JP2009047086A - 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 - Google Patents
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- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 87
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 85
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 50
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 41
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 40
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 38
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 abstract description 74
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 43
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 43
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 39
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 21
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 10
- TXKMVPPZCYKFAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N disulfur monoxide Inorganic materials O=S=S TXKMVPPZCYKFAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 7
- XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur monoxide Chemical compound S=O XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011232 storage material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012886 linear function Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052815 sulfur oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0871—Regulation of absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. purging
- F01N3/0885—Regeneration of deteriorated absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. desulfurization of NOx traps
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0828—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
- F01N3/0842—Nitrogen oxides
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/02—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor
- F01N2560/025—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor for measuring or detecting O2, e.g. lambda sensors
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/06—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being a temperature sensor
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/14—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics having more than one sensor of one kind
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/14—Arrangements for the supply of substances, e.g. conduits
- F01N2610/1453—Sprayers or atomisers; Arrangement thereof in the exhaust apparatus
- F01N2610/146—Control thereof, e.g. control of injectors or injection valves
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F01N2900/04—Methods of control or diagnosing
- F01N2900/0408—Methods of control or diagnosing using a feed-back loop
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F01N2900/04—Methods of control or diagnosing
- F01N2900/0422—Methods of control or diagnosing measuring the elapsed time
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F01N2900/06—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing
- F01N2900/16—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing said parameters being related to the exhaust apparatus, e.g. particulate filter or catalyst
- F01N2900/1612—SOx amount trapped in catalyst
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0814—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with catalytic converters, e.g. NOx absorption/storage reduction catalysts
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0821—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with particulate filters
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
- Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
Abstract
【解決手段】NOx吸蔵還元触媒(LNT)8におけるS被毒回復制御が行われて、燃料添加弁6から燃料が添加される期間中に、LNT8の下流側とに配置されたA/Fセンサ11とLNT8の上流側に配置されたA/Fセンサ10との計測値の差分が、S被毒回復のために使用された燃料の量を示すことから、A/Fセンサ11とA/Fセンサ10との計測値の差分が所定値よりも小さくなるとS被毒回復の終了を判定する。
【選択図】図1
Description
AF1ave={AF1(1)+AF1(2)+…+AF1(I1)}/I1
(E1)
AF2ave={AF2(1)+AF2(2)+…+AF2(I2)}/I2
(E2)
AF1a(0)=0 (E3)
AF1a(j)={AF1a(j−1)+AF1(j)}/2、
(j=1、2、…、I1) (E4)
AF1ave=AF1a(I1) (E5)
AF2a(0)=0 (E6)
AF2a(j)={AF2a(j−1)+AF2(j)}/2、
(j=1、2、…、I2) (E7)
AF2ave=AF2a(I2) (E8)
AF1a(0)=0 (E9)
AF1a(j)={3AF1a(j−1)+AF1(j)}/4、
(j=1、2、…、I1) (E10)
AF1ave=AF1a(I1) (E11)
AF2a(0)=0 (E12)
AF2a(j)={3AF2a(j−1)+AF2(j)}/4、
(j=1、2、…、I2) (E13)
AF2ave=AF2a(I2) (E14)
2 ディーゼルエンジン(内燃機関)
3 吸気管
4 エアフローメータ
5 排気管(排気通路)
6 燃料添加弁(添加弁)
7 酸化触媒付きディーゼルパティキュレートフィルタ(C−DPF)
8 NOx吸蔵還元触媒(LNT)
9 酸化触媒(DOC)
10 上流側A/Fセンサ
11 下流側A/Fセンサ
12 電子制御装置(ECU)
13 排気温度センサ
Claims (9)
- 排気通路に備えられた窒素酸化物の還元のためのNOx触媒部と、そのNOx触媒部を硫黄による被毒から再生するために空燃比であるA/F値が理論空燃比より低いリッチ雰囲気を形成する再生手段とを有する内燃機関の排気浄化装置であって、
前記排気通路における前記NOx触媒部の上流に配置され、A/F値を計測する上流側A/Fセンサと、
前記排気通路における前記NOx触媒部の下流に配置され、A/F値を計測する下流側A/Fセンサと、
前記再生手段による前記NOx触媒部の再生の実行中に、前記下流側A/Fセンサにより計測された下流側A/F値と前記上流側A/Fセンサにより計測された上流側A/F値との差分を算出し、前記差分が第1の所定値よりも小さい場合に前記再生手段による前記NOx触媒部の再生を終了させる終了判定手段とを備えたことを特徴とする内燃機関の排気浄化装置。 - 前記排気通路において、前記上流側A/Fセンサの上流に酸化機能を有する触媒が配置されている請求項1に記載の内燃機関の排気浄化装置。
- 前記酸化機能を有する触媒が、酸化触媒が担持され、前記内燃機関から排出された粒子状物質を捕集する酸化触媒付きパティキュレートフィルタである請求項2に記載の内燃機関の排気浄化装置。
- 前記再生手段は、前記上流側A/Fセンサの計測値が目標値に近づくように、リッチ雰囲気を形成するための燃料の供給量を補正する第1の補正手段を備えた請求項1乃至3のいずれか1項に記載の内燃機関の排気浄化装置。
- 前記酸化機能を有する触媒の温度を計測又は推定する温度取得手段を備え、
前記下流側A/Fセンサにより計測された下流側A/F値は、前記温度取得手段により計測又は推定された前記触媒の温度が第2の所定値より大きい時点での下流側A/F値であり、
前記上流側A/Fセンサにより計測された上流側A/F値は、前記温度取得手段により計測又は推定された前記触媒の温度が第2の所定値より大きい時点での上流側A/F値である請求項2又は3に記載の内燃機関の排気浄化装置。 - 前記酸化機能を有する触媒の温度を計測又は推定する温度取得手段を備え、
前記再生手段は、
前記温度取得手段により計測又は推定された前記触媒の温度が第2の所定値より大きい場合は、前記上流側A/Fセンサの計測値が目標値に近づくように、リッチ雰囲気を形成するための燃料の供給量を補正し、
前記温度取得手段により計測又は推定された前記触媒の温度が第2の所定値より小さい場合は、前記下流側A/Fセンサの計測値が前記目標値に近づくように、リッチ雰囲気を形成するための燃料の供給量を補正する第2の補正手段を備えた請求項2又は3に記載の内燃機関の排気浄化装置。 - 排ガス流量を計測又は推定する流量取得手段を備え、
前記下流側A/Fセンサにより計測された下流側A/F値は、前記流量取得手段により計測又は推定された前記排ガス流量が第3の所定値より小さい時点での下流側A/F値であり、
前記上流側A/Fセンサにより計測された上流側A/F値は、前記流量取得手段により計測又は推定された前記排ガス流量が第3の所定値より小さい時点での上流側A/F値である請求項1乃至6のいずれか1項に記載の内燃機関の排気浄化装置。 - 排ガス流量を計測又は推定する流量取得手段を備え、
前記再生手段は、
前記流量取得手段により計測又は推定された前記排ガス流量が第3の所定値より小さい場合は、前記上流側A/Fセンサの計測値が目標値に近づくように、リッチ雰囲気を形成するための燃料の供給量を補正し、
前記流量取得手段により計測又は推定された前記排ガス流量が第3の所定値より大きい場合は、前記下流側A/Fセンサの計測値が前記目標値に近づくように、リッチ雰囲気を形成するための燃料の供給量を補正する第3の補正手段を備えた請求項1乃至7のいずれか1項に記載の内燃機関の排気浄化装置。 - 前記終了判定手段を第1の終了判定手段として、
前記触媒内の硫黄の残存量の推定モデルと、
その推定モデルにより推定された硫黄の残存量によって、前記再生手段による前記NOx触媒部の再生を終了させる第2の終了判定手段とを備え、
前記第1の終了判定手段と前記第2の終了判定手段とのいずれか一方が終了を指令した場合に、前記再生手段による前記NOx触媒部の再生を終了させる請求項1乃至8のいずれか1項に記載の内燃機関の排気浄化装置。
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2007214592A JP5067614B2 (ja) | 2007-08-21 | 2007-08-21 | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
US12/177,911 US8307633B2 (en) | 2007-08-21 | 2008-07-23 | Engine exhaust gas purification apparatus enabling accurate judgement of appropriate time for terminating NOx catalyst regeneration procedure |
DE102008041242.2A DE102008041242B8 (de) | 2007-08-21 | 2008-08-13 | Abgasreinigungsvorrichtung einer Maschine, die eine genaue Beurteilung einer geeigneten Zeit zum Beenden eines Regenerationsvorgangs eines NOx-Katalysators ermöglicht |
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US20090049824A1 (en) | 2009-02-26 |
DE102008041242B4 (de) | 2021-10-21 |
JP5067614B2 (ja) | 2012-11-07 |
US8307633B2 (en) | 2012-11-13 |
DE102008041242B8 (de) | 2022-01-27 |
DE102008041242A1 (de) | 2009-02-26 |
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