EP4150170A1 - Floor or wall panel and process for manufacturing same - Google Patents

Floor or wall panel and process for manufacturing same

Info

Publication number
EP4150170A1
EP4150170A1 EP21727402.6A EP21727402A EP4150170A1 EP 4150170 A1 EP4150170 A1 EP 4150170A1 EP 21727402 A EP21727402 A EP 21727402A EP 4150170 A1 EP4150170 A1 EP 4150170A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
plate
panel
plates
intermediate plate
wood
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP21727402.6A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
François Cochet
Laurent Noca
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Carbon Capture Buildings Greentech SAS
Original Assignee
Carbon Capture Buildings Greentech SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Carbon Capture Buildings Greentech SAS filed Critical Carbon Capture Buildings Greentech SAS
Publication of EP4150170A1 publication Critical patent/EP4150170A1/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/26—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups
    • E04C2/284—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups at least one of the materials being insulating
    • E04C2/288—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups at least one of the materials being insulating composed of insulating material and concrete, stone or stone-like material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B13/00—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material
    • B32B13/04—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material comprising such water setting substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
    • B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
    • B32B3/266—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by an apertured layer, the apertures going through the whole thickness of the layer, e.g. expanded metal, perforated layer, slit layer regular cells B32B3/12
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
    • B32B7/02—Physical, chemical or physicochemical properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
    • B32B7/02—Physical, chemical or physicochemical properties
    • B32B7/022—Mechanical properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
    • B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
    • B32B7/08—Interconnection of layers by mechanical means
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/30—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure
    • E04C2/34—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/44—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose
    • E04C2/46—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose specially adapted for making walls
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/44—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose
    • E04C2/50—Self-supporting slabs specially adapted for making floors ceilings, or roofs, e.g. able to be loaded
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B13/00—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material
    • B32B13/04—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material comprising such water setting substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B32B13/12—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material comprising such water setting substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B13/00—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material
    • B32B13/14—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material next to a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2260/00—Layered product comprising an impregnated, embedded, or bonded layer wherein the layer comprises an impregnation, embedding, or binder material
    • B32B2260/02—Composition of the impregnated, bonded or embedded layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2260/00—Layered product comprising an impregnated, embedded, or bonded layer wherein the layer comprises an impregnation, embedding, or binder material
    • B32B2260/04—Impregnation, embedding, or binder material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
    • B32B2262/06—Vegetal fibres
    • B32B2262/062—Cellulose fibres, e.g. cotton
    • B32B2262/067—Wood fibres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2305/00—Condition, form or state of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2305/02—Cellular or porous
    • B32B2305/026—Porous
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2305/00—Condition, form or state of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2305/30—Fillers, e.g. particles, powders, beads, flakes, spheres, chips
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2607/00—Walls, panels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
    • B32B27/302—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers comprising aromatic vinyl (co)polymers, e.g. styrenic (co)polymers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/40—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyurethanes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer

Definitions

  • the invention relates to panels for a floor or wall, and more particularly for a wall of a building. State of the art
  • Precast concrete panels can still be used to make walls from one or two panels, but these panels are heavy to transport and require a large amount of concrete.
  • the space between the panels is filled with a metal frame having a "Z" shape for holding the panels, which makes the assembly very bulky.
  • French patent applications FR2567942, FR3072701 which disclose a sandwich wall panel consisting of an insulating panel interposed between an inner wall and an outer wall, the walls being made of concrete.
  • French patent application FR2835272 discloses an insulating wall comprising an insulating panel comprised between two concrete panels, the panel being reinforced by rods embedded in the wall and passing through the insulating panel.
  • FR2950910 discloses a panel for the production of a construction comprising two parallel uprights coated in a binder consisting of cement and chipped wood.
  • the panel further comprises two grooves, located respectively on two opposite sides of the panel, to accommodate assembly elements intended to be attached to the uprights. But such a panel is complex to make and requires the use of at least two uprights to reinforce the panel. It also does not provide sufficient thermal insulation.
  • Patent application EP1602789 discloses a wall panel comprising a polystyrene panel comprised between two panels comprising fiberglass mesh mixed with cement. But these panels must be made on site, and cannot be transported.
  • European patent application EP2025823 discloses a panel with several layers produced by compacting, the layers having densities which vary alternately between a low density and a high density.
  • the layers are made from a material comprising wood chips mineralized with cement or a magnesite binder.
  • the layers are produced one after the other by compacting each layer to obtain the desired density. But such a panel can be heavy and difficult to transport.
  • porous plate made from lightweight concrete such as cellular concrete.
  • the porous plate is covered on its two opposite sides by a panel of fibrous material, for example long-fiber wood wool.
  • a panel of fibrous material for example long-fiber wood wool.
  • Document DE1571406 discloses a lightweight construction panel formed by a rigid foam panel, the two opposite main faces of which are covered with a mixture of wood chips and cement.
  • the mixture of wood chips and cement is known to separate from the foam board when the shear forces increase.
  • Document FR2570738 discloses a sandwich panel formed by an insulating plate of polystyrene which separates two resistant facings of wood concrete.
  • the polystyrene insulating plate defines dovetail hollows on two opposite faces to allow pouring of the two resistant facings. Grooves are formed in the side walls of the polystyrene layer to join several panels. Disclosure of the invention
  • An object of the invention is to overcome these drawbacks, and more particularly to provide means for producing a floor or a wall of a building which improves thermal insulation without penalizing the breathability of the panel and its mechanical strength.
  • Another object is to provide means for producing a panel intended to make a floor or a wall, which can be prefabricated and transportable from the place of prefabrication to the place of assembly of a building.
  • a panel for a floor or wall comprising a first plate, a second plate and a third intermediate plate mounted between the first and second plates, the third intermediate plate comprising a thermal insulating material.
  • the first and second plates comprise a material capable of hardening in which organic elements of plant origin are embedded.
  • the panel may include attachment means configured to hold the panels of the panel together.
  • a panel is provided, the plates of which are securely held together. Such a panel can then be manufactured in the factory and then transported to site for the construction of a building.
  • the fixing means may comprise a screw passing through the first plate and the third intermediate plate and partially screwed into the second plate.
  • the material capable of hardening may include a hydraulic binder.
  • Organic elements of plant origin can be wooden elements.
  • the panel may include a spacer mounted in contact against the first and second plates.
  • An air space can be formed between the third intermediate plate and the second plate.
  • a through opening may be formed within the panel, and the panel has an edge piece located on the periphery of the through opening, the edge piece comprising the same material as that of the first and second plates.
  • a method of manufacturing a panel as defined above comprising an assembly, between a first plate and a second plate, of a third intermediate plate comprising a thermal insulating material, the first and second plates comprising a material capable of hardening in which organic elements of plant origin are embedded.
  • the method may include, after assembly, screwing a screw passing through the first plate and the third intermediate plate and partially screwed into the second plate.
  • the assembly comprises a supply of the first and second plates and a placement of the third intermediate plate between the first and second plates.
  • the assembly comprises an embodiment of the first plate, an embodiment of the third intermediate plate on the first plate and an embodiment of the second plate on the third intermediate plate.
  • the mounting may include placing a spacer in contact against the first and second plates.
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a sectional view of an embodiment of a panel according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a sectional view of another embodiment of a panel
  • FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a sectional view of another embodiment of a panel
  • Figure 4 schematically illustrates a front and perspective view of the panel illustrated in Figure 3;
  • FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a first step of an embodiment of a method of manufacturing a panel according to the invention
  • FIG. 6 schematically illustrates a second step of the panel manufacturing process
  • FIG. 7 schematically illustrates a third step of the panel manufacturing process
  • FIG. 8 schematically illustrates a fourth step of the panel manufacturing process
  • FIG. 9 schematically illustrates a fifth step of the panel manufacturing process
  • FIG. 10 schematically illustrates a first step of another embodiment of a method of manufacturing a panel according to the invention
  • - Figure 11 schematically illustrates a second step of the panel manufacturing process
  • FIG. 12 schematically illustrates a third step of the panel manufacturing process.
  • FIGs 1 to 4 there is shown a panel 1 for the floor or wall of a building.
  • the panel 1 is intended to manufacture a front wall, or a partition, that is to say that the panel 1 has a generally parallelepipedal shape.
  • Panel 1 is intended to be placed vertically with respect to the ground.
  • the panel 1 comprises a first plate 2, a second internal plate 3 and a third intermediate plate 4.
  • the term “plate” is understood to mean a part whose length and width are greater than the height. In general, the shape of a plate is generally parallelepiped.
  • the first and second plates 2, 3 are preferably in one piece.
  • the third intermediate plate 4 may be in one piece, or comprise several plate-shaped parts, superimposed on one another. Different variants are possible, either the parts are superimposed in the direction of the height of the panel 1, or in the direction of the length of the panel 1, or possibly a combination of the two.
  • the third intermediate plate 4 is mounted between the first and second plates 2, 3.
  • the third intermediate plate 4 comprises a thermal insulating material.
  • the material comprises, or is made from, polyurethane, polystyrene, or preferably wood wool.
  • a thermal insulating material having a thermal conductivity of less than 0.07 Watt / (meter x Kelvin), in particular a thermal conductivity of between 0.02 and 0.04 Watt / (meter x Kelvin).
  • the intermediate plate has a thermal resistance which is at least equal to 60% of the thermal resistance of the panel. It is also advantageous if the thermal resistance of the intermediate plate is greater than or equal to 1.5 Watt / (meter x Kelvin).
  • the first and second plates 2, 3 comprise a material capable of hardening in which are embedded organic elements of plant origin 5.
  • An organic element of plant origin can be wood, straw, cellulose, rice husks, bamboo shavings, hemp or cork.
  • An organic element includes carbon.
  • the material capable of hardening comprises a hydraulic binder, that is to say a binder which reacts with water to harden.
  • the hydraulic binder is mixed with water. As the material dries, it hardens by a chemical reaction between the binder and water.
  • the binder is, for example, a cement or lime.
  • the material capable of hardening is a mortar.
  • the mortar is made from cement or lime and may or may not include sand. More particularly, the term “concrete-wood” is used to refer to the material obtained from a mortar in which wooden elements 5 are embedded.
  • the first plate 2 is formed from a first mixture which comprises at least 50 % by volume of particles of plant material.
  • the second plate 3 is formed from a second mixture which comprises at least 50% by volume of particles of plant material. Such a high content of particles of plant material makes it easier to obtain a breathable plaque.
  • the organic elements of plant origin 5 are wooden elements.
  • the wooden elements can be wooden plates having a length less than 75 mm, preferably between 10 and 75 mm, and even more preferably between 20 and 60 mm.
  • concrete-wood comprises between 80% and 95%, relative to the total mass of the wooden elements, of wooden elements having a length of between 10 and 60 mm, preferably between 20 and 60 mm.
  • the length of the wooden elements is less than the thickness of the first plate 2 and the thickness of the second plate 3.
  • the wooden elements are embedded in the concrete, which means that the wooden elements are completely encapsulated. by concrete possibly with the exception of the wood particles which emerge on the faces of the first panel 2 and of the second panel 3.
  • the use of first and second breathable plates 2, 3 makes it possible to form a panel which has good thermal resistivity without making the room unpleasant by blocking the water vapor in the room.
  • these wood chips have a thickness of between 1 mm and 5 mm.
  • microcavities are obtained on the surface of the plate 2, 3, because the concrete coats the wood chips. Such microcavities facilitate the adhesion of the third intermediate plate 4 to the two concrete-wood plates 2, 3.
  • the intermediate plate 4 is porous. It is particularly advantageous to use an intermediate plate 4 made of wood wool or any other thermally insulating and porous material, preferably based on an organic material.
  • the thickness, that is to say the height, of the first and second plates 2, 3 are different.
  • a panel 1 is offered, the thickest plate 2, 3 of which confers a load-bearing property on the panel 1.
  • the thinnest plate is intended to withstand temperature variations and will be able to expand while limiting the mechanical forces generated on the third intermediate plate 4.
  • the thinnest plate is intended to be placed outside the building.
  • the length and the width of the first plate 2, in particular the plate intended to be placed outside the building may be less than the length and the width of the second plate 3. In this case, the expansion of the first plate 2 is facilitated, relative to the second plate 3.
  • the internal plate which provides high mechanical strength has a thickness at least equal to 15 cm. It is also preferable that the internal plate has a thickness at least equal to 7 cm to ensure minimum mechanical strength and sufficient thermal resistance. It is preferable that the thicker plate has a thickness which is at least twice the thickness of the thinner plate.
  • the thicker plate has a composition different from the composition of the thinner plate.
  • the difference in composition may be a difference in the content of particles of plant material.
  • the thinnest plate is placed on the outside to block the flow of calories.
  • the thicker plate is placed inside and it provides mechanical support to the structure to be formed.
  • the external plate is generally at a different temperature from the internal plate which generates the appearance of sets of stresses between the first plate 2 and the second plate 3 linked to the changes in temperature which exist during a day and throughout. year round.
  • the interior plate is thick enough to support a roof, floor, and / or upper story.
  • the interior plate provides mechanical performance which makes it possible to form a wall supporting a roof or an upper storey, that is to say mechanical performance superior to those of a simple partition.
  • the thermally insulating intermediate layer 4 it is advantageous to install the intermediate plate between the first plate 2 and the second plate 3.
  • the external plate which protects the intermediate layer 4.
  • the external plate can be formed with a mixture which contains finishing and protective additives which are absent from the mixture forming the internal plate.
  • the inner plate can be at least twice as thick as the outer plate.
  • the inner plate may have a content of particles of plant material which is lower than the content of the outer plate.
  • the holding means between the two plates 2 and 3 ensure the formation of a one-piece panel which allows easy handling without hindering the problem. expansion which would result in increased deterioration of the panel. It is particularly interesting that the internal plate which is thicker does not hamper or impose thermal expansion of the external plate.
  • the intermediate plate 4 is not fixed mechanically and simultaneously to the first plate 2 and to the second plate 3.
  • the intermediate plate 4 can be fixed only to the internal plate or only to the external plate. It is preferable that the intermediate plate 4 is fixed only to the inner plate. It is also advantageous to have an intermediate plate 4 whose Young's modulus is less than or equal to 50% of the Young's modulus of the internal or external plate to which it is fixed so as not to hinder thermal expansion.
  • the intermediate plate 4 is not attached directly to the inner plate, nor to the outer plate.
  • the intermediate plate 4 is only fixed by the fixing means 6 which performs the fixing of the outer plate with the inner plate.
  • the intermediate plate 4 is attached to the inner plate and to the outer plate.
  • the intermediate plate 4 has a Young's modulus which is less than 50%, preferably less than 30% of the Young's modulus of the inner plate and the outer plate in the directions perpendicular to the first direction so that the intermediate plate 4 transmits little or no force from the inner plate to the outer plate and vice versa.
  • the ratio of the Young's modulus of the intermediate plate 4 to the Young's modulus of the internal plate is less than 1/5, preferably less than 1/10. It is still possible to provide that the breaking strength value of the intermediate plate is less than the force applied by the thinnest plate when the panel is only supported by the thickest plate, in the absence of means. fixing between the first plate 2 and the second plate 3. In other words, the intermediate plate 4 does not have sufficient mechanical strength to ensure the mechanical cohesion between the plates 2 and 3.
  • a panel which has load-bearing properties because this avoids having to combine a load-bearing structure and an insulating structure. It is possible that the panel is consolidated by some additional load-bearing elements, for example a reinforced concrete beam.
  • the internal plate has sufficient thickness to present a mechanical strength compatible with the formation of a wall capable of supporting a ceiling or an additional floor.
  • the panel 1 comprises a fixing means 6 configured to hold the plates 2 to 4 of the panel 1 between them.
  • the fixing means 6 comprises one, or more, screws 7 passing through the first plate 2 and the third intermediate plate 4 and partially screwed into the second plate 3.
  • the fixing means 6 improve the holding of the set of three plates 2 to 4. Plates 2, 3 in concrete-wood are particularly suitable for receiving a screw 7.
  • dowels to hold the screws, and use a hammer drill to make a preliminary hole in traditional concrete to place the anchor.
  • the use of a few screws makes it possible to fix the first plate 2 with the second plate 3 to form a one-piece panel facilitating the handling of the panel.
  • the use of a few screws securing the first plate 2 to the second plate 3 makes it easy to make a one-piece panel without preventing the differential expansion between the two plates.
  • the technical solution proposed in document FR2570738 is not suitable.
  • the polystyrene layer continuously connects the two facing plates so that a differential expansion between the two will introduce a set of mechanical stresses in the different layers. Either the polystyrene layer cracks which separates the two facing boards, or at least part of the dovetails cracks which results in the fall of one of the facing boards.
  • the screw fixing can be replaced by another type of point fixing.
  • FIG. 1 there is illustrated an embodiment of a panel 1 intended to produce a wall.
  • the panel 1 rests on a slab 8 placed horizontally on the ground.
  • the panel 1 is placed vertically on the slab 8.
  • the height of the second plate 3 may be different from that of the first plate 2.
  • another slab 9, called the upper slab can be placed on the second plate 3.
  • the panel 1 comprises a spacer 10 mounted in contact against the first and second plates 2, 3.
  • the spacer 10 may have a cylindrical shape or the shape of a “capital i” profile.
  • the spacer 10 protects the third intermediate plate 4 from any deformation.
  • the spacer 10 is only fixed to one of the first plate 2 or of the second plate 3, which allows differential expansion without adding additional mechanical stress.
  • FIG 2 there is shown another embodiment of the panel 1.
  • an air space 11 is formed between the third intermediate plate 4 and the second plate 3. This improves the thermal insulation of the panel 1.
  • the air space 11 prevents a water condensation and allows natural ventilation of the panel 1.
  • the air space 11 protects the insulation from water degradation.
  • FIG. 3 and 4 there is shown another embodiment of the panel 1.
  • An opening 12 can be formed within the panel 1.
  • the panel 1 comprises an edge piece 13, 14 made from the same material as that used to make the first and second plates 2, 3.
  • the material used to make the first and second plates 2, 3 comprises the material capable of hardening in which the organic elements of plant origin are embedded 5.
  • the edge piece 13, 14 can be an additional element 13 separate from the first and second plates 2, 3 and fixed to the panel 1 using a screw additional 15.
  • the edge piece 13, 14 is an extension 14 of a plate 2, 3, placed at the edge of the opening 12.
  • the edge piece 14 formed by extension is an extension perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the plate 2, 3.
  • the edge piece 13 is preferably attached to only one of the plates
  • a method of manufacturing the panel 1 comprising a mounting, between the first plate 2 and the second plate 3, of the third intermediate plate 4 comprising the thermal insulating material.
  • the first and second plates 2, 3 can be manufactured using a mold 30, 31 into which the material to be hardened comprising the organic elements of plant origin 5, in particular the wooden elements, is injected.
  • the first plate 2 is produced, then the third plate 4 is placed against the first plate 2. Then the second plate 3 is made in contact against the third plate 4. As a variant, the third plate is made. second plate 3, then spacers 10 are placed against the second plate 2 through the third plate 4. And the second plate 2 is placed against the third intermediate plate 4, when the spacers 10 have a length equal to the thickness of the third intermediate plate 4. As a variant, the spacers 10 have a length greater than the thickness of the third intermediate plate 4, and the second plate is placed against the spacers to form the air space 11 between the third intermediate plate 4 and the second plate 3.
  • the method comprises screwing a screw 7 passing through the first plate 2 and the third intermediate plate 3 and partially screwed into the second plate 2.
  • the screw or screws 7 make it possible to keep the elements of the panel 1 assembled together. .
  • Such a support allows the panel 1 to be transported.
  • FIGS. 5 to 9 the main steps have been shown of a first embodiment of a method for manufacturing the panel 1 as defined above.
  • the method comprises a step of mounting the plates 2 to 4 with a view to manufacturing the panel 1.
  • the assembly comprises four main steps S1 to S4.
  • a mold 30 is provided intended to receive the material capable of hardening in which the organic elements of plant origin 5 are embedded, to obtain the first plate 2.
  • the material capable of hardening, in which the organic elements of plant origin 5 are embedded is poured into the mold 30.
  • the third intermediate plate 4 is placed on the first plate 2.
  • one or more spacers 10 can be placed.
  • the third intermediate plate 4 can comprise one or more plate-shaped parts. Then, during a fourth step S4, a material capable of hardening is poured into which the organic elements of plant origin 5 are embedded, in order to form the second plate 3 on the third intermediate plate 4. Then, the material is removed. mold 30 to obtain the panel 1. It can be noted that the plates 2 to 4 are held together by virtue of the adhesion between the third intermediate plate 4 to the first and second plates 2, 3. The adhesion is further reinforced thanks to the hardening of the material in contact with the third intermediate plate 4.
  • the method can comprise, after assembly, a fifth step S5 in which the screws 7 are integrated through the first plate 2, the third intermediate plate 4 and partly in the second plate 2, to hold the plates 2 to 4 together and form the panel 1.
  • FIGS. 10 to 12 the main steps have been shown of a second embodiment of a method for manufacturing the panel 1 as defined above.
  • the method comprises a step of mounting the plates 2 to 4 with a view to manufacturing the panel 1.
  • the assembly includes three main stages T1 to T3.
  • a first mold 30 is provided into which the material capable of hardening is poured into which the organic elements of plant origin are embedded.
  • the first mold 30 is removed. to obtain the first plate 2.
  • a second mold 31 is provided into which the material capable of hardening is poured into which the organic elements of plant origin are embedded 5.
  • the height of the second mold 31 may be greater than that of first mold 30, with a view to obtaining first and second plates 2, 3 having different thicknesses. Then, after hardening of the material, the second mold 31 is removed to obtain the second plate 3. Then, during a third step T3, the third intermediate plate 4 is placed between the first and second plates 2, 3.
  • one or more spacers 10 can be placed in contact with each other. one side of a plate 2, 3 among the first and second plates 2, 3.
  • the method may include an integration of the screws 7 through the first plate 2, the third intermediate plate 4 and partly in the second plate 2, to hold the plates 2 to 4 together and form the panel 1.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Panels For Use In Building Construction (AREA)

Abstract

Floor or wall panel comprising a first wood-concrete plate (2) produced from a mortar in which timber elements (5) are embedded, a second wood-concrete plate (3) produced from a mortar in which timber elements (5) are embedded, a third intermediate plate (4) mounted between the first and second plates (2, 3) in a first direction, the third intermediate plate (4) comprising a heat insulating material, the third intermediate plate (4) being attached only to the first plate (2) or to the second plate (3) or connecting the first plate (2) to the second plate (3) and deforming to allow expansion of the first plate (2) in relation to the second plate (3) in a direction perpendicular to the first direction, an attachment means (6) configured to hold the plates (2 to 4) of the panel together and allow expansion of the first plate (2) in relation to the second plate (3) in a direction perpendicular to the first direction, characterised in that the first and second wood-concrete plates (2, 3) comprise, in relation to the total mass of timber elements, between 80% and 95% of timber elements with a length of between 10 and 60 mm, the timber elements are wooden boards, in that the first mixture and the second mixture comprise at least 50% by volume of plant-based organic elements (5) for forming the first plate (2) and the second plate (3) of a breathable material, in that the third intermediate plate (4) is a breathable plate and in that the first plate (2) has a thickness smaller than a thickness of the second plate (3) in the first direction.

Description

PANNEAU POUR PLANCHER OU PAROI ET PROCÉDÉ DE FABRICATION D’UN TEL PANNEAU Domaine technique PANEL FOR FLOOR OR WALL AND PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING SUCH A PANEL Technical field
L’invention concerne les panneaux pour plancher ou paroi, et plus particulièrement pour un mur d’un bâtiment. État de la technique The invention relates to panels for a floor or wall, and more particularly for a wall of a building. State of the art
Actuellement, il existe différentes structures pour réaliser une construction, telle qu’une maison ou un bâtiment. De manière classique, on utilise des blocs creux préfabriqués en béton, ou des briques, assemblés avec du mortier au fur et à mesure de la construction du mur. Mais ces murs doivent être réalisés sur site et ces méthodes sont longues à mettre en œuvre. Currently, there are different structures to make a construction, such as a house or a building. Conventionally, prefabricated hollow concrete blocks or bricks are used, assembled with mortar as the wall is built. But these walls must be made on site and these methods take a long time to implement.
On peut réaliser des panneaux préfabriqués en bois ou en métal, mais ils ne présentent pas les propriétés du béton. Par exemple, on peut citer la demande de brevet français FR2986249, qui divulgue un mur isolant porteur constitué d’une plaque de polyuréthane rigide comprise entre deux panneaux de bois, la plaque étant assemblée par encollage et pressage. On peut aussi citer la demande de brevet français FR3084382, qui divulgue un panneau destiné à la réalisation de mur-manteaux, comportant une plaque ayant au moins deux couches superposées et comprenant une alternance de lames de bois et de bandes isolantes. We can make prefabricated wood or metal panels, but they do not have the properties of concrete. For example, we can cite the French patent application FR2986249, which discloses a load-bearing insulating wall consisting of a rigid polyurethane plate comprised between two wooden panels, the plate being assembled by gluing and pressing. Mention may also be made of French patent application FR3084382, which discloses a panel intended for the production of mantel walls, comprising a plate having at least two superimposed layers and comprising an alternation of wooden slats and insulating strips.
On peut encore utiliser des panneaux préfabriqués en béton pour réaliser des murs à partir d’un ou deux panneaux, mais ces panneaux sont lourds à transporter et nécessitent une grande quantité de béton. En outre, lorsqu’on réalise un mur avec deux panneaux en béton, on remplit l’espace entre les panneaux avec une armature métallique ayant une forme en « Z » pour la tenue des panneaux, ce qui rend l’ensemble très encombrant. Precast concrete panels can still be used to make walls from one or two panels, but these panels are heavy to transport and require a large amount of concrete. In addition, when making a wall with two concrete panels, the space between the panels is filled with a metal frame having a "Z" shape for holding the panels, which makes the assembly very bulky.
On peut citer les demandes de brevet français FR2567942, FR3072701 , qui divulguent un panneau de mur sandwich constitué d’un panneau isolant intercalé entre une paroi intérieure et une paroi extérieure, les parois étant réalisées en béton. Par ailleurs, la demande de brevet français FR2835272 divulgue un mur isolant comprenant un panneau isolant compris entre deux panneaux en béton, le panneau étant renforcé par des tiges noyées dans le mur et traversant le panneau isolant. Mention may be made of French patent applications FR2567942, FR3072701, which disclose a sandwich wall panel consisting of an insulating panel interposed between an inner wall and an outer wall, the walls being made of concrete. Furthermore, French patent application FR2835272 discloses an insulating wall comprising an insulating panel comprised between two concrete panels, the panel being reinforced by rods embedded in the wall and passing through the insulating panel.
On peut, en outre, citer la demande de brevet français FR2909695 qui divulgue une structure composite pour la fabrication de murs, panneaux, ou dalles, comportant une armature porteuse formée d’éléments en bois et enrobée d’un produit liant composé de ciment ou de chaux mélangé à des particules de renfort en bois. Cependant, ces murs n’offrent pas d’isolation thermique suffisante. We can, moreover, cite the French patent application FR2909695 which discloses a composite structure for the manufacture of walls, panels, or slabs, comprising a load-bearing frame formed of wooden elements and coated with a binder product composed of cement or of lime mixed with wood reinforcement particles. However, these walls do not provide sufficient thermal insulation.
On peut également citer la demande de brevet français FR2950910 qui divulgue un panneau pour la réalisation d’une construction comportant deux montants parallèles enrobés dans un liant constitué de ciment et de bois déchiqueté. Le panneau comporte en outre deux rainures, situées respectivement sur deux faces opposées du panneau, pour loger des éléments d’assemblage destinés à être fixés aux montants. Mais un tel panneau est complexe à réaliser et nécessite d’utiliser au moins deux montants pour renforcer le panneau. Il n’offre pas non plus une isolation thermique suffisante. Mention may also be made of the French patent application FR2950910 which discloses a panel for the production of a construction comprising two parallel uprights coated in a binder consisting of cement and chipped wood. The panel further comprises two grooves, located respectively on two opposite sides of the panel, to accommodate assembly elements intended to be attached to the uprights. But such a panel is complex to make and requires the use of at least two uprights to reinforce the panel. It also does not provide sufficient thermal insulation.
On peut également citer la demande de brevet EP1602789, qui divulgue un panneau mural comprenant un panneau de polystyrène compris entre deux panneaux comprenant des mailles en fibre de verre mélangées avec du ciment. Mais ces panneaux doivent être réalisés sur place, et ne peuvent pas être transportés. On peut en outre citer la demande de brevet européen EP2025823, qui divulgue un panneau à plusieurs couches réalisé par compactage, les couches ayant des densités qui varient alternativement entre une densité faible et une densité élevée. En outre, les couches sont réalisées à partir d’un matériau comprenant des copeaux de bois minéralisés avec du ciment ou un liant de magnésite. En particulier, on réalise les couches les unes après les autres en compactant chaque couche pour obtenir la densité voulue. Mais un tel panneau peut être lourd et difficilement transportable. Mention may also be made of patent application EP1602789, which discloses a wall panel comprising a polystyrene panel comprised between two panels comprising fiberglass mesh mixed with cement. But these panels must be made on site, and cannot be transported. Mention may also be made of European patent application EP2025823, which discloses a panel with several layers produced by compacting, the layers having densities which vary alternately between a low density and a high density. In addition, the layers are made from a material comprising wood chips mineralized with cement or a magnesite binder. In particular, the layers are produced one after the other by compacting each layer to obtain the desired density. But such a panel can be heavy and difficult to transport.
Il est connu du document CH176841 de former une plaque poreuse réalisée dans un béton léger tel qu’un béton cellulaire. La plaque poreuse est recouverte sur ses deux faces opposées par un panneau en matériau fibreux, par exemple une laine de bois à fibres longues. Une telle réalisation ne possède aucune capacité porteuse et les performances mécaniques sont telles que l’élément structurel présenté doit être rajouté à la structure ce qui tend à augmenter l’épaisseur des murs ou des planchers. It is known from document CH176841 to form a porous plate made from lightweight concrete such as cellular concrete. The porous plate is covered on its two opposite sides by a panel of fibrous material, for example long-fiber wood wool. Such an embodiment has no load-bearing capacity and the mechanical performance is such that the structural element presented must be added to the structure, which tends to increase the thickness of the walls or floors.
Le document DE1571406 divulgue un panneau de construction léger formé par un panneau de mousse rigide dont les deux faces principales opposées sont recouvertes par un mélange de copeaux de bois et de ciment. Le mélange de copeaux de bois et de ciment est connu pour se désolidariser du panneau en mousse lorsque les efforts en cisaillement augmentent. Pour augmenter la tenue au cisaillement, il est proposé de lier le panneau en mousse rigide avec les panneaux en mélange de copeaux de bois et de ciment par une couche de résine époxy durcie. Document DE1571406 discloses a lightweight construction panel formed by a rigid foam panel, the two opposite main faces of which are covered with a mixture of wood chips and cement. The mixture of wood chips and cement is known to separate from the foam board when the shear forces increase. To increase the shear resistance, it is proposed to bond the rigid foam panel with the panels made of a mixture of wood chips and cement with a layer of hardened epoxy resin.
Le document FR2570738 divulgue un panneau sandwich formé par une plaque isolante en polystyrène qui sépare deux parements résistants en béton de bois. La plaque isolante en polystyrène définit des creux en queue d’aronde sur deux faces opposées pour permettre le coulage des deux parements résistants. Des rainures sont formées dans les parois latérales de la couche en polystyrène pour assembler plusieurs panneaux. Exposé de l'invention Document FR2570738 discloses a sandwich panel formed by an insulating plate of polystyrene which separates two resistant facings of wood concrete. The polystyrene insulating plate defines dovetail hollows on two opposite faces to allow pouring of the two resistant facings. Grooves are formed in the side walls of the polystyrene layer to join several panels. Disclosure of the invention
Un objet de l’invention consiste à pallier ces inconvénients, et plus particulièrement à fournir des moyens pour réaliser un plancher ou une paroi d’un bâtiment qui améliore l’isolation thermique sans pénaliser la respirabilité du panneau et sa tenue mécanique. An object of the invention is to overcome these drawbacks, and more particularly to provide means for producing a floor or a wall of a building which improves thermal insulation without penalizing the breathability of the panel and its mechanical strength.
Un autre objet consiste à fournir des moyens pour réaliser un panneau destiné à réaliser un plancher ou un mur, qui puisse être préfabriqué et transportable depuis le lieu de préfabrication vers le lieu de montage d’un bâtiment. Another object is to provide means for producing a panel intended to make a floor or a wall, which can be prefabricated and transportable from the place of prefabrication to the place of assembly of a building.
Selon un aspect de l’invention, il est proposé un panneau pour plancher ou paroi, comprenant une première plaque, une deuxième plaque et une troisième plaque intermédiaire montée entre les première et deuxième plaques, la troisième plaque intermédiaire comprenant un matériau isolant thermique. According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a panel for a floor or wall, comprising a first plate, a second plate and a third intermediate plate mounted between the first and second plates, the third intermediate plate comprising a thermal insulating material.
Les première et deuxième plaques comprennent un matériau apte à durcir dans lequel sont noyés des éléments organiques d’origine végétale. The first and second plates comprise a material capable of hardening in which organic elements of plant origin are embedded.
Ainsi, on offre un panneau ayant une isolation thermique pour la construction de bâtiments. Thus, a panel having thermal insulation is offered for the construction of buildings.
Le panneau peut comprendre un moyen de fixation configuré pour maintenir les plaques du panneau entre elles. The panel may include attachment means configured to hold the panels of the panel together.
Ainsi, on fournit un panneau dont les plaques sont solidement maintenues entre elles. Un tel panneau peut alors être fabriqué en usine, puis transporté sur site pour la construction d’un bâtiment. Thus, a panel is provided, the plates of which are securely held together. Such a panel can then be manufactured in the factory and then transported to site for the construction of a building.
Le moyen de fixation peut comprendre une vis traversant la première plaque et la troisième plaque intermédiaire et vissée en partie dans la deuxième plaque. Le matériau apte à durcir peut comporter un liant hydraulique. The fixing means may comprise a screw passing through the first plate and the third intermediate plate and partially screwed into the second plate. The material capable of hardening may include a hydraulic binder.
Les éléments organiques d’origine végétale peuvent être des éléments en bois. Organic elements of plant origin can be wooden elements.
Le panneau peut comprendre une entretoise montée en contact contre les première et deuxième plaques. The panel may include a spacer mounted in contact against the first and second plates.
Un espace d’air peut être formé entre la troisième plaque intermédiaire et la deuxième plaque. An air space can be formed between the third intermediate plate and the second plate.
Une ouverture traversante peut être formée au sein du panneau, et le panneau comporte une pièce de bordure située en périphérie de l’ouverture traversante, la pièce de bordure comprenant le même matériau que celui des première et deuxième plaques. A through opening may be formed within the panel, and the panel has an edge piece located on the periphery of the through opening, the edge piece comprising the same material as that of the first and second plates.
Selon un autre aspect, il est proposé un procédé de fabrication d’un panneau tel que défini ci-avant, comprenant un montage, entre une première plaque et une deuxième plaque, d’une troisième plaque intermédiaire comprenant un matériau isolant thermique, les première et deuxième plaques comprenant un matériau apte à durcir dans lequel sont noyés des éléments organiques d’origine végétale. According to another aspect, there is proposed a method of manufacturing a panel as defined above, comprising an assembly, between a first plate and a second plate, of a third intermediate plate comprising a thermal insulating material, the first and second plates comprising a material capable of hardening in which organic elements of plant origin are embedded.
Le procédé peut comprendre, après le montage, un vissage d’une vis traversant la première plaque et la troisième plaque intermédiaire et vissée en partie dans la deuxième plaque. The method may include, after assembly, screwing a screw passing through the first plate and the third intermediate plate and partially screwed into the second plate.
Selon un mode de mise en œuvre, le montage comporte une fourniture des première et deuxième plaques et un placement de la troisième plaque intermédiaire entre les première et deuxième plaques. According to one embodiment, the assembly comprises a supply of the first and second plates and a placement of the third intermediate plate between the first and second plates.
Selon un autre mode de réalisation, le montage comporte une réalisation de la première plaque, une réalisation de la troisième plaque intermédiaire sur la première plaque et une réalisation de la deuxième plaque sur la troisième plaque intermédiaire. According to another embodiment, the assembly comprises an embodiment of the first plate, an embodiment of the third intermediate plate on the first plate and an embodiment of the second plate on the third intermediate plate.
Le montage peut comporter un placement d’une entretoise en contact contre les première et deuxième plaques. The mounting may include placing a spacer in contact against the first and second plates.
Description des dessins Description of the drawings
D'autres avantages et caractéristiques ressortiront plus clairement de la description qui va suivre de modes particuliers de réalisation et de mise en œuvre de l'invention donnés à titre d'exemples non limitatifs et représentés aux dessins annexés, dans lesquels : Other advantages and characteristics will emerge more clearly from the description which follows of particular embodiments and implementation of the invention given by way of non-limiting examples and shown in the accompanying drawings, in which:
- la figure 1 , illustre schématiquement une vue en coupe d’un mode de réalisation d’un panneau selon l’invention ; - Figure 1 schematically illustrates a sectional view of an embodiment of a panel according to the invention;
- la figure 2, illustre schématiquement une vue en coupe d’un autre mode de réalisation d’un panneau ; - Figure 2 schematically illustrates a sectional view of another embodiment of a panel;
- la figure 3, illustre schématiquement une vue en coupe d’un autre mode de réalisation d’un panneau ; - Figure 3 schematically illustrates a sectional view of another embodiment of a panel;
- la figure 4, illustre schématiquement une vue de face et en perspective du panneau illustré à la figure 3 ; - Figure 4 schematically illustrates a front and perspective view of the panel illustrated in Figure 3;
- la figure 5, illustre schématiquement une première étape d’un mode de mise en œuvre d’un procédé de fabrication d’un panneau selon l’invention ; - Figure 5 schematically illustrates a first step of an embodiment of a method of manufacturing a panel according to the invention;
- la figure 6, illustre schématiquement une deuxième étape du procédé de fabrication du panneau ; - Figure 6 schematically illustrates a second step of the panel manufacturing process;
- la figure 7, illustre schématiquement une troisième étape du procédé de fabrication du panneau ; - Figure 7 schematically illustrates a third step of the panel manufacturing process;
- la figure 8, illustre schématiquement une quatrième étape du procédé de fabrication du panneau ; - Figure 8 schematically illustrates a fourth step of the panel manufacturing process;
- la figure 9, illustre schématiquement une cinquième étape du procédé de fabrication du panneau ; - Figure 9 schematically illustrates a fifth step of the panel manufacturing process;
- la figure 10, illustre schématiquement une première étape d’un autre mode de mise en œuvre d’un procédé de fabrication d’un panneau selon l’invention ; - la figure 11 , illustre schématiquement une deuxième étape du procédé de fabrication du panneau ; et - Figure 10 schematically illustrates a first step of another embodiment of a method of manufacturing a panel according to the invention; - Figure 11 schematically illustrates a second step of the panel manufacturing process; and
- la figure 12, illustre schématiquement une troisième étape du procédé de fabrication du panneau. - Figure 12 schematically illustrates a third step of the panel manufacturing process.
Description détaillée detailed description
Sur les figures 1 à 4, on a représenté un panneau 1 pour plancher ou paroi d’un bâtiment. En particulier le panneau 1 est destiné à fabriquer un mur de façade, ou une cloison, c’est-à-dire que le panneau 1 a une forme globalement parallélépipédique. Le panneau 1 est destiné à être placé verticalement par rapport au sol. In Figures 1 to 4, there is shown a panel 1 for the floor or wall of a building. In particular, the panel 1 is intended to manufacture a front wall, or a partition, that is to say that the panel 1 has a generally parallelepipedal shape. Panel 1 is intended to be placed vertically with respect to the ground.
De façon générale, le panneau 1 comporte une première plaque 2, une deuxième plaque interne 3 et une troisième plaque intermédiaire 4. On entend par plaque, une pièce dont la longueur et la largeur sont supérieures à la hauteur. De manière générale, la forme d’une plaque est globalement parallélépipédique. Les première et deuxième plaques 2, 3 sont préférentiellement monoblocs. La troisième plaque intermédiaire 4 peut être monobloc, ou comprendre plusieurs pièces en forme de plaque, superposées les unes aux autres. Différentes variantes sont possibles, soit les pièces sont superposées dans le sens de la hauteur du panneau 1 , soit dans le sens de la longueur du panneau 1 , soit éventuellement une combinaison des deux. La troisième plaque intermédiaire 4 est montée entre les première et deuxième plaques 2, 3. La troisième plaque intermédiaire 4 comprend un matériau isolant thermique. Par exemple, le matériau comprend, ou est réalisé à partir, du polyuréthane, du polystyrène, ou de préférence de la laine de bois. On utilisera plus particulièrement un matériau isolant thermique ayant une conductivité thermique inférieure à 0,07 Watt / (mètre x Kelvin), en particulier une conductivité thermique comprise entre 0,02 et 0,04 Watt / (mètre x Kelvin). Il est particulièrement avantageux que la plaque intermédiaire possède une résistance thermique qui soit au moins égale à 60% de la résistance thermique du panneau. Il est également avantageux que la résistance thermique de la plaque intermédiaire soit supérieure ou égale à 1 ,5 Watt / (mètre x Kelvin). In general, the panel 1 comprises a first plate 2, a second internal plate 3 and a third intermediate plate 4. The term “plate” is understood to mean a part whose length and width are greater than the height. In general, the shape of a plate is generally parallelepiped. The first and second plates 2, 3 are preferably in one piece. The third intermediate plate 4 may be in one piece, or comprise several plate-shaped parts, superimposed on one another. Different variants are possible, either the parts are superimposed in the direction of the height of the panel 1, or in the direction of the length of the panel 1, or possibly a combination of the two. The third intermediate plate 4 is mounted between the first and second plates 2, 3. The third intermediate plate 4 comprises a thermal insulating material. For example, the material comprises, or is made from, polyurethane, polystyrene, or preferably wood wool. Use will more particularly be made of a thermal insulating material having a thermal conductivity of less than 0.07 Watt / (meter x Kelvin), in particular a thermal conductivity of between 0.02 and 0.04 Watt / (meter x Kelvin). It is particularly advantageous that the intermediate plate has a thermal resistance which is at least equal to 60% of the thermal resistance of the panel. It is also advantageous if the thermal resistance of the intermediate plate is greater than or equal to 1.5 Watt / (meter x Kelvin).
Plus particulièrement, les première et deuxième plaques 2, 3 comprennent un matériau apte à durcir dans lequel sont noyés des éléments organiques d’origine végétale 5. Un élément organique d’origine végétale peut être du bois, de la paille, de la cellulose, des cosses de riz, des copeaux de bambou, du chanvre ou du liège. Un élément organique comprend du carbone. Préférentiellement, le matériau apte à durcir comporte un liant hydraulique, c’est-à-dire un liant qui réagit avec l’eau pour durcir. En d’autres termes, pour obtenir le matériau apte à durcir, on mélange le liant hydraulique avec de l’eau. Lors du séchage du matériau, celui- ci durcit par réaction chimique entre le liant et l’eau. Le liant est par exemple, un ciment ou de la chaux. Par exemple, le matériau apte à durcir est un mortier. Le mortier est réalisé à partir de ciment ou de chaux et peut comprendre ou non du sable. Plus particulièrement, on appelle béton-bois, la matière obtenue à partir d’un mortier dans lequel sont noyés des éléments en bois 5. De manière préférentielle, la première plaque 2 est formée à partir d’un premier mélange qui comporte au moins 50% volumique de particules de matériau végétal. Avantageusement, la deuxième plaque 3 est formée à partir d’un deuxième mélange qui comporte au moins 50% volumique de particules de matériau végétal. Une telle teneur en particules de matériau végétal facilite l’obtention d’une plaque perspirante. More particularly, the first and second plates 2, 3 comprise a material capable of hardening in which are embedded organic elements of plant origin 5. An organic element of plant origin can be wood, straw, cellulose, rice husks, bamboo shavings, hemp or cork. An organic element includes carbon. Preferably, the material capable of hardening comprises a hydraulic binder, that is to say a binder which reacts with water to harden. In other words, to obtain the material capable of hardening, the hydraulic binder is mixed with water. As the material dries, it hardens by a chemical reaction between the binder and water. The binder is, for example, a cement or lime. For example, the material capable of hardening is a mortar. The mortar is made from cement or lime and may or may not include sand. More particularly, the term “concrete-wood” is used to refer to the material obtained from a mortar in which wooden elements 5 are embedded. Preferably, the first plate 2 is formed from a first mixture which comprises at least 50 % by volume of particles of plant material. Advantageously, the second plate 3 is formed from a second mixture which comprises at least 50% by volume of particles of plant material. Such a high content of particles of plant material makes it easier to obtain a breathable plaque.
Préférentiellement, les éléments organiques d’origine végétale 5 sont des éléments en bois. Les éléments en bois peuvent être des plaquettes de bois ayant une longueur inférieure à 75 mm, préférentiellement comprise entre 10 et 75 mm, et encore plus préférentiellement entre 20 et 60 mm. Par exemple le béton-bois comprend entre 80 % et 95 %, par rapport à la masse totale des éléments en bois, d’éléments en bois ayant une longueur comprise entre 10 et 60 mm, de préférence entre 20 et 60 mm. En utilisant des première et deuxième plaques en béton-bois qui possèdent entre 80 % et 95 %, par rapport à la masse totale des éléments en bois, il est plus facile de former des plaques 2 et 3 perspirantes. En d’autres termes, les première et deuxième plaques 2, 3 sont étanches à l’air mais elles sont perméables à la vapeur d’eau. La longueur des éléments en bois est inférieure à l’épaisseur de la première plaque 2 et à l’épaisseur de la deuxième plaque 3. Les éléments en bois sont noyés dans le béton, ce qui veut dire que les éléments en bois sont complètement enrobés par le béton éventuellement à l’exception des particules de bois qui débouchent sur les faces du premier panneau 2 et du deuxième panneau 3. L’utilisation de première et deuxième plaques 2, 3 perspirantes permet de former un panneau qui présente une bonne résistivité thermique sans pour autant rendre la pièce désagréable en bloquant la vapeur d’eau dans la pièce. Preferably, the organic elements of plant origin 5 are wooden elements. The wooden elements can be wooden plates having a length less than 75 mm, preferably between 10 and 75 mm, and even more preferably between 20 and 60 mm. For example, concrete-wood comprises between 80% and 95%, relative to the total mass of the wooden elements, of wooden elements having a length of between 10 and 60 mm, preferably between 20 and 60 mm. By using the first and second concrete-wood slabs which have between 80% and 95%, relative to the total mass of the wood elements, it is easier to form breathable slabs 2 and 3. In others In other words, the first and second plates 2, 3 are airtight but they are permeable to water vapor. The length of the wooden elements is less than the thickness of the first plate 2 and the thickness of the second plate 3. The wooden elements are embedded in the concrete, which means that the wooden elements are completely encapsulated. by concrete possibly with the exception of the wood particles which emerge on the faces of the first panel 2 and of the second panel 3. The use of first and second breathable plates 2, 3 makes it possible to form a panel which has good thermal resistivity without making the room unpleasant by blocking the water vapor in the room.
Plus particulièrement, ces plaquettes de bois ont une épaisseur comprise entre 1 mm et 5 mm. Lorsqu’on utilise des plaquettes de bois ayant une longueur entre 20 et 60 mm, on obtient des microcavités en surface de la plaque 2, 3, du fait que le béton enrobe les plaquettes de bois. De telles microcavités facilitent l’adhérence de la troisième plaque intermédiaire 4 aux deux plaques en béton-bois 2, 3. More particularly, these wood chips have a thickness of between 1 mm and 5 mm. When using wood chips having a length between 20 and 60 mm, microcavities are obtained on the surface of the plate 2, 3, because the concrete coats the wood chips. Such microcavities facilitate the adhesion of the third intermediate plate 4 to the two concrete-wood plates 2, 3.
Pour former un panneau perspirant, il est nécessaire d’utiliser une plaque intermédiaire 4 perspirante. La plaque intermédiaire 4 est poreuse. Il est particulièrement avantageux d’utiliser une plaque intermédiaire 4 en laine de bois ou en tout autre matériau thermiquement isolant et poreux de préférence à base d’un matériau organique. To form a breathable panel, it is necessary to use a breathable intermediate plate 4. The intermediate plate 4 is porous. It is particularly advantageous to use an intermediate plate 4 made of wood wool or any other thermally insulating and porous material, preferably based on an organic material.
Selon une variante, l’épaisseur, c’est-à-dire la hauteur, des première et deuxième plaques 2, 3 sont différentes. Ainsi on offre un panneau 1 dont la plaque 2, 3 la plus épaisse confère une propriété porteuse au panneau 1 . La plaque la moins épaisse est destinée à résister aux variations de température et pourra se dilater en limitant les efforts mécaniques générés sur la troisième plaque intermédiaire 4. Préférentiellement, la plaque la moins épaisse est destinée à être placée à l’extérieur du bâtiment. Selon encore une autre variante, la longueur et la largeur de la première plaque 2, en particulier la plaque destinée à être placée à l’extérieur du bâtiment, peuvent être inférieures à la longueur et la largeur de la deuxième plaque 3. Dans ce cas, on facilite la dilatation de la première plaque 2, par rapport à la deuxième plaque 3. Il est préférable que la plaque interne qui procure une tenue mécanique importante possède une épaisseur au moins égale à 15cm. Il est également préférable que la plaque interne possède une épaisseur au moins égale à 7cm pour assurer une tenue mécanique minimale et une résistance thermique suffisante. Il est préférable que la plaque la plus épaisse possède une épaisseur qui est au moins deux fois supérieure à l’épaisseur de la plaque la moins épaisse. According to one variant, the thickness, that is to say the height, of the first and second plates 2, 3 are different. Thus a panel 1 is offered, the thickest plate 2, 3 of which confers a load-bearing property on the panel 1. The thinnest plate is intended to withstand temperature variations and will be able to expand while limiting the mechanical forces generated on the third intermediate plate 4. Preferably, the thinnest plate is intended to be placed outside the building. According to yet another variant, the length and the width of the first plate 2, in particular the plate intended to be placed outside the building, may be less than the length and the width of the second plate 3. In this case, the expansion of the first plate 2 is facilitated, relative to the second plate 3. It is preferable that the internal plate which provides high mechanical strength has a thickness at least equal to 15 cm. It is also preferable that the internal plate has a thickness at least equal to 7 cm to ensure minimum mechanical strength and sufficient thermal resistance. It is preferable that the thicker plate has a thickness which is at least twice the thickness of the thinner plate.
Il est également avantageux de prévoir que la plaque la plus épaisse possède une composition différente de la composition de la plaque la moins épaisse. La différence de composition peut être une différence de teneur en particules de matériau végétal. It is also advantageous to provide that the thicker plate has a composition different from the composition of the thinner plate. The difference in composition may be a difference in the content of particles of plant material.
Lorsque le panneau forme un mur, la plaque la moins épaisse est placée à l’extérieur pour bloquer les flux de calories. La plaque la plus épaisse est placée à l’intérieur et elle fournit un support mécanique à la structure à former. La plaque externe se trouve généralement à une température différente de la plaque interne ce qui engendre l’apparition de jeux de contraintes entre la première plaque 2 et la deuxième plaque 3 liés aux évolutions de température qui existent au cours d’une journée et tout au long de l’année. Par exemple, la plaque intérieure est suffisamment épaisse pour supporter un toit, un plancher et/ou un étage supérieur. La plaque intérieure procure des performances mécaniques qui permettent de former un mur supportant un toit ou un étage supérieur, c’est-à-dire des performances mécaniques supérieures à celles d’une simple cloison. Pour protéger la couche intermédiaire 4 thermiquement isolante tout en fournissant une résistance thermique importante dans la première direction qui traverse les trois plaques, il est avantageux d’installer la plaque intermédiaire entre la première plaque 2 et la deuxième plaque 3. Afin de former un panneau d’épaisseur limitée et facile à mettre en œuvre, il est intéressant de fournir un panneau monobloc avec la plaque interne qui procure la tenue mécanique de la structure, la plaque externe qui protège la couche intermédiaire 4. La plaque externe peut être formée avec un mélange qui contient des additifs de finition et de protection qui sont absents du mélange formant la plaque interne. La plaque interne peut être au moins deux fois plus épaisse que la plaque externe. La plaque interne peut avoir une teneur en particules de matériau végétal qui est inférieure à la teneur de la plaque externe. When the panel forms a wall, the thinnest plate is placed on the outside to block the flow of calories. The thicker plate is placed inside and it provides mechanical support to the structure to be formed. The external plate is generally at a different temperature from the internal plate which generates the appearance of sets of stresses between the first plate 2 and the second plate 3 linked to the changes in temperature which exist during a day and throughout. year round. For example, the interior plate is thick enough to support a roof, floor, and / or upper story. The interior plate provides mechanical performance which makes it possible to form a wall supporting a roof or an upper storey, that is to say mechanical performance superior to those of a simple partition. To protect the thermally insulating intermediate layer 4 while providing significant thermal resistance in the first direction which passes through the three plates, it is advantageous to install the intermediate plate between the first plate 2 and the second plate 3. In order to form a panel of limited thickness and easy to install, it is advantageous to provide a one-piece panel with the internal plate which provides the mechanical strength of the structure, the external plate which protects the intermediate layer 4. The external plate can be formed with a mixture which contains finishing and protective additives which are absent from the mixture forming the internal plate. The inner plate can be at least twice as thick as the outer plate. The inner plate may have a content of particles of plant material which is lower than the content of the outer plate.
Pour ne pas gêner l’expansion thermique différentielle entre les deux plaques 2 et 3, il est avantageux que le moyen de maintien entre les deux plaques 2 et 3 assure la formation d’un panneau monobloc ce qui permet une manutention aisée sans pour autant gêner la dilatation ce qui se traduirait par une détérioration accrue du panneau. Il est particulièrement intéressant que la plaque interne qui est plus épaisse ne gêne pas ou n’impose pas la dilatation thermique de la plaque externe. In order not to interfere with the differential thermal expansion between the two plates 2 and 3, it is advantageous that the holding means between the two plates 2 and 3 ensure the formation of a one-piece panel which allows easy handling without hindering the problem. expansion which would result in increased deterioration of the panel. It is particularly interesting that the internal plate which is thicker does not hamper or impose thermal expansion of the external plate.
Il est particulièrement avantageux que la plaque intermédiaire 4 ne soit pas fixée mécaniquement et simultanément à la première plaque 2 et à la deuxième plaque 3. La plaque intermédiaire 4 peut être fixée uniquement à la plaque interne ou uniquement à la plaque externe. Il est préférable que la plaque intermédiaire 4 soit fixée uniquement à la plaque interne. Il est également avantageux d’avoir une plaque intermédiaire 4 dont le module de Young est inférieur ou égal à 50% du module de Young de la plaque interne ou externe sur laquelle elle est fixée de manière à ne pas gêner l’expansion thermique. It is particularly advantageous that the intermediate plate 4 is not fixed mechanically and simultaneously to the first plate 2 and to the second plate 3. The intermediate plate 4 can be fixed only to the internal plate or only to the external plate. It is preferable that the intermediate plate 4 is fixed only to the inner plate. It is also advantageous to have an intermediate plate 4 whose Young's modulus is less than or equal to 50% of the Young's modulus of the internal or external plate to which it is fixed so as not to hinder thermal expansion.
Dans un autre mode de réalisation, la plaque intermédiaire 4 n’est pas fixée directement à la plaque interne, ni à la plaque externe. La plaque intermédiaire 4 est uniquement fixée au moyen de fixation 6 qui réalise la fixation de la plaque externe avec la plaque interne. In another embodiment, the intermediate plate 4 is not attached directly to the inner plate, nor to the outer plate. The intermediate plate 4 is only fixed by the fixing means 6 which performs the fixing of the outer plate with the inner plate.
Dans encore un autre mode de réalisation, la plaque intermédiaire 4 est fixée à la plaque interne et à la plaque externe. La plaque intermédiaire 4 possède un module de Young qui est inférieur à 50% de préférence inférieur à 30% du module de Young de la plaque interne et de la plaque externe dans les directions perpendiculaires à la première direction de sorte que la plaque intermédiaire 4 transmet peu ou pas d’effort depuis la plaque interne vers la plaque externe et inversement. De manière avantageuse, le rapport du module de Young de la plaque intermédiaire 4 sur le module de Young de la plaque interne est inférieur à 1/5, de préférence inférieur à 1/10. Il est encore possible de prévoir que la valeur de résistance à la rupture de la plaque intermédiaire est inférieure à l’effort appliqué par la plaque la moins épaisse lorsque le panneau est uniquement supporté par la plaque la plus épaisse, en l’absence de moyen de fixation entre la première plaque 2 et la deuxième plaque 3. En d’autres termes, la plaque intermédiaire 4 ne possède pas une tenue mécanique suffisante pour assurer la cohésion mécaniques entre les plaques 2 et 3. In yet another embodiment, the intermediate plate 4 is attached to the inner plate and to the outer plate. The intermediate plate 4 has a Young's modulus which is less than 50%, preferably less than 30% of the Young's modulus of the inner plate and the outer plate in the directions perpendicular to the first direction so that the intermediate plate 4 transmits little or no force from the inner plate to the outer plate and vice versa. Advantageously, the ratio of the Young's modulus of the intermediate plate 4 to the Young's modulus of the internal plate is less than 1/5, preferably less than 1/10. It is still possible to provide that the breaking strength value of the intermediate plate is less than the force applied by the thinnest plate when the panel is only supported by the thickest plate, in the absence of means. fixing between the first plate 2 and the second plate 3. In other words, the intermediate plate 4 does not have sufficient mechanical strength to ensure the mechanical cohesion between the plates 2 and 3.
Il est particulièrement avantageux d’avoir un panneau qui possède des propriétés porteuses car cela évite de devoir associer une structure porteuse et une structure isolante. Il est possible que le panneau soit consolidé par quelques éléments porteurs additionnels, par exemple une poutre en béton armée. La plaque interne possède une épaisseur suffisante pour présenter une tenue mécanique compatible avec la formation d’un mur apte à supporter un plafond ou un étage additionnel. It is particularly advantageous to have a panel which has load-bearing properties because this avoids having to combine a load-bearing structure and an insulating structure. It is possible that the panel is consolidated by some additional load-bearing elements, for example a reinforced concrete beam. The internal plate has sufficient thickness to present a mechanical strength compatible with the formation of a wall capable of supporting a ceiling or an additional floor.
Avantageusement, le panneau 1 comprend un moyen de fixation 6 configuré pour maintenir les plaques 2 à 4 du panneau 1 entre elles. De préférence, le moyen de fixation 6 comprend une, ou plusieurs, vis 7 traversant la première plaque 2 et la troisième plaque intermédiaire 4 et vissée en partie dans la deuxième plaque 3. Ainsi, les moyens de fixation 6 améliorent la tenue de l’ensemble des trois plaques 2 à 4. Les plaques 2, 3 en béton-bois sont particulièrement adaptés pour recevoir une vis 7. En effet, de manière classique il est difficile de visser dans du béton traditionnel et il est nécessaire d’utiliser des chevilles pour maintenir les vis, et d’utiliser une perceuse à percussion pour réaliser un trou préalable dans le béton traditionnel pour placer la cheville. Au contraire, on peut visser facilement et directement dans le béton-bois, par exemple à l’aide d’un tournevis ou d’une visseuse, sans utiliser ni de cheville, ni de perceuse à percussion. Les vis 7 permettent de maintenir les plaques 2 à 4 entre elles par serrage. Avantageusement, lorsqu’on insère les vis 7, on génère une force de serrage progressive, ce qui augmente l’adhérence entre la troisième plaque intermédiaire 4 et les première et deuxième plaques 2, 3. Advantageously, the panel 1 comprises a fixing means 6 configured to hold the plates 2 to 4 of the panel 1 between them. Preferably, the fixing means 6 comprises one, or more, screws 7 passing through the first plate 2 and the third intermediate plate 4 and partially screwed into the second plate 3. Thus, the fixing means 6 improve the holding of the set of three plates 2 to 4. Plates 2, 3 in concrete-wood are particularly suitable for receiving a screw 7. In fact, conventionally it is difficult to screw in traditional concrete and it is necessary to use dowels to hold the screws, and use a hammer drill to make a preliminary hole in traditional concrete to place the anchor. On the contrary, it is possible to screw easily and directly into the concrete-wood, for example using a screwdriver or a screwdriver, without using either a dowel or a hammer drill. The screws 7 make it possible to hold the plates 2 to 4 together by tightening. Advantageously, when the screws 7 are inserted, a progressive clamping force is generated, which increases the adhesion between the third intermediate plate 4 and the first and second plates 2, 3.
L’utilisation de quelques vis permet de fixer la première plaque 2 avec la deuxième plaque 3 pour former un panneau monobloc facilitant la manutention du panneau. L’utilisation de quelques vis assurant la fixation de la première plaque 2 avec la deuxième plaque 3 permet de réaliser facilement un panneau monobloc sans pour autant empêcher la dilatation différentielle entre les deux plaques. Au contraire, la solution technique proposée dans le document FR2570738 n’est pas adaptée. La couche polystyrène relie continûment les deux plaques de parement de sorte qu’une dilatation différentielle entre les deux va introduire un jeu de contraintes mécaniques dans les différentes couches. Soit la couche en polystyrène se fissure ce qui désolidarise les deux plaques de parement, soit au moins une partie des queues d’aronde se fissure ce qui se traduit par la chute d’une des plaques de parement. Une problématique identique se produit pour le panneau décrit dans le document DE1571406 qui propose d’utiliser une couche de résine époxy pour fixer la couche de parement en béton bois sur la mousse rigide. Il en va de même lorsque la couche centrale du panneau est en béton cellulaire fixant les deux plaques de parement et s’opposant à une dilatation différentielle entre la plaque interne et la plaque externe. The use of a few screws makes it possible to fix the first plate 2 with the second plate 3 to form a one-piece panel facilitating the handling of the panel. The use of a few screws securing the first plate 2 to the second plate 3 makes it easy to make a one-piece panel without preventing the differential expansion between the two plates. On the contrary, the technical solution proposed in document FR2570738 is not suitable. The polystyrene layer continuously connects the two facing plates so that a differential expansion between the two will introduce a set of mechanical stresses in the different layers. Either the polystyrene layer cracks which separates the two facing boards, or at least part of the dovetails cracks which results in the fall of one of the facing boards. An identical problem arises for the panel described in document DE1571406 which proposes to use a layer of epoxy resin to fix the wood concrete facing layer on the rigid foam. The same is true when the central layer of the panel is cellular concrete fixing the two facing plates and opposing differential expansion between the inner plate and the outer plate.
La fixation par vis peut être remplacée par un autre type de fixation ponctuel. The screw fixing can be replaced by another type of point fixing.
Sur la figure 1 , on a illustré un mode de réalisation d’un panneau 1 destiné à réaliser une paroi. Le panneau 1 repose sur une dalle 8 placée horizontalement sur le sol. Le panneau 1 est placé à la verticale sur la dalle 8. Par ailleurs, la hauteur de la deuxième plaque 3 peut être différente de celle de la première plaque 2. Dans ce cas on peut placer une autre dalle 9, dite dalle supérieure, sur la deuxième plaque 3. Avantageusement, le panneau 1 comporte une entretoise 10 montée en contact contre les première et deuxième plaques 2, 3. L’entretoise 10 peut avoir une forme cylindrique ou une forme de profilé en « i majuscule ». L’entretoise 10 permet de protéger la troisième plaque intermédiaire 4 d’une déformation éventuelle. L’entretoise 10 est uniquement fixée à l’une de la première plaque 2 ou de la deuxième plaque 3 ce qui permet la dilatation différentielle sans rajouter une contrainte mécanique supplémentaire. In Figure 1, there is illustrated an embodiment of a panel 1 intended to produce a wall. The panel 1 rests on a slab 8 placed horizontally on the ground. The panel 1 is placed vertically on the slab 8. Furthermore, the height of the second plate 3 may be different from that of the first plate 2. In this case, another slab 9, called the upper slab, can be placed on the second plate 3. Advantageously, the panel 1 comprises a spacer 10 mounted in contact against the first and second plates 2, 3. The spacer 10 may have a cylindrical shape or the shape of a “capital i” profile. The spacer 10 protects the third intermediate plate 4 from any deformation. The spacer 10 is only fixed to one of the first plate 2 or of the second plate 3, which allows differential expansion without adding additional mechanical stress.
Sur la figure 2, on a représenté un autre mode de réalisation du panneau 1 . Dans cet autre mode de réalisation, un espace d’air 11 est formé entre la troisième plaque intermédiaire 4 et la deuxième plaque 3. On améliore ainsi l’isolation thermique du panneau 1. En outre, l’espace d’air 11 évite une condensation d’eau et permet une ventilation naturelle du panneau 1. L’espace d’air 11 protège l’isolant d’une dégradation à l’eau. In Figure 2, there is shown another embodiment of the panel 1. In this other embodiment, an air space 11 is formed between the third intermediate plate 4 and the second plate 3. This improves the thermal insulation of the panel 1. In addition, the air space 11 prevents a water condensation and allows natural ventilation of the panel 1. The air space 11 protects the insulation from water degradation.
Sur les figures 3 et 4, on a représenté un autre mode de réalisation du panneau 1. Une ouverture 12 peut être formée au sein du panneau 1. Par exemple une ouverture traversante pour loger un ouvrant, par exemple une fenêtre ou une porte. De préférence, le panneau 1 comporte une pièce de bordure 13, 14 réalisée à partir de la même matière que celle utilisée pour réaliser les première et deuxième plaques 2, 3. La matière utilisée pour réaliser les première et deuxième plaques 2, 3 comporte le matériau apte à durcir dans lequel sont noyés les éléments organiques d’origine végétale 5. La pièce de bordure 13, 14 peut être un élément supplémentaire 13 distinct des première et deuxième plaques 2, 3 et fixé au panneau 1 à partir d’une vis additionnelle 15. En variante, la pièce de bordure 13, 14 est un prolongement 14 d’une plaque 2, 3, placé en bordure de l’ouverture 12. La pièce de bordure 14 formée par prolongement est une extension perpendiculaire à un axe longitudinal de la plaque 2, 3. La pièce de bordure 13 est préférentiellement fixée à une seule des plaques In Figures 3 and 4, there is shown another embodiment of the panel 1. An opening 12 can be formed within the panel 1. For example a through opening to accommodate an opening, for example a window or a door. Preferably, the panel 1 comprises an edge piece 13, 14 made from the same material as that used to make the first and second plates 2, 3. The material used to make the first and second plates 2, 3 comprises the material capable of hardening in which the organic elements of plant origin are embedded 5. The edge piece 13, 14 can be an additional element 13 separate from the first and second plates 2, 3 and fixed to the panel 1 using a screw additional 15. As a variant, the edge piece 13, 14 is an extension 14 of a plate 2, 3, placed at the edge of the opening 12. The edge piece 14 formed by extension is an extension perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the plate 2, 3. The edge piece 13 is preferably attached to only one of the plates
On propose, en outre, un procédé de fabrication du panneau 1 , comprenant un montage, entre la première plaque 2 et la deuxième plaque 3, de la troisième plaque intermédiaire 4 comprenant le matériau isolant thermique. Les première et deuxième plaque 2, 3 peuvent être fabriquées à l’aide d’un moule 30, 31 dans lequel on injecte le matériau à durcir comprenant les éléments organiques d’origine végétale 5, en particulier les éléments en bois. A method of manufacturing the panel 1 is further provided, comprising a mounting, between the first plate 2 and the second plate 3, of the third intermediate plate 4 comprising the thermal insulating material. The first and second plates 2, 3 can be manufactured using a mold 30, 31 into which the material to be hardened comprising the organic elements of plant origin 5, in particular the wooden elements, is injected.
Selon un premier mode de mise en œuvre, on réalise la première plaque 2, puis on place la troisième plaque 4 contre la première plaque 2. Puis on réalise la deuxième plaque 3 en contact contre la troisième plaque 4. En variante, on réalise la deuxième plaque 3, puis on place des entretoises 10, contre la deuxième plaque 2 à travers la troisième plaque 4. Et on place la deuxième plaque 2 contre la troisième plaque intermédiaire 4, lorsque les entretoises 10 ont une longueur égale à l’épaisseur de la troisième plaque intermédiaire 4. En variante, les entretoises 10 ont une longueur supérieure à l’épaisseur de la troisième plaque intermédiaire 4, et on place la deuxième plaque contre les entretoises pour former l’espace d’air 11 entre la troisième plaque intermédiaire 4 et la deuxième plaque 3. According to a first embodiment, the first plate 2 is produced, then the third plate 4 is placed against the first plate 2. Then the second plate 3 is made in contact against the third plate 4. As a variant, the third plate is made. second plate 3, then spacers 10 are placed against the second plate 2 through the third plate 4. And the second plate 2 is placed against the third intermediate plate 4, when the spacers 10 have a length equal to the thickness of the third intermediate plate 4. As a variant, the spacers 10 have a length greater than the thickness of the third intermediate plate 4, and the second plate is placed against the spacers to form the air space 11 between the third intermediate plate 4 and the second plate 3.
Avantageusement, le procédé comprend un vissage d’une vis 7 traversant la première plaque 2 et la troisième plaque intermédiaire 3 et vissée en partie dans la deuxième plaque 2. La, ou les vis 7 permettent de maintenir les éléments du panneau 1 assemblés entre eux. Un tel maintien permet de transporter le panneau 1. Advantageously, the method comprises screwing a screw 7 passing through the first plate 2 and the third intermediate plate 3 and partially screwed into the second plate 2. The screw or screws 7 make it possible to keep the elements of the panel 1 assembled together. . Such a support allows the panel 1 to be transported.
Sur les figures 5 à 9, on a représenté les étapes principales d’un premier mode de mise en œuvre d’un procédé de fabrication du panneau 1 tel que défini ci-avant. Le procédé comprend une étape de montage des plaques 2 à 4 en vue de fabriquer le panneau 1 . Le montage comprend quatre principales étapes S1 à S4. Lors d’une première étape S1 , on fournit un moule 30 destiné à recevoir le matériau apte à durcir dans lequel sont noyés les éléments organiques d’origine végétale 5, pour obtenir la première plaque 2. Puis, au cours d’une deuxième étape S2, on verse le matériau apte à durcir dans lequel sont noyés les éléments organiques d’origine végétale 5, au sein du moule 30. Puis, au cours d’une troisième étape S3, on place la troisième plaque intermédiaire 4 sur la première plaque 2. Avantageusement on peut placer une ou plusieurs entretoises 10. La troisième plaque intermédiaire 4 peut comporter une ou plusieurs pièces en forme de plaque. Puis, au cours d’une quatrième étape S4, on verse un matériau apte à durcir dans lequel sont noyés les éléments organiques d’origine végétale 5, afin de former la deuxième plaque 3 sur la troisième plaque intermédiaire 4. Puis, on retire le moule 30 pour obtenir le panneau 1. On peut noter que les plaques 2 à 4 sont maintenues entre elles grâce à l’adhérence entre la troisième plaque intermédiaire 4 aux première et deuxième plaques 2, 3. L’adhérence est en outre renforcée grâce au durcissement du matériau en contact avec la troisième plaque intermédiaire 4. Afin de renforcer le maintien des plaques 2 à 4 entre elles, le procédé peut comprendre, après le montage, une cinquième étape S5 dans laquelle on intègre les vis 7 à travers la première plaque 2, la troisième plaque intermédiaire 4 et en partie dans la deuxième plaque 2, pour maintenir les plaques 2 à 4 entre elles et former le panneau 1 . In FIGS. 5 to 9, the main steps have been shown of a first embodiment of a method for manufacturing the panel 1 as defined above. The method comprises a step of mounting the plates 2 to 4 with a view to manufacturing the panel 1. The assembly comprises four main steps S1 to S4. During a first step S1, a mold 30 is provided intended to receive the material capable of hardening in which the organic elements of plant origin 5 are embedded, to obtain the first plate 2. Then, during a second step S2, the material capable of hardening, in which the organic elements of plant origin 5 are embedded, is poured into the mold 30. Then, during a third step S3, the third intermediate plate 4 is placed on the first plate 2. Advantageously, one or more spacers 10 can be placed. The third intermediate plate 4 can comprise one or more plate-shaped parts. Then, during a fourth step S4, a material capable of hardening is poured into which the organic elements of plant origin 5 are embedded, in order to form the second plate 3 on the third intermediate plate 4. Then, the material is removed. mold 30 to obtain the panel 1. It can be noted that the plates 2 to 4 are held together by virtue of the adhesion between the third intermediate plate 4 to the first and second plates 2, 3. The adhesion is further reinforced thanks to the hardening of the material in contact with the third intermediate plate 4. In order to strengthen the retention of the plates 2 to 4 between them, the method can comprise, after assembly, a fifth step S5 in which the screws 7 are integrated through the first plate 2, the third intermediate plate 4 and partly in the second plate 2, to hold the plates 2 to 4 together and form the panel 1.
Sur les figures 10 à 12, on a représenté les étapes principales d’un deuxième mode de mise en œuvre d’un procédé de fabrication du panneau 1 tel que défini ci-avant. Le procédé comprend une étape de montage des plaques 2 à 4 en vue de fabriquer le panneau 1 . Le montage comprend trois principales étapes T1 à T3. Lors d’une première étape T1 , on fournit un premier moule 30 au sein duquel on verse le matériau apte à durcir dans lequel sont noyés les éléments organiques d’origine végétale 5. Puis, après durcissement du matériau, on retire le premier moule 30 pour obtenir la première plaque 2. Puis, au cours d’une deuxième étape T2, on fournit un deuxième moule 31 au sein duquel on verse le matériau apte à durcir dans lequel sont noyés les éléments organiques d’origine végétale 5. La hauteur du deuxième moule 31 peut être supérieure à celle du premier moule 30, en vue d’obtenir des première et deuxième plaques 2, 3 ayant des épaisseurs différentes. Puis, après durcissement du matériau, on retire le deuxième moule 31 pour obtenir la deuxième plaque 3. Puis, au cours d’une troisième étape T3, on place la troisième plaque intermédiaire 4 entre les première et deuxième plaques 2, 3. Avantageusement, avant de placer la troisième plaque intermédiaire 4, on peut placer une ou plusieurs entretoises 10 en contact contre une face d’une plaque 2, 3 parmi les première et deuxième plaque 2, 3. Puis, après le montage, le procédé peut comprendre une intégration des vis 7 à travers la première plaque 2, la troisième plaque intermédiaire 4 et en partie dans la deuxième plaque 2, pour maintenir les plaques 2 à 4 entre elles et former le panneau 1. L’invention qui vient d’être décrite permet d’améliorer l’isolation thermique des bâtiments et faciliter leur construction. In FIGS. 10 to 12, the main steps have been shown of a second embodiment of a method for manufacturing the panel 1 as defined above. The method comprises a step of mounting the plates 2 to 4 with a view to manufacturing the panel 1. The assembly includes three main stages T1 to T3. During a first step T1, a first mold 30 is provided into which the material capable of hardening is poured into which the organic elements of plant origin are embedded. Then, after hardening of the material, the first mold 30 is removed. to obtain the first plate 2. Then, during a second step T2, a second mold 31 is provided into which the material capable of hardening is poured into which the organic elements of plant origin are embedded 5. The height of the second mold 31 may be greater than that of first mold 30, with a view to obtaining first and second plates 2, 3 having different thicknesses. Then, after hardening of the material, the second mold 31 is removed to obtain the second plate 3. Then, during a third step T3, the third intermediate plate 4 is placed between the first and second plates 2, 3. Advantageously, before placing the third intermediate plate 4, one or more spacers 10 can be placed in contact with each other. one side of a plate 2, 3 among the first and second plates 2, 3. Then, after assembly, the method may include an integration of the screws 7 through the first plate 2, the third intermediate plate 4 and partly in the second plate 2, to hold the plates 2 to 4 together and form the panel 1. The invention which has just been described makes it possible to improve the thermal insulation of buildings and to facilitate their construction.

Claims

Revendications Claims
1. Panneau pour plancher ou paroi, comprenant 1. Panel for floor or wall, comprising
- une première plaque (2) en béton-bois obtenue à partir d’un mortier dans lequel sont noyés des éléments en bois (5), - a first concrete-wood plate (2) obtained from a mortar in which wooden elements (5) are embedded,
- une deuxième plaque (3) en béton-bois obtenue à partir d’un mortier dans lequel sont noyés des éléments en bois (5), - a second concrete-wood plate (3) obtained from a mortar in which wooden elements are embedded (5),
- une troisième plaque intermédiaire (4) montée entre les première et deuxième plaques (2, 3) selon une première direction, la troisième plaque intermédiaire (4) comprenant un matériau isolant thermique, la troisième plaque intermédiaire (4) étant fixée uniquement à la première plaque (2) ou à la deuxième plaque (3) ou reliant la première plaque (2) à la deuxième plaque (3) et se déformant pour autoriser la dilatation de la première plaque (2) par rapport à la deuxième plaque (3) selon une direction perpendiculaire à la première direction, - un moyen de fixation (6) configuré pour maintenir les plaques (2 à 4) du panneau entre elles et autoriser la dilatation de la première plaque (2) par rapport à la deuxième plaque (3) selon une direction perpendiculaire à la première direction, caractérisé en ce que les première et deuxième plaques (2, 3) en béton-bois comprennent entre 80 % et 95 %, par rapport à la masse totale des éléments en bois, d’éléments en bois ayant une longueur comprise entre 10 et 60 mm, les éléments en bois sont des plaquettes de bois, en ce que le premier mélange et le deuxième mélange comportent au moins 50% volumique des éléments organiques d’origine végétale (5) pour former la première plaque (2) et la deuxième plaque (3) dans un matériau perspirant, en ce que la troisième plaque intermédiaire (4) est une plaque perspirante, et en ce que la première plaque (2) possède une épaisseur inférieure à une épaisseur de la deuxième plaque (3) selon la première direction. - a third intermediate plate (4) mounted between the first and second plates (2, 3) in a first direction, the third intermediate plate (4) comprising a thermal insulating material, the third intermediate plate (4) being fixed only to the first plate (2) or to the second plate (3) or connecting the first plate (2) to the second plate (3) and deforming to allow the expansion of the first plate (2) relative to the second plate (3 ) in a direction perpendicular to the first direction, - a fixing means (6) configured to hold the plates (2 to 4) of the panel between them and allow the expansion of the first plate (2) relative to the second plate ( 3) in a direction perpendicular to the first direction, characterized in that the first and second plates (2, 3) of concrete-wood comprise between 80% and 95%, relative to the total mass of the wooden elements, of wooden elements with a length of e between 10 and 60 mm, the wooden elements are wood chips, in that the first mixture and the second mixture contain at least 50% by volume of organic elements of plant origin (5) to form the first plate (2) and the second plate (3) of a breathable material, in that the third intermediate plate (4) is a breathable plate, and in that the first plate (2) has a thickness less than a thickness of the second plate (3) ) in the first direction.
2. Panneau selon la revendication 1 , dans lequel le moyen de fixation (6) comprend une vis (7) traversant la première plaque (2) et la troisième plaque intermédiaire (4) et vissée en partie dans la deuxième plaque (3). 3. Panneau selon l’une des revendications 1 à 2, comprenant une entretoise (10) montée en contact contre les première et deuxième plaques (2, 2. Panel according to claim 1, wherein the fixing means (6) comprises a screw (7) passing through the first plate (2) and the third intermediate plate (4) and partially screwed into the second plate (3). 3. Panel according to one of claims 1 to 2, comprising a spacer (10) mounted in contact against the first and second plates (2,
3). 3).
4. Panneau selon la revendication 3, dans lequel un espace d’air (11) est formé entre la troisième plaque intermédiaire (4) et la deuxième plaque (3). 4. Panel according to claim 3, wherein an air space (11) is formed between the third intermediate plate (4) and the second plate (3).
5. Panneau selon l’une des revendications 1 à 4, dans lequel une ouverture traversante (12) est formée et comporte une pièce de bordure (13, 14) située en périphérie de l’ouverture traversante (12) et comprenant le même matériau à partir du même matériau que celui des première et deuxième plaques (2, 3). 5. Panel according to one of claims 1 to 4, wherein a through opening (12) is formed and comprises an edge piece (13, 14) located on the periphery of the through opening (12) and comprising the same material. from the same material as that of the first and second plates (2, 3).
6. Procédé de fabrication d’un panneau selon l’une des revendications 1 à 5, comprenant un montage, entre une première plaque (2) et une deuxième plaque (3), d’une troisième plaque intermédiaire (4) comprenant un matériau isolant thermique, les première et deuxième plaques (2, 3) comprenant un matériau apte à durcir dans lequel sont noyés des éléments organiques d’origine végétale (5). 6. A method of manufacturing a panel according to one of claims 1 to 5, comprising mounting, between a first plate (2) and a second plate (3), a third intermediate plate (4) comprising a material. thermal insulator, the first and second plates (2, 3) comprising a material capable of hardening in which are embedded organic elements of plant origin (5).
7. Procédé selon la revendication 6, comprenant, après le montage, un vissage d’une vis (7) traversant la première plaque (2) et la troisième plaque intermédiaire (4) et vissée en partie dans la deuxième plaque (3). 7. The method of claim 6, comprising, after assembly, screwing a screw (7) passing through the first plate (2) and the third intermediate plate (4) and partially screwed into the second plate (3).
8. Procédé selon la revendication 7, dans lequel le montage comporte une fourniture des première et deuxième plaques (2, 3) et un placement de la troisième plaque intermédiaire (4) entre les première et deuxième plaques (2, 3). 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the assembly comprises providing the first and second plates (2, 3) and placing the third intermediate plate (4) between the first and second plates (2, 3).
9. Procédé selon la revendication 6 ou 7, dans lequel le montage comporte une réalisation de la première plaque (2), une réalisation de la troisième plaque intermédiaire (4) sur la première plaque (2) et une réalisation de la deuxième plaque (3) sur la troisième plaque intermédiaire (4). 9. The method of claim 6 or 7, wherein the assembly comprises an embodiment of the first plate (2), an embodiment of the third intermediate plate (4) on the first plate (2) and an embodiment of the second plate ( 3) on the third intermediate plate (4).
10. Procédé selon l’une des revendications 6 à 9, dans lequel le montage comporte un placement d’une entretoise (10) en contact contre les première et deuxième plaques (2, 3). 10. Method according to one of claims 6 to 9, wherein the assembly comprises placing a spacer (10) in contact against the first and second plates (2, 3).
EP21727402.6A 2020-05-13 2021-05-14 Floor or wall panel and process for manufacturing same Pending EP4150170A1 (en)

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FR2004731A FR3110186B1 (en) 2020-05-13 2020-05-13 Panel for floor or wall and method of manufacturing such a panel
PCT/EP2021/062898 WO2021229088A1 (en) 2020-05-13 2021-05-14 Floor or wall panel and process for manufacturing same

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US20230134719A1 (en) 2023-05-04
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WO2021229088A1 (en) 2021-11-18
FR3110186B1 (en) 2023-01-13

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