JP2004047438A - Operation control method of fuel cell generator - Google Patents

Operation control method of fuel cell generator Download PDF

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JP2004047438A
JP2004047438A JP2003127304A JP2003127304A JP2004047438A JP 2004047438 A JP2004047438 A JP 2004047438A JP 2003127304 A JP2003127304 A JP 2003127304A JP 2003127304 A JP2003127304 A JP 2003127304A JP 2004047438 A JP2004047438 A JP 2004047438A
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raw fuel
reformer
fuel
flow rate
value
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JP4325270B2 (en
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Tadashi Komatsu
小松 正
Makoto Mikami
三上 誠
Hideyuki Miwa
三輪 英幸
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Fuji Electric Co Ltd
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Fuji Electric Holdings Ltd
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50Fuel cells

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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an operation control method of a fuel cell generator capable of appropriately controlling supply of original fuel, air for burning, steam or the like without carrying out an on-demand analysis of fuel components even when a composition of raw fuel fluctuates and a concentration of methane gas becomes low. <P>SOLUTION: At startup, a flow rate 6 of the fuel to be supplied is set by calculating a fuel flow rate by multiplying a fuel cell current 13 and the ratio (A/B) of a ratio of flow rate of the fuel, set in advance corresponding with the kind of the fuel, to an output current (a fuel conversion rate A), and a fuel concentration constant (B) set in advance corresponding to the composition of the fuel. At a stationary state, the above ratio and the fuel concentration constant are changed depending on the change of a commanding value 7 of a reforming temperature control device, and a fuel flow rate is calculated by multiplying the current 13 to the above changed ratio. When a load fluctuates, the fuel concentration constant at the stationary state changed by the commanding value 7 of the reforming temperature control device is memorized in a hold circuit, and the flow rate of the fuel supplied to the reforming device is controlled depending on the memorized fuel density constant and the current during load fluctuation. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
この発明は、燃料電池発電装置の運転制御方法に関し、特に、原燃料組成が変動する場合の原燃料流量や改質用蒸気流量等の制御方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
燃料電池発電装置は、燃料ガスと酸化剤ガスとの電気化学的反応によって電気を取り出す装置である。そして、燃料電池の電気化学的反応に必要な燃料ガスと酸化剤ガスの量は、燃料電池から取り出す電流に比例する。
【0003】
前記電気化学的反応に水素ガスを使用するリン酸型燃料電池や固体高分子型燃料電池においては、例えば、原燃料として使用される都市ガスやメタン発酵ガスなどの炭化水素ガスと水蒸気とを反応させて、水素リッチガスに改質して燃料電池に供給する。燃料電池発電装置は、炭化水素ガスから水素リッチガスに改質する改質器を備え、この改質器は改質反応を継続するために高温にコントロールされてる。
【0004】
なお、改質器における炭化水素ガスと水蒸気の反応は、吸熱反応であるため、燃料電池には、電気化学的反応で消費する水素量より多めの改質ガスを供給し、燃料電池からのオフガスを改質器に還流して燃焼させ、改質器における熱源とするのが一般的である。
【0005】
改質器の温度コントロールは、改質器に還流して燃焼させる水素量の増減が大きく影響するので、改質器に供給する原燃料流量は、燃料電池で電気化学的反応で消費する水素量に相当する流量と改質器温度制御分に相当する流量との和を、電池電流に比例させて供給する。
【0006】
特許文献1には、前述のように、燃料電池の出力電流の測定値に基いて、改質器への供給原燃料流量を流量制御弁により制御する燃料電池発電装置の一例が開示されている。図9は、前記公報の図1に記載されたシステム系統図であり、その説明として、前記公報には、下記のとおり記載されている。
【0007】
即ち、「原料燃料ガスは燃料供給装置27から改質器22に送られ、ここで水蒸気改質され、改質ガスは改質器22から燃料電池21に供給される。改質器22には、改質反応に必要な温度まで昇温させるバーナ23が設置されている。燃料電池21では、水素を含む改質ガスと空気とを用いて発電を行う。また、酸化剤の空気は、空気供給装置24から供給される。燃料電池21から排出された空気は、空気側水回収器25で外気により冷却され、凝縮水を発生する。得られた凝縮水は水タンク26に蓄えられる。回収された水は、燃料側水ポンプ41により改質器22に送られ、燃料改質に利用される。燃料電池21では電気とともに熱が生じるために、冷却水を送る冷却用ポンプ42と、発生した熱を外部へ放出する冷却用放熱器43を備えている。
【0008】
また、燃料電池21には、出力電流を計測する電流計30が設置されている。原料燃料ガス流路には、原料燃料ガス量の流量制御を行う原料燃料流量制御弁32が設置されている。改質器22、バーナ23、燃料側水ポンプ41、燃料供給装置27、原燃料流量制御弁32とで水素発生装置28が構成されている。原料燃料供給手段は、燃料供給装置27と原料燃料流量制御弁32とで構成される。
【0009】
改質器22内部では、原料となる原料燃料ガスと燃料側水ポンプ27から送り込まれる水を混合し、水蒸気改質が行われている。これにより得られる水素を含む改質ガスを燃料電池21に供給している。燃料電池では水素をすべて消費することができないため、供給水素の20%〜30%が排出される。この水素はバーナ23に送られて燃焼し、改質に必要な熱となる。排出される水素を燃焼に利用するとエネルギーの回収にはなるが、改質ガスの発生量が増加し改質器の負荷を大きくする。これにより、全体の発電効率も低下する。
【0010】
一方、燃料電池21で消費される水素量は、燃料電池21から出力される電流値に比例する。そこで、電流計30により得られた電流値を用いて、第1の制御器31で必要水素量を推定し、それに応じて原料燃料ガス量の流量を原料燃料流量制御弁32で制御する。こうすれば、発電に必要最低量の水素を生成できる。
【0011】
以上のように、本実施の形態の効果として、原料燃料流量制御弁32の動作によって必要最低量の水素を生成させることにより、改質器の効率を保つことが可能となり、高い発電効率が得られる。」旨、記載されている。
【0012】
なお、前記図9において、前記改質器22への原燃料供給ライン上の原燃料流量制御弁32の前段に、図示しない原燃料流量計を設け、この原燃料流量計の流量計測値と前記第1の制御器31で設定した改質器への供給原燃料設定値との比較演算に基づく制御出力(PID制御出力)により、前記原燃料流量制御弁の開度制御を行なって、前記改質器への供給原燃料の制御を行う場合もある。
【0013】
ところで、前述のような燃料電池発電装置においては、原燃料を改質して得られる水素の量は炭化水素の組成によって異なるために、使用する原燃料の種類によって、原燃料流量の設定値を決める必要がある。また、特に前記メタン発酵ガス(バイオガス)を原燃料とする場合等においては、原燃料の組成が変動するため、供給されるバイオガス中のメタンガス成分の濃度を検出し、このメタンガス検出濃度に応じて、原燃料としてのバイオガス供給流量を調整する必要がある。この種の、原燃料にバイオガスを用いる燃料電池発電装置の構成は、例えば、特許文献2や特許文献3に開示されている。
【0014】
図10は、前記特許文献2における図1として(図10においては、部番を一部変更)記載された燃料電池発電設備のシステム構成図である。図10の構成について、同公報の記載を概ね引用して、以下に述べる。
【0015】
即ち、図10に示す燃料電池発電設備は、下水汚泥からメタン発酵処理により得られる消化ガスを導く原燃料供給配管1aと、この原燃料供給配管1aを通して供給される消化ガス中に含まれる硫黄成分を除去する脱硫器64と、この脱硫器64により硫黄成分が除去された消化ガスを例えば水蒸気で触媒反応させることにより一酸化炭素と水素ガスに改質する改質器22と、この改質器22から出力される一酸化炭素および水素ガスのうち、被毒ガス成分となる一酸化炭素を二酸化炭素に変成するために、当該一酸化炭素を例えば水蒸気などで触媒反応させて二酸化炭素と水素ガスに変成する変成器66と、燃料電池本体21とが設けられている。
【0016】
前記原燃料供給配管1aには消化ガス中のガス濃度を検出する検出器6aが設置されている。また、原燃料供給配管1aの所要とする位置に燃料ガス入口遮断弁7aおよび燃料ガス流量調整弁32が介在され、さらに前記改質器22の入力側に触媒を反応させるために例えば水蒸気を供給する水蒸気供給ライン9aが設けられ、この水蒸気供給ライン9aには水蒸気の流量を調整供給するための改質用蒸気流量調整弁10aが設置されている。
【0017】
さらに、検出器6aの出力側には消化ガスに含まれる所要のガス濃度を評価演算するガス濃度評価演算部11aが設けられている。このガス濃度評価演算部11aは、検出器6aの出力である各種のガス濃度データを収集するガス濃度収集手段12aと、ガス濃度収集手段12aにより収集された消化ガス中のメタン系炭化水素の成分濃度から総発電量を算出し、この総発電量から必要となる燃料ガス流量を決定し、燃料ガス流量調整弁32を調整する燃料流量演算手段13aと、この燃料流量演算手段13aによって決定される燃料ガス流量から改質用蒸気流量を決定し、改質用蒸気流量調整弁10aを調整する改質用蒸気流量演算手段14aと、被毒成分である一酸化炭素、硫黄、窒素、塩類、酸素等のうち少なくとも1つ以上の被毒成分濃度が許容範囲を越えたとき、燃料電池発電設備を構成する機器のうち必要な機器を停止させる設備停止手段15aとによって構成されている。
【0018】
また、図10において、60は水蒸気分離器であって、水から蒸気を分離し水蒸気供給ライン9に供給する。この蒸気を得る手段は、水蒸気分離器60である必要はなく、従来周知の種々の方法によって得ることができる。17aは燃料電池本体5を構成する空気極から出力される排気を水に熱交換する熱交換機、18aはタンク、19aはポンプである。
【0019】
以上は概ね、前記特許文献2に記載された図10の説明であるが、燃料電池の水回収装置や純水装置など一部の系統は省略されており、また、燃料電池の冷却系統や排熱回収系統等、システムの細部構成については、種々の変形例がある。なお、前記改質用蒸気供給流量は、通常、原燃料供給量と所定のS/C(原燃料中の炭素原子に対する水蒸気のモル数比)とに基づき決定されバイオガスの場合、メタンガスが主であるので、2.5〜4.0である。
【0020】
【特許文献1】
特開2001−158604号公報
【特許文献2】
特開平11−126629号公報
【0021】
【特許文献3】
特開2000−90953号公報
【0022】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
前記図10に示す装置のように、原燃料組成の変動を検知し、この変動を制御系にフィードバックしない場合の問題点について、種々のケースについて整理すると、下記のとおりである。
【0023】
例えば、メタン発酵ガスのメタン濃度が下がって、原燃料の発熱量が低下した場合、この組成変動を制御系にフィードバックしない場合には、改質器から燃料電池に供給される水素量が少なくなり、燃料電池における水素不足、所謂、ガス欠が発生する危険性がある。ガス欠が生じると燃料電池セルに電気化学的反応分の水素が供給されず、セルに損傷を与える。また、燃料電池で水素を消費したオフガス水素は改質器に戻し、燃焼させて改質に必要な熱となるが、水素不足で、この熱量が低下するので、改質器の温度が低下し改質反応を維持できなくなる。
【0024】
次に、上記ケースとは逆に、メタン発酵ガスのメタン濃度が高くなって、原燃料の発熱量が増加した場合、この組成変動を制御系にフィードバックしない場合には、改質器から燃料電池に過剰に水素が供給され、この水素は発電に使われないので無駄となり発電効率が低下する。また、燃料電池で水素を消費したオフガスは改質器に戻し、燃焼して改質に必要な熱になるが、水素過剰で、この熱量が増加し改質器の温度が上昇して、改質反応を適温に維持できなくなる。
【0025】
通常、改質器の温度制御は、改質器触媒と燃料電池を経由する原燃料系の流量を増減して改質器に戻るオフガス量が増減することで行われるが、オフガス水素を燃焼するには空気が必要なので、燃料用空気ブロアの空気供給能力の上限で制限される原燃料の増加量の上限値と、燃料電池における水素不足が発生しない最低流量の下限値で決まる原燃料流量の増減幅がある。従って、前記原燃料の組成変動を制御系にフィードバックしない装置において、原燃料の組成変動が大きい場合には、この制御幅を超える発熱量の変動となり、改質器の温度制御ができなくなる。
【0026】
また、改質器の別の温度制御方法として、改質器燃焼炉に直接、原燃料を助燃焼ガスとして供給する方法があるが、改質器触媒と燃料電池を経由する原燃料系の流量を増減する方式と同じ理由で、燃焼炉に直接供給する原燃料流量の上限値があり原燃料の組成変動が大きいと改質器の温度制御ができなくなる。
【0027】
さらに、燃焼用空気量は、原燃料1Nm/hを燃焼させるに必要な酸素流量と原燃料流量、即ち燃料電池の発電電流相当分で決まるので、原燃料組成が変わると、原燃料1Nm/hを燃焼させるに必要な酸素量が変わるので、原燃料組成が判らないと最適な燃焼用空気量の制御が行えず、空気不足のため不完全燃焼が発生したり、余剰の空気供給のため動力損失が大きくなる問題が生じる。
【0028】
さらにまた、改質器では、前述のように、スチームと原燃料を反応させて水素リッチなガスに改質するが、スチームと原燃料のカーボン比(S/C)が最適でないと、改質ガス組成が悪くなったり、改質器触媒に炭素が析出することがある。スチーム流量は、原燃料組成から算出される原燃料1Nm当りに必要なスチーム量と設定S/Cで決まるので、原燃料組成が判らないと最適なスチーム流量が算出できない。
【0029】
また、燃料電池の発電負荷が変動する場合、例えば、燃料電池の発電負荷を低減する場合、発電負荷低減に伴う改質器の負荷減少のために改質器の温度制御系が原燃料流量を低減させ改質器の温度を下げる方向の制御が働くので、原燃料流量が少なすぎることが無いように原燃料流量の下限値を設定する必要がある。この原燃料下限流量は、発電電池電流と原燃料組成から決まる改質後の水素量から算出される。
【0030】
従って、原燃料組成が変動し、この組成変動を制御系にフィードバックしない場合には、発電負荷低減時に原燃料流量が少なすぎて、燃料電池における水素不足、所謂、ガス欠が発生する危険性がある。ガス欠が生ずると燃料電池セルに電気化学的反応分の水素が供給されず、セルに損傷を与える。
【0031】
上記諸理由により、原燃料の組成を測定・分析し、その結果をフィードバックして改質器への供給原燃料と燃焼用空気量を定め、燃料電池における水素不足防止と、燃料の有効利用による発電効率の向上と、改質器の適正な温度制御と、改質器燃焼炉におけるオフガスの適正な燃焼をおこなうことが望ましい。しかしながら、原燃料の組成を、随時測定・分析する装置はコストが高く、また、校正を定期的に行う必要がありメンテナンスコストが嵩む等の問題があり、さらに、分析計の信頼性もあって、実用上問題が多い。
【0032】
また、前記図9の説明で述べたように、改質器への原燃料供給ライン上に原燃料流量計および原燃料流量制御弁を設け、前記原燃料流量計の流量計測値と前記改質器への供給原燃料設定値との比較演算に基づく制御出力(PID制御出力)により、前記原燃料流量制御弁の開度制御を行なって、前記改質器への供給原燃料の制御を行う場合、通常の原燃料流量計を用いた場合、原燃料ガスのガス組成の変化に伴う比重変化により、原燃料流量計の流量計測値に誤差が生じ、所望のPID制御ができない問題が発生する。
【0033】
さらに、原燃料のガス組成が変化した場合、前述のように供給原燃料を増減する必要が生じるが、このうち原燃料のガス濃度が希薄側に変化した場合には、原燃料ガス供給量を増大する必要があるが、増大に伴い、原燃料配管や改質ガス系配管及び弁を含む各種機器の圧力損失も増大する。そのため、原燃料制御弁の開度を次第に増大していくこととなるが、ついには、原燃料制御弁が全開となって、それ以降は、燃料電池の電流に見合ったガス供給量を確保できなくなる問題がある。
【0034】
また、上記に対応するため、低濃度にあわせ原燃料配管や改質ガス系配管及び機器の圧力損失が少ない設計を採用する場合には、装置が大型化しコストも増大する。さらに、原燃料制御弁の径を大きくしたとしても、反対に低流量の制御が安定してできなくなる問題が生じ、原燃料高濃度側で低負荷時に制御性を損なう問題がある。
【0035】
この発明は、上記問題点を解消するためになされたもので、この発明の課題は、原燃料の組成変動があっても、原燃料の随時組成分析を行なうことなく、最適な原燃料供給,燃焼用空気供給,スチームの供給等の制御を行うことが可能であって、かつ、原燃料濃度が希薄となっても制御性が確保可能な燃料電池発電装置の運転制御方法を提供することにある。
【0036】
【課題を解決するための手段】
前述の課題を解決するために、この発明は、原燃料を改質して水素リッチな改質ガスを生成する改質器と、この改質ガスと酸化剤ガスとを電気化学的に反応させて発電する燃料電池とを備えた燃料電池発電装置の運転制御方法において、
起動時においては、予め使用する原燃料に応じて定めた原燃料流量と出力電流の比(原燃料換算比A)と、予め使用する原燃料組成に応じて定めた原燃料濃度定数(B)との比(A/B)に、前記燃料電池の出力電流値を乗じて原燃料流量を算出し、この算出値を改質器への供給原燃料流量として設定し、
定常発電状態においては、前記改質器の温度調節器の指令値の変動に基づいて、前記原燃料濃度定数を変更して、前記比を変更し、この変更された比に燃料電池の出力電流値を乗じて原燃料流量を算出し、この算出値を改質器への供給原燃料流量として設定して、改質器への供給原燃料流量を制御することとする(請求項1の発明)。
【0037】
本発明において、原燃料濃度とは、メタン発酵ガスなど主成分がメタンガスと炭酸ガスの場合はメタンガス濃度を示し、天然ガスなどメタンガスにエタンガスが混入している場合は、原燃料ガス中の可燃ガスを全て改質した場合の水素濃度と同濃度の水素を生成するメタンガス濃度に換算して表示することとする。
【0038】
前記請求項1の発明による運転制御方法によれば、原燃料濃度が低下すれば、改質器での改質ガス水素濃度が下がり、改質器に戻る電池オフガス中の水素が減るので改質器は温度が低下する方向になり、改質器の温度調節器は温度を上げる方向に指令値が動き、反対に原燃料濃度が増加すれば改質器の温度調節器は温度を下げる方向に指令値が動くので、温度調節器の指令値によって原燃料濃度を推定することが可能であり、実質的に、原燃料組成変動を制御系にフィードバックした制御系とすることができる。
【0039】
また、負荷変動時に好適な制御を行なうためには、下記請求項2の発明が好ましい。即ち、請求項1に記載の運転制御方法において、負荷低減時または負荷上昇時においては、前記改質器の温度調節器の指令値の変動に基づいて変更された定常発電状態での原燃料濃度定数を、ホールド回路にメモリーしておき、このメモリーした原燃料濃度定数に基づいて、前記比を算出し、この比に負荷低減時および負荷上昇時の燃料電池の出力電流値を乗じて原燃料流量を算出し、この算出値を改質器への供給原燃料流量として設定して、改質器への供給原燃料流量を制御することとする。
【0040】
発電装置の負荷を上昇するときは、改質に必要な熱が多く必要となるので改質器の温度調節器は温度を上げる方向に指令値が動き、逆に負荷を下げる時は改質器の温度調節器は温度を下げる方向に指令値が動く。この負荷変動時の改質器温度変化は大きく改質器の温度調節器の指令値の上・下限値幅まで変動するが、この変動は原燃料組成変動による改質器の温度調節器の指令値変化ではないので、改質器の温度調節器の指令値によって変更された定常発電状態での原燃料濃度定数をホールド回路にメモリーしておくことにより、適正な供給原燃料流量の制御が可能となる。
【0041】
さらに、前記請求項1または2の発明の実施態様としては、下記請求項3ないし7の発明が好ましい。即ち、請求項1または2に記載の運転制御方法において、前記原燃料濃度定数の変更は、前記改質器の温度調節器の指令値の変動が、所定の変動率の上限値または下限値以上において所定時間継続した際に、行なうこととする(請求項3の発明)。詳細は後述するが、例えば、変動率5%が少なくとも1分(最大10分)継続後に前記原燃料濃度定数の変更を行なう。燃料電池発電装置が負荷変動しない定常時では、外気温の変動で燃焼用空気温度や改質器の放熱量が変化し、改質器の温度変動となり改質器の温度調節器が働くので、原燃料の組成変動を適正に把握するために、上記のような制御を行い、変動率または継続時間が前記より小の場合は、組成変動とは見なさない制御とする。
【0042】
また、前記請求項1ないし3のいずれかに記載の運転制御方法において、前記原燃料濃度定数の変更はステップ状に行い、そのステップ幅は、前記使用する原燃料組成に応じて定めた原燃料濃度定数の0.1〜1%とする(請求項4の発明)ことにより、原燃料流量の変動幅を小さくし安定した制御とすることができる。
【0043】
さらに、負荷変動時にメモリする原燃料濃度定数は、改質器温度指令値により補正することが望ましい。例えば、発電負荷を下げると、改質器での吸熱反応熱量の減少から改質器の温度は下げる方向に制御しなければならないが、定常状態において改質器温度指令値が、改質器の温度を下げる方向、即ち0%近くにある場合は、改質器温度調節器の指令値が0%飽和になり温度を下げるため原燃料を減少させることができない。負荷を上げる場合は逆のことが言える。
【0044】
この観点から、下記請求項5の発明が好ましい。即ち、請求項2に記載の運転制御方法において、前記ホールド回路にメモリーする原燃料濃度定数を、改質器温度調節器の指令値に基づき、指令値の大または小に応じて、所定値減少または増加する補正を行なう。例えば、改質器温度調節器の指令値の中間点(50%)を基準にして、補正を行なう。詳細は後述する。
【0045】
また、改質器の燃焼用空気流量やスチーム流量の制御は、下記請求項6ないし7のようにして行うことが好ましい。即ち、前記請求項1または2に記載の運転制御方法において、前記改質器は、燃料電池オフガスを燃焼用空気とともに燃焼させるバーナを有するものとし、前記燃焼用空気流量設定値は、前記改質器の温度調節器の指令値によって変更された原燃料濃度定数に基づく原燃料流量設定値と、単位原燃料流量当りの燃焼空気量換算値と、燃料電池電流と、所定の空燃比とに基づいて演算して求める(請求項6の発明)。
【0046】
さらに、前記請求項1または2に記載の運転制御方法において、前記改質器は、原燃料を水蒸気(スチーム)と混合して改質するものとし、前記スチーム流量設定値は、前記改質器の温度調節器の指令値によって変更された原燃料濃度定数に基づく原燃料流量設定値と、所定のS/C比(原燃料中の炭素原子に対するスチームのモル数比)とに基づいて演算して求める(請求項7の発明)。
【0047】
また、前記請求項1に記載の運転制御方法において、前記改質器への原燃料供給ライン上に原燃料流量計および原燃料流量制御弁を設け、前記原燃料流量計の流量計測値と前記改質器への供給原燃料設定値との比較演算に基づく制御出力(PID制御出力)により、前記原燃料流量制御弁の開度制御を行なって、前記改質器への供給原燃料の制御を行い、さらに、前記原燃料流量計の流量計測値は、前記原燃料濃度定数に基づいて補正し、この補正値に基づいて前記比較演算を行なう(請求項8の発明)。これにより、原燃料ガスのガス組成の変化に伴う流量制御誤差の問題を解消したPID制御が可能となる。
【0048】
さらに、前記PID制御は、前記原燃料流量制御のみならず燃焼空気流量およびスチーム流量の制御にも適用することが好ましく、この観点から、下記請求項9ないし10の発明が好ましい。即ち、前記請求項6に記載の運転制御方法において、前記燃焼用空気流量設定値は、前記原燃料流量設定値に代えて、前記請求項8に記載のPID制御出力によって制御された原燃料流量値に基づいて演算して求める(請求項9の発明)。また、前記請求項7に記載の運転制御方法において、前記スチーム流量設定値は、前記原燃料流量設定値に代えて、前記請求項8に記載のPID制御出力によって制御された原燃料流量値に基づいて演算して求める(請求項10の発明)。
【0049】
さらにまた、原燃料濃度が希薄となっても制御性を確保する観点から、下記請求項11あるいは12の発明が好ましい。即ち、前記請求項1に記載の運転制御方法において、前記改質器への原燃料供給ライン上に原燃料流量制御弁を設け、前記原燃料流量制御弁の開度が、原燃料濃度が希薄であって所定の上限開度に到達した際に、前記燃料電池の出力を所定値まで低減する(請求項11の発明)。
【0050】
また、前記請求項1に記載の運転制御方法において、前記燃料電池は、原燃料濃度が希薄となった際に燃料電池の出力を所定値まで低減する出力上限リミッタを有し、前記出力上限リミッタにおける出力上限値は、前記原燃料濃度が希薄である程小となるように、前記原燃料濃度定数に基づいて設定する(請求項12の発明)。前記請求項11あるいは12の発明の具体的な内容およびその作用効果に関しては、後述する。
【0051】
【発明の実施の形態】
図面に基づき、本発明の実施例について以下にのべる。
【0052】
図1は、本発明の実施例の燃料電池発電装置の運転制御方法に関わるシステム系統図を示す。図1において、図9および図10に示した部材と同一機能を有する部材には、同一番号を付して詳細説明を省略する。図1は、運転制御方法を説明する観点から、後に、図2および図3の制御ブロック線図により詳述する制御量、即ち、原燃料流量6,燃焼用空気流量18およびスチーム流量52をブロックで示し、これらの諸量は、制御信号によって設定される。なお、図1において、62は、原燃料とスチームを混合して改質器22に供給するためのエゼクタを示し、58は、燃料電池空気流量を示す。
【0053】
図2は原燃料流量6および燃焼用空気流量18に関わる制御ブロック線図、図3はスチーム流量52に関わる制御ブロック線図を示す。前記図1ないし図3に基づき、本発明の運転制御方法の実施例について以下に述べる。
【0054】
発電装置の起動時は、図1には図示しない助燃ラインを介して改質器に直接原燃料を供給して、改質器の温度を上げ、各機器の温度が上昇しスタンバイ状態になった時点で、図1に示す原燃料供給ラインに原燃料27を供給し発電を始める。
【0055】
この起動発電時は、図2に示すように、予め測定し制御装置に入力された起動時の原燃料濃度定数入力値1を使って制御するが、改質器の温度は発電後、30分〜1時間で整定するので、図示しないタイマーにより起動時セレクタ2を切り替え、通常発電時の原燃料濃度定数を入力する。
【0056】
次に、原燃料濃度定数は上下限リミッタ3で異常値をカットし、原燃料流量演算器4で電池電流1A当りの原燃料量に換算される。原燃料流量演算器4は、電流1A当りの原燃料量を演算する機能を有する。この演算は、即ち、予め使用する原燃料に応じて定めた原燃料流量と出力電流の比(原燃料換算比A)と、予め使用する原燃料組成に応じて定めた原燃料濃度定数(B)との比(A/B)の演算であり、原燃料濃度が低下すれば、電流1A当りの原燃料量は多く設定される。
【0057】
次に、原燃料流量演算器4の出力値に乗算器5で燃料電池電流13を乗算し、原燃料流量を算出する。なお、この原燃料流量に、好ましくは通常、従来の技術の項において述べたように、改質器温度制御加算原燃料流量8を加えて、原燃料流量設定値6とし、図1に示す原燃料流量制御弁32をコントロールする。また、図2に図示してはいないが、乗算器5の入力の燃料電池電流13に補正ブロックを入れて、燃焼用空気ブロアに余裕がある発電負荷が小さい時は、計算に使う燃料電池電流を多めに設定して、原燃料流量設定値6を多めにしても良く、この場合は、起動時の原燃料濃度定数1は予め測定した値でなく、計画値を入力しても良い。
【0058】
なお、前述のように、改質器温度制御用に原燃料を加算する各種の方法とその特徴等について、以下に補足して述べる。前記改質器の温度制御方法としては、▲1▼図1には図示しない、改質器に直接原燃料を供給する助燃ラインに、改質器の温度調節器出力に応じた原燃料量を供給し温度制御をする方法、▲2▼改質器燃焼炉に供給する、電池オフガスの燃焼に必要な燃焼用空気量に、改質器の温度調節器出力に応じた燃焼空気量を加算して改質器の温度制御をする方法、▲3▼図2の実施例に示すように、改質器経由で燃料電池に至る原燃料ラインに対して、燃料電池で必要な原燃料に、改質器の温度調節器出力に応じた原燃料量を加算して供給し、温度制御をする方法等がある。
【0059】
いずれも、原燃料組成が変化すると改質器の熱バランスの変化によって改質器温度調節器の出力が変化するので、原燃料組成の補正として使用できるが、前記▲3▼の方法は、▲1▼の方法に比べて、改質器の温度制御のために加算された原燃料により、結果として燃料電池が必要とする水素より過剰な水素が燃料電池に供給されることとなり、燃料電池出口の水素濃度が高くなることによって発電効率が高くなる利点がある。
【0060】
▲2▼の燃焼用空気を増減する方法は、原燃料は過剰に供給し改質器の熱が余っている状態で、燃焼用空気の増減によって改質器を冷却制御する方法であり、過剰に供給する原燃料ロスによる発電効率の低下と、燃焼用空気量が多くなることによる燃焼用ブロア動力の増加によって発電効率が低下する欠点がある。
【0061】
従って、改質器の温度制御は、前記▲3▼の方法が発電効率の点から望ましく、また、改質器の温度制御のために燃料電池に過剰に水素が供給されるので、燃料電池が水素欠をおこす可能性が低くなる利点がある。
【0062】
次に、燃焼空気流量の設定について述べる。燃焼用空気は、原燃料濃度定数から燃焼空気流量演算器15で原燃料1Nm当りの燃焼用空気量を計算し、原燃料流量設定値6との積から原燃料を燃焼させるに必要な空気量を計算する。また、燃料電池電流13と空気消費量換算値14から燃料電池で消費した水素に相当する空気量を計算する。この、原燃料を燃焼させるに必要な空気量と燃料電池で消費した水素に相当する空気量の差に空燃比17を乗じて燃焼用空気流量設定値18とし、燃焼用空気ブロアを制御する。
【0063】
次に、スチーム流量は図3の制御ブロック線図に示すとおり、原燃料濃度から、スチーム流量演算器59で原燃料1Nm当りのスチーム量を計算し、設定するS/C定数50と原燃料流量設定値とから、乗算器51によりスチーム流量を計算しスチーム流量設定値52とし、改質用蒸気流量調整弁10aをコントロールする。
【0064】
次に、原燃料濃度定数の変更や負荷変動時の制御等の詳細について、図2に基づき以下に述べる。通常発電時の原燃料濃度定数は、負荷変動セレクタ12により起動直後は定常時になっている。定常時は原燃料濃度補正器10により、改質器温度調節器指令値7が、例えば5%を継続して、リセットタイマ11で設定された所定時間、例えば1分以上経過した際、0.5%原燃料濃度を上昇させる補正を行い、改質器温度調節器指令値7が95%を継続して、1分以上経過した際には、0.5%原燃料濃度を減少させる補正を行う。
【0065】
原燃料濃度を上昇させる補正を行なうと、原燃料流量演算器4の出力、燃料電池電流1A当りの原燃料量が少なくなるので、原燃料流量設定値6が小さくなり、結果として改質器の温度が低下し、改質器温度調節器7の指令値は温度を上げる方向、即ち5%より大きい方向になり、改質器の温度調節の指令幅が広がる。原燃料濃度を減少させる補正を行なうと、逆の動作となる。この原燃料濃度の補正により、供給される実原燃料の組成が変化しても、改質器の温度を制御することが可能となる。
【0066】
次に、請求項8ないし10に関わるPID制御について、図4および図5に基づいて述べる。図4および図5は、図1および図2に対して、前記PID制御関連部材を追加した系統図を示す。図4は、図1に対して、原燃料流量調節器(PID)は図示を省略しているものの、PID制御関連部材として、原燃料流量計71および原燃料流量測定値72を追加し、さらに後述する燃料電池負荷指令70を追加して示す。図5は、図2に対して、前記原燃料流量調節器(PID)75と原燃料流量測定値72を示し、かつ、PID出力としての原燃料制御バルブ指令値73を示す。さらに、原燃料濃度変化に伴って流量計測値を補正するための、後述する分子変化分補正演算器76を示す。
【0067】
PID制御に関しては公知であるので、その詳細説明は省略するが、前述のように、原燃料供給流量制御にPID制御を適用する場合、図4に示す原燃料流量計71にガスの比重変化により誤差が生じるタイプの流量計を使用した場合には、原燃料供給量の計測値と実際値との間に誤差を生ずる。この問題を解消するために、あらかじめ定まっている原燃料流量計71のガス組成の分子量と原燃料濃度定数(ここではバイオガスを使用するものとしメタン濃度に換算した値を使用する)とに基づき、メタン濃度が変化した場合の分子量を求め、この分子量変化分を補正計算する分子量変化分補正演算器76を、図5に示すように設けることにより、測定誤差なく原燃料流量計測を行うことができる。なお、メタン濃度の変化に対応して変化するガスは、バイオガス使用の場合、二酸化炭素ガスである。
【0068】
次に、負荷変動時の制御について述べる。負荷変動は、発電装置の操作盤からの手動入力、または、遠隔操作による負荷変化指令を入力することで行われ、この負荷変化指令により、図2に示す負荷変動セレクタ12は、定常時側から負荷変動時側に切替わる。負荷変動時の原燃料濃度定数は、負荷変化前の原燃料濃度定数に補正係数9の乗算補正が行われ、本実施例では、改質器温度調節器指令値7の50%を基準にして、指令値が小さい場合は改質器温度調節器指令値7の10%に対し、原燃料濃度定数+0.5%の補正が行われ、指令値が大きい場合には、改質器温度調節器指令値7の10%に対し、原燃料濃度定数−0.5%の補正が行われ、負荷変動セレクタ12のホールド回路にメモリさせ、このメモリされた原燃料濃度定数が負荷変動セレクタ12の出力となる。負荷変動セレクタ12は、図示しないタイマにより、負荷変化が終了して改質器温度が整定する1時間後に定常値側に切り替わる。
【0069】
次に、請求項11または12に関わり、原燃料濃度が希薄となった場合の燃料電池の負荷変動対策(出力低減対策)の実施例について述べる。まず、請求項11に関わる実施例について、図6に示す原燃料濃度の変化に伴う燃料電池の負荷変動の変化の模式的説明図に基づいて述べる。図6(a)は原燃料メタン濃度(%)の時間変化を、図6(b)は原燃料制御バルブ(弁)の開度(%)の時間変化を、図6(c)は負荷指令(%)の時間変化の一例を、それぞれ模式的に示す。
【0070】
通常、図4に示す燃料電池21の負荷指令変化は、図示しない発電装置操作盤からの手動入力、または遠隔操作による負荷変化指令により行われ、図4に示す燃料電池負荷指令70により発電装置の負荷を決めて運転を行っている。ここで例えば、図6(a)に示すように、原燃料のメタン濃度が希薄側に変化し、メタンガス濃度が65%から45%に変化したとすると、本発明の前記請求項1の適用により、ガス濃度が変化しても、とりあえずは運転継続が可能となり、原燃料流量中同量のメタンガスが供給できるように制御されるが、全ガスの供給量としては1.5倍に変化してしまうため、前述のように、低濃度の程度によっては、原燃料制御バルブが全開となり制御不能となってしまう。
【0071】
そこで、例えば、図6(b)に示すように、バルブ開度が一段目の上限設定値101として示すようにバルブ開度が93%となった時、燃料電池負荷指令70を、図6(c)に示すように、5%低下させる。そして、さらに濃度低下により、バルブ開度が二段目の上限設定値102(バルブ開度95%)となった時、さらに燃料電池負荷指令値70を5%低下させる制御を行う。
【0072】
上記のような制御によれば、原燃料濃度が希薄となっても原燃料供給量の制御性が確保できる。上記制御性は、前記請求項12の発明によっても確保できる。かかる実施例について、図7および図8により以下に述べる。図7は負荷指令上限制御に関する制御ブロック図、図8は負荷指令上限値と原燃料濃度定数との関係の模式的説明図である。
【0073】
原燃料濃度が希薄となった場合に、原燃料濃度定数の制御信号に基づいて、燃料電池の出力(負荷)を低減することは、前記実施例と同様であるので、詳細説明は省略するが、請求項12の発明の実施例の場合には、図7に示すように、燃料電池負荷指令70に負荷指令上限リミッタ79を設け、その結果として上限リミッタ後燃料電池負荷指令77に基づき、燃料電池の負荷制御を行うようにする。
【0074】
また、図8に示すように、原燃料濃度定数に対応した負荷指令上限値78の関係を制御に組み込み、原燃料濃度定数が希薄側に変化した場合は、例えば、50%濃度から上限値を濃度1%あたり1%減らすように制御する。これにより、前記請求項11の発明の実施例と同様に、原燃料濃度が希薄となっても原燃料供給量の制御性が確保できる。
【0075】
以上のような各実施例によれば、改質器の温度調節器の指令値から原燃料組成を示す原燃料濃度を補正するようにし、この補正された原燃料濃度から原燃料流量,燃焼用空気流量,スチーム流量等の設定値を算出して制御するようにしたので、起動時に設定した原燃料組成と運転中の原燃料組成が違っても、原燃料の随時分析を行うことなく、原燃料流量と燃焼空気流量が適正に制御され、燃料電池における水素不足によるセル損傷を防止でき、また、燃料の無駄な消費による発電効率の低下が防止できる。さらに、改質器の適正な温度制御ができ、改質器バーナにおけるオフガスの適正な燃焼が行われ不完全燃焼や過剰空気供給によるブロア動力損失が防止できる。また、適正な原燃料とスチームの比を確保することによって安定が改質ガス組成が得られ、ガス組成悪化による発電効率の低下や改質器触媒への炭素析出による改質器閉塞などのトラブルを防止できる。
【0076】
また、原燃料濃度が低下し必要ガス量が供給不能になる前に、燃料電池の負荷指令を原燃料バルブの開度または原燃料濃度定数に基づき制御することにより、発電装置の運転を継続することができる。
【0077】
【発明の効果】
上記のとおり、この発明によれば、起動時においては、予め使用する原燃料に応じて定めた原燃料流量と出力電流の比(原燃料換算比A)と、予め使用する原燃料組成に応じて定めた原燃料濃度定数(B)との比(A/B)に、前記燃料電池の出力電流値を乗じて原燃料流量を算出し、この算出値を改質器への供給原燃料流量として設定し、定常発電状態においては、改質器の温度調節器の指令値の変動に基づいて、前記原燃料濃度定数を変更して、前記比を変更し、この変更された比に燃料電池の出力電流値を乗じて原燃料流量を算出し、この算出値を改質器への供給原燃料流量として設定して、改質器への供給原燃料流量を制御すること(請求項1)とし、また、PID制御を行う場合には、前述のように原燃料流量計の流量計測値を原燃料濃度定数に基づいて補正すること(請求項8)とし、さらに、負荷低減時または負荷上昇時においては、前記改質器の温度調節器の指令値の変動に基づいて変更された定常発電状態での原燃料濃度定数を、ホールド回路にメモリーしておき、このメモリーした原燃料濃度定数に基づいて、前記比を算出し、この比に負荷低減時および負荷上昇時の燃料電池の出力電流値を乗じて原燃料流量を算出し、この算出値を改質器への供給原燃料流量として設定して、改質器への供給原燃料流量を制御すること(請求項2)とし、
さらにまた、改質器の燃焼用空気流量やスチーム流量の制御は、前記請求項6ないし7、あるいは請求項9ないし10のようにして行うこととしたので、
原燃料の組成変動があっても、原燃料の随時組成分析を行なうことなく、最適な原燃料供給,燃焼用空気供給,スチームの供給等の制御を行うことが可能な燃料電池発電装置の運転制御方法を提供することができる。
【0078】
また、原燃料濃度が低下しても、請求項11ないし請求項12のように燃料電池の負荷制御を行うようにしたので、必要ガス量が供給不能になることなく運転継続可能な燃料電池発電装置の運転制御方法を提供することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】この発明の燃料電池発電装置の運転制御方法の実施例を示すシステム系統図
【図2】図1の実施例の制御ブロック線図
【図3】図1の実施例のスチーム流量に関する制御ブロック線図
【図4】図1とは異なる運転制御方法の実施例を示すシステム系統図
【図5】図4の実施例の制御ブロック線図
【図6】請求項11の発明に関わり、原燃料濃度の変化に伴う燃料電池の負荷変動の変化の模式的説明図
【図7】請求項12の発明に関わる負荷指令上限制御に関する制御ブロック図
【図8】図7における負荷指令上限値と原燃料濃度定数との関係の模式的説明図
【図9】従来の燃料電池発電装置の一例のシステム系統図
【図10】従来の燃料電池発電装置の図9とは異なるシステム系統図
【符号の説明】
1:起動時の原燃料濃度定数入力値、2:起動状態セレクタ、3:上下限リミッタ、4:原燃料流量演算器、5,16,51:乗算器、6:原燃料流量設定値、7:改質器温度調節器指令値、8:改質器温度制御加算原燃料流量、9:補正係数、10:原燃料濃度補正器、11:リセットタイマ、12:負荷変動セレクタ、13:燃料電池電流、14:空気消費量換算値、15:燃焼空気流量演算器、17:空燃比設定器、18:燃焼用空気流量設定値、21:燃料電池、22:改質器、23:バーナ、32:原燃料流量制御弁、59:スチーム流量演算器、50:S/C係数乗算器、52:スチーム流量設定値、60:水蒸気分離器、62:エゼクタ、64:脱硫器、66:CO変成器、70:燃料電池負荷指令、71:原燃料流量計、72:原燃料流量計測値、73:原燃料制御バルブ指令値、75:原燃料流量調節器(PID)、76:分子量変化分補正演算器、77:上限リミッタ後燃料電池負荷指令、78:負荷指令上限値、79:上限リミッタ。
[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an operation control method for a fuel cell power generation apparatus, and more particularly to a control method for a raw fuel flow rate, a reforming steam flow rate, and the like when the raw fuel composition fluctuates.
[0002]
[Prior art]
A fuel cell power generation device is a device that extracts electricity by an electrochemical reaction between a fuel gas and an oxidizing gas. Then, the amounts of the fuel gas and the oxidizing gas required for the electrochemical reaction of the fuel cell are proportional to the current taken from the fuel cell.
[0003]
In a phosphoric acid fuel cell or a polymer electrolyte fuel cell using hydrogen gas for the electrochemical reaction, for example, a hydrocarbon gas such as city gas or methane fermentation gas used as a raw fuel is reacted with steam. Then, the gas is reformed into a hydrogen-rich gas and supplied to the fuel cell. The fuel cell power generator includes a reformer for reforming a hydrocarbon gas into a hydrogen-rich gas, and this reformer is controlled to a high temperature in order to continue the reforming reaction.
[0004]
Since the reaction between the hydrocarbon gas and water vapor in the reformer is an endothermic reaction, a larger amount of reformed gas than the amount of hydrogen consumed in the electrochemical reaction is supplied to the fuel cell, and the off-gas from the fuel cell is supplied. Is generally refluxed to the reformer and burned, and used as a heat source in the reformer.
[0005]
Since the temperature control of the reformer greatly affects the increase and decrease of the amount of hydrogen refluxed to the reformer, the amount of raw fuel supplied to the reformer depends on the amount of hydrogen consumed by the electrochemical reaction in the fuel cell. And the flow rate corresponding to the reformer temperature control component is supplied in proportion to the battery current.
[0006]
As described above, Patent Document 1 discloses an example of a fuel cell power generator in which the flow rate of raw fuel supplied to a reformer is controlled by a flow control valve based on a measured value of an output current of a fuel cell. . FIG. 9 is a system diagram of the system described in FIG. 1 of the above-mentioned publication, and as an explanation thereof, the following is described in the publication.
[0007]
That is, “the raw fuel gas is sent from the fuel supply device 27 to the reformer 22, where it is subjected to steam reforming, and the reformed gas is supplied from the reformer 22 to the fuel cell 21. And a burner 23 for raising the temperature to a temperature required for the reforming reaction is provided in the fuel cell 21. The fuel cell 21 performs power generation using a reformed gas containing hydrogen and air. The condensed water is supplied from the supply device 24. The air discharged from the fuel cell 21 is cooled by the outside air in the air-side water collector 25 to generate condensed water, and the obtained condensed water is stored in the water tank 26. The discharged water is sent to the reformer 22 by the fuel-side water pump 41 and is used for fuel reforming.In the fuel cell 21, heat is generated together with electricity. Cooling radiator 43 that releases the heat It is provided.
[0008]
Further, the fuel cell 21 is provided with an ammeter 30 for measuring an output current. The raw fuel gas flow path is provided with a raw fuel flow control valve 32 for controlling the flow of the raw fuel gas amount. The hydrogen generator 28 includes the reformer 22, the burner 23, the fuel-side water pump 41, the fuel supply device 27, and the raw fuel flow control valve 32. The raw fuel supply means includes a fuel supply device 27 and a raw fuel flow control valve 32.
[0009]
Inside the reformer 22, raw fuel gas as a raw material and water fed from a fuel-side water pump 27 are mixed to perform steam reforming. The resulting reformed gas containing hydrogen is supplied to the fuel cell 21. Since all the hydrogen cannot be consumed by the fuel cell, 20% to 30% of the supplied hydrogen is discharged. This hydrogen is sent to the burner 23 and burns, and becomes heat required for reforming. When the discharged hydrogen is used for combustion, energy is recovered, but the amount of reformed gas generated increases, and the load on the reformer increases. As a result, the overall power generation efficiency also decreases.
[0010]
On the other hand, the amount of hydrogen consumed by the fuel cell 21 is proportional to the current value output from the fuel cell 21. Therefore, the first controller 31 estimates the required amount of hydrogen using the current value obtained by the ammeter 30, and controls the flow rate of the raw fuel gas amount by the raw fuel flow control valve 32 accordingly. In this way, the minimum amount of hydrogen required for power generation can be generated.
[0011]
As described above, as an effect of the present embodiment, it is possible to maintain the efficiency of the reformer by generating the required minimum amount of hydrogen by the operation of the raw material flow rate control valve 32, and to obtain high power generation efficiency. Can be To the effect.
[0012]
In FIG. 9, a raw fuel flow meter (not shown) is provided at a stage preceding the raw fuel flow control valve 32 on the raw fuel supply line to the reformer 22, and the flow measurement value of the raw fuel flow meter and the first By controlling the opening of the raw fuel flow control valve by a control output (PID control output) based on a comparison operation with the set value of the raw fuel supplied to the reformer set by the controller 31 of the reformer, In some cases, the control of the raw fuel supplied to the fuel cell is performed.
[0013]
By the way, in the fuel cell power generator as described above, since the amount of hydrogen obtained by reforming the raw fuel differs depending on the composition of the hydrocarbon, the set value of the raw fuel flow rate depends on the type of the raw fuel used. You need to decide. Further, particularly when the methane fermentation gas (biogas) is used as a raw fuel, the concentration of the methane gas component in the supplied biogas is detected because the composition of the raw fuel fluctuates. Accordingly, it is necessary to adjust the supply flow rate of biogas as raw fuel. Such a configuration of a fuel cell power generator using biogas as a raw fuel is disclosed in, for example, Patent Documents 2 and 3.
[0014]
FIG. 10 is a system configuration diagram of a fuel cell power generation facility described as FIG. 1 in Patent Document 2 (in FIG. 10, part numbers are partially changed). The configuration of FIG. 10 will be described below, generally citing the description of the publication.
[0015]
That is, the fuel cell power generation equipment shown in FIG. 10 includes a raw fuel supply pipe 1a for guiding digested gas obtained from sewage sludge by methane fermentation, and a sulfur component contained in the digested gas supplied through the raw fuel supply pipe 1a. 64, a reformer 22 that reforms the digested gas from which the sulfur component has been removed by the desulfurizer 64 into carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas by performing a catalytic reaction with, for example, steam, and the reformer 22. Among the carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas output from 22, in order to convert carbon monoxide, which is a poisonous gas component, to carbon dioxide, the carbon monoxide is subjected to a catalytic reaction with, for example, water vapor to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas. A transformer 66 to be transformed and the fuel cell main body 21 are provided.
[0016]
The raw fuel supply pipe 1a is provided with a detector 6a for detecting a gas concentration in the digested gas. Further, a fuel gas inlet shutoff valve 7a and a fuel gas flow control valve 32 are interposed at required positions of the raw fuel supply pipe 1a. Further, for example, steam is supplied to the input side of the reformer 22 to cause a catalyst to react. The steam supply line 9a is provided with a reforming steam flow control valve 10a for adjusting and supplying the flow rate of steam.
[0017]
Further, on the output side of the detector 6a, there is provided a gas concentration evaluation calculation unit 11a for evaluating and calculating a required gas concentration contained in the digested gas. The gas concentration evaluation calculation unit 11a includes a gas concentration collection unit 12a that collects various types of gas concentration data output from the detector 6a, and a component of the methane-based hydrocarbon in the digested gas collected by the gas concentration collection unit 12a. The total power generation amount is calculated from the concentration, the required fuel gas flow rate is determined from the total power generation amount, and the fuel flow rate calculating means 13a for adjusting the fuel gas flow rate adjusting valve 32 and the fuel flow rate calculating means 13a are determined. A reforming steam flow rate calculating means 14a for determining the reforming steam flow rate from the fuel gas flow rate and adjusting the reforming steam flow rate adjusting valve 10a; and carbon monoxide, sulfur, nitrogen, salts, oxygen When at least one of the poisoning component concentrations exceeds the allowable range, the equipment stop means 15a stops necessary equipment among the equipment constituting the fuel cell power generation equipment. It is.
[0018]
In FIG. 10, reference numeral 60 denotes a steam separator, which separates steam from water and supplies it to the steam supply line 9. The means for obtaining this steam need not be the steam separator 60, but can be obtained by various known methods. Reference numeral 17a denotes a heat exchanger for exchanging exhaust gas output from the air electrode constituting the fuel cell main body 5 with water, 18a denotes a tank, and 19a denotes a pump.
[0019]
Although the above is generally the description of FIG. 10 described in Patent Document 2, some systems such as a water recovery device and a pure water device of the fuel cell are omitted, and a cooling system and a drainage system of the fuel cell are also omitted. There are various modified examples of the detailed configuration of the system such as a heat recovery system. The reforming steam supply flow rate is usually determined based on the raw fuel supply amount and a predetermined S / C (molar ratio of water vapor to carbon atoms in the raw fuel). In the case of biogas, methane gas is mainly used. Therefore, it is 2.5 to 4.0.
[0020]
[Patent Document 1]
JP 2001-158604 A
[Patent Document 2]
JP-A-11-126629
[0021]
[Patent Document 3]
JP 2000-90953 A
[0022]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The problems in the case where the fluctuation of the raw fuel composition is detected as in the apparatus shown in FIG. 10 and this fluctuation is not fed back to the control system are summarized in various cases as follows.
[0023]
For example, when the methane concentration of the methane fermentation gas decreases and the calorific value of the raw fuel decreases, if this composition fluctuation is not fed back to the control system, the amount of hydrogen supplied from the reformer to the fuel cell decreases. In addition, there is a risk that a shortage of hydrogen in the fuel cell, that is, a so-called gas shortage may occur. When a gas shortage occurs, hydrogen for an electrochemical reaction is not supplied to the fuel cell, and the cell is damaged. Also, the off-gas hydrogen that consumed hydrogen in the fuel cell is returned to the reformer and burned to generate heat necessary for reforming.However, the shortage of hydrogen reduces the amount of heat, so the temperature of the reformer decreases. The reforming reaction cannot be maintained.
[0024]
Next, contrary to the above case, when the methane concentration of the methane fermentation gas increases and the calorific value of the raw fuel increases, and when this composition fluctuation is not fed back to the control system, the fuel cell Is supplied with excess hydrogen, and this hydrogen is not used for power generation, so that it is wasted and power generation efficiency is reduced. In addition, the off-gas that consumed hydrogen in the fuel cell is returned to the reformer and burns to generate heat necessary for reforming. However, excess hydrogen causes an increase in the amount of heat and an increase in the temperature of the reformer. Quality reaction cannot be maintained at an appropriate temperature.
[0025]
Usually, the temperature control of the reformer is performed by increasing or decreasing the flow rate of the raw fuel system passing through the reformer catalyst and the fuel cell to increase or decrease the amount of off gas returning to the reformer. Requires air, so the upper limit of the amount of increase in the amount of raw fuel, which is limited by the upper limit of the air supply capacity of the fuel air blower, and the lower There is a fluctuation range. Therefore, in a device that does not feed back the fluctuation of the composition of the raw fuel to the control system, if the fluctuation of the composition of the raw fuel is large, the calorific value fluctuates beyond this control range, and the temperature of the reformer cannot be controlled.
[0026]
As another temperature control method of the reformer, there is a method of supplying raw fuel directly to the reformer combustion furnace as auxiliary combustion gas. However, the flow rate of the raw fuel system passing through the reformer catalyst and the fuel cell is known. For the same reason as the method of increasing or decreasing the temperature, there is an upper limit of the flow rate of the raw fuel directly supplied to the combustion furnace, and if the composition fluctuation of the raw fuel is large, the temperature control of the reformer cannot be performed.
[0027]
Further, the amount of combustion air is 1 Nm of raw fuel. 3 / H, which is determined by the oxygen flow rate and the raw fuel flow rate necessary for burning the fuel, that is, the amount of power generated by the fuel cell. 3 / H changes the amount of oxygen necessary for burning, so that if the composition of the raw fuel is not known, the optimal amount of combustion air cannot be controlled, resulting in incomplete combustion due to lack of air, or excess air supply. Therefore, there is a problem that the power loss is increased.
[0028]
Further, in the reformer, as described above, the steam and the raw fuel are reacted to reform the gas into a hydrogen-rich gas. However, if the carbon ratio (S / C) of the steam and the raw fuel is not optimal, the reforming is performed. The gas composition may be deteriorated, or carbon may be deposited on the reformer catalyst. Steam flow rate is 1Nm of raw fuel calculated from raw fuel composition 3 The optimum steam flow rate cannot be calculated unless the raw fuel composition is known because it is determined by the required steam amount and the set S / C.
[0029]
Further, when the power generation load of the fuel cell fluctuates, for example, when the power generation load of the fuel cell is reduced, the temperature control system of the reformer reduces the raw fuel flow rate in order to reduce the load on the reformer accompanying the reduction of the power generation load. Since control is performed in the direction of reducing the temperature of the reformer to lower the temperature of the reformer, it is necessary to set the lower limit of the raw fuel flow rate so that the raw fuel flow rate is not too small. The raw fuel lower limit flow rate is calculated from the reformed hydrogen amount determined from the power generation battery current and the raw fuel composition.
[0030]
Therefore, if the composition of the raw fuel fluctuates and this composition fluctuation is not fed back to the control system, there is a risk that the raw fuel flow rate is too small at the time of reducing the power generation load, resulting in a shortage of hydrogen in the fuel cell, a so-called gas shortage. is there. If a gas shortage occurs, the fuel cell is not supplied with hydrogen for the electrochemical reaction, and the fuel cell is damaged.
[0031]
For the above reasons, the composition of the raw fuel is measured and analyzed, and the results are fed back to determine the raw fuel to be supplied to the reformer and the amount of combustion air, to prevent a shortage of hydrogen in the fuel cell and to use the fuel effectively. It is desirable to improve the power generation efficiency, properly control the temperature of the reformer, and properly burn off-gas in the reformer combustion furnace. However, an apparatus for measuring and analyzing the composition of raw fuel as needed is expensive, and it requires periodic calibration and maintenance costs, and the reliability of the analyzer is high. There are many practical problems.
[0032]
Also, as described in the description of FIG. 9, a raw fuel flow meter and a raw fuel flow control valve are provided on a raw fuel supply line to the reformer, and the flow measurement value of the raw fuel flow meter and the A control output (PID control output) based on a comparison operation with a set value of the raw fuel supplied to the reformer controls the opening of the raw fuel flow control valve to control the raw fuel supplied to the reformer. In the case where a normal raw fuel flow meter is used, an error occurs in the measured flow rate of the raw fuel flow meter due to a change in specific gravity due to a change in the gas composition of the raw fuel gas, causing a problem that desired PID control cannot be performed. .
[0033]
Further, when the gas composition of the raw fuel changes, it is necessary to increase or decrease the raw fuel supply as described above. When the gas concentration of the raw fuel changes to a lean side, the raw fuel gas supply amount is reduced. It is necessary to increase, but with the increase, the pressure loss of various devices including the raw fuel pipe, the reformed gas system pipe, and the valve also increases. Therefore, the opening of the raw fuel control valve gradually increases, but eventually the raw fuel control valve is fully opened, and thereafter, it is possible to secure a gas supply amount commensurate with the current of the fuel cell. There is a problem that disappears.
[0034]
Further, in order to cope with the above, if a design is adopted in which the pressure loss of the raw fuel piping, the reformed gas piping and the equipment is small in accordance with the low concentration, the apparatus becomes large and the cost increases. Further, even if the diameter of the raw fuel control valve is increased, there is a problem that the control of the low flow rate cannot be performed stably, and there is a problem that the controllability is impaired at a low load on the raw fuel high concentration side.
[0035]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide an optimum raw fuel supply and a fuel supply system without performing the composition analysis of the raw fuel at any time even if the composition of the raw fuel fluctuates. To provide an operation control method for a fuel cell power generation device capable of controlling combustion air supply, steam supply, and the like, and capable of ensuring controllability even when the raw fuel concentration is low. is there.
[0036]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the aforementioned problems, the present invention provides a reformer that reforms a raw fuel to generate a hydrogen-rich reformed gas, and electrochemically reacts the reformed gas with an oxidizing gas. An operation control method for a fuel cell power generator comprising:
At start-up, the ratio of the raw fuel flow rate to the output current (raw fuel conversion ratio A) determined according to the raw fuel used in advance, and the raw fuel concentration constant (B) determined according to the raw fuel composition used in advance And the ratio (A / B) to the output current value of the fuel cell is multiplied to calculate a raw fuel flow rate, and the calculated value is set as a raw fuel flow rate supplied to the reformer.
In the steady-state power generation state, the raw fuel concentration constant is changed based on the change in the command value of the temperature controller of the reformer, the ratio is changed, and the output current of the fuel cell is changed to the changed ratio. The fuel flow rate is calculated by multiplying the raw fuel flow rate, and the calculated value is set as the raw fuel flow rate supplied to the reformer to control the raw fuel flow rate supplied to the reformer. ).
[0037]
In the present invention, the raw fuel concentration refers to the methane gas concentration when the main component such as methane fermentation gas is methane gas and carbon dioxide gas, and indicates the combustible gas in the raw fuel gas when ethane gas is mixed with methane gas such as natural gas. Is converted to the concentration of methane gas that produces the same concentration of hydrogen as the concentration of hydrogen when all are reformed.
[0038]
According to the operation control method according to the first aspect of the present invention, when the raw fuel concentration decreases, the reformed gas hydrogen concentration in the reformer decreases, and the hydrogen in the battery off-gas returned to the reformer decreases. The temperature of the reformer changes in the direction in which the temperature decreases, and the command value moves in the direction of increasing the temperature of the reformer temperature controller. Conversely, if the raw fuel concentration increases, the temperature controller of the reformer decreases the temperature. Since the command value moves, the raw fuel concentration can be estimated based on the command value of the temperature controller, and a control system that feeds back the fluctuation of the raw fuel composition to the control system can be realized.
[0039]
Further, in order to perform suitable control at the time of load change, the invention of the following claim 2 is preferable. That is, in the operation control method according to claim 1, when the load is reduced or the load is increased, the raw fuel concentration in a steady power generation state changed based on a change in a command value of a temperature controller of the reformer. The constant is stored in a hold circuit, and the ratio is calculated based on the stored raw fuel concentration constant. The ratio is multiplied by the output current value of the fuel cell when the load is reduced and when the load is increased to obtain the raw fuel concentration. The flow rate is calculated, and the calculated value is set as the flow rate of the raw fuel supplied to the reformer to control the flow rate of the raw fuel supplied to the reformer.
[0040]
When increasing the load on the power generator, a large amount of heat is required for reforming.Therefore, the command value of the temperature controller of the reformer moves in the direction of increasing the temperature. The command value of the temperature controller moves in the direction of lowering the temperature. The temperature change of the reformer at the time of this load change largely fluctuates to the upper and lower limit value range of the command value of the temperature controller of the reformer. Since it is not a change, it is possible to control the flow rate of the supplied raw fuel appropriately by storing the raw fuel concentration constant in the steady power generation state changed by the command value of the temperature controller of the reformer in the hold circuit. Become.
[0041]
Further, as an embodiment of the invention of claim 1 or 2, the following inventions of claims 3 to 7 are preferable. That is, in the operation control method according to claim 1 or 2, the change of the raw fuel concentration constant is such that a change in a command value of a temperature controller of the reformer is equal to or more than an upper limit value or a lower limit value of a predetermined change rate. Is performed when a predetermined time has elapsed in (3) (invention of claim 3). As will be described in detail later, for example, the raw fuel concentration constant is changed after the fluctuation rate of 5% has continued for at least 1 minute (maximum 10 minutes). In the steady state when the load of the fuel cell power generator does not fluctuate, the temperature of the combustion air and the amount of heat released from the reformer change due to the fluctuation of the outside air temperature, and the temperature of the reformer fluctuates, and the temperature controller of the reformer operates. In order to properly grasp the composition fluctuation of the raw fuel, the above-described control is performed. If the fluctuation rate or the duration is shorter than the above, the control is not regarded as the composition fluctuation.
[0042]
Further, in the operation control method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, the change of the raw fuel concentration constant is performed stepwise, and the step width is determined according to the raw fuel composition used. By setting the concentration constant to 0.1 to 1% (the invention of claim 4), the fluctuation width of the raw fuel flow rate can be reduced and stable control can be achieved.
[0043]
Further, it is desirable that the raw fuel concentration constant stored in the memory when the load fluctuates is corrected by the reformer temperature command value. For example, when the power generation load is reduced, the temperature of the reformer must be controlled in a direction to decrease due to the decrease in the amount of endothermic reaction heat in the reformer. When the temperature is lowered, that is, when the temperature is close to 0%, the command value of the reformer temperature controller becomes 0% saturated and the temperature is lowered, so that the raw fuel cannot be reduced. The opposite is true when increasing the load.
[0044]
From this viewpoint, the invention of the following claim 5 is preferable. That is, in the operation control method according to claim 2, the raw fuel concentration constant stored in the hold circuit is reduced by a predetermined value in accordance with the command value of the reformer temperature controller in accordance with the command value of the reformer temperature controller. Or perform an increasing correction. For example, the correction is performed based on the midpoint (50%) of the command value of the reformer temperature controller. Details will be described later.
[0045]
Further, it is preferable that the control of the combustion air flow rate and the steam flow rate of the reformer is performed as in claims 6 to 7 below. That is, in the operation control method according to claim 1 or 2, the reformer has a burner that burns fuel cell off-gas together with combustion air, and the combustion air flow rate set value is the reforming air flow rate. Based on the raw fuel flow rate set value based on the raw fuel concentration constant changed by the command value of the temperature controller of the heater, the combustion air amount conversion value per unit raw fuel flow, the fuel cell current, and the predetermined air-fuel ratio (The invention of claim 6).
[0046]
Further, in the operation control method according to claim 1 or 2, the reformer is configured to reform the raw fuel by mixing the raw fuel with steam (steam), and the steam flow rate set value is set in the reformer. Is calculated based on the raw fuel flow rate set value based on the raw fuel concentration constant changed by the command value of the temperature controller and a predetermined S / C ratio (molar ratio of steam to carbon atoms in the raw fuel). (The invention of claim 7).
[0047]
Further, in the operation control method according to claim 1, a raw fuel flow meter and a raw fuel flow control valve are provided on a raw fuel supply line to the reformer, and a flow measurement value of the raw fuel flow meter and the raw fuel flow meter are provided. A control output (PID control output) based on a comparison operation with a set value of the raw fuel supplied to the reformer controls the opening of the raw fuel flow control valve to control the raw fuel supplied to the reformer. Further, the flow measurement value of the raw fuel flow meter is corrected based on the raw fuel concentration constant, and the comparison operation is performed based on the corrected value (the invention of claim 8). As a result, PID control that eliminates the problem of flow rate control error caused by a change in the gas composition of the raw fuel gas becomes possible.
[0048]
Further, the PID control is preferably applied not only to the raw fuel flow rate control but also to the control of the combustion air flow rate and the steam flow rate, and from this viewpoint, the following inventions 9 to 10 are preferable. That is, in the operation control method according to the sixth aspect, the combustion air flow rate set value is controlled by the PID control output according to the eighth aspect, instead of the raw fuel flow rate set value. It is obtained by calculation based on the value (the invention of claim 9). Further, in the operation control method according to claim 7, the steam flow rate set value is changed to the raw fuel flow rate value controlled by the PID control output according to claim 8, instead of the raw fuel flow rate set value. Based on the calculation (the invention of claim 10).
[0049]
Furthermore, from the viewpoint of ensuring controllability even when the raw fuel concentration becomes lean, the invention of the following claim 11 or 12 is preferable. That is, in the operation control method according to claim 1, a raw fuel flow control valve is provided on a raw fuel supply line to the reformer, and the opening degree of the raw fuel flow control valve is such that the raw fuel concentration is low. When the predetermined upper limit opening is reached, the output of the fuel cell is reduced to a predetermined value (the invention of claim 11).
[0050]
2. The operation control method according to claim 1, wherein the fuel cell has an output upper limiter that reduces an output of the fuel cell to a predetermined value when the raw fuel concentration becomes lean, Is set based on the raw fuel concentration constant such that the lower the raw fuel concentration is, the smaller the output upper limit is. The specific contents of the invention of claim 11 or 12 and the operation and effect thereof will be described later.
[0051]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.
[0052]
FIG. 1 shows a system diagram relating to an operation control method of a fuel cell power generator according to an embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 1, members having the same functions as those shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and detailed description is omitted. FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a control amount, that is, a raw fuel flow rate 6, a combustion air flow rate 18, and a steam flow rate 52, which will be described in detail later with reference to the control block diagrams of FIGS. These quantities are set by control signals. In FIG. 1, reference numeral 62 denotes an ejector for mixing raw fuel and steam and supplying the mixture to the reformer 22, and reference numeral 58 denotes a fuel cell air flow rate.
[0053]
FIG. 2 is a control block diagram relating to the raw fuel flow 6 and the combustion air flow 18, and FIG. 3 is a control block diagram relating to the steam flow 52. An embodiment of the operation control method of the present invention will be described below with reference to FIGS.
[0054]
When the power generator was started, the raw fuel was directly supplied to the reformer through an auxiliary combustion line not shown in FIG. 1, the temperature of the reformer was raised, and the temperature of each device was raised to a standby state. At this point, the raw fuel 27 is supplied to the raw fuel supply line shown in FIG. 1 to start power generation.
[0055]
At the time of the start-up power generation, as shown in FIG. 2, the control is performed using the raw fuel concentration constant input value 1 at the start-up which is measured in advance and input to the control device. Since the setting is made in about 1 hour, the selector 2 at the time of startup is switched by a timer (not shown), and the raw fuel concentration constant during normal power generation is input.
[0056]
Next, the raw fuel concentration constant is cut by an upper / lower limiter 3 to remove an abnormal value, and is converted by a raw fuel flow calculator 4 into a raw fuel amount per 1 A of battery current. The raw fuel flow calculator 4 has a function of calculating the raw fuel amount per 1 A of current. This calculation includes the ratio of the raw fuel flow rate and the output current (raw fuel conversion ratio A) determined according to the raw fuel used in advance, and the raw fuel concentration constant (B) determined according to the raw fuel composition used in advance. ) Is calculated (A / B). If the raw fuel concentration decreases, the amount of raw fuel per 1 A of current is set to be large.
[0057]
Next, the multiplier 5 multiplies the output value of the raw fuel flow calculator 4 by the fuel cell current 13 to calculate the raw fuel flow. The raw fuel flow rate is preferably added to the raw fuel flow rate set value 6 by adding the reformer temperature control added raw fuel flow rate 8 to the raw fuel flow rate as described in the section of the prior art. The fuel flow control valve 32 is controlled. Although not shown in FIG. 2, a correction block is inserted in the fuel cell current 13 input to the multiplier 5, and when the power generation load with a margin for the combustion air blower is small, the fuel cell current used in the calculation is used. May be set to be large, and the raw fuel flow rate set value 6 may be made large. In this case, the raw fuel concentration constant 1 at the time of startup may be a planned value instead of a previously measured value.
[0058]
As described above, the various methods of adding the raw fuel for the reformer temperature control and the features thereof will be supplementarily described below. The method of controlling the temperature of the reformer is as follows: {circle around (1)} A raw fuel amount corresponding to the output of the temperature controller of the reformer is supplied to an auxiliary combustion line (not shown in FIG. 1) for directly supplying the raw fuel to the reformer. (2) Add the amount of combustion air according to the output of the temperature controller of the reformer to the amount of combustion air supplied to the reformer combustion furnace and required for combustion of the battery off-gas. (3) As shown in the embodiment of FIG. 2, the raw fuel line leading to the fuel cell via the reformer is converted to the raw fuel necessary for the fuel cell. There is a method of controlling the temperature by adding and supplying the amount of raw fuel according to the output of the temperature controller of the porcelain.
[0059]
In any case, when the raw fuel composition changes, the output of the reformer temperature controller changes due to the change in the heat balance of the reformer, so that it can be used as a correction of the raw fuel composition. Compared with the method 1), the raw fuel added for controlling the temperature of the reformer results in the supply of excess hydrogen to the fuel cell in excess of the hydrogen required by the fuel cell, and the fuel cell outlet There is an advantage that the power generation efficiency is increased by increasing the hydrogen concentration of the hydrogen.
[0060]
The method of (2) for increasing or decreasing the combustion air is a method of controlling the cooling of the reformer by increasing or decreasing the combustion air in a state where the raw fuel is excessively supplied and the heat of the reformer is excessive. However, there is a disadvantage that the power generation efficiency is reduced due to a decrease in power generation efficiency due to loss of raw fuel supplied to the fuel cell and an increase in combustion blower power due to an increase in the amount of combustion air.
[0061]
Therefore, the temperature control of the reformer is desirably performed by the above method (3) from the viewpoint of power generation efficiency. In addition, excessive hydrogen is supplied to the fuel cell for controlling the temperature of the reformer. There is an advantage that the possibility of causing hydrogen deficiency is reduced.
[0062]
Next, the setting of the combustion air flow rate will be described. The combustion air is calculated as follows: the raw fuel concentration 1Nm 3 The amount of combustion air per unit is calculated, and the amount of air required to burn the raw fuel is calculated from the product of the raw fuel flow rate set value 6 and the product. Further, an air amount corresponding to hydrogen consumed by the fuel cell is calculated from the fuel cell current 13 and the air consumption conversion value 14. The difference between the amount of air necessary for burning the raw fuel and the amount of air corresponding to the hydrogen consumed by the fuel cell is multiplied by the air-fuel ratio 17 to obtain a combustion air flow rate set value 18 to control the combustion air blower.
[0063]
Next, as shown in the control block diagram of FIG. 3, the steam flow rate calculator 59 calculates the steam flow rate of 1 Nm from the raw fuel concentration. 3 The steam flow rate per unit is calculated and the steam flow rate is calculated from the set S / C constant 50 and the raw fuel flow rate set value by the multiplier 51 to obtain the steam flow rate set value 52, and the reforming steam flow rate control valve 10a is controlled. I do.
[0064]
Next, details of the change of the raw fuel concentration constant and the control at the time of load change will be described below with reference to FIG. The raw fuel concentration constant during normal power generation is in a steady state immediately after startup by the load variation selector 12. Under normal conditions, the raw fuel concentration corrector 10 keeps the reformer temperature controller command value 7 at, for example, 5%, and when the predetermined time set by the reset timer 11 e.g. Correction to increase the 5% raw fuel concentration is performed, and when the reformer temperature controller command value 7 continues to be 95% and 1 minute or more has elapsed, correction to decrease the 0.5% raw fuel concentration is performed. Do.
[0065]
When the correction for increasing the raw fuel concentration is performed, the output of the raw fuel flow calculator 4 and the raw fuel amount per 1 A of the fuel cell current are reduced, so that the raw fuel flow set value 6 is reduced, and as a result, the As the temperature decreases, the command value of the reformer temperature controller 7 becomes a direction of increasing the temperature, that is, a direction of more than 5%, and the command range of the temperature control of the reformer is widened. When the correction for reducing the raw fuel concentration is performed, the operation is reversed. This correction of the raw fuel concentration makes it possible to control the temperature of the reformer even if the composition of the supplied real raw fuel changes.
[0066]
Next, the PID control according to claims 8 to 10 will be described with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5 are system diagrams in which the PID control-related members are added to FIGS. 1 and 2. FIG. 4 differs from FIG. 1 in that a raw fuel flow controller (PID) is omitted from the drawing, but a raw fuel flow meter 71 and a raw fuel flow measurement value 72 are added as PID control-related members. A fuel cell load command 70 described later is additionally shown. FIG. 5 shows the raw fuel flow controller (PID) 75 and the raw fuel flow measurement value 72, and also shows the raw fuel control valve command value 73 as the PID output with respect to FIG. Further, a molecular change correction calculator 76 for correcting a flow rate measurement value in accordance with a change in raw fuel concentration is described.
[0067]
Since the PID control is known, its detailed description is omitted. However, as described above, when the PID control is applied to the raw fuel supply flow rate control, the raw fuel flow meter 71 shown in FIG. When a flow meter of an error type is used, an error occurs between the measured value of the raw fuel supply amount and the actual value. In order to solve this problem, the molecular weight of the gas composition of the raw fuel flow meter 71 and the raw fuel concentration constant (here, biogas is used and the value converted to the methane concentration is used) are determined in advance. By providing a molecular weight change correction calculator 76 for calculating the molecular weight when the methane concentration changes and correcting and calculating the molecular weight change as shown in FIG. 5, the raw fuel flow rate can be measured without a measurement error. it can. The gas that changes in response to the change in methane concentration is carbon dioxide gas when using biogas.
[0068]
Next, control at the time of load change will be described. The load change is performed by inputting a load change command by a manual input or a remote control from the operation panel of the power generator, and the load change command causes the load change selector 12 shown in FIG. Switches to the side when the load fluctuates. The raw fuel concentration constant at the time of the load change is corrected by multiplying the raw fuel concentration constant before the load change by the correction coefficient 9, and in this embodiment, based on 50% of the reformer temperature controller command value 7. If the command value is small, the raw fuel concentration constant + 0.5% is corrected for 10% of the reformer temperature controller command value 7, and if the command value is large, the reformer temperature controller is corrected. Correction of the raw fuel concentration constant -0.5% to 10% of the command value 7 is made to be stored in the hold circuit of the load fluctuation selector 12, and the stored raw fuel concentration constant is output from the load fluctuation selector 12. It becomes. The load variation selector 12 is switched to a steady value side by an unillustrated timer one hour after the load change ends and the reformer temperature stabilizes.
[0069]
Next, an embodiment of a fuel cell load fluctuation countermeasure (output reduction countermeasure) when the raw fuel concentration becomes lean will be described. First, an embodiment according to claim 11 will be described based on a schematic explanatory diagram of a change in load fluctuation of a fuel cell accompanying a change in raw fuel concentration shown in FIG. 6 (a) shows the time change of the raw fuel methane concentration (%), FIG. 6 (b) shows the time change of the raw fuel control valve (valve) opening (%), and FIG. 6 (c) shows the load command. An example of the time change of (%) is schematically shown.
[0070]
Normally, the load command change of the fuel cell 21 shown in FIG. 4 is performed by a manual input from a power generation device operation panel (not shown) or a load change command by remote control. The operation is performed with the load determined. Here, for example, as shown in FIG. 6A, assuming that the methane concentration of the raw fuel changes to the lean side and the methane gas concentration changes from 65% to 45%, according to claim 1 of the present invention, However, even if the gas concentration changes, the operation can be continued for the time being, and control is performed so that the same amount of methane gas can be supplied during the raw fuel flow, but the supply amount of all gases changes by 1.5 times. For this reason, as described above, depending on the degree of low concentration, the raw fuel control valve is fully opened and cannot be controlled.
[0071]
Therefore, for example, as shown in FIG. 6B, when the valve opening becomes 93% as shown by the upper limit set value 101 of the first stage, the fuel cell load command 70 is changed to the state shown in FIG. 5% reduction as shown in c). Then, when the valve opening reaches the second-stage upper limit set value 102 (valve opening 95%) due to a further decrease in concentration, control is performed to further reduce the fuel cell load command value 70 by 5%.
[0072]
According to the above control, controllability of the raw fuel supply amount can be ensured even when the raw fuel concentration becomes lean. The controllability can also be ensured by the invention of claim 12. Such an embodiment will be described below with reference to FIGS. FIG. 7 is a control block diagram relating to the load command upper limit control, and FIG. 8 is a schematic explanatory diagram of the relationship between the load command upper limit value and the raw fuel concentration constant.
[0073]
The reduction of the output (load) of the fuel cell based on the control signal of the raw fuel concentration constant when the raw fuel concentration becomes lean is the same as in the above-described embodiment, and the detailed description is omitted. In the case of the twelfth embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 7, a load command upper limiter 79 is provided in the fuel cell load command 70, and as a result, the fuel cell load command Control the load of the battery.
[0074]
Also, as shown in FIG. 8, the relationship of the load command upper limit 78 corresponding to the raw fuel concentration constant is incorporated in the control, and when the raw fuel concentration constant changes to the lean side, for example, the upper limit is reduced from 50% concentration. Control is performed so that the concentration is reduced by 1% per 1%. Thus, as in the embodiment of the eleventh aspect, controllability of the raw fuel supply amount can be ensured even when the raw fuel concentration becomes lean.
[0075]
According to each of the embodiments described above, the raw fuel concentration indicating the raw fuel composition is corrected from the command value of the temperature controller of the reformer, and the raw fuel flow rate and combustion Since the set values such as the air flow rate and the steam flow rate are calculated and controlled, even if the raw fuel composition set at startup differs from the raw fuel composition during operation, the raw fuel can be analyzed without any analysis. The fuel flow rate and the combustion air flow rate are appropriately controlled, so that cell damage due to a shortage of hydrogen in the fuel cell can be prevented, and reduction in power generation efficiency due to wasteful consumption of fuel can be prevented. Furthermore, appropriate temperature control of the reformer can be performed, and appropriate combustion of off-gas in the reformer burner can be performed, thereby preventing incomplete combustion and loss of blower power due to excessive air supply. In addition, by ensuring the proper ratio of raw fuel and steam, stable reformed gas composition can be obtained, and problems such as lower power generation efficiency due to deterioration of gas composition and reformer blockage due to carbon deposition on the reformer catalyst. Can be prevented.
[0076]
Also, before the raw fuel concentration is reduced and the required gas amount cannot be supplied, the operation of the power generator is continued by controlling the load command of the fuel cell based on the opening degree of the raw fuel valve or the raw fuel concentration constant. be able to.
[0077]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, at the time of startup, according to the ratio of the raw fuel flow rate and the output current (raw fuel conversion ratio A) determined according to the raw fuel used in advance, and the raw fuel composition used in advance. The raw fuel flow rate is calculated by multiplying the ratio (A / B) to the raw fuel concentration constant (B) determined in the above by the output current value of the fuel cell, and this calculated value is used as the raw fuel flow rate supplied to the reformer. In the steady-state power generation state, the raw fuel concentration constant is changed based on the change in the command value of the temperature controller of the reformer to change the ratio, and the fuel cell is changed to the changed ratio. Multiplying a raw fuel flow rate by multiplying the output current value by the output current value, and setting the calculated value as a raw fuel flow rate supplied to the reformer to control the raw fuel flow rate supplied to the reformer (claim 1) When performing PID control, the flow measurement value of the raw fuel flow meter is used as the original as described above. The steady-state power generation state is changed based on a change in the command value of the temperature controller of the reformer when the load is reduced or when the load is increased. Is stored in a hold circuit, and the ratio is calculated based on the stored raw fuel concentration constant. The output current value of the fuel cell when the load is reduced and when the load is increased is calculated based on the ratio. Is calculated by multiplying the raw fuel flow rate, the calculated value is set as the raw fuel flow rate supplied to the reformer, and the raw fuel flow rate supplied to the reformer is controlled (claim 2).
Furthermore, since the control of the combustion air flow rate and the steam flow rate of the reformer is performed as described in claims 6 to 7 or claims 9 to 10,
Operation of a fuel cell power generation system that can control the optimal supply of raw fuel, supply of combustion air, supply of steam, etc., without analyzing the composition of the raw fuel as needed, even if there is a fluctuation in the composition of the raw fuel A control method can be provided.
[0078]
Further, even if the raw fuel concentration is reduced, the load control of the fuel cell is performed as in claims 11 and 12, so that the operation of the fuel cell can be continued without the required gas amount being unable to be supplied. An operation control method of the device can be provided.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a system diagram showing an embodiment of an operation control method for a fuel cell power generator according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a control block diagram of the embodiment of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a control block diagram relating to a steam flow rate in the embodiment of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a system diagram showing an embodiment of an operation control method different from that of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a control block diagram of the embodiment of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a schematic explanatory diagram showing a change in load fluctuation of a fuel cell according to a change in raw fuel concentration according to the invention of claim 11;
FIG. 7 is a control block diagram relating to load command upper limit control according to the invention of claim 12;
FIG. 8 is a schematic explanatory diagram of a relationship between a load command upper limit and a raw fuel concentration constant in FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 is a system diagram of an example of a conventional fuel cell power generator.
FIG. 10 is a system diagram of a conventional fuel cell power generator different from FIG. 9;
[Explanation of symbols]
1: Raw fuel concentration constant input value at start-up 2: Starting state selector 3: Upper / lower limiter 4, Raw fuel flow calculator 5, 16, 51: Multiplier, 6: Raw fuel flow set value 7, : Reformer temperature controller command value, 8: reformer temperature control added raw fuel flow, 9: correction coefficient, 10: raw fuel concentration corrector, 11: reset timer, 12: load fluctuation selector, 13: fuel cell Current, 14: Air consumption conversion value, 15: Combustion air flow calculator, 17: Air-fuel ratio setter, 18: Combustion air flow set value, 21: Fuel cell, 22: Reformer, 23: Burner, 32 : Raw fuel flow control valve, 59: steam flow calculator, 50: S / C coefficient multiplier, 52: steam flow set value, 60: steam separator, 62: ejector, 64: desulfurizer, 66: CO transformer , 70: fuel cell load command, 71: raw fuel flow meter, 7 : Raw fuel flow measurement value, 73: raw fuel control valve command value, 75: raw fuel flow controller (PID), 76: molecular weight change correction calculator, 77: fuel cell load command after upper limit limiter, 78: load command Upper limit, 79: Upper limiter.

Claims (12)

原燃料を改質して水素リッチな改質ガスを生成する改質器と、この改質ガスと酸化剤ガスとを電気化学的に反応させて発電する燃料電池とを備えた燃料電池発電装置の運転制御方法において、
起動時においては、予め使用する原燃料に応じて定めた原燃料流量と出力電流の比(原燃料換算比A)と、予め使用する原燃料組成に応じて定めた原燃料濃度定数(B)との比(A/B)に、前記燃料電池の出力電流値を乗じて原燃料流量を算出し、この算出値を改質器への供給原燃料流量として設定し、
定常発電状態においては、前記改質器の温度調節器の指令値の変動に基づいて、前記原燃料濃度定数を変更して、前記比を変更し、この変更された比に燃料電池の出力電流値を乗じて原燃料流量を算出し、この算出値を改質器への供給原燃料流量として設定して、改質器への供給原燃料流量を制御することを特徴とする燃料電池発電装置の運転制御方法。
A fuel cell power generator comprising: a reformer for reforming a raw fuel to produce a hydrogen-rich reformed gas; and a fuel cell for generating electricity by electrochemically reacting the reformed gas with an oxidizing gas. In the operation control method,
At start-up, the ratio of the raw fuel flow rate to the output current (raw fuel conversion ratio A) determined according to the raw fuel used in advance, and the raw fuel concentration constant (B) determined according to the raw fuel composition used in advance And the ratio (A / B) to the output current value of the fuel cell is multiplied to calculate a raw fuel flow rate, and the calculated value is set as a raw fuel flow rate supplied to the reformer.
In the steady-state power generation state, the raw fuel concentration constant is changed based on the change in the command value of the temperature controller of the reformer, the ratio is changed, and the output current of the fuel cell is changed to the changed ratio. A fuel cell power generation apparatus characterized in that the raw fuel flow rate is calculated by multiplying the calculated raw fuel flow rate, the calculated value is set as the raw fuel flow rate supplied to the reformer, and the raw fuel flow rate supplied to the reformer is controlled. Operation control method.
請求項1に記載の運転制御方法において、負荷低減時または負荷上昇時においては、前記改質器の温度調節器の指令値の変動に基づいて変更された定常発電状態での原燃料濃度定数を、ホールド回路にメモリーしておき、このメモリーした原燃料濃度定数に基づいて、前記比を算出し、この比に負荷低減時および負荷上昇時の燃料電池の出力電流値を乗じて原燃料流量を算出し、この算出値を改質器への供給原燃料流量として設定して、改質器への供給原燃料流量を制御することを特徴とする燃料電池発電装置の運転制御方法。In the operation control method according to claim 1, when the load is reduced or when the load is increased, the raw fuel concentration constant in a steady power generation state changed based on a change in a command value of a temperature controller of the reformer. The ratio is calculated based on the stored raw fuel concentration constant, and the ratio is multiplied by the output current value of the fuel cell when the load is reduced and when the load is increased, to obtain the raw fuel flow rate. A method for controlling the operation of a fuel cell power generator, comprising: calculating and setting the calculated value as a flow rate of raw fuel supplied to a reformer to control a flow rate of raw fuel supplied to a reformer. 請求項1または2に記載の運転制御方法において、前記原燃料濃度定数の変更は、前記改質器の温度調節器の指令値の変動が、所定の変動率の上限値または下限値以上において所定時間継続した際に、行なうことを特徴とする燃料電池発電装置の運転制御方法。3. The operation control method according to claim 1, wherein the change of the raw fuel concentration constant is performed when a change in a command value of a temperature controller of the reformer is equal to or more than an upper limit value or a lower limit value of a predetermined change rate. An operation control method for a fuel cell power generator, which is performed when the time has continued. 請求項1ないし3のいずれかに記載の運転制御方法において、前記原燃料濃度定数の変更はステップ状に行い、そのステップ幅は、前記使用する原燃料組成に応じて定めた原燃料濃度定数の0.1〜1%とすることを特徴とする燃料電池発電装置の運転制御方法。4. The operation control method according to claim 1, wherein the change of the raw fuel concentration constant is performed stepwise, and a step width of the raw fuel concentration constant is determined by the raw fuel concentration constant determined according to the raw fuel composition to be used. An operation control method for a fuel cell power generator, wherein the operation control rate is 0.1 to 1%. 請求項2に記載の運転制御方法において、前記ホールド回路にメモリーする原燃料濃度定数を、改質器温度調節器の指令値に基づき、指令値の大または小に応じて、所定値減少または増加する補正を行なうことを特徴とする燃料電池発電装置の運転制御方法。3. The operation control method according to claim 2, wherein the raw fuel concentration constant stored in the hold circuit is decreased or increased by a predetermined value based on a command value of the reformer temperature controller in accordance with whether the command value is large or small. An operation control method for a fuel cell power generation device, comprising: 請求項1または2に記載の運転制御方法において、前記改質器は、燃料電池オフガスを燃焼用空気とともに燃焼させるバーナを有するものとし、前記燃焼用空気流量設定値は、前記改質器の温度調節器の指令値によって変更された原燃料濃度定数に基づく原燃料流量設定値と、単位原燃料流量当りの燃焼空気量換算値と、燃料電池電流と、所定の空燃比とに基づいて演算して求めることを特徴とする燃料電池発電装置の運転制御方法。3. The operation control method according to claim 1, wherein the reformer has a burner that burns off fuel cell off-gas together with combustion air, and the combustion air flow rate set value is a temperature of the reformer. 4. Calculated based on the raw fuel flow rate set value based on the raw fuel concentration constant changed by the command value of the controller, the combustion air amount conversion value per unit raw fuel flow rate, the fuel cell current, and the predetermined air-fuel ratio. An operation control method for a fuel cell power generator, wherein 請求項1または2に記載の運転制御方法において、前記改質器は、原燃料を水蒸気(スチーム)と混合して改質するものとし、前記スチーム流量設定値は、前記改質器の温度調節器の指令値によって変更された原燃料濃度定数に基づく原燃料流量設定値と、所定のS/C比(原燃料中の炭素原子に対するスチームのモル数比)とに基づいて演算して求めることを特徴とする燃料電池発電装置の運転制御方法。3. The operation control method according to claim 1, wherein the reformer reforms the raw fuel by mixing the raw fuel with steam (steam), and the steam flow rate set value is a temperature control of the reformer. 4. From the raw fuel flow rate set value based on the raw fuel concentration constant changed by the command value of the reactor and a predetermined S / C ratio (molar ratio of steam to carbon atoms in the raw fuel). An operation control method for a fuel cell power generator, comprising: 請求項1に記載の運転制御方法において、前記改質器への原燃料供給ライン上に原燃料流量計および原燃料流量制御弁を設け、前記原燃料流量計の流量計測値と前記改質器への供給原燃料設定値との比較演算に基づく制御出力(PID制御出力)により、前記原燃料流量制御弁の開度制御を行なって、前記改質器への供給原燃料の制御を行い、さらに、前記原燃料流量計の流量計測値は、前記原燃料濃度定数に基づいて補正し、この補正値に基づいて前記比較演算を行なうことを特徴とする燃料電池発電装置の運転制御方法。2. The operation control method according to claim 1, wherein a raw fuel flow meter and a raw fuel flow control valve are provided on a raw fuel supply line to the reformer, and a flow measurement value of the raw fuel flow meter and the reformer are provided. Controlling the opening of the raw fuel flow control valve by a control output (PID control output) based on a comparison operation with the set value of the raw fuel supplied to the reformer to control the raw fuel supplied to the reformer; Further, the flow control value of the raw fuel flow meter is corrected based on the raw fuel concentration constant, and the comparison operation is performed based on the corrected value. 請求項6に記載の運転制御方法において、前記燃焼用空気流量設定値は、前記原燃料流量設定値に代えて、前記請求項8に記載のPID制御出力によって制御された原燃料流量値に基づいて演算して求めることを特徴とする燃料電池発電装置の運転制御方法。7. The operation control method according to claim 6, wherein the combustion air flow rate set value is based on the raw fuel flow rate value controlled by the PID control output according to claim 8, instead of the raw fuel flow rate set value. And an operation control method for the fuel cell power generator. 請求項7に記載の運転制御方法において、前記スチーム流量設定値は、前記原燃料流量設定値に代えて、前記請求項8に記載のPID制御出力によって制御された原燃料流量値に基づいて演算して求めることを特徴とする燃料電池発電装置の運転制御方法。In the operation control method according to claim 7, the steam flow set value is calculated based on a raw fuel flow value controlled by the PID control output according to claim 8, instead of the raw fuel flow set value. An operation control method for a fuel cell power generator, wherein the operation control method comprises: 請求項1に記載の運転制御方法において、前記改質器への原燃料供給ライン上に原燃料流量制御弁を設け、前記原燃料流量制御弁の開度が、原燃料濃度が希薄であって所定の上限開度に到達した際に、前記燃料電池の出力を所定値まで低減することを特徴とする燃料電池発電装置の運転制御方法。The operation control method according to claim 1, wherein a raw fuel flow control valve is provided on a raw fuel supply line to the reformer, and an opening degree of the raw fuel flow control valve is such that a raw fuel concentration is low. An operation control method for a fuel cell power generator, wherein the output of the fuel cell is reduced to a predetermined value when a predetermined upper limit opening is reached. 請求項1に記載の運転制御方法において、前記燃料電池は、原燃料濃度が希薄となった際に燃料電池の出力を所定値まで低減する出力上限リミッタを有し、前記出力上限リミッタにおける出力上限値は、前記原燃料濃度が希薄である程小となるように、前記原燃料濃度定数に基づいて設定することを特徴とする燃料電池発電装置の運転制御方法。2. The operation control method according to claim 1, wherein the fuel cell has an output upper limiter that reduces an output of the fuel cell to a predetermined value when the raw fuel concentration becomes lean, and the output upper limit in the output upper limiter. 3. A method for controlling operation of a fuel cell power generator, wherein the value is set based on the raw fuel concentration constant such that the value becomes smaller as the raw fuel concentration becomes leaner.
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