IE48651B1 - Heat transfer system - Google Patents
Heat transfer systemInfo
- Publication number
- IE48651B1 IE48651B1 IE1219/79A IE121979A IE48651B1 IE 48651 B1 IE48651 B1 IE 48651B1 IE 1219/79 A IE1219/79 A IE 1219/79A IE 121979 A IE121979 A IE 121979A IE 48651 B1 IE48651 B1 IE 48651B1
- Authority
- IE
- Ireland
- Prior art keywords
- tube
- tubes
- heating system
- floor heating
- region
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006329 Styropor Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009408 flooring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/02—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D3/00—Hot-water central heating systems
- F24D3/12—Tube and panel arrangements for ceiling, wall, or underfloor heating
- F24D3/14—Tube and panel arrangements for ceiling, wall, or underfloor heating incorporated in a ceiling, wall or floor
- F24D3/146—Tubes specially adapted for underfloor heating
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Geometry (AREA)
- Steam Or Hot-Water Central Heating Systems (AREA)
- Floor Finish (AREA)
- Road Paving Structures (AREA)
- Preliminary Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
- Channel Selection Circuits, Automatic Tuning Circuits (AREA)
- Road Paving Machines (AREA)
Abstract
A heat transfer system, in particular a floor heating system, comprises tubes 5 of plastics material arranged in a settable or hardenable material 6 (e.g. a floor finishing layer of cement skim), the position of the tubes being fixed by holding means e.g. 3,4 relative to an underlying structure (e.g. concrete 1 overlaid by a heat-barrier material 2), and the tubes being in the main part of their length of oval or elliptical cross-section. The tube major axis may be normal to (as shown) or parallel to (Fig. 2) the surface of the said underlying structure. The pressure of the heat transfer medium applied to the inside surface of the tubes causes deformation of the tube wall in the regions thereof having the larger radius of curvature, whereby the tubes are force-lockingly applied against the associated surface of the floor finishing layer and heat transfer at these regions is substantially improved.
Description
This invention relates to a heat transfer system, in particular a floor heating system, in which tubes of plastics material are arranged in a material capable of setting or hardening, the position of the tubes being fixed relative to an underlying structure by holding means.
Heat transfer systems of this kind which are also referred to as large-area heat transfer systems, are already known and are used for example, in conjunction with low-temperature heating systems, in particular floor heating systems. In systems of this kind, a heat barrier layer is generally applied to an underfloor structure, for example, the rough concrete, and holding means for mounting tubes of plastics material are secured to the heat barrier layer by bars of metal or the like.
After the plastics tubes or an endless plastics tube has been arranged in the associated holding means, the plastics tubes together with the holding means are embedded in a flooring finish, for example, a cement skim. The tubes are generally made from polypropylene or polyethylene, with a smooth surface, and are laid on the heat barrier layer by the holding means in a spiral, meandering or loop arrangement. The tubes used have hitherto been of circular cross-section.
Since the small axis of the tube is important for the bending moment, the tube, if required, can be embedded with very narrow modulation distances. Further, it is advantageous that with an oval tube which is embedded with the long axis vertical with respect to the subsoil, embedding can be carried through without subjecting it to torsion, since the oval form of the tube enables easy bending of the tube along the long 4-86S1 axis, whereas bending of the tube along the small axis is practically impossible. Thus, in contrast to a tube with circular crosssection, due to the easy bending along the long axis, there is ensured torsion-free embedding, and torsion of the tubes during embedding is excluded.
Preferably, the long axis of the tube section of the straight tube pieces are arranged in known manner on the subsoil. Thus the overall height is reduced.
These heat transfer systems suffer from various disadvantages.
While the floor finishing layer is setting or hardening, air gaps can be formed between the plastics tube and the floor finishing material, and such air gaps considerably reduce the transfer of heat from the tube to the floor finishing, which results in a drop in the degree of efficiency of the system. This disadvantage is particularly noticeable in heating systems such as low-temperature heating systems which operate with a low feed temperature and which require a high heating output, that is to say, a high feed temperature, if the heat transfer is poor. Low-temperature heating systems are frequently used in conjunction with heat pumps so that it is not possible to compensate for the reduced efficiency by higher heating energy.
The air gaps which occur between the plastics tubes and the floor finishing material also prevent the formation of a form-locking and/or force-locking connection between the floor finishing and the tube so that repeated shifting of the tube relative to the floor finishing is possible, as a result of the different coefficients of expansion of the floor finishing material and the plastics material of the tubes, when the heat 4865 1 transfer system is started up and switched off and when control operations are carried out. In time, such repeated movement of the tube relative to the floor can result in the tube or tubes being ruined.
An object of the present invention is to provide a heat transfer system wherein the above-indicated disadvantages and difficulties are substantially eliminated.
The present invention provides a floor heating system in which a tube of plastics material, conducting a heating medium (for example heated water), is embedded in a material capable of setting or hardening, said tube being fixed by holding means relative to an underlying structure in a meandering arrangement and being bent over a first region and substantially straight over a second region, said tube being of oval or elliptical cross section.
Other subsidiary features of the invention are described in the following description and are defined in the accompanying subsidiary claims.
The substantially elliptical or generally oval cross-sectional configuration of the plastics tubes means that, during operation of the heat transfer system, pressure is applied to the inside surface of the tubes by the heat transfer medium which is passed through the tubes, and such pressure results in deformation of the elliptical crosssection. This internal pressure causes deformation in particular in the region of the tube which is of the largest radius of curvature so that the respective surface of the tube lies firmly and forcibly against the associated region of the surface of the hardened floor finished material. As the region of the tube which has the largest radius of curvature represents the greater part of the periphery of the tube, this arrangement provides for a substantial improvement in the transfer of heat between the plastics tube and the floor finishing. It also provides for a force-locking connection between the floor finishing material and the tube, which prevents uncontrolled and additive creeping of the tube in the floor finishing material as a consequence of the different coefficients of thermal expansion of the floor and plastics materials, when the system is in heating operation. Ribs may be distributed along the length of the tube to provide an even more secure safeguard against the tube creep effect.
The arrangement of the tubes in the floor finishing in such a way that the major axis of the tube cross-section is normal to the underfloor structure facilities bending the tubes when they are laid, before the floor finish is applied. Arranging the tubes with the major axis of the tube cross-section parallel to the underfloor structure may advantageously result in a reduction in the structural or floor height of the heat transfer system. The improved heat transfer between the plastics tube and the floor finishing material results in a higher degree of efficiency than that of the known floor heating systems with plastics tubes of circular cross-section, so that the same floor surface temperature is obtained with a lower feed temperature. In addition, the system provides for a uniform surface temperature of the floor finish and the floor covering thereon, particularly when the tubes are very close to the heat barrier layer.
When an upright oval tube is used, the pressure of the heating medium on the inner surface of the tube causes the tube diameter to be reduced in the region of the two crowns or apices of the tube and causes an air gap to be formed with respect to the floor finishing material, while in the region of the tube with the large radius of curvature, air gaps are prevented by the expansion of the tube in that region. This provides a better, more uniform radiation of heat, namely a better heat transfer between the floor finishing material and the surfaces of the tube with a larger radius of curvature than was hitherto possible, and this results in a higher surface temperature in this region, while the radiation of heat at the crowns or apices of the tube in an upward and downward direction is reduced as a result of the air gaps which are formed at those positions. This results in a reduction in the temperature at the floor surface in the region of the 10 crowns or apices of the tube, where a higher surface temperature would otherwise be measured.
The large-area heat-transfer system according to the invention is particularly suitable for use in floor heating systems, so-called low-temperature floor heating systems, which operate at low feed I5 temperature in conjunction with a conventional heating system or with heat pumps.
Other parts of the invention are embodied in the preferred forms thereof which will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:20 Figure 1 is a cross-section through the structure of one form of a heat transfer system according to the invention; Figure 2 is a view corresponding to that shown in Figure 1, of another form of the heat transfer system; Figure 3 is a diagrammatic view of a section of tube in the region of its bend; Figure 4 is a cross-section taken along line IV-IV in Figure 3; Figure 5 is a plan of a part of a laid tube, with holding means; Figure 6 shows a preferred embodiment of a tube; and Figure 7 shows a view in cross-section taken along line VII-VII in Figure 6.
The basic structure of a heat transfer system, as used for floor heating systems, will now be described with reference to Figures 1 and 2. A heat barrier layer 2 of any suitable heat-barrier material, preferably Styropor (Trade Mark), is laid on an underfloor structure 1, for example, rough concrete. Fixing bars 3 are laid on the heat barrier layer at predetermined distances from each other and in a predetermined arrangement. The bars 3 are for example, of metal and are provided to recieve holding means 4. The holding means 4 may be of any desired shape and are provided to fix tubes 5 of plastics material, before applying a floor finish indicated by reference 6. In this arrangement, the tubes 5 are preferably mounted by being clamped by the holding means or clip members 4 so that the tubes are arranged for example, in the pattern shown in Figure 5, before the floor finishing layer 6 is applied. Figure 5 only shows one example of a possible manner of laying the tubes 5 which if required may comprise individual sections or an endless tube. The arrangement of holding means or clip members 4 is also shown only by way of example. After the floor finishing layer 6 has been applied and the floor finishing material has hardened, any desired floor covering 7 is laid on the surface thereof. The structure of the heat transfer system, as so far described is known.
In the embodiment shown in Figure 1, the tubes 5 of elliptical cross-section are fitted into the holding means 4 in such a way that the major axis of the tube cross-section is normal to the surface of the underfloor structure, that is to say, normal to the plane in which the tubes 5 are laid. Thus, over their straight region (indicated by reference A in Figure 5), the tubes 5 extend on the heat barrier layer 2 in such a way that the major axis of the tube cross-section is normal to the underfloor structure 1, over the region A, without any change. The major axis of the tube cross-section is also normal to the underfloor structure 1 over the region B of the bends in the tube. It will be seen that, when the tube is laid in this manner, bending of the tube in the region B is facilitated as a result of the elliptical tube being laid with its large axis normal to the underfloor structure 1, in comparison with the conventional manner of laying tubes of circular cross-section. Hitherto tubes of circular cross-section have been heated for the purposes of laying the tubes in the manner shown in Figure 5, for example, by passing hot water through the tubes so that the tubes can be bent in the region B. With the arrangement shown in Figure 1 the elliptically shaped tube can be laid without heating or with only a low degree of heating.
Figure 2 shows an embodiment of the heat transfer system which is different from that shown in Figure 1, although the manner of laying the tube system in Figure 2 corresponds to that shown in Figure 5.
Over the straight region A of the tube 5, the major axis of the tube cross-section is substantially parallel to the underfloor structure 1, 4-8 651 while in the bending region B, the tube 5 is turned in such a way that the major axis of the tube cross-section is normal to the underfloor structure at the crest S of the bend in the region B. This arrangement gives the constriction shown in Figure 5, in plan view on to the crest at S.
Figure 3 shows diagrammatically the configuration of the elliptical tube, with respect to the embodiment shown in Figure 2, in the region B, while Figure 4 shows a sectional view of the tube, viewed from the crest S, in section taken along line IV-IV in Figure 3.
The clip members 4 which are shown in Figure 1 and 2 and which fix the tube 5 in sections to the bars 2 clamp the tube 5 by means of arms 4a and 4b and hold the tube 5 against the base portion of the clip, as indicated by reference 4c. The clip members 4 are only shown by way of example and any other desired form of holding means may be used.
In the embodiment shown in Figure 1, because the major axis of the tube is normal to the plane in which the tube is laid, the clip members required are narrower in width than those used in the embodiment shown in Figure 2. It will be seen that, after the floor finishing layer 6 has been applied and hardened, the clip members 4 do not have any further function to perform and are used only for fixing the tube or tubes 5 to the heat barrier layer 2, before the floor finishing layer 6 is laid.
It will be seen that the manner of laying the elliptical tube 5, as shown in Figure 2, with the major axis of the tube parallel to the underfloor structure 1, can reduce the structural height of the heating system, that is to say, the floor finishing layer 6, this reduction being by the difference between the major axis and the minor 4-86 51 axis of the elliptical tube cross-section. The embodiment of Figure 2 is therefore preferred if a low structural height is desired.
Figures 6 and 7 show a further embodiment of the tube 5.
Along the axis of the tube, peripheral rings or ribs 8 are disposed at given distances from each other. These ribs are preferably formed on the tube 5, as integral parts thereof. The provision of ribs 8 of this kind provides after hardening of the floor finishing material an additional positive connection between the tube 5 and the floor finishing layer 6 which is applied thereover, and in particular prevents uncontrolled expansion of the tube 5 relative to the floor finishing layer 6.
Preferably, the ends of the tubes 5 may be made with a circular cross-section, or may be deformed to a circular cross-section by means of suitable tools after the tubes have been laid in the clip members 4, thereby facilitating connection of the tubes which are otherwise of elliptical cross-section, to distributor assemblies and the like.
Claims (9)
1. A floor heating system in which a tube of plastics material, conducting a heating medium (for example heated water), is embedded in a material capable of setting or hardening, said tube being arranged on an underlying structure in a meandering arrangement and being bent over a first region and substantially straight over a second region, said tube being of oval or elliptical cross-section.
2. A floor heating system according to claim 1, in which the major axis of the tube is normal to the surface of the underlying structure.
3. A floor heating system according to claim 1, in which the major axis of the tube is parallel to the surface of the underlying structure.
4. A floor heating system according to claim 1, in which said tube has a first region over which the major axis is normal to the surface of the underlying structure and is bent over the first region, and has a second region in which the major axis is parallel to the surface of the underlying structure and in which the tube is substantially straight.
5. A floor heating system according to any of the preceding claims, in which the tube is formed from a continuous tube.
6. A floor heating system according to any of the preceding claims, in which at the end of the tube there is a transition to a circular crosssection.
7. A floor heating system according to any of the preceding claims, in which the tube is provided with rings extending around the periphery of the tubes, the rings being spaced from each other.
8. A floor heating system according to claim 7, in which the rings are formed integrally with the tube.
9. A floor heating system substantially as described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT0468378A AT378846B (en) | 1978-06-28 | 1978-06-28 | FLOOR HEATING |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| IE791219L IE791219L (en) | 1979-12-28 |
| IE48651B1 true IE48651B1 (en) | 1985-04-03 |
Family
ID=3567077
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| IE1219/79A IE48651B1 (en) | 1978-06-28 | 1979-08-08 | Heat transfer system |
Country Status (18)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS556191A (en) |
| AT (1) | AT378846B (en) |
| BE (1) | BE877208A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH640932A5 (en) |
| CS (1) | CS226005B2 (en) |
| DD (1) | DD144597A5 (en) |
| DE (3) | DE2857373C2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES481964A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2429987A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2024400B (en) |
| GR (1) | GR64882B (en) |
| IE (1) | IE48651B1 (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1118855B (en) |
| LU (1) | LU81374A1 (en) |
| NL (1) | NL172786C (en) |
| NO (1) | NO791724L (en) |
| SE (1) | SE437876B (en) |
| YU (1) | YU145679A (en) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3034888A1 (en) * | 1980-09-12 | 1982-04-22 | Artus Feist | TUBE CONSTRUCTED FROM A FLEXIBLE OR STIFF PLASTIC FOR TRANSPORTING A HEAT CARRIER |
| DE3116872A1 (en) * | 1981-04-28 | 1982-11-11 | Thermoval Fußbodenheizungen Entwicklungs- und Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, 1150 Wien | Air-conditioning floor |
| DE3227326A1 (en) * | 1982-07-22 | 1984-01-26 | Karsten 7148 Remseck Laing | Pressureless large-surface heating system |
| DE3331981A1 (en) * | 1983-09-05 | 1985-03-21 | ZUGLA AG, Glarus | Connecting piece, in particular for the liquid-tight connecting of two connections of heating panels of a floor heating system |
| SE8902324L (en) * | 1989-06-27 | 1990-12-28 | Bengt Valdemar Eggemar | PROCEDURE AND DEVICE FOR HEAT EXCHANGE |
| DE4427147A1 (en) * | 1994-07-30 | 1996-02-01 | Hewing Gmbh | Layable pipe arrangement |
| KR100571293B1 (en) * | 1997-02-07 | 2006-10-11 | 가부시키가이샤 주켄 산교 | installation structure of placing-and-laying flooring materials |
| AT412669B (en) * | 2003-02-27 | 2005-05-25 | Raimund Harreither | CONVERTING ELEMENT DESIGNED AS A WALL ELEMENT |
| EP2876375A3 (en) * | 2013-11-22 | 2015-09-02 | Schluter Systems L.P. | In-floor heating apparatuses |
| US10527293B2 (en) * | 2015-08-13 | 2020-01-07 | Warmboard, Inc. | Radiant panel with varied channel geometries for enhanced retention of tubing |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB260414A (en) * | 1925-10-17 | 1926-11-04 | Francis John Phillips | Improvements in radiators for heating apparatus |
| FR844026A (en) * | 1938-09-27 | 1939-07-18 | Improvements to tubular elements radiating heat or cold used in large surfaces, particularly those of floors and ceilings | |
| CH252971A (en) * | 1944-12-14 | 1948-02-15 | Borghesan Henri | Heating or cooling device using radiant panels. |
| FR908262A (en) * | 1944-12-14 | 1946-04-04 | Radiant panel, heating or cooling, advanced | |
| CH535926A (en) * | 1970-03-04 | 1973-04-15 | Tech Gebaeudeausruestung Veb K | Device for attaching radiant panels to the heating or cooling pipes of a ceiling heating or cooling system |
| JPS4954951U (en) * | 1972-08-15 | 1974-05-15 | ||
| DE7317697U (en) * | 1973-05-11 | 1973-11-08 | Berberich E | |
| JPS5622357B2 (en) * | 1973-07-27 | 1981-05-25 | ||
| JPS51141955U (en) * | 1975-05-10 | 1976-11-15 | ||
| DE2603662A1 (en) * | 1976-01-31 | 1977-08-04 | Hoefert Lothar | Underfloor heating elements - consist of pre-fabricated profiled tubes of standard sizes |
| NL7604461A (en) * | 1976-04-27 | 1977-10-31 | Lutz Dr Ing Hans | Meandering pipe panel heating system - has inlet pipes midway between parallel outlet pipes |
-
1978
- 1978-06-28 AT AT0468378A patent/AT378846B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1978-12-13 DE DE2857373A patent/DE2857373C2/en not_active Expired
- 1978-12-13 DE DE19787836808U patent/DE7836808U1/en not_active Expired
- 1978-12-13 DE DE2853665A patent/DE2853665C3/en not_active Expired
-
1979
- 1979-05-17 NL NLAANVRAGE7903898,A patent/NL172786C/en active Search and Examination
- 1979-05-17 GR GR59111A patent/GR64882B/en unknown
- 1979-05-23 CH CH481579A patent/CH640932A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-05-24 CS CS793580A patent/CS226005B2/en unknown
- 1979-05-25 NO NO791724A patent/NO791724L/en unknown
- 1979-05-29 IT IT49236/79A patent/IT1118855B/en active
- 1979-06-06 GB GB7919767A patent/GB2024400B/en not_active Expired
- 1979-06-08 JP JP7136179A patent/JPS556191A/en active Granted
- 1979-06-11 LU LU81374A patent/LU81374A1/en unknown
- 1979-06-12 SE SE7905151A patent/SE437876B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-06-20 YU YU01456/79A patent/YU145679A/en unknown
- 1979-06-22 DD DD79213845A patent/DD144597A5/en unknown
- 1979-06-22 BE BE0/195917A patent/BE877208A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-06-27 ES ES481964A patent/ES481964A1/en not_active Expired
- 1979-06-28 FR FR7916734A patent/FR2429987A1/en active Granted
- 1979-08-08 IE IE1219/79A patent/IE48651B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2429987B1 (en) | 1985-03-22 |
| SE7905151L (en) | 1979-12-29 |
| BE877208A (en) | 1979-10-15 |
| AT378846B (en) | 1985-10-10 |
| GB2024400A (en) | 1980-01-09 |
| DE2853665B2 (en) | 1980-10-02 |
| NL172786C (en) | 1983-10-17 |
| CS226005B2 (en) | 1984-03-19 |
| IE791219L (en) | 1979-12-28 |
| ATA468378A (en) | 1985-02-15 |
| NL7903898A (en) | 1980-01-03 |
| YU145679A (en) | 1983-01-21 |
| LU81374A1 (en) | 1979-09-12 |
| CH640932A5 (en) | 1984-01-31 |
| JPS6227332B2 (en) | 1987-06-13 |
| DD144597A5 (en) | 1980-10-22 |
| GB2024400B (en) | 1982-12-01 |
| FR2429987A1 (en) | 1980-01-25 |
| DE7836808U1 (en) | 1979-09-27 |
| GR64882B (en) | 1980-06-06 |
| DE2853665A1 (en) | 1980-01-03 |
| DE2853665C3 (en) | 1981-08-13 |
| IT7949236A0 (en) | 1979-05-29 |
| JPS556191A (en) | 1980-01-17 |
| IT1118855B (en) | 1986-03-03 |
| ES481964A1 (en) | 1980-04-01 |
| NO791724L (en) | 1980-01-02 |
| SE437876B (en) | 1985-03-18 |
| DE2857373C2 (en) | 1982-05-06 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MM4A | Patent lapsed |