JP2008146658A - コネクションオリエンテッドトランザクションにおけるurlオブジェクトのインテリジェントな需要に基づく認識 - Google Patents
コネクションオリエンテッドトランザクションにおけるurlオブジェクトのインテリジェントな需要に基づく認識 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【解決手段】特定のコンテントがホットであることを決定し、フローを一つ或いは複数のキャッシュサーバに向ける網交換機に係り、キャッシュとダイジェスト発生器を備え、このキャッシュ内にはダイジェスト発生器によって生成されたダイジェストに基づいて所定のオブジェクトが格納される。
【選択図】図1
Description
本出願は、2000年8月4日付けで、Chu,Jaswa,及びChagantyらに付与された同名の合衆国仮特許出願No.60/223,087の合衆国特許法(35U.S.C§119(e))の下での利益を主張する。本発明は、更に、両者とも本出願と同一の発明人により本出願と同時に出願された「High Performance Server Farm With Tagging and Pipelining」及び「Non−Intrusive Multiplexed Transaction Persistency in Secure Commerce Environments」なる名称の合衆国特許出願にも係る。
本発明は一般的には、負荷のバランス、網交換機、より詳細には、トランザクション一貫性(transaction coherency)を維持しながらフローの負荷バランスを知能的に遂行することができる網交換機に関する。
ビジネスはますます多くをコンピュータ及びネットワークに依存するようになりつつある。ウェブ技術は様々なアプリケーションに対するユーザに優しいフロントエンドを提供することで電子商取引(E−Commerce)展開の推進力となっている。クライアント/サーバアプリケーションの成功には、ホストされるサービスへの連続(持続)的なアクセスとこれらからの即座の応答が必須である。長いダウン時間や遅い及び/或いは誤った応答は、顧客の不満を招き、商売の機会を逃しかねない。このため、利便性(availability)が高く、性能の優れたサーバに対する要請はますます高まっている。
層3及び/或いは層4交換機を含むあるタイプの交換機は、入りパケットを宛先IPアドレス、或いはIPアドレス、プロトコルID及びトランスポートポート番号の組合せに基づいてルーティングする。このスイッチング技法はウェブ環境においては問題をはらむ。層4の負荷バランサにとっては、全てのウェブアプリケーションはTCPポート80(HTTPに対する典型的なポート)を使用しているように見え、これらを互いに区別することはできない。このため、Common Gateway Interface(CGI)リクエストと、Web−enabled Service Access Point(SAP)アプリケーション或いはストリーミングオーディオ(streaming audio)リクエストとを、これらリクエストは全て非常に異なるQoS要件を有するのにもかかわらず、区別することができない。
これら及びその他の必要性が本発明のアーキテクチャ及び方法によって解決される。
第一に、この交換機は、他のタイプの網交換機と比較して、著しく計算効率が良いことに加えて、メモリを大幅に節約することができる。キャッシュを用いる従来のフロー交換機は、典型的にはその交換機によって処理された信号に対応するオブジェクトのテーブルを維持する。この交換機は、スイッチングの決定を行う度に、そのオブジェクトと関連するポインタを見つけるために、テーブルを上から下まで或いは下から上まで探索する。テーブルのどちら側が最初に探索されるかによって、テーブルの上側或いは下側に位置するオブジェクトはより短い探索時間を要し、テーブルの反対側に位置するオブジェクトはより長い探索時間を要する。各スイッチング決定のために過剰な計算資源が費やされ、このために交換機の容量が制限される。加えて、テーブルを収容するために過剰なメモリ空間が要求され、このため、定期的に、オブジェクトの有効寿命が満了する前に、オブジェクトをフラッシュ(除去)することが必要となる。本発明の方法においては、プロセッサはダイジェスト値から直接に探索されているオブジェクトの位置を知ることができるために、スイッチング決定が行われる度にデーブルを探索する必要はなくなる。
詳細な説明
本発明は、好ましくは図1にコンテントダイレクタサーバ(content director server)として示されるようなサーバコンピュータシステム(server computer system)として実現される。複数のコンテントダイレクタサーバa−nが、一つの好ましい実施例においては電子商取引タイプのHTTPトランザクションをサポートするために一つのクラスタにグループ化される。サーバファーム(server farm)104は、オリジンサーバ(origin server)108、ダイナミックコンテントサーバ112及び/或いはキャッシュサーバ116を含む。トラフィックマネジャ120 a−nは、周知の技法を用いて、複数のコンテントダイレクタから構成されるクラスタ間の負荷バランシング(load balancing)を遂行する。ルータ128 a−nから構成されるルータプール(router pool)124は、パケットを通信網132からのトラフィックマネジャ120 a−nへとルーティングする。
SSLプロセッサ204は、認証及び機密アソシエーション(security association)を遂行し;暗号アルゴリズムの協議に参加し、マスタシークレット(master secret)を確立し、セッションキーを計算し、セッションIDを割当て;HTTPSメッセージを暗号テキストにて扱い、これらを、トランザクションリクエストを平文テキストにて扱うHTTPサーバに中継し;セッションコンテクストをセッションIDと共に再接続に備えてキャッシングする。後に説明するように、初期SSLハンドシェークは、暗号器(cipher)の選択、マスタキーの交換、及びサーバの認証を扱う。このハンドシェーク段階が完了した後に、クライアントとサーバは、暗号アルゴリズムに関して同意し、メッセージを暗号化するためのセッションキーを導くためにマスタシークレットに関して同意し、さらにサーバによって同意されたコンテクストを識別するために割当てられるセッションIDに関して同意する。後に説明するように、SSLプロセッサは、典型的には、クライアントとの保護されたセッションを開始する前に、クライアントとの無保護のセッションを終端する。
インテリジェントフロースイッチ(intelligent flow switch、IFS)200(スイッチ要素とも呼ばれる)は、サーバファーム104内のサーバの一つを、パケットのペイロード、例えば、埋め込まれた不変量に基づいて選択し、リクエストを選択されたサーバに転送し、サーバから応答を受信し、これらをクライアントに送り返す。これらリクエスト及び応答メッセージがIFSを通過するとき、IFSはサーバにて生成された不変量或いは機密セッション不変量を解析することで、ファーム内の選択されたサーバへのクライアントリクエストをシームレスに途切れることなく処理する。IFSは、HTPP応答を、サーバ生成クッキーを見つけるために解析すると共に、HTPPリクエストを、ユーザ返送クッキーを見つけるために解析する。IFSは、同一クッキーにてスレッドされた(送られた)全てのトランザクションを束ね、そのクッキー不変量を生成したサーバに向ける。不変量アソシエーション(invariant associations)に関する知識を複数のコンテントダイレクタ100間で共有し、CPU時間を多量に消費する暗号計算を分散処理にオフロードすることで、IFSは、サーバファームの総合的な故障耐性と性能の向上に寄与すると共に、電子商取引インフラストラクチャを需要に応じて成長させることを可能にする。
キャッシュプロセッサ208は、IFS200と、キャッシュ212、ダイジェスト発生器216及びダイジェストメモリ220との間のプロセッサインタフェースとして機能する。キャッシュプロセッサは、こうして、IFS200によってリクエストされた、パケット内に含まれ、IFS200によって解析され、キャッシュプロセッサ208に転送されたペイロード不変量に対応するキャッシュ212及び/或いはダイジェストメモリ220内に格納されているデータを取り出す。
ダイジェスト発生器216は、キャッシュプロセッサ208から宛先不変量(例えば、URL及びクッキー値)を受信し、これら不変量をダイジェストに変換する。どのようなダイジェスティング法を用いることもできるが、好ましくは、ハッシング法が用いられる。好ましいハッシングアルゴリズムは以下の通りである:
L = h(K)
ここで、全てのキーKに対して、0≦L≦M
以下ではコンテントダイレクタの動作を図1−7との関連で説明する。
図4のステップ400において、(トラフィックマネジャ120(図1)によって負荷バランスされた)入りパケットがSSLプロセッサ204(図2)によって受信される。SSLプロセッサ204は、ステップ404において、最初に、周知の技法を用いて機密アソシエーションと認証を遂行することで、クライアントの識別及び/或いはクライアントのそのウエブサイトへのアクセス権を検証する。これは典型的にはデジタル証明認証を用いて遂行される。
このパケットが、図5のステップ500において、IFS200によって受信される。
再びステップ534に戻り、現接続或いは現存する仮想回路が存在する場合は、ステップ580において、パケットがオリジンサーバに転送され、その後、IFSはステップ500に戻る。
以下では図9との関連でIFSの出パケットフローに対する動作について説明する。ステップ900において、IFSは、対応するサーバから応答を受信する。IFSは、全ての出パケット或いはHTTP応答を受信する。ステップ904において、IFSは、選択されたフィールドを解析する(典型的には入りパケットについても同一のフィールドが解析される)。ステップ908において、IFSは、コンテントダイレクタがタグモード(上述)であるか否か決定する。コンテントダイレクタがタグモードにあるときは、IFSは、ステップ912において、そのパケット内のクッキーが新たなクッキーであるか否か決定する。新たなクッキーであるときは、IFSは、ステップ916において、タグを生成し、そのタグを、ステップ920において、クッキーに付加し、そのタグを、ステップ924において、キャッシュプロセッサに送る。IFSは、次に、ステップ928(後に説明)に進む。クッキーが新たなものではないときは、IFSは、そのクッキーは既にタグを含むものとみなし、ステップ928(後に説明)に進む。コンテントダイレクタがタグモードでないときは、IFSは、ステップ932において、ソースと宛先に関する不変量をキャッシュプロセッサに送る。キャッシュプロセッサは、それら解析されたフィールドがホットURLテーブル内に存在するか否か調べ、存在しない場合は、それらフィールドをダイジェスト発生器に送る。ダイジェスト発生器は、ダイジェストを生成し、ダイジェストメモリ内にレコードを作成する。ダイジェストはキャッシュプロセッサに送り返され、キャッシュプロセッサは、URLテーブル内のそのダイジェストに対応する位置にレコードを作成する。IFSは、ステップ928において、パケットをリアセンブルし、そのパケットを、ステップ936において、SSLプロセッサを介してクライアントに送る。
もう一つの実施例においては、キープアライブスキームを備えるパイプライン接続がキャッシュサーバとコンテントサーバとの間に維持される。これにより、事前に設定された接続を再使用したり、キャッシュされてないコンテントの配信を高速化することが可能となる。更に、コンテントパイプラインにて複数のコンテントサーバへのパラレル接続を設定し、あるページ内に埋め込まれた全てのオブジェクトを同時にダウンロードし、ウェブの内容を前後にローディングする過程に起因する遅延を克服することもできる。多くのウェブページは埋め込まれた参照を有する。アンカページがプリントされている間に、ブラウザはこれら埋め込まれた参照を取り出すための新たなリクエストを行う。インテリジェントキャッシュプロセッサは、送り返されたコンテントを走査し、その後のリクエストに備えて、埋め込まれたオブジェクトを先取りする。
さらにもう一つの実施例においては、コンテントダイレクタは、ソースIPアドレス、URL、コンテントタイプ或いはクッキーの幾つか或いは全てが一致するリクエストに対する動作(ロード/ダイレクト/キャッシュ)を指定する方針や規則を構成できるようにされる。「ロード(load)」規則は、ある幾つかのコンテントに対する全てのリクエストを、その瞬間におけるロード状態に基づいて、最も適するサーバに向けるために用いられる。「ダイレクタ(direct)」規則は、その他のコンテントに対するリクエストを、指定されたサーバに向けるために用いられ、「キャッシュ(cache)」規則は、コンテントダイレクタが、コンテントをキャッシュプロキシ(cache proxy)から扱えるようにするために用いられる。
108 オリジンサーバ
112 ダイナミックコンテントサーバ
116 キャッシュサーバ
120 トラフィックマネジャ
124 ルータプール
128 ルータ
132 通信網
200 インテリジェントフロー交換機
204 SSLプロセッサ
208 キャッシュプロセッサ
212 キャッシュ
216 ダイジェスト発生器
220 ローカルダイジェストメモリ
208 キャッシュプロセッサ
300 キャッシュ識別子
Claims (20)
- システムであって、
同じ網アドレスを有し、共通の複製された情報をとり扱う複数の情報サーバ手段と、
該複数のサーバ手段によりとり扱われる複製された情報を要求する、クライアントからの暗号化トランザクションリクエストを受信するための入力ポートと、
該トランザクションリクエストを特定のサーバ手段に転送する前に、該トランザクションリクエストを復号するための復号手段と、
該選択されたフィールドの少なくとも一つの中のフィールド情報に基づいてダイジェスト値を決定するための決定手段と、
該トランザクションリクエストに対応する選択された情報を該ダイジェスト値に関係するアドレスに記憶するためのメモリ手段と、を備えることを特徴とするシステム。 - 請求項1に記載のシステムにおいて、
該トランザクションリクエストがハイパテキスト転送プロトコルの形式を有し、該決定する手段がハッシング関数を用いて該ダイジェスト値を決定し、および該ダイジェスト値を決定するのに用いられるフィールド情報がユニバーサルリソースアロケータ(URL)およびクッキーのうちの少なくとも1つであり、ならびに該トランザクションリクエストが、クッキーよりも短い、該サーバ手段の1つを一義的に識別する、クッキーに付加されるタグを有するものであるシステム。 - 請求項1に記載のシステムにおいて、
該復号手段が、該入力ポートと該解析手段の間に位置づけられているシステム。 - 請求項1に記載のシステムにおいて、該メモリ手段が、
該トランザクションリクエストによる第1の情報リクエストがクライアントにより要求されたことを示すヒットカウンタを増分するための増分手段と、
該第1の情報が頻繁に要求されているかどうかを、該ヒットカウンタに基づいて決定するための第2の決定手段と、
該記憶された選択情報と関連するタイムスタンプを更新するための更新手段と、を備えるシステム。 - 請求項4に記載のシステムにおいて、
該情報コンテントが頻繁に要求されていたことを該ヒットカウンタが示すときに、該システムが、さらに該第1の情報と関連する複数の網アドレスを決定するための第3の決定手段を備えるシステム。 - 請求項4に記載のシステムにおいて、
該第1の情報が頻繁に要求されていたことを該ヒットカウンタが示すときに、該システムが、さらに該トランザクションリクエストをキャッシュサーバに対して向ける手段を備えるシステム。 - 請求項4に記載のシステムにおいて、さらに
該トランザクションリクエストがオリジンサーバとクライアントの間の現存する接続の一部であるかどうかを、現接続テーブルから決定するための第2の決定手段であって、該現接続テーブルがコンテントと関連する不変量、セッション識別子、永続性タイムスタンプおよびクッキー名と値からなる第2の手段と、
該トランザクションリクエストが現存する接続の一部であるときに、該トランザクションリクエストを該オリジンサーバに対して転送するための転送手段と、
該トランザクションリクエストが現存する接続の一部でなく、該第1の情報が頻繁に要求されていたことをヒットカウンタが示すときに、該転送手段が該トランザクションリクエストを該オリジンサーバとは異なるキャッシュサーバに対して転送するようになっているシステム。 - 請求項1に記載のシステムにおいて、さらに
該トランザクションリクエストをキャッシュサーバによってとり扱うことができるかどうかを決定するための第2の決定手段と、
該トランザクションリクエストを該キャッシュサーバによりとり扱うことができない場合に、該トランザクションリクエストを該オリジンサーバに対して転送するための転送手段を備えているシステム。 - 請求項1に記載のシステムにおいて、さらに
該ヒットカウンタが、該第1の情報が頻繁に要求されていたことを示すときに、該トランザクションリクエストと関連するコンテントを該オリジンサーバからキャッシュサーバに対して転送するための転送手段と、を備えるシステム。 - トランザクションリクエストを複数のサーバの間で交換する網交換機であって、
複数のサーバのうちの少なくとも1つと関連するトランザクションリクエストにより要求される情報に対応する複数のオブジェクトをホット不変量テーブルに記憶するキャッシュであって、該ホット不変量テーブルが該情報サーバから頻繁に要求された情報を識別するものであり、また該ホット不変量テーブルが、該テーブル内の各エントリについて、対応する情報と関連する宛先不変量および決定された時間期間にわたり受信された、該対応する情報を要求するトランザクションリクエストの数を示すヒットカウンタを含むものであるキャッシュと、
宛先不変量についてのヒットカウンタが少なくともしきい値トランザクションリクエストの受信頻度を示すときに、該宛先不変量を含むエントリの、該ホット不変量テーブル内の該宛先不変量およびロケーションの関数であるダイジェスト値を発生するダイジェスト発生器と、
該複数のオブジェクトにアクセスするキャッシュプロセッサと、を備えることを特徴とする網変換機。 - 請求項10に記載の網交換機において、さらに
該トランザクションリクエストを解析して該選択されたフィールドを見つけ、その後それぞれのサーバに対して解析されたトランザクションリクエストの少なくとも部分を転送するルーティング要素であって、該キャッシュプロセッサが該ルーティング要素から受信された通信に応答して該複数のオブジェクトをアクセスするようになっているルーティング要素と、
暗号テキストのトランザクションリクエストを復号して該ルーティング要素に対して平分テキストのトランザクションリクエストを提供するセキュリティプロセッサと、を備える網交換機。 - 請求項11に記載の網交換機において、
該セキュリティプロセッサが、トランザクションリクエストがサーバに割り当てられる前に、暗号テキストのトランザクション要求を復号するよう動作する網交換機。 - 請求項11に記載の網交換機において、
情報サーバとクライアントの間のアクティブな接続をリストする現接続テーブルをさらに備え、該ダイジェストがハッシング関数により発生され、また該ダイジェストが該ホット不変量テーブルのサイズの関数でもあり、さらに該ホット不変量でもあり、さらに該ホット不変量テーブル内の各エントリがクッキー名と値および該エントリが最後に更新されたときを示すタイムスタンプを含む網交換機。 - 請求項11に記載の網交換機において、
該宛先不変量がユニバーサルリソースロケータ(URL)およびクッキーのうちの少なくとも1つであり、該ダイジェストメモリが、各ダイジェスト値について、リース期間、ヒットもしくはアクセスカウンタ、およびタイムスタンプを含み、ならびにトランザクションリクエストが受信されたときに、該リクエスト中のクッキー名と値を該ホット不変量テーブル内のエントリに対してマッチングさせるようになっている網交換機。 - 請求項13に記載の網交換機において、
該現接続テーブルが、各エントリについて、ソースおよび宛先不変量、セッション識別子、永続性タイムスタンプおよびクッキー名と値を含む網交換機。 - 請求項10に記載の網交換機において、
選択された情報が頻繁に要求されるものであると決定されたときに、該選択された情報がその後にキャッシュサーバから取り扱われるようになっており、該リクエストに応答するトランザクションが該応答を提供する情報サーバを識別するタグを含み、および該クッキーよりも短い長さを有するタグが該応答中のクッキーに付加されるようになっている網交換機。 - 網パケット内の選択された情報を処理するための方法であって、
暗号テキストトランザクションリクエストを受信するステップと、
該暗号テキストトランザクションリクエストを復号して、平分テキストトランザクションリクエストを形成するステップと、
その後に、該平分トランザクションリクエストを解析して、ユニバーサルリソースロケータ(URL)およびクッキーのうちの少なくとも1つを見つけるステップであって、該トランザクションリクエストが処理を行う情報サーバに向けられる前に該復号する処理が行われるようになっているステップと、
ユニバーサルリソースロケータ(URL)およびクッキーのうちの該少なくとも1つの少なくとも一部分からダイジェスト値を決定するステップと、
該ダイジェスト値に関係する位置に該トランザクションリクエストと関連する選択された情報を記憶するステップと、を含むことを特徴とする方法。 - 請求項17に記載の方法において、
該ダイジェスト値が、ユニバーサルリソースロケータ、クッキー、および該選択された情報の記憶された位置のうちの少なくとも1つの関数であるハッシュ関数に基づいたハッシュ値である方法。 - 請求項18に記載の方法において、
該ユニバーサルリソースロケータ(URL)の一部分のみが該ハッシュ関数において用いられて、該ハッシュ値を決定するようになっており、該記憶位置が、複数のエントリを含むホット不変量テーブル内に存在し、各エントリが、ユニバーサルリソースロケータ(URL)、クッキー名と値、そのエントリが最後に更新されたときを示すタイムスタンプ、および該ユニバーサルリソースロケータ(URL)の要求頻度を示すヒットカウンタから成るものである方法。 - 請求項17に記載の方法において、
該選択された情報がキャッシュ内に記憶され、該情報が該ユニバーサルリソースロケータに対応する内容のホット性に関係するヒットカウンタを含み、そしてさらに該記憶された情報に基づいて該パケットについてのサーバ宛先を決定するステップを含む方法。
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