Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J11/00—Recovery or working-up of waste materials
  • C08J11/04—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers
  • C08J11/10—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
  • C08J11/18—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation by treatment with organic material
  • C08J11/22—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation by treatment with organic material by treatment with organic oxygen-containing compounds
  • C08J11/24—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation by treatment with organic material by treatment with organic oxygen-containing compounds containing hydroxyl groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
  • C07C67/03—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting an ester group with a hydroxy group
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
  • C07C69/76—Esters of carboxylic acids having a carboxyl group bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C69/80—Phthalic acid esters
  • C07C69/82—Terephthalic acid esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2367/00—Characterised by the use of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2367/02—Polyesters derived from dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
  • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
  • Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
  • Y02W30/62—Plastics recycling; Rubber recycling

Definitions

• the invention relates to a process for depolymerizing a polyester, preferably comprising polyethylene terephthalate (PET), to obtain a diester monomer stream, more particularly a bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) stream. More particularly, the invention relates to a process for depolymerizing a polyester filler preferably comprising PET, comprising a particular step of conditioning the polyester filler by a staged pre-mixing of said filler with an alcohol flux, so as to obtain a charge packaged advantageously in the form of a homogeneous mixture, having a viscosity less than or equal to 50 mPa.s, which is then sent to the depolymerization reaction unit.
• PET polyethylene terephthalate
• BHET bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate
• polyester in particular polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
• PET polyethylene terephthalate
• polyesters come from collection and sorting circuits.
• the polyester in particular the PET, can come from the collection of bottles, trays, films, resins and/or fibers composed of polyester (such as, for example, textile fibers, tire fibers). Polyester from collection and sorting channels is called recycled polyester or PET.
• PET for recycling can be classified into four main categories:
• - clear PET consisting mainly of colorless transparent PET (generally at least 60% by weight) and azure transparent PET, which does not contain pigments and can be used in mechanical recycling processes,
• PET green, red, etc.
• green, red, etc. which can generally contain up to 0.1% by weight of dyes or pigments but remains transparent or translucent;
• Opaque PET is increasingly used, for example, for the manufacture of food containers, such as milk bottles, in the composition of cosmetic, phytosanitary or dye bottles; - multilayer PET, which comprises layers of polymers other than PET or a layer of recycled PET between layers of virgin PET (i.e. PET that has not undergone recycling), or a film of aluminum for example. Multilayer PET is used after thermoforming to make packaging such as trays.
• the collection channels which supply the recycling channels, are structured differently depending on the country. They evolve in such a way as to maximize the quantity of recovered plastic in the waste according to the nature and quantity of flows and sorting technologies.
• the recycling channel for these streams generally consists of a first stage of packaging in the form of flakes during which bales of raw packaging are washed, purified and sorted, crushed then again purified and sorted to produce a stream flakes generally containing less than 1% by mass of "macroscopic" impurities (glass, metals, other plastics, wood, cardboard, mineral elements), preferably less than 0.2% of "macroscopic” impurities and even more preferably less than 0.05%.
• "macroscopic" impurities glass, metals, other plastics, wood, cardboard, mineral elements
• the clear PET flakes can then undergo an extrusion-filtration step to produce extrudates which are then reusable when mixed with virgin PET to make new products (bottles, fibres, films).
• a solid state vacuum polymerization step (known by the acronym SSP for Solid State Polymerization according to the English term) is necessary for food uses. This type of recycling is called mechanical recycling.
• Opaque PET is currently collected together with colored PET and ends up in the colored PET stream. Considering the development of the uses of opaque PET, the contents of opaque PET in the stream of colored PET to be recycled are currently between 5-20% by weight and tend to increase. Within a few years, it will be possible to achieve opaque PET contents in the colored PET stream of more than 20-30% by weight.
• the dyes are natural or synthetic substances, soluble in particular in the polyester material and used to color the material in which they are introduced.
• the dyes generally used are of different natures and often contain heteroatoms of the O and N type, and conjugated unsaturations, such as for example quinone, methine, azo functions, or molecules such as pyrazolone and quinophthalone.
• Pigments are finely divided substances, insoluble in particular in polyester material, used to color and/or opacify the material in which they are introduced.
• the main pigments used to color and/or opacify polyesters, in particular PET are metal oxides such as T1O 2 , C0Al 2 O 4 , Fe 2 O 3 , silicates, polysulphides, and carbon black.
• Pigments are particles with a size generally between 0.1 and 10 ⁇ m, and mostly between 0.4 and 0.8 ⁇ m. The total elimination of these pigments, necessary to envisage a recycling of opaque PET, by filtration is technically difficult because they are extremely clogging.
• Patent application US 2006/0074136 describes a process for depolymerization by glycolysis of colored PET, in particular resulting from the recovery of green colored PET bottles.
• the feed treated by this process is in the form of PET flakes and is brought into contact with ethylene glycol in a reactor at a temperature of between 180 and 280°C for several hours.
• the BHET obtained at the end of the glycolysis step is purified on activated carbon to separate certain dyes, such as blue dyes, then by extraction of residual dyes, such as yellow dyes, with alcohol or water.
• the BHET crystallizes in the extraction solvent and is then separated to be used in a polymerization process.
• post-consumer PET comprising a mixture of different PETs, such as clear PET and colored PETs such as blue PET, green PET and/or amber PET, in the form of flakes , is depolymerized by glycolysis in the presence of ethylene glycol and an amine catalyst, in a reactor at 150-250° C., in batch mode.
• the diester monomer then obtained is purified by filtration, ion exchange and/or passage over activated carbon, before being crystallized and recovered by filtration.
• Patent JP3715812 describes the production of refined BHET from PET in the form of flakes.
• the depolymerization step consists of the glycolysis of the PET flakes, which have been pretreated beforehand by washing with water in solid form, in the presence of ethylene glycol and a catalyst in a reactor stirred at 180°C to eliminate the residual water then at 195-200°C.
• the depolymerization is followed by a stage of pre-purification of the reaction effluent by cooling, filtration, adsorption and treatment on an ion exchange resin, presented as very important, carried out before the evaporation of the glycol and the purification of the BHET.
• the pre-purification makes it possible to avoid the re-polymerization of the BHET in the subsequent purification steps.
• patent application FR 3053691 describes a process for depolymerizing a polyester filler comprising opaque PET and in particular 0.1 to 10% by weight of pigments, by glycolysis in the presence of ethylene glycol.
• a purified BHET effluent is obtained after specific separation and purification steps.
• This patent application considers the possibility of a reactive extrusion in a first step of conditioning the load to initiate the depolymerization reaction.
• the present invention seeks to improve these methods of depolymerization by alcoholysis or glycolysis of a polyester filler, and in particular that of application FR 3053691. More particularly, the present invention seeks to improve the conditioning phase of the polyester filler and its mixture with at least one alcohol stream as depolymerization agent, upstream of the depolymerization step, so as to obtain a homogeneous stream and having a sufficiently low viscosity, in particular less than or equal to 50 mPa.s, thus allowing a reaction step (c ie a depolymerization step, which is optimal, in particular in terms of efficiency of the reaction, necessary stirring power, operating cost.
• the subject of the invention is therefore a method for depolymerizing a polyester filler, comprising: a) a conditioning step using a means for melting at least part of the polyester filler and at least one static or dynamic mixer, located downstream means for at least partially melting the polyester filler, to produce a flow of conditioned filler, the conditioning step a) being carried out at a temperature of between 200 and 300° C.
• each static or dynamic mixer being fed by at least a fraction of the alcohol flow and by a polyester flow, with a volume dilution rate of alcohol compound between 3% and 70%, the volume dilution rate of alcohol compound being the ratio between the volume flow rate of the fraction of the alcohol flow which feeds the static or dynamic mixer considered and the sum of the volume flow rates of the fraction of the alcohol flow and of the polyester flow which feed the static or dynamic mixer considered, the polyester flow which feeds a static or dynamic mixer comprising the heat rge polyester and all of the fractions of the alcohol stream introduced in step a) upstream of the static or dynamic mixer considered; b) a depolymerization step, fed at least by the flow of conditioned charge from step a) and operated at a temperature of between 150 and 300° C.
• An advantage of the invention is to improve the step of conditioning the polyester filler, so as to improve the homogenization of the mixture of the polyester filler with at least one depolymerization agent, in particular an alcohol flux, and to obtain at the conditioning section outlet a homogeneous polyester-depolymerization agent mixture having a viscosity advantageously less than or equal to 50 mPa.s, preferably less than or equal to 30 mPa.s and very preferably less than or equal to 15 mPa.s .
• Such a mixture has the advantage of thus leading to a sufficiently low effective viscosity in the reaction section, to make it possible to use a reasonable (that is to say limited) stirring power in the reaction section, and in particular in the reactor directly connected to the conditioning unit, which facilitates the operability of the depolymerization process and limits the costs necessary for its implementation.
• the process according to the invention thus facilitates the dispersion and homogenization of the charge with at least one alcohol flux, which makes it possible to improve the efficiency of the depolymerization reaction, while reducing the stirring power necessary for this dispersion and homogenization in the reaction section.
• the present invention thus makes it possible to effectively premix the polyester filler with at least a part of the depolymerization agent, in particular the mono-alcohol or the diol, necessary for the depolymerization of the polyester, in particular of PET, while respecting the technical constraints imposed by the mixing equipment used, in particular by the agitation system of the reaction section but also by equipment used in the conditioning section, for example static or dynamic mixers for which it is recommended to avoid excessive differences in viscosity between the fluids to be mixed.
• static mixers are used to mix fluids whose viscosity ratio between said fluids varies up to 1000 (that is to say ⁇ 1000).
• the present invention makes it possible to effectively mix a polyester filler comprising PET, the viscosity of which in the molten state is typically between 300 and 800 Pa.s, with an alcohol flow, in particular a methanol flow or a flow of ethylene glycol, the viscosity of which varies between 1 and 0.1 mPa.s in the range of temperatures at which the mixture is operated, i.e. a viscosity ratio between these two fluids in a range of approximately 1x10 5 -1 x10 6 , which is very high and usually incompatible with the technical constraints of static or dynamic mixers.
• one advantage of the invention is to be able to process any type of polyester waste, which increasingly includes pigments, dyes and other polymers, such as azure, colored, opaque and multi-layer PET.
• FIG. 1 represents a particular embodiment of the method according to the invention implementing depolymerization by glycolysis in the presence of ethylene glycol, and comprising: a step (a) of conditioning the polyester filler (1) preferably comprising PET, implementing a means (A) for at least partially melting the polyester filler and obtaining a polyester filler at least partially melted ( ), and four static mixers (M1), (M2), (M3), (M4 ) in series, each fed respectively by fractions (2), (4), (6) and (8) of an ethylene glycol stream (11), and each producing a polyester stream, respectively (3), (5) , (7) and (9), comprising the polyester filler (1), at least partly molten, mixed with the fraction or fractions of the ethylene glycol stream already introduced; a step (b) of depolymerization supplied with the conditioned charge (9) resulting from step a) of conditioning and with a diol effluent (12); and a step (c) making it possible to separate a diol stream (
• FIG. 2 represents another particular embodiment of the method according to the invention implementing depolymerization by glycolysis in the presence of ethylene glycol, and comprising: a step (a) of conditioning the polyester filler (1) preferably comprising PET, using an extruder (A) fed with the polyester filler (1) and a fraction (2) of an ethylene glycol stream (11), producing a mixture (3) and followed by two static mixers (M1) , (M2) in series, each fed respectively by the fractions
• polyethylene terephthalate or poly(ethylene terephthalate), also simply called PET has an elementary repeating unit of formula:
• PET is obtained by polycondensation of terephthalic acid (PTA), or dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), with ethylene glycol.
• PTA terephthalic acid
• DMT dimethyl terephthalate
• the expression "per mole of diester in said polyester filler” corresponds to the number of moles of unit -[0-C0-0-(C 6 H )-C0-0-CH2-CH 2 ]- in the polyester filler, and which is in particular the diester unit resulting from the reaction of PTA and ethylene glycol.
• the term “monomer” or “diester monomer” or even “diester” advantageously designates a repeating unit of a polyester polymer.
• the term "monomer” or “diester monomer” or even “diester” is defined as a diester of a dicarboxylic acid, of preferably a dicarboxylic acid and preferably terephthalic acid, and a diol preferably comprising between 2 and 12 carbon atoms, preferably between 2 and 4 carbon atoms, the preferred diol being ethylene glycol.
• the term "monomer” or “diester monomer” preferably denotes bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) of chemical formula H0C 2 H -C0 2 -(C 6 H 4 )-C0 2 - C 2 H OH, in which - (C 6 H 4 ) - represents an aromatic ring, and which is in particular the diester unit resulting from the reaction of PTA and ethylene glycol.
• BHET bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate
• the term "monomer” or “diester monomer” can define a diester of a dicarboxylic acid, preferably of a dicarboxylic acid and preferentially of terephthalic acid, and of a mono-alcohol preferably comprising between 1 and 10 carbon atoms, preferably between 1 and 3 carbon atoms, and preferably methanol, ethanol, propanol or mixtures thereof.
• the term "monomer” or “diester monomer” very preferably denotes dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), of chemical formula CH 3 -C0 2 -(C 6 H 4 )-C0 2 -CH 3 , in which -(C 6 H 4 )- represents an aromatic ring.
• DMT dimethyl terephthalate
• oligomer typically designates a small-sized polymer, generally consisting of 2 to 20 elementary repeating units, for example between 2 and 5, elementary repeating units.
• ester oligomer or "BHET oligomer” denotes a terephthalate ester oligomer, comprising between 2 and 20, preferably between 2 and 5, elementary repeating units of formula -[0-C0 -(C 6 H 4 )-C0-0-C 2 H 4 ]-, with - (C 6 H 4 )- an aromatic ring.
• the term "mono-alcohol” designates a compound comprising a single hydroxyl group -OH and preferably comprising between 1 and 10 carbon atoms, preferably between 1 and 3 carbon atoms.
• the mono-alcohol is chosen from methanol, ethanol, propanol and mixtures thereof, the preferred mono-alcohol being methanol.
• diol and “glycol” are used interchangeably and correspond to compounds comprising 2 hydroxyl —OH groups and preferably comprising between 2 and 12 carbon atoms, preferably between 2 and 4 carbon atoms.
• the preferred diol is ethylene glycol, also called mono-ethylene glycol or MEG.
• the term “alcohol compound” designates a mono-alcohol or a diol, as defined above.
• the alcohol compound is advantageously a depolymerization agent necessary for the depolymerization by alcoholysis or glycolysis of the polyester filler.
• the alcohol compound is a diol comprising between 2 and 12 carbon atoms, preferentially between 2 and 4 carbon atoms, and very preferentially is ethylene glycol.
• the alcohol compound is a mono-alcohol preferably comprising between 1 and 10 carbon atoms, preferably between 1 and 3 carbon atoms, preferably chosen from methanol, ethanol , propanol and mixtures thereof, the preferred mono-alcohol being methanol.
• the alcohol stream involved in the steps of the process of the invention, comprises, preferably consists of, the alcohol compound advantageously defined above.
• the alcohol flux preferably comprises at least 95% by weight of alcohol compound, and in particular at least 95% by weight of mono-alcohol or diol. Very preferably, the alcohol flux comprises at least 95% by weight of ethylene glycol.
• the alcohol compound is ethylene glycol
• the alcohol flux is therefore a diol flux and more precisely an ethylene glycol flux
• the targeted diester monomer is BHET.
• the term "dye” defines a substance soluble in the polyester material and used to color it.
• the dye can be of natural or synthetic origin.
• the term "pigment”, more particularly coloring and/or opacifying pigment, defines a finely divided substance, insoluble in particular in the polyester material.
• the pigments are in the form of solid particles, with a size generally between 0.1 and 10 ⁇ m, and mostly between 0.4 and 0.8 ⁇ m. They are often mineral in nature.
• the pigments generally used, in particular for opacifying are metal oxides such as T1O 2 , C0Al 2 O 4 , Fe 2 O 3 , silicates, polysulfides, and carbon black.
• upstream and downstream are to be understood according to the general flow of the flux in the process.
• static or dynamic mixer and “mixer” are used interchangeably and correspond to mixing equipment well known to those skilled in the art as static mixer or dynamic mixer.
• the viscosity is defined as being a dynamic viscosity, in particular measured at a temperature of 250° C. and at a shear rate of 100 s 1 , using a viscometer, preferably using a plane-plane type viscometer, for example of the DHR3 type from TA Instrument.
• a viscometer preferably using a plane-plane type viscometer, for example of the DHR3 type from TA Instrument.
• the expressions "between ... and ! and "between ... and " are equivalent and mean that the limit values of the interval are included in the range of values described. If such were not the case and the limit values were not included in the range described, such precision will be provided by the present invention.
• the different ranges of parameters for a given step can be used alone or in combination.
• a range of preferred pressure values can be combined with a range of more preferred temperature values.
• the method according to the invention is supplied with a polyester filler comprising at least one polyester, that is to say a polymer whose repeating unit of the main chain contains an ester function.
• the polyester filler preferably comprises polyethylene terephthalate (PET), for example clear PET and/or colored PET and/or opaque PET.
• Said polyester filler is advantageously a polyester filler to be recycled, resulting from waste collection and sorting channels, in particular plastic waste.
• Said polyester filler can come, for example, from the collection of bottles, trays, films, resins and/or fibers made of polyethylene terephthalate.
• the polyester filler comprises at least 50% by weight, preferably at least 70% by weight, more preferably at least 90% by weight of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the maximum being 100% by weight of PET.
• PET polyethylene terephthalate
• said polyester filler comprises at least one PET chosen from clear, colored, opaque, dark, multilayer PET and mixtures thereof.
• said polyester filler comprises at least 10% by weight of opaque PET, very preferably at least 15% by weight of opaque PET, said opaque PET being advantageously opaque PET to be recycled, that is to say from collection and sorting channels.
• the polyester filler can comprise 100% by weight of opaque PET, very preferably less than 70% by weight of opaque PET.
• Said polyester filler may comprise pigments and/or dyes.
• the polyester filler can comprise from 0.1% to 10% by weight of pigments, in particular from 0.1 to 5% by weight of pigments. It can also comprise in particular from 0.005% to 1% of colorants, preferably from 0.01 to 0.2% by weight of colorants.
• the polyester waste is washed and crushed before constituting the polyester filler for the process according to the invention.
• the polyester filler can be, in whole or in part, in the form of flakes (or flakes according to the English term), the greatest length of which is less than 10 cm, preferably between 5 and 25 mm, or in the form of a micronized solid c' that is to say in the form of particles preferably having a size between 10 micrometers ( ⁇ m) and 1 mm.
• the filler may also include "macroscopic" impurities, preferably less than 5% by weight, preferably less than 3% by weight of "macroscopic” impurities, such as glass, metal, plastics other than polyester (for example PP, HDPE ...), wood, cardboard, mineral elements.
• Said polyester filler can also be, in whole or in part, in the form of fibers, such as textile fibers, optionally pretreated to eliminate fibers of cotton, polyamide, or any other textile fiber other than polyester, or other fibers. such as tire fibers, optionally pretreated to eliminate in particular polyamide fibers or rubber or polybutadiene residues.
• Said polyester filler may further comprise polyester from production scrap from processes for polymerization and/or transformation of the polyester material.
• the polyester filler may also include elements used as polymerization catalysts and/or stabilizers in PET production processes, such as antimony, titanium, tin.
• the method according to the invention comprises a conditioning step a) which uses at least a means for at least partially melting the polyester filler and at least one static or dynamic mixer located downstream of the means for at least partially melting the polyester filler.
• Step a) of conditioning makes it possible to obtain a flow of conditioned charge.
• the assembly comprising, preferably consisting of, the means for at least partially melting the polyester filler and the static or dynamic mixer(s) constitutes a section called the conditioning section.
• Said conditioning section of step a) thus makes it possible, on the one hand, to heat and pressurize said polyester filler under the operating conditions of step b) of depolymerization and on the other hand to bring into contact and pre-mix the polyester filler with at least a part of the alcohol compound necessary for the depolymerization.
• step a) of conditioning is supplied with the polyester filler and an alcohol flux, so that the weight ratio between the alcohol flux relative to the polyester filler, that is to say the ratio between the weight flow of the alcohol flow which feeds stage a) and the weight flow rate of the polyester filler which feeds stage a), is between 0.03 and 6.00, preferably between 0.05 and 5.00, preferentially between 0.10 and 4.00, preferably between 0.50 and 3.00.
• the alcohol stream corresponds to at least a fraction of the alcoholic effluent from step c) optional.
• the temperature at which step a) is implemented is advantageously between 200 and 300°C, preferably between 250 and 290°C. This temperature is kept as low as possible to minimize the thermal degradation of the polyester, but must be sufficient to at least partially melt the polyester filler.
• the conditioning section is operated under an inert atmosphere to limit the introduction of oxygen into the system and therefore the oxidation of the polyester filler.
• the means for at least partially melting the polyester filler makes it possible to mix and at least partially melt the polyester filler, and more particularly to at least partially melt the PET of the polyester filler.
• the means for at least partially melting the polyester filler is an extruder, in particular a twin- or single-screw extruder. Said means is advantageously implemented at a temperature between 200 and 300°C, preferably between 250 and 290°C.
• the means for at least partially melting the polyester filler is advantageously at least supplied with the polyester filler, for example in the form of flakes, and makes it possible to obtain a viscous liquid stream, typically with a viscosity between 0.5 and 600 Pa.s , or even more particularly between 1.0 and 500 Pa.s.
• the viscosity is in particular a dynamic viscosity measured at a temperature of 250° C. and a shear rate of 100 s 1 , using a viscometer, preferably using a plane-plane type viscometer for example of the DHR3 type from TA Instrument.
• the polyester filler is advantageously gradually heated to a temperature between 200 and 300° C., preferably between 250 and 290° C., and in particular close or even slightly higher than the melting point of the polyester, for example PET, which it contains, so as to become at least partly liquid (ie at less partly melted), at the outlet of said means.
• at least 70% by weight of the polyester filler preferably at least 80% by weight, preferably at least 90% by weight, preferably at least 95% by weight of the polyester filler is in liquid form at the end of said means. , for example of the extruder, of step a).
• the polyester filler feeds the means for at least partially melting the polyester filler, said means preferably being an extruder.
• the feeding of the polyester filler is advantageously carried out by any method known to those skilled in the art, for example via a feed hopper, and can be inerted in order to limit the introduction of oxygen into the process.
• the means for melting said filler at least in part makes it possible to bring the polyester filler to a temperature between 200 and 300° C., preferably between 250 and 290° C., and at a pressure preferably between atmospheric pressure (that is to say 0.1 MPa) and 20 MPa, preferably between 0.15 MPa and 10 MPa, conditions under which said polyester filler is advantageously at least partly molten, and in particular under which the PET optionally included in the polyester filler is at least partly molten, preferably completely molten.
• the means for at least partially melting the polyester filler preferably the extruder
• Another advantage of this embodiment lies in the fact that this implementation may allow a reduction in the number of static or dynamic mixers necessary to achieve a viscosity of the mixture [polyester filler + alcohol compound] at the end of step a) (corresponding to the flow of conditioned filler) less than or equal to 50 mPa. s, preferably less than or equal to 30 mPa.s and very preferably less than or equal to 15 mPa.s.
• the quantity of alcohol compound which feeds said means is preferably adjusted so that the weight ratio between the said fraction of the alcohol flow which feeds said means and the polyester filler which feeds said means is between 0.001 and 0.100, preferably between 0.003 and 0.050, very preferably between 0.005 and 0.030.
• the residence time in the means for at least partially melting the polyester filler is advantageously less than or equal to 5 min, preferably less than or equal to 2 min, and preferably greater than 1 second, preferentially greater than or equal at 10 seconds.
• Said residence time is defined here as the volume available in said means divided by the volume flow rate of the polyester filler.
• the means for at least partially melting the polyester filler can advantageously be connected to a vacuum extraction system, so as to eliminate impurities such as dissolved gases, light organic compounds and/or humidity present in the charge.
• the means for at least partially melting the polyester filler can also advantageously comprise a filtration system at the outlet, thus making it possible to eliminate solid particles of a size greater than 20 ⁇ m, and preferably less than 2 cm, such as sand, wood, metallic particles.
• the means for at least partially melting the polyester filler is directly connected, at the outlet, to a first filtration system, in particular a filter, suitable for eliminating solid particles of typically size greater than or equal to 1000 ⁇ m, preferably greater than or equal to 500 ⁇ m, preferably greater than or equal to 400 ⁇ m, preferably greater than or equal to 300 ⁇ m, followed by a melt pump (or "melt pump” according to the English term -saxon consecrated) or a gear pump (or gear pump according to the Anglo-Saxon term) allowing to maintain and/or increase the pressure, followed by a second filtration system adapted to eliminate solid particles of typically larger size or equal to 60 ⁇ m, preferably greater than or equal to 20 ⁇ m.
• the conditioning section includes:
• the means for at least partly melting the polyester filler preferably an extruder, making it possible to obtain a polyester filler at least partly molten, preferably at a pressure typically between 0.1 MPa and 15.0 MPa, so preferably between 0.15 MPa and 1.5 MPa, then
• a first filtration system in particular a filter, suitable for removing from the charge at least partly molten from said means, solid particles of size typically greater than or equal to 1000 ⁇ m, preferably greater than or equal to 500 ⁇ m, from preferably greater than or equal to 400 ⁇ m, preferably greater than or equal to 300 ⁇ m, then - a molten material pump (or “melt pump” according to the Anglo-Saxon term) or a gear pump (or gear pump according to the Anglo-Saxon term), which makes it possible in particular to maintain the pressure and/or to increase the pressure in the conditioning section at a pressure greater than or equal to the pressure at the outlet of the means for at least partially melting the polyester filler, preferably at a pressure between 0.1 MPa and 15.0 MPa, preferably between 1 MPa and 15.0 MPa, preferably between 1 MPa and 7.0 MPa, then
• a second filtration system in particular a filter, adapted to eliminate solid particles of size typically greater than or equal to 60 ⁇ m, preferably greater than or equal to 20 ⁇ m, then
• a metal separation system can be installed upstream of the means for at least partially melting the polyester filler, so as to eliminate any metallic impurities from the polyester filler.
• step a) of conditioning implements a means for at least partially melting the polyester filler, preferably an extruder, and at least one, preferably between one and five, preferably between two and five, of very preferably between two and four, static or dynamic mixer(s), preferably static mixer(s).
• the static or dynamic mixer(s) is (are) advantageously located downstream of the means for at least partially melting the polyester filler.
• the conditioning section comprises several static or dynamic mixers, the static or dynamic mixers are advantageously in series relative to each other.
• step a) of conditioning uses an extruder, preferably operated at a temperature between 200 and 300° C., preferably between 250 and 290° C., and between two and five, preferably between two and four, static or dynamic mixers, operating in series and preferably implemented at a temperature between 200 and 300°C, preferably between 250 and 290°C.
• each static or dynamic mixer is supplied with at least a fraction of the alcohol flow which supplies step a), and with a polyester flow so that, in each mixer, the degree of dilution by volume of alcohol compound is between 3 % and 70%.
• the volume dilution rate of alcohol compound in a static or dynamic mixer corresponds, according to the invention, to the ratio between the volume flow rate of the fraction of the alcohol flow which directly feeds the static or dynamic mixer considered and the sum of the volume flow rates of the fraction of the alcohol flow and of the polyester flow which feed the static or dynamic mixer considered.
• the polyester stream corresponds to a stream comprising, preferably consisting of, the polyester filler, advantageously at least partly molten, and all of the fractions of the alcohol stream introduced in step a) in upstream of the static or dynamic mixer considered.
• the polyester flow which feeds a static or dynamic mixer, corresponds to a flow of material comprising, preferably consisting of, the polyester filler, advantageously at least partly molten, added to all the fractions of the alcohol streams introduced into the static or dynamic mixer(s) located upstream of the static or dynamic mixer considered and possibly into the means for at least partially melting the polyester filler.
• the polyester flow corresponds to the polyester filler advantageously at least partially molten.
• the volume dilution rate of alcohol compound in each static or dynamic mixer is comprised:
• the alcohol stream which feeds the conditioning step a) is divided into n partial streams of alcohol compound (that is to say into n fractions of the alcohol stream), n being an integer equal to m or to m+1, m being an integer equal to the number of static or dynamic mixers implemented in step a) of conditioning, each static or dynamic mixer being supplied with one of the partial flows of alcohol compound (i.e.
• step a) conditioning so that, in each static or dynamic mixer, the degree of dilution by volume of alcohol compound is between 3% and 70%, and preference : - between 3% and 50%, preferably between 10 and 35%, and very preferably between 15% and 30%, when the ratio of viscosities between the polyester flow and the fraction of the alcohol flow which feed the static mixer or considered dynamic is greater than or equal to 3500, preferably greater than or equal to 3000;
• a partial flow of alcohol compound (that is to say a fraction of the alcohol flow) can additionally feed the means to melt.
• each static or dynamic mixer is operated at a temperature between 200 and 300° C., preferably between 250 and 290° C., preferably with a residence time between 0.5 seconds and 20 minutes, preferably between 1 second and 5 minutes, preferably between 3 seconds and 1 minute, the residence time being defined here as the ratio between the volume of liquid in the static or dynamic mixer relative to the sum of the volume flow rates of the polyester flow and the fraction of the flow alcohol which feed the static or dynamic mixer considered.
• the alcohol stream which supplies step a) of conditioning can advantageously be heated, preferably to a temperature between 200 and 300° C., preferably between 250 and 290° C., prior to its introduction into step a), in particular prior to its introduction into the means for at least partially melting the polyester filler and/or into the static or dynamic mixer(s), in order to facilitate the heating of the polyester filler .
• step a) of conditioning implements an extruder, optionally a filtration system at the extruder outlet, then two, three or four static or dynamic mixers, operating in series the relative to each other.
• the extruder is supplied with the polyester filler and preferably with a fraction of the alcohol flow, so that the weight ratio between said fraction of the alcohol flow, which supplies the extruder, and the polyester filler which feeds the extruder is between 0.001 and 0.100, preferably between 0.003 and 0.050, more preferably between 0.005 and 0.030.
• the other fraction of the alcohol stream is then divided respectively into two, three or four partial streams of alcohol compound, the number of partial streams of alcohol compound being equal to the number of static or dynamic mixers placed implemented, each of the static or dynamic mixers being supplied with a polyester flow and one of the partial flows of alcohol compound so that, in each static or dynamic mixer, the degree of dilution by volume of alcohol compound is between 3% and 70% , and: i) preferably between 3% and 50%, preferably between 10 and 35%, and very preferably between 15% and 30%, when the ratio of viscosities between the polyester flow and the partial flow of compound alcohol which feed the static or dynamic mixer considered is greater than or equal to 3500, preferably greater than or equal to 3000; or ii) preferably between 10% and 70%, preferably between 20 and 65%, very preferably between 30% and 65%, or even between 35% and 65%, when the ratio of viscosities between the polyester flux and the partial flow of alcohol compound which feeds the static or dynamic mixer considered is less than 3500, preferably less than 3000.
• the residence time in the extruder is between 0.5 seconds and one hour, preferably between 0.5 seconds and 5 minutes, of preferably 1 second and 2 minutes, or between 10 seconds and 2 minutes.
• a flow of conditioned charge is advantageously obtained.
• the flow of conditioned charge is in liquid form and preferably has a viscosity less than or equal to 50 mPa.s, preferably less than or equal to 30 mPa.s and very preferably less than or equal to 15 mPa.s.
• the process according to the invention comprises a step b) of depolymerization. More particularly, the depolymerization of the polyester filler, in particular of the PET that it comprises, is carried out by glycolysis when the alcohol compound is a diol, or by alcoholysis when the alcohol compound is a mono-alcohol.
• Step b) of depolymerization is fed at least by the flow of conditioned feed from step a) of conditioning and optionally by an additional alcohol compound, so that the weight ratio between the total amount of alcohol compound present at step b), corresponding to the sum of the amounts by weight of alcohol compound introduced in step a) and optionally in step b), and the amount by weight of diester contained in the flow of conditioned feedstock (i.e. i.e. contained in the polyester filler and according to a particular mode the quantity by weight of PET contained in the polyester filler), is between 0.3 and 8.0, preferably between 1.0 and 7.0, more preferably between 1.5 and 6.0.
• step b) of depolymerization is supplied with the flow of conditioned charge from step a) of conditioning and optionally by an addition of alcohol compound, so that the molar ratio between the total quantity of moles of alcohol compound introduced in step a) and optionally in step b) relative to the total quantity of moles of diester contained in the flow of conditioned feedstock (that is to say contained in the polyester feedstock) is respectively between 0.9 and 24.0, preferably between 3.0 and 21.0, more preferably between 4.5 and 18.0.
• step b) of depolymerization is supplied with the flow of conditioned feed from step a) and with an addition of alcohol compound, very preferably an addition of methanol or ethylene glycol, so that the weight ratio between the total weight quantity of alcohol compound introduced in steps a) and b) relative to the total weight quantity of diester contained in the flow of conditioned feedstock (that is to say contained in the polyester feedstock and according to a particular mode the amount of PET contained in the polyester filler) is between 0.3 and 8.0, preferably between 1.0 and 7.0, preferably between 1.5 and 6.0 (this is that is to say a molar ratio of alcohol compound relative to the diester respectively between 0.9 and 24.0, preferably approximately between 3.0 and 21.0, more preferably between 4.5 and 18.0).
• alcohol compound very preferably an addition of methanol or ethylene glycol
• said depolymerization step b) implements one or more reaction sections, preferably at least two reaction sections, preferably between two and four reaction sections, preferably operating in series.
• Each reaction section can comprise a reactor, more particularly any type of reactor known to those skilled in the art allowing a depolymerization or transesterification reaction to be carried out, and preferably a reactor stirred by a mechanical stirring system or/and by loop recirculation or/and by fluidization.
• the reactor can optionally include a conical bottom allowing the impurities to be purged.
• step b) of depolymerization implements at least two reaction sections, preferably between two and four reaction sections, operating in series, the reaction section(s) from the second reaction section being operated at an identical or different temperature between them, and preferably less than or equal to the temperature of the first reaction section, preferably lower and preferentially lower by 10 to 50°C, or even lower by 20 to 40°C , relative to the temperature of the first reaction section.
• Stage b) of depolymerization is carried out at a temperature of between 150 and 300° C., preferably between 180 and 290° C., more preferably between 210 and 270° C., in particular in the liquid phase.
• step b) is implemented with a residence time in each reaction section of between 0.1 and 10 h, preferably between 0.25 and 8 h, between 0.5 and 6 h.
• the residence time in a reaction section is defined as the ratio of the volume of liquid in said reaction section to the volume flow rate of the flow leaving said reaction section.
• the operating pressure of the reaction section(s) of step b) is determined so as to maintain the reaction system in the liquid phase.
• This pressure is advantageously at least 0.1 MPa, preferably at least 0.4 MPa, and preferably less than 10 MPa, preferably less than 5 MPa.
• reaction system is meant all of the constituents and phases present in said step b).
• the depolymerization reaction can be carried out with or without the presence of a catalyst.
• a catalyst may be homogeneous or heterogeneous and chosen from the esterification catalysts known to those skilled in the art such as complex oxides and salts of antimony, tin , titanium, alkoxides of metals of groups (I) and (IV) of the periodic table of the elements, organic peroxides, acid-base metal oxides, and compounds based on manganese, zinc, titanium, lithium, magnesium, calcium or cobalt.
• a preferred heterogeneous catalyst advantageously comprises at least 50% mass relative to the total mass of the catalyst, preferentially at least 70% mass, advantageously at least 80% mass, very advantageously at least 90% mass, and even more advantageously at least 95 % mass of a solid solution consisting of at least one spinel of formula Z c AI 2 0 (3+c) in which x is between 0 (limit excluded) and 1 , and Z is chosen from Co, Fe, Mg , Mn, Ti, Zn, and comprising at most 50% by weight of alumina and oxide of the element Z.
• Said preferred heterogeneous catalyst advantageously contains at most 10% by weight of dopants chosen from silicon, phosphorus and boron taken alone or in combination.
• said solid solution may consist of a mixture of ZnAl 2 C> 4 spinel and CoAl 2 C> 4 spinel, or else consist of a mixture of ZnAl 2 C> 4 spinel , of MgAl 2 C>4 spinel and of FeAl 2 C>4 spinel, or else consist solely of ZnAl 2 C>4 spinel.
• a homogeneous catalyst preferably chosen from amines, preferably mono and di-tertiary amines, such as for example tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA), trimethyl triaza cyclononane (TACN), triethylamine (TEA), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino) pyridine (DMAP), 1,4-diazabicyclo (2,2,2)octane (DABCO), N-methyl imidazole (NMI), and alkaline or alkaline-earth metal hydroxides, such as for example Mg(OH) 2 and NaOH, can be added in stage b) of depolymerization.
• amines preferably mono and di-tertiary amines, such as for example tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA), trimethyl triaza cyclononane (TACN), triethyl
• said depolymerization step is carried out without adding any external catalyst to the polyester charge.
• Said depolymerization step can advantageously be carried out in the presence of a solid adsorbent in powder or shaped form, so as to capture at least some of the colored impurities, thus relieving any purification steps.
• Said solid adsorbent is advantageously an activated carbon.
• the depolymerization reaction makes it possible to convert the polyester filler into monomers and/or oligomers.
• the depolymerization step makes it possible to convert the polyester, the polyester filler, preferably the PET of the polyester filler, and optionally its oligomers, into at least one diester monomer, preferably bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET ) or dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), and optionally oligomers.
• the conversion of the polyester, preferably of the PET, of the polyester filler at the end of step b) of depolymerization is greater than 50%, preferably greater than 70%, preferably greater than 85%.
• the molar yield of diester monomer is greater than 50%, preferably greater than 70%, more preferably greater than 85%.
• the molar yield of diester monomer corresponds to the molar flow rate of diester monomer at the outlet of step b) (that is to say in the reaction effluent) relative to the number of moles of diester in the polyester feedstock feeding the step a).
• the depolymerization reaction also typically generates a diol, in particular ethylene glycol.
• An internal recirculation loop can advantageously be implemented in step b), with withdrawal of a fraction from the reaction system, filtration of this fraction, and reinjection of said filtered fraction in said step b).
• This internal loop makes it possible to eliminate the solid impurities, "macroscopic", possibly included in the reaction liquid.
• step b) of depolymerization makes it possible to obtain a reaction effluent, advantageously in essentially liquid form, which comprises the target diester monomer, very preferably BHET.
• the reaction effluent can be sent to stages of purification to separate the diester monomer, very preferably BHET, from the other compounds present in the reaction effluent, such as the unreacted alcohol compound, the diol generated during the depolymerization, preferably the ethylene glycol generated, impurities such as the pigments and/or dyes, or alternatively any by-products generated such as diol dimers or trimers and its derivatives (for example diol dimer esters), in order to obtain a purified diester monomer effluent.
• the reaction effluent can be sent to an optional separation step c) to recover an alcoholic effluent preferably composed essentially of the alcohol compound.
• the process according to the invention may comprise a step c) of separation, fed at least by the reaction effluent from step b), and producing at least one alcoholic effluent and one diester monomer effluent.
• the optional step c) has the main function of recovering all or part of the unreacted alcohol compound, which can then be advantageously recycled to steps a) and/or b).
• Optional step c) can also make it possible to recover all or part of the diol generated during the depolymerization.
• Optional step c) is advantageously implemented in a gas-liquid separation section or a succession of gas-liquid separation sections, advantageously from two to five successive gas-liquid separation sections.
• Each of the gas-liquid separation sections produces a liquid phase and a gas phase.
• the liquid phase of the earlier gas-liquid separation section feeds the later gas-liquid separation section. All of the gas phases are recovered to constitute the alcoholic effluent.
• the liquid phase from the last gas-liquid separation section constitutes the diester monomer effluent.
• At least one of the gas-liquid separation sections can be implemented in a falling film evaporator or a wiped film evaporator.
• Optional step c) can also implement at least one separation section, a short-path distillation.
• step c) is carried out so that the temperature of the liquid phases is maintained above a low temperature value, below which the diester monomer, preferably the BHET monomer, precipitates, and below a high temperature value, beyond which the diester monomer repolymerizes in such a way significant.
• the temperature in step c) is advantageously between 60 and 250°C, preferably between 90 and 220°C, more preferably between 100 and 210°C.
• the operation in a succession of two to five successive gas-liquid separations is particularly advantageous because it makes it possible to adjust in each separation the temperature of the liquid phase meeting the aforementioned constraints.
• the pressure in optional step c) is preferably lower than that of step b), so as to vaporize a fraction of the reaction effluent from step b).
• the pressure in optional step c) is thus advantageously adjusted to allow the evaporation of the diol at a given temperature in each separation section, while minimizing the re-polymerization of the monomer and allowing optimal energy integration. It is preferably between 0.00001 and 0.2 MPa, preferentially between 0.00004 and 0.15 MPa, more preferably between 0.00004 and 0.1 MPa.
• the gas-liquid separation section(s) are advantageously agitated by any method known to those skilled in the art.
• the alcoholic effluent obtained at the end of optional step c) comprises unreacted alcohol compound. It may also contain diol, preferably ethylene glycol, generated during depolymerization and possibly other compounds such as dyes, light alcohols, water, diethylene glycol. At least a fraction of the alcoholic effluent can advantageously be recycled, preferably after purification and preferably in liquid form (that is to say after condensation), to stage a) and/or stage b ), optionally mixed with a supply of alcohol compound external to the process according to the invention.
• diol preferably ethylene glycol
• At least a fraction of the alcoholic effluent can advantageously be recycled, preferably after purification and preferably in liquid form (that is to say after condensation), to stage a) and/or stage b ), optionally mixed with a supply of alcohol compound external to the process according to the invention.
• All or part of said alcoholic effluent can be treated in a purification step prior to its recycling, preferably in liquid form, to steps a) and/or b).
• This purification step may include, in a non-exhaustive manner, adsorption on solid (for example on activated carbon) to eliminate the dyes and one or more distillations to separate the impurities such as diethylene glycol, water and other alcohols.
• the diester monomer effluent obtained at the end of optional step c) can be transferred to one or more purification steps, so as to obtain a purified and decolorized diester monomer effluent, very preferably an effluent Purified and decolorized BHET, which is then able to be polymerized.
• the depolymerization process according to the invention can be integrated into the process described in patent application FR 3053691.
• the process according to the invention comprises the optional stage c) of separation of the diol and replaces the stages a) of conditioning, b) of depolymerization and c) of separation of the diol of the process described in the application for patent FR 3053691.
• the overall process comprises the depolymerization process according to the invention with the stages a) of conditioning, b) of depolymerization and the optional stage c) as described above, followed by a step d) of separation of the monomer and a step e) of purification, in particular decolorization, such as those described in application FR 3053691.
• the process according to the invention thus makes it possible to obtain, from any type of polyester waste, for example comprising opaque PET, an effluent comprising a diester monomer, in an optimized manner both from the point of view of operability of the process and costs.
• Said diester monomer obtained can then, preferably after purification, be polymerized, in the presence or absence of ethylene glycol, terephthalic acid and/or dimethylterephthalate, to produce PET which is indistinguishable from virgin PET.
• the depolymerization process corresponds to the embodiment schematized in Figure 1, in which the conditioning section comprises:
• an extruder A which includes a feed hopper through which the extruder is fed with PET 1 feed from the collection and sorting channel, at a rate of 50 kg/h;
• the PET filler is in the form of flakes and comprises: 95.72% weight of PET; 1.24% weight of pigments; 0.04% weight of colorants; and 3.00% weight of impurities such as paper, wood, metal, sand, etc.
• Each mixer M1, M2, M3, M4 is supplied with a PET stream, respectively 1, 3, 5 and 7, and with a fraction, respectively 2, 4, 6, 8, of the ethylene glycol stream 11 from step c) separation of the diol (ethylene glycol or MEG).
• the conditioning section is implemented at a temperature of 250° C. and at a pressure of 1.0 MPa (10 bars).
• Table 1 presents both the quantities of ethylene glycol (MEG) introduced into each mixer and the evolution of the viscosity of the PET streams at the inlet/outlet of each static mixer under the operating conditions of temperature and pressure. Table 1 also gives the ratio of the viscosities between the PET stream and the MEG stream which enter each static mixer.
• the MEG volume dilution rate in each mixer corresponds to:
• the depolymerization process corresponds to the embodiment shown schematically in Figure 2, in which the conditioning section comprises:
• an extruder A which includes a feed hopper through which the extruder is fed with PET 1 feed from the collection and sorting channel, at a rate of 50 kg/h; then
• the PET filler is the same as that of example 1: it is in the form of flakes and comprises: 95.72% weight of PET; 1.24% weight of pigments; 0.04% weight of colorants; and 3.00% weight of impurities such as paper, wood, metal, sand, etc.
• the extruder is fed with a fraction 2 of the ethylene glycol 11 flow from step c) of separation of the diol (ethylene glycol or MEG).
• Each mixer M1 and M2 is supplied with a PET stream, 3 and 5 respectively, and with a fraction, 4 and 6 respectively, of the ethylene glycol 11 stream resulting from stage c) of separation of the diol (ethylene glycol or MEG).
• the conditioning section is operated at a temperature of 250° C. and at a pressure of 1.0 MPa (10 bars).
• Table 2 presents both the quantities of ethylene glycol (MEG) introduced into each mixer and the evolution of the viscosity of the PET streams at the inlet/outlet of each static mixer under the operating conditions of temperature and pressure. Table 2 also gives the ratio of viscosities between the PET stream and the MEG stream entering the extruder and each static mixer.
• the volume dilution rate in MEG in each mixer and in the extruder corresponds to:
• step a) of conditioning using reactive extrusion followed by two static mixers and into which MEG is gradually introduced up to a weight ratio of 2 with respect to the PET filler (2 parts of MEG for 1 part of PET filler) the viscosity of the flow of conditioned filler is less than 10 mPa.s (8.8 mPa.s), this while respecting the technical constraints imposed by static mixers relative to the viscosities of the flows put into game. Such a viscosity makes it possible to then facilitate the homogenization of the mixture in the reaction section which follows the mixer M2.

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• 2021
  • 2021-06-17 FR FR2106437A patent/FR3124187B1/fr active Active
• 2022
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