with water vapor contains about the same or half of the moisture before extraction, The content of is 10% or less before extraction. The residue may be dried if necessary, pulverized, and then pretreated. As the pretreatment, it is preferable to perform at least one of a swelling treatment with sulfuric acid or a microwave heating treatment. The treatment order is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to perform the microwave heat treatment first from the viewpoint of performing the oil extraction first. By performing these treatments, there is an effect that the fibers of the biomass are loosened and easily hydrolyzed. These treatments can be performed in the atmosphere.

硫酸による膨潤処理は、通常、濃度８０〜８５％の硫酸を用いて、室温で５〜６０分程度反応させ、セルロースを膨潤・非結晶化する。   In the swelling treatment with sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid having a concentration of 80 to 85% is usually reacted at room temperature for about 5 to 60 minutes to swell and amorphize the cellulose.

マイクロ波加熱処理は、植物バイオマス残渣に、植物バイオマス残渣（常温・含水状態）：水＝１：０．１〜１：５（質量／質量）の割合で水を添加し、約３０秒〜１時間、好ましくは約１分〜３０分間、マイクロ波を照射する。加熱処理温度は、１００℃〜２００℃、好ましくは１００℃〜１２０℃である。マイクロ波加熱処理に使用するマイクロ波の周波数は特に限定はないが、通常１ＧＨｚ〜３００ＧＨｚである。連続的もしくは間欠的にマイクロ波を照射して反応温度を保持させるのがよい。   In the microwave heat treatment, water is added to the plant biomass residue at a ratio of plant biomass residue (normal temperature and water content): water = 1: 0.1 to 1: 5 (mass / mass), and about 30 seconds to 1 The microwave is irradiated for a time, preferably about 1 to 30 minutes. The heat treatment temperature is 100 ° C to 200 ° C, preferably 100 ° C to 120 ° C. The frequency of the microwave used for the microwave heat treatment is not particularly limited, but is usually 1 GHz to 300 GHz. The reaction temperature may be maintained by irradiating microwaves continuously or intermittently.

一方、油を抽出除去した植物バイオマス残渣を固体発酵の原料として用いる場合は、上記のような前処理は不要である。残渣を微粉砕して用いると発酵効率がよいが、そのまま用いてもよい。通常、水蒸気による抽出後の残渣は、油の含有量が抽出前の１０％以下であるため、発酵阻害要因になる油が殆んどないという従来の発酵法にも共通する原料としての利点がある。その他に、油分抽出工程で有機溶媒を使用しないため、発酵阻害要因になる有機溶媒の残留がなく、希釈しなくてもそのまま発酵に使用できる利点もある。   On the other hand, when the plant biomass residue from which oil has been extracted and removed is used as a raw material for solid fermentation, the pretreatment as described above is unnecessary. Fermentation efficiency is good when the residue is finely pulverized, but it may be used as it is. Normally, the residue after extraction with steam has an oil content of 10% or less before extraction, and therefore has the advantage as a raw material common to the conventional fermentation methods in which almost no oil becomes a fermentation inhibiting factor. is there. In addition, since an organic solvent is not used in the oil extraction step, there is no residual organic solvent that becomes a fermentation inhibiting factor, and there is an advantage that it can be used for fermentation as it is without being diluted.

［糖化（酸加水分解）］
次に、前処理された植物バイオマス残渣に、必要に応じて水を添加し、３〜２０％濃度の硫酸とした後、通常、温度１００〜１４０℃で、０．１〜５時間処理し、酸加水分解して糖化することにより単糖類が得られる。この濃硫酸法による糖化は、公知の方法に準じて実施することができる。
また、希硫酸法により糖化する場合は、前処理の膨潤工程を省略することもできる。油を抽出除去した植物バイオマス残渣を、濃度０．１〜２％の希硫酸を用いて、温度１３０〜２４０℃で、数分間〜１時間処理し、糖化する。この希硫酸法による糖化も、公知の方法に準じて実施することができる。
糖化後の加水分解液には、セルロース由来の糖であるグルコース、またはヘミセルロース由来の糖であるキシロース、アラビノース、マンノース、ガラクトース、グルコース等が含まれている。 [Saccharification (acid hydrolysis)]
Next, after adding water to the pretreated plant biomass residue as necessary to obtain 3 to 20% sulfuric acid, it is usually treated at a temperature of 100 to 140 ° C. for 0.1 to 5 hours, Monosaccharides are obtained by acid hydrolysis and saccharification. This saccharification by the concentrated sulfuric acid method can be carried out according to a known method.
Further, when saccharification is performed by a dilute sulfuric acid method, the pretreatment swelling step can be omitted. The plant biomass residue from which the oil has been extracted and removed is treated with dilute sulfuric acid having a concentration of 0.1 to 2% at a temperature of 130 to 240 ° C. for several minutes to 1 hour for saccharification. This saccharification by the dilute sulfuric acid method can also be carried out according to a known method.
The hydrolyzed solution after saccharification contains glucose, which is a sugar derived from cellulose, or xylose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, glucose, etc., which are sugars derived from hemicellulose.

一方、酵素法で糖化する場合は、硫酸を洗浄除去した後、水等の溶媒存在下で、セルロース糖化酵素（例えば、セルラーゼ等）により処理する。通常、撹拌しながら、ｐＨ４〜６程度、温度３５〜６０℃程度で、１０〜１００時間程度反応させることによって糖化する。この酵素法による糖化は、公知の方法に準じて実施することができる。   On the other hand, in the case of saccharification by an enzymatic method, after washing and removing sulfuric acid, it is treated with cellulose saccharifying enzyme (for example, cellulase) in the presence of a solvent such as water. Usually, it saccharifies by making it react for about 10 to 100 hours at about pH 4-6, temperature about 35-60 degreeC, stirring. This enzymatic saccharification can be carried out according to a known method.

［エタノールまたは有機酸発酵］
糖化工程で得られた加水分解物を、固体と液体とに固液分離する。分離した液状物には単糖類が溶出しているので、溶出した単糖類を含有する加水分解液（糖液）を発酵槽に導入した後、酵母や菌を添加し発酵させてエタノールまたは有機酸を製造する。これらの発酵は、公知の方法に準じて実施すればよい。 [Ethanol or organic acid fermentation]
The hydrolyzate obtained in the saccharification step is solid-liquid separated into a solid and a liquid. Since monosaccharides are eluted in the separated liquid, after introducing a hydrolysis liquid (sugar solution) containing the eluted monosaccharides into the fermentor, yeast and fungi are added and fermented to produce ethanol or organic acid. Manufacturing. What is necessary is just to implement these fermentation according to a well-known method.

エタノール発酵槽に添加できる菌としては、Saccharomyces cerevisiaeやSaccharomyces kluyveriなどのサッカロマイセス属に属する酵母等や、Zymomonas mobilis などのザイモモナス属に属するアルコール発酵菌等や、Trichoderma reseiなどの糸状菌等や、Mucor javanicusなどのアミロ菌等や、Chlostridium属のような複合菌群など、アルコール発酵産業において通常使用される菌が挙げられる。   Bacteria that can be added to the ethanol fermenter include yeasts belonging to the genus Saccharomyces such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces kluyveri, alcohol-fermenting bacteria belonging to the genus Zymomonas such as Zymomonas mobilis, filamentous fungi such as Trichoderma resei, etc., Mucor javanicus Examples of such bacteria commonly used in the alcoholic fermentation industry, such as amylobacterium, and complex bacteria such as Chlostridium.

上記のエタノール発酵処理によって、生成するエタノールと未反応残渣は、遠心分離或いは濾過等により固液分離し、エタノールを含む液状成分は蒸留或いは中空糸膜等により濃縮されて、高純度エタノールが生成される。   The ethanol and unreacted residue produced by the ethanol fermentation treatment are separated into solid and liquid by centrifugation or filtration, and the liquid component containing ethanol is concentrated by distillation or hollow fiber membrane to produce high purity ethanol. The

有機酸発酵処理による場合は、酵母や菌を添加して発酵させることにより、乳酸、プロピオン酸、クエン酸、リンゴ酸、フマル酸、コハク酸等を生成することができるが、生分解性プラスチックの原料として有用である点より、乳酸が最も好ましい。発酵により粗乳酸を得た後、常法により、遠心分離或いは濾過等により固液分離し、精製して、乳酸が生成される。   In the case of organic acid fermentation treatment, lactic acid, propionic acid, citric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, etc. can be produced by adding yeast and fungi to ferment, but biodegradable plastics Lactic acid is most preferred because it is useful as a raw material. After obtaining crude lactic acid by fermentation, lactic acid is produced by solid-liquid separation and purification by centrifugation or filtration, etc., by a conventional method.

有機酸発酵槽に添加できる菌としては、ホモ乳酸発酵菌：カゼイ乳酸菌（L.casei）、プランタラム菌（L.plantarum）、アシドフィルス菌（L.acidophilus）、サリバリウス菌（L.salivarius）、ブルガリア乳酸菌（L.bulgaricus）、ヘテロ乳酸発酵菌：ファーメンツム乳酸菌（L.fermentum）、ブレビス乳酸菌 （L.brevis）、ブッフネル乳酸菌（L.buchnerii）、セロビオズス乳酸菌（L.cellobisous）などのラクトバシラス属（Lactobacillus）、B. bifidumやB. adolescentisなどのビフィドバクテリウム属 (Bifidobacterium) 、E.faecalisやE.faeciumなどのエンテロコッカス属 (Enterococcus) 、L. lactis、L. cremorisなどのラクトコッカス属 (Lactococcus) 、P. damnosusなどのペディオコッカス属(Pediococcus) 、L. mesenteroidesなどのリューコノストック属 (Leuconostoc)が挙げられる。発酵時間は特に限定されないが、約１０〜１００時間、好ましくは約２０〜６０時間である。   Bacteria that can be added to the organic acid fermenter include homolactic fermentation bacteria: Lactobacillus casei (L.casei), plantarum (L.plantarum), L. acidophilus, L.salivarius, Bulgaria Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus Lactobacillus, L.fermentum, Brevis Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium such as B. bifidum and B. adolescentis, Enterococcus such as E.faecalis and E.faecium, Lactococcus such as L. lactis and L. cremoris, Examples include the genus Pediococcus such as P. damnosus and the genus Leuconostoc such as L. mesenteroides. The fermentation time is not particularly limited, but is about 10 to 100 hours, preferably about 20 to 60 hours.

［固体発酵］
固体発酵法による場合は、公知の方法を適用することができ、固体発酵に用いる菌としては、Saccharomyces属やZymomonas属やAspergillus属などの組み替え体の報告がある。発酵時間は特に限定されないが、約１０〜１００時間、好ましくは約２０〜６０時間である。固体発酵によって生成するエタノールと未反応残渣は、糖液の発酵でエタノールを回収する方法と同様に、加熱もしくは減圧蒸留等により濃縮されて、高純度エタノールが生成される。あるいは、反応系において常圧で発生する蒸気の回収により高純度エタノールが生成される。 [Solid fermentation]
In the case of the solid fermentation method, a known method can be applied, and there are reports of recombinants such as Saccharomyces genus, Zymomonas genus, and Aspergillus genus as bacteria used for solid fermentation. The fermentation time is not particularly limited, but is about 10 to 100 hours, preferably about 20 to 60 hours. The ethanol produced by solid fermentation and the unreacted residue are concentrated by heating or distillation under reduced pressure in the same manner as in the method of recovering ethanol by fermentation of sugar solution to produce high purity ethanol. Alternatively, high-purity ethanol is produced by recovery of vapor generated at normal pressure in the reaction system.

次に、本発明を実施例により詳細に説明するが、本発明は以下の実施例にのみ限定されるものではない。   EXAMPLES Next, although an Example demonstrates this invention in detail, this invention is not limited only to a following example.

（実施例１）
［油分抽出］
マイクロ波発生装置内に設置された、内径２００ｍｍのセパラブル三ツ口円筒フラスコに、テフロン（登録商標）製の目皿を設置した。目皿の穴は５ｍｍのものを使用し、その上に、バイオマスが下にこぼれ落ちないようにメッシュサイズ０．７５φのテフロン（登録商標）パンチングシートを設置した。この上に、バイオマスとしてトドマツ葉粉砕物３００．０８ｇを加えた。トドマツ葉粉砕物は分析ミル（ＩＫＡ Ｗｏｒｋｓ Ｇｕａｎｇｚｈｏｕ社製 型式：Ａｌｌ ｂａｓｉｃ）にて８ｍｍアンダーに破砕して得た。マイクロ波発生装置の外に、円筒フラスコと連結するように、分離装置を設置し、該分離装置の受け管部に呼び水として純水１２．６１ｇを加えた。分離装置の上部に長さ３００ｍｍのジムロート冷却管を連結した。また、ジムロート冷却管の上部に、余分な排ガスをドラフトへ送気する管を設けた。
周波数２．４５ＧＨｚ、最大出力７００Ｗのマイクロ波を出力一定にて上記反応装置に照射し、水蒸気蒸留を行った。反応時間は初留発生後２０分とした。
反応後の全油分収量は３３１７．８ｍｇであった。また、これをバイオマス１００ｇーｄｒｙあたりの精油収量に換算すると２０４２ｍｇであった。 Example 1
[Oil extraction]
A Teflon (registered trademark) eye plate was placed in a separable three-necked cylindrical flask with an inner diameter of 200 mm, which was placed in the microwave generator. A hole with a diameter of 5 mm was used, and a Teflon (registered trademark) punching sheet having a mesh size of 0.75φ was placed thereon so that the biomass would not spill down. On top of this, 300.08 g of Todomatsu leaf pulverized product was added as biomass. The pulverized Todomatsu leaf product was obtained by crushing under 8 mm using an analysis mill (Model: All basic manufactured by IKA Works Guangzhou). A separation device was installed outside the microwave generator so as to be connected to the cylindrical flask, and 12.61 g of pure water was added as a priming water to the receiving tube portion of the separation device. A Dimroth cooling pipe having a length of 300 mm was connected to the upper part of the separator. In addition, a pipe for supplying excess exhaust gas to the draft was provided at the upper part of the Dimroth cooling pipe.
The reactor was irradiated with microwaves having a frequency of 2.45 GHz and a maximum output of 700 W, and steam distillation was performed. The reaction time was 20 minutes after the first distillation occurred.
The total oil yield after the reaction was 3317.8 mg. Moreover, this was 2042 mg when converted into the essential oil yield per 100 g-dry of biomass.

［微粉砕］
油分除去後のトドマツ試料を５０℃２時間乾燥し、臼式破砕機（ナショナル家庭用臼式お茶粉末器「まるごと緑茶ＥＵ６８２０」）にかけた後１５０μｍメッシュのふるいにかけ１５０μｍアンダーの粉砕物を得た。 [Fine grinding]
The Todomatsu sample after oil removal was dried at 50 ° C. for 2 hours, passed through a mortar crusher (National household mortar tea powder device “Marugoto Green Tea EU6820”), and then passed through a 150 μm mesh sieve to obtain a pulverized product with a 150 μm under.

［糖化］
粉砕トドマツ１０ｇを、５００ｍｌ三ツ口丸底フラスコに入れ、７２％硫酸５０ｍｌを加え、室温で１時間攪拌し、トドマツを膨潤させた。その後純水２１７ｍｌを加え硫酸濃度を２０％としたのち、マントルヒータにて１２０℃で１時間〜３時間加熱した。室温で放冷したのち、グラスフィルターにてろ過して残渣を除き、得られた濾液を水酸化ナトリウム水溶液にて中和した。 [Saccharification]
10 g of ground todomatsu was placed in a 500 ml three-necked round bottom flask, 50 ml of 72% sulfuric acid was added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour to swell the todomatsu. Thereafter, 217 ml of pure water was added to adjust the sulfuric acid concentration to 20%, and then the mixture was heated with a mantle heater at 120 ° C. for 1 to 3 hours. After allowing to cool at room temperature, the residue was removed by filtration through a glass filter, and the resulting filtrate was neutralized with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.

［グルコース分析］
中和後の濾液２ｍｌを分取し、グルコース濃度測定キット（Glucose C-IItest WAKO：和光純薬工業）にてグルコースを発色させ、分光光度計（島津 UV160A）３４０ｎｍにてグルコース濃度を測定した。その結果を表１に示す。グルコース転換率は４８％であった。 [Glucose analysis]
2 ml of the neutralized filtrate was collected, glucose was developed with a glucose concentration measurement kit (Glucose C-IItest WAKO: Wako Pure Chemical Industries), and the glucose concentration was measured with a spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV160A) at 340 nm. The results are shown in Table 1. The glucose conversion was 48%.

（表１）
１２０℃加熱時間によるグルコース生成量
１時間 ２２０ｍｇ／ｄＬ
２時間 ２１５ｍｇ／ｄＬ
３時間 ２１５ｍｇ／ｄＬ
(Table 1)
Amount of glucose produced by heating at 120 ° C for 1 hour 220 mg / dL
2 hours 215mg / dL
3 hours 215mg / dL

得られたグルコース溶液は、既存の方法（例えば、カラムクロマトなど）で濃縮、精製したのち、もしくはそのままの状態でアルコール発酵菌培地に導入することができる。アルコール発酵により得られたエタノールは、蒸留或いは中空糸膜などで濃縮することで、例えば純度９０−９９．６％のバイオエタノールを合成することができる。   The obtained glucose solution can be concentrated and purified by an existing method (for example, column chromatography or the like), or can be introduced into the alcohol-fermenting bacterial medium as it is. For example, bioethanol having a purity of 90-99.6% can be synthesized by concentrating ethanol obtained by alcohol fermentation by distillation or a hollow fiber membrane.

また、得られたグルコース溶液は、既存の方法（例えば、カラムクロマトなど）で濃縮、精製したのち、もしくはそのままの状態で乳酸菌培地に導入することができる。乳酸発酵により得られた乳酸は、公知の方法に従い、乳酸精製、乳酸重合によりポリ乳酸プラスチックを合成することができる。   In addition, the obtained glucose solution can be concentrated and purified by an existing method (for example, column chromatography or the like), or can be introduced into the lactic acid bacteria medium as it is. Lactic acid obtained by lactic acid fermentation can synthesize polylactic acid plastics by lactic acid purification and lactic acid polymerization according to known methods.

本発明の方法により油系植物バイオマスから抽出した様々な油（特に精油）は、製薬、化粧品、食品、芳香剤、染色剤などの様々な産業分野で利用することが可能となる。また、糖化工程の残渣は燃料として利用することができる。また、製造したエタノールは、燃料等として利用することができる。製造した乳酸は、脱水縮合した後、重合することによりポリ乳酸を製造することができ、ポリ乳酸は生分解性プラスチック原料として使用することができる。   Various oils (especially essential oils) extracted from oil-based plant biomass by the method of the present invention can be used in various industrial fields such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, foods, fragrances, and dyes. Moreover, the residue of a saccharification process can be utilized as a fuel. The produced ethanol can be used as a fuel or the like. The produced lactic acid can be dehydrated and condensed and then polymerized to produce polylactic acid, which can be used as a biodegradable plastic raw material.

本発明方法のフローチャート図である。It is a flowchart figure of this invention method. 本発明方法のフローチャート図である。It is a flowchart figure of this invention method.

Claims (5)

油系植物バイオマスから単糖類を製造する方法において、油系植物バイオマス中に含まれる油を水蒸気により抽出除去した残渣を原料として用い、該油系植物バイオマス残渣を前処理した後、酸加水分解して糖化することを特徴とする単糖類の製造方法。   In a method for producing monosaccharides from oil-based plant biomass, a residue obtained by extracting and removing oil contained in oil-based plant biomass with water vapor is used as a raw material, and the oil-based plant biomass residue is pretreated and then subjected to acid hydrolysis. A method for producing a monosaccharide, characterized by saccharifying. 前処理が、硫酸による膨潤処理またはマイクロ波加熱処理のうちの少なくとも一つの処理である請求項１に記載の単糖類の製造方法。   The method for producing a monosaccharide according to claim 1, wherein the pretreatment is at least one of a swelling treatment with sulfuric acid or a microwave heating treatment. 油系植物バイオマス残渣を粉砕処理した後に前処理を行う請求項１または２に記載の単糖類の製造方法。   The manufacturing method of the monosaccharide of Claim 1 or 2 which pre-processes after grind | pulverizing an oil-based plant biomass residue. 油系植物バイオマスが栽培系バイオマスまたは伐採木である請求項１〜３のいずれかに記載の単糖類の製造方法。   The method for producing a monosaccharide according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the oil-based plant biomass is a cultivation-type biomass or a felled tree. 油系植物バイオマスからエタノールを製造する方法において、油系植物バイオマス中に含まれる油を水蒸気により抽出除去した残渣を原料として用い、該油系植物バイオマス残渣を固体発酵させてエタノールを製造することを特徴とするエタノールの製造方法。   In the method for producing ethanol from oil-based plant biomass, the residue obtained by extracting and removing oil contained in the oil-based plant biomass with water vapor is used as a raw material, and the oil-based plant biomass residue is solid-fermented to produce ethanol. A method for producing ethanol.
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