GB629668A - Improvements relating to cellular thermoplastic materials - Google Patents
Improvements relating to cellular thermoplastic materialsInfo
- Publication number
- GB629668A GB629668A GB35719/46A GB3571946A GB629668A GB 629668 A GB629668 A GB 629668A GB 35719/46 A GB35719/46 A GB 35719/46A GB 3571946 A GB3571946 A GB 3571946A GB 629668 A GB629668 A GB 629668A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- polythene
- blowing agent
- heating
- mix
- conductor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
- C08J9/06—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a chemical blowing agent
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
- B29C44/20—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles for articles of indefinite length
- B29C44/32—Incorporating or moulding on preformed parts, e.g. linings, inserts or reinforcements
- B29C44/322—Incorporating or moulding on preformed parts, e.g. linings, inserts or reinforcements the preformed parts being elongated inserts, e.g. cables
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
- B29C44/34—Auxiliary operations
- B29C44/36—Feeding the material to be shaped
- B29C44/46—Feeding the material to be shaped into an open space or onto moving surfaces, i.e. to make articles of indefinite length
- B29C44/50—Feeding the material to be shaped into an open space or onto moving surfaces, i.e. to make articles of indefinite length using pressure difference, e.g. by extrusion or by spraying
- B29C44/505—Feeding the material to be shaped into an open space or onto moving surfaces, i.e. to make articles of indefinite length using pressure difference, e.g. by extrusion or by spraying extruding the compound through a flat die
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/001—Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations
- B29C48/0012—Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations combined with shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. foaming
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
- B29C48/06—Rod-shaped
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/15—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor incorporating preformed parts or layers, e.g. extrusion moulding around inserts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/30—Extrusion nozzles or dies
- B29C48/304—Extrusion nozzles or dies specially adapted for bringing together components, e.g. melts within the die
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/30—Extrusion nozzles or dies
- B29C48/32—Extrusion nozzles or dies with annular openings, e.g. for forming tubular articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/78—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling
- B29C48/80—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling at the plasticising zone, e.g. by heating cylinders
- B29C48/83—Heating or cooling the cylinders
- B29C48/832—Heating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/88—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
- B29C48/91—Heating, e.g. for cross linking
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B13/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables
- H01B13/06—Insulating conductors or cables
- H01B13/14—Insulating conductors or cables by extrusion
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
- H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
- H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
- H01B3/44—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins
- H01B3/441—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins from alkenes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
- B29C48/05—Filamentary, e.g. strands
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
- B29C48/07—Flat, e.g. panels
- B29C48/08—Flat, e.g. panels flexible, e.g. films
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2023/00—Use of polyalkenes or derivatives thereof as moulding material
- B29K2023/04—Polymers of ethylene
- B29K2023/06—PE, i.e. polyethylene
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
- B29K2105/06—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
- B29K2105/20—Inserts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2705/00—Use of metals, their alloys or their compounds, for preformed parts, e.g. for inserts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/34—Electrical apparatus, e.g. sparking plugs or parts thereof
- B29L2031/3462—Cables
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
- C08J2323/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
- C08J2323/06—Polyethene
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
- Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
Cellular polythene is produced by extruding a mix of polythene and a blowing agent and then heating the mix to decompose the blowing agent, which may be sodium bicarbonate, diazoaminobenzene or ammonium carbonate. An apparatus is shown for coating an electric conductor with the cellular polythene in which the conducting wire is led through the spindle of the screw of an extrusion machine extruding the polythene mix round the conductor, the coated wire then entering a heated chamber. The blowing agent is incorporated in the polythene on hot rolls or in an internal mixer in the cold. Elasticity may be imparted to the polythene by heating and working in air, oxidysing agents as benzoyl peroxide, pinene or turpentine may be added. According to the Provisional Specification elasticity is enhanced by natural rubber, butyl rubber or polyisobutylene and the blowing agent may be nitrogen or carbon-dioxide gas to the pressure of which the polythene is subjected. The blowing agent is expanded by heating in an oven, a mould or a press. Expanded polythene tape may be applied to a conductor. Specification 524,063 is referred to.ALSO:Cellular polythene is produced by extruding a mix of polythene and a blowing agent and then heating the mix to decompose the blowing agent, which may be sodium bicarbonate, diazoaminobenzene or ammonium carbonate. An apparatus is shown for coating an electric conductor with the cellular polythene in which the conducting wire is led through the spindle of the screw of an extrusion machine extruding the polythene mix round the conductor, the coated wire then entering a heated chamber. The blowing agent is incorporated in the polythene on hot rolls or in an internal mixer or in the cold. Elasticity may be imparted to the polythene by heating and working in air, oxidizing agents as benzoyl peroxide, pinene or turpentine may be added. According to the Provisional Specification elasticity is enhanced by natural rubber, butyl rubber or polyisobutylene and the blowing agent may be nitrogen or carbon-dioxide gas to the pressure of which the polythene is subjected. The blowing agent is expanded by heating in an oven, a mould or a press. Expanded polythene tape may be applied to a conductor. Specification 524,063 is referred to.
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NL67205D NL67205C (en) | 1946-12-02 | ||
FR957687D FR957687A (en) | 1946-12-02 | ||
GB35719/46A GB629668A (en) | 1946-12-02 | 1946-12-02 | Improvements relating to cellular thermoplastic materials |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB35719/46A GB629668A (en) | 1946-12-02 | 1946-12-02 | Improvements relating to cellular thermoplastic materials |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB629668A true GB629668A (en) | 1949-09-26 |
Family
ID=10380831
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB35719/46A Expired GB629668A (en) | 1946-12-02 | 1946-12-02 | Improvements relating to cellular thermoplastic materials |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
FR (1) | FR957687A (en) |
GB (1) | GB629668A (en) |
NL (1) | NL67205C (en) |
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1006918B (en) * | 1955-04-19 | 1957-04-25 | Basf Ag | Process for the production of electrical conductors insulated with foam-shaped plastics |
US2835927A (en) * | 1953-05-07 | 1958-05-27 | Western Electric Co | Methods of producing cellular plastics |
US2885737A (en) * | 1954-05-24 | 1959-05-12 | Anaconda Wire & Cable Co | Manufacture of high frequency cable |
US2945828A (en) * | 1957-02-20 | 1960-07-19 | Western Electric Co | Composite materials for producing cellular polyethylene articles |
US3068532A (en) * | 1958-12-09 | 1962-12-18 | Union Carbide Corp | Method of preparing insulated electrical conductors |
US3162703A (en) * | 1960-12-06 | 1964-12-22 | Foster Grant Co Inc | Injection molding of foam materials |
US3300554A (en) * | 1963-09-27 | 1967-01-24 | Western Electric Co | Method of making cellular articles |
US3342913A (en) * | 1963-11-29 | 1967-09-19 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Process and apparatus for the production of mouldings or extrusions having a cellular structure from thermoplastic synthetic materials |
DE2545931A1 (en) * | 1975-10-14 | 1977-04-21 | Felten & Guilleaume Carlswerk | Injecting foamed plastic insulation into coaxial cables - to obtain controlled expansion and form uniform cell structure, aided by lubricant addition |
EP0748675A2 (en) * | 1995-06-14 | 1996-12-18 | Dow Corning Corporation | Continuous foam profile containing a filamentary core and method for preparing same |
CN107234792A (en) * | 2017-07-28 | 2017-10-10 | 邓哲琪 | Energy saving and environment friendly extrusion coating machine in the same direction |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1214868B (en) * | 1951-06-11 | 1966-04-21 | Polymer Corp | Method and device for producing bubble-free rods, in particular from a high-melting polyamide |
BE519259A (en) * | 1952-04-17 | |||
DE1175423B (en) * | 1954-11-18 | 1964-08-06 | Collo Rheincollodium Koeln G M | Method and device for continuously wrapping elongated objects with foams |
DE1158699B (en) * | 1955-03-02 | 1963-12-05 | Basf Ag | Process for the production of small-scale, transparent thermoplastics |
DE1196852B (en) * | 1959-05-16 | 1965-07-15 | Siemens Ag | Device for the production of foam insulation for electrical conductors using the extrusion process |
-
0
- FR FR957687D patent/FR957687A/fr not_active Expired
- NL NL67205D patent/NL67205C/xx active
-
1946
- 1946-12-02 GB GB35719/46A patent/GB629668A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2835927A (en) * | 1953-05-07 | 1958-05-27 | Western Electric Co | Methods of producing cellular plastics |
US2885737A (en) * | 1954-05-24 | 1959-05-12 | Anaconda Wire & Cable Co | Manufacture of high frequency cable |
DE1006918B (en) * | 1955-04-19 | 1957-04-25 | Basf Ag | Process for the production of electrical conductors insulated with foam-shaped plastics |
US2945828A (en) * | 1957-02-20 | 1960-07-19 | Western Electric Co | Composite materials for producing cellular polyethylene articles |
US3068532A (en) * | 1958-12-09 | 1962-12-18 | Union Carbide Corp | Method of preparing insulated electrical conductors |
US3162703A (en) * | 1960-12-06 | 1964-12-22 | Foster Grant Co Inc | Injection molding of foam materials |
US3300554A (en) * | 1963-09-27 | 1967-01-24 | Western Electric Co | Method of making cellular articles |
US3342913A (en) * | 1963-11-29 | 1967-09-19 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Process and apparatus for the production of mouldings or extrusions having a cellular structure from thermoplastic synthetic materials |
DE2545931A1 (en) * | 1975-10-14 | 1977-04-21 | Felten & Guilleaume Carlswerk | Injecting foamed plastic insulation into coaxial cables - to obtain controlled expansion and form uniform cell structure, aided by lubricant addition |
EP0748675A2 (en) * | 1995-06-14 | 1996-12-18 | Dow Corning Corporation | Continuous foam profile containing a filamentary core and method for preparing same |
EP0748675A3 (en) * | 1995-06-14 | 1997-05-02 | Dow Corning | Continuous foam profile containing a filamentary core and method for preparing same |
CN107234792A (en) * | 2017-07-28 | 2017-10-10 | 邓哲琪 | Energy saving and environment friendly extrusion coating machine in the same direction |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR957687A (en) | 1950-02-23 |
NL67205C (en) | 1900-01-01 |
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