EP4105297A1 - Method and measuring system for determining an oxygen content in a furnace, furnace and processing system - Google Patents
Method and measuring system for determining an oxygen content in a furnace, furnace and processing system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP4105297A1 EP4105297A1 EP21020322.0A EP21020322A EP4105297A1 EP 4105297 A1 EP4105297 A1 EP 4105297A1 EP 21020322 A EP21020322 A EP 21020322A EP 4105297 A1 EP4105297 A1 EP 4105297A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- furnace
- oxygen content
- gas
- oxygen
- flue gas
- Prior art date
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- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000010327 methods by industry Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004230 steam cracking Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 19
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ZrO2 Inorganic materials O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 4
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 3
- -1 oxygen ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003915 liquefied petroleum gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000041 tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001233 yttria-stabilized zirconia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004847 absorption spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101150025733 pub2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004227 thermal cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
- C10G9/14—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils in pipes or coils with or without auxiliary means, e.g. digesters, soaking drums, expansion means
- C10G9/18—Apparatus
- C10G9/20—Tube furnaces
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
- C10G9/14—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils in pipes or coils with or without auxiliary means, e.g. digesters, soaking drums, expansion means
- C10G9/18—Apparatus
- C10G9/20—Tube furnaces
- C10G9/206—Tube furnaces controlling or regulating the tube furnaces
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
- F23N5/003—Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to combustion gas properties
- F23N5/006—Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to combustion gas properties the detector being sensitive to oxygen
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D19/00—Arrangements of controlling devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D21/00—Arrangements of monitoring devices; Arrangements of safety devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N2225/00—Measuring
- F23N2225/26—Measuring humidity
- F23N2225/30—Measuring humidity measuring lambda
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D19/00—Arrangements of controlling devices
- F27D2019/0006—Monitoring the characteristics (composition, quantities, temperature, pressure) of at least one of the gases of the kiln atmosphere and using it as a controlling value
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D19/00—Arrangements of controlling devices
- F27D2019/0006—Monitoring the characteristics (composition, quantities, temperature, pressure) of at least one of the gases of the kiln atmosphere and using it as a controlling value
- F27D2019/0012—Monitoring the composition of the atmosphere or of one of their components
- F27D2019/0015—Monitoring the composition of the exhaust gases or of one of its components
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and a measuring system for determining an oxygen content, in particular at multiple points in a furnace such as a cracking furnace or reformer, a process engineering system in which a fuel gas is burned with the supply of an oxygen-containing gas such as air, a furnace with such a measuring system and a process plant with such a furnace.
- Furnaces in which the oxygen content in the flue gas is a relevant parameter are used in various process engineering systems (or process systems).
- steam cracking steam cracking, thermal cracking, steam cracking, etc.
- olefins and other basic chemicals which is described, for example, in the article " Ethylene” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, online publication of April 15, 2009, DOI: 10.1002/14356007.a10_045.pub2
- Cracker furnaces also referred to as cracking furnaces for use.
- feedstocks such as ethane, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), naphtha, atmospheric gas oil (AGO) and hydrocracker bottoms are converted into ethylene and valuable by-products.
- LPG liquefied petroleum gas
- AGO atmospheric gas oil
- hydrocracker bottoms are converted into ethylene and valuable by-products.
- a furnace is also used in a steam reformer for the production of synthesis gas, hydrogen and carbon monoxide (steam reforming) and the oxygen content is relevant.
- the thermal energy required is typically provided by the combustion of heating gas in a combustion chamber (combustion chamber), which forms the so-called radiant zone of the cracking or cracking furnace, and guided through the so-called coils (cracking tubes). are, through which a hydrocarbon vapor mixture to be converted to obtain a product mixture, the so-called raw or cracked gas.
- combustion air required for combustion is fed into the radiation zone without preheating (so-called natural draft) and burned there together with the heating gas. Air preheating, possibly with gas turbine exhaust gas, is also increasingly being considered, and with it a need to determine the oxygen content in the exhaust gas.
- the fuel gas When operating a cracker furnace, the fuel gas should be burned under strict conditions to ensure safe and efficient operation. This includes, for example, measuring the oxygen content in the combustion chamber in order to be able to detect any excess oxygen (sub-stoichiometric combustion). However, this generally requires complex and/or expensive measuring devices.
- the present invention sets itself the task of providing a possibility of determining the oxygen content in cracker furnaces or other furnaces in process engineering systems as simply and inexpensively as possible, in particular at as many points as possible, in particular in order to obtain the most comprehensive information possible about the combustion in the combustion chamber obtain.
- the present invention generally deals with the operation of a furnace (e.g. cracking furnace or reformer, generally a device with a furnace) in a process engineering (in particular petrochemical) plant, in which a heating gas with the supply of oxygen-containing gas such as air (among gas can generally also a gas mixture, but in principle in this special case, for example, also pure oxygen) is burned, with a flue gas being produced, and an oxygen content, for example after the combustion, then in the flue gas, is to be recorded.
- a heating gas with the supply of oxygen-containing gas such as air (among gas can generally also a gas mixture, but in principle in this special case, for example, also pure oxygen) is burned, with a flue gas being produced, and an oxygen content, for example after the combustion, then in the flue gas, is to be recorded.
- oxygen-containing gas such as air
- the invention deals in particular with determining the oxygen content in or at such a furnace.
- a cracker furnace (or cracking furnace) can be considered as such a furnace, as has already been explained in more detail at the beginning and is used in particular in steam cracking.
- furnaces - e.g. reformers - can also be used in which (especially on an industrial scale) fuel gases are burned, e.g. in steam reforming (so-called "steam reforming").
- steam reforming steam reforming
- One way of determining or measuring the oxygen content in such a furnace or in the flue gas is, for example, a so-called “tunable diode laser", i.e. a tunable laser diode.
- the so-called “Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy” (TDLAS, English, in German roughly “absorption spectroscopy using tunable laser diodes”) is a method with which the concentration or density of the gas or gas component to be examined (e.g. methane or water vapor or even oxygen) is determined.
- TDLAS Transmission Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy
- the concentration or density of the gas or gas component to be examined e.g. methane or water vapor or even oxygen
- such lasers are very expensive and deliver (only) an average value over the measuring section or a locally limited value that does not provide information about the entire combustion chamber.
- a corresponding measured value in the flue gas is recorded or measured by means of a plurality of lambda probes--and in particular also by a plurality of sampling points--and that by means of a computer system--particularly common to all lambda probes--a computer system (e.g. a (high-performance) ) computing system, so-called “edge computing") from the measured values, an oxygen content (or oxygen concentration) in the furnace is determined. This preferably takes place continuously.
- a special computing unit suitable for acquiring and/or evaluating measured values from lambda probes or a control unit or the like is also expedient as the computing system.
- a measured value in the flue gas can be recorded in particular by means of the multiple lambda probes at multiple different points of the furnace and the oxygen content can be determined at each of the multiple different points.
- this allows a local course, ie a profile, of the oxygen content in the determine oven.
- Preferred points at which measurements should be taken are, for example, along the firebox wall at the transition of the flue gas from the combustion chamber (closed combustion) into the so-called convection zone.
- the oxygen content at one point in the furnace is determined from the readings from at least two or three lambda probes, i.e. the readings from the at least two, in particular at least three, lambda probes are used for this purpose.
- three lambda probes for example, mutual monitoring and indication of a error possible, with an error tolerance of two out of three), to determine a (single) value for the oxygen content.
- the at least two lambda probes can therefore be used in particular redundantly, i.e.
- the mean value of which can be used can be used, or the measured values of the three probes can be compared with one another in order to eliminate an inaccurate measured value and replace it to indicate the probe.
- three lambda probes can be used, from whose measured values only the measured values of the two best lambda probes and/or the middle value (median) are used to determine the oxygen content.
- the measured values from the lambda probe that deviate the furthest from an average value can be excluded.
- the (e.g. arithmetic) mean value can then be selected from the remaining measured values. This allows a particularly accurate determination of the oxygen content.
- the relevant lambda probes are arranged at the same sampling point on the furnace. In the case of a total of several points, three or more lambda probes can therefore be used per point.
- the computing system measures, for example, the voltage applied to the individual probes, which is in relation to the oxygen.
- a local measurement for example, always consists of three measured values (error tolerance), which are then checked for the consistency of the data before the oxygen concentration is calculated from the measured voltages using a formula.
- a profile is then in turn determined from the various measuring points.
- the edge device takes over the communication with the user (data transfer) and also the monitoring of the sensors (see above), checks any existing drift and alarms if necessary.
- lambda probes or also lambda sensors
- These lambda probes are particularly cost-effective—at least in comparison to the oxygen measuring systems previously used for furnaces in process engineering systems—and can therefore also be used in large numbers. This in turn allows redundant use, which allows a particularly accurate and reliable determination of the oxygen content in the furnace by averaging the individual measured values despite possibly poorer measurement quality of the individual lambda probes compared to other oxygen measurement systems.
- the lambda probes are arranged in particular in a line in which the flue gas is led out of the furnace and, in particular, is then fed back into the furnace again.
- a pipe installation with two or three inch diameter pipes (conduit) can be used.
- a pressure of e.g. 0.01 bar for the flue gas is usually sufficient.
- Such lines can be arranged on the roof of the furnace, for example, and then also at different points there.
- a draft in a convection section can then be used, whereby the line can be connected, for example, to an existing nozzle or a new one to be added in the convection section or in front of a fan or blower.
- the flue gas can also be extracted from the furnace (e.g. via an ejector or a gas ring blower) and fed back into the combustion chamber.
- a lambda probe works in particular in such a way that a measured value is recorded which indicates a ratio of an oxygen content in a gas to be measured--in this case the flue gas of the furnace--to a reference value.
- the oxygen content of an ambient air can then be considered as a reference value.
- Nernst probes as lambda probes.
- the Nernst probe for example, uses zirconium dioxide (zirconium(IV) oxide) as the permeable material.
- zirconium dioxide zirconium(IV) oxide
- the property of zirconium dioxide is exploited to transport oxygen ions electrolytically at temperatures above approx. 350 °C, which creates a voltage between the external electrodes. Due to this property, zirconium-based lambda probes (or Oxygen sensors) the difference in oxygen partial pressure (this corresponds to a difference in oxygen concentration) of two different gases.
- the lambda probe one side of the material is then exposed to the flue gas or flue gas flow, while the other side is at an oxygen reference, for example the ambient air.
- the ambient air (or another reference gas) can be fed in through an opening directly on the lambda probe or via a separate supply line, which makes it more difficult for the reference gas to be contaminated by other gases or water. If the reference gas is contaminated, the oxygen content of the reference is reduced, which reduces the probe voltage.
- Lambda probes or sensors that work with a pumped reference also come into consideration; no separate reference gas such as ambient air, which can become contaminated, is required here. Rather, the oxygen reference is produced independently in the lambda probe. For example, a current can be passed through the material and oxygen can be pumped out of the flue gas. This creates a reference of pure oxygen at the inner electrode.
- zirconium could be used as YSZ ceramic (yttria-stabilized zirconia), which, among other things, would noticeably reduce the operating temperature.
- YSZ ceramic yttria-stabilized zirconia
- the yttrium-doped zirconium dioxide material of the probe becomes penetrable for negative oxygen ions at temperatures of around 300 °C and above.
- the difference in concentration leads to ion diffusion of the oxygen, as a result of which oxygen ions migrate from the high concentration (usually in the ambient air) to the low concentration (usually the flue gas).
- the oxygen atoms can therefore diffuse through the zirconium ceramic as doubly negatively charged ions.
- the electrons required to ionize the oxygen atoms are supplied by the electrically conductive electrodes.
- an electrical voltage can be measured between the internal and external electrodes (eg platinum electrodes), the probe voltage. This voltage is then forwarded to the computing system (Edge Device) via a cable, for example.
- a suitable calibration can thus be used to determine the oxygen content in the furnace or in the flue gas of the furnace using a lambda probe. Even with the simple lambda probe, an exact measurement can be carried out, at least in certain areas.
- the invention makes it possible to detect an oxygen value that is locally too low (local sub-stoichiometry, ⁇ 1), although the average oxygen content of the flue gas is in the acceptable range. It can often also be sufficient to detect an oxygen content that is too high or too low, regardless of the specific value. Rather, the furnace can then be controlled or adjusted in such a way that the oxygen content remains within a desired range. Ultimately, in this way, the greatest possible reduction in undesirable exhaust gases such as carbon monoxide and soot can be achieved.
- the operation of the furnace is in particular automatically controlled or also regulated based on the determined oxygen content.
- a volume flow of supplied fresh air (or other oxygen-containing gas) can be increased, possibly also at individual points if the oxygen content in the flue gas is too low.
- mere monitoring of the operation is also conceivable.
- a measure can also be initiated if the oxygen content leaves a specified range; a hint to an operator to intervene manually is conceivable, for example.
- the invention further relates to a measuring system for determining an oxygen content in a furnace or in the flue gas of a furnace of a process engineering plant, in which a fuel gas is burned with the supply of an oxygen-containing gas.
- a measuring system for determining an oxygen content in a furnace or in the flue gas of a furnace of a process engineering plant, in which a fuel gas is burned with the supply of an oxygen-containing gas.
- the invention also relates to a furnace for a process plant, in which a heating gas is burned with the supply of an oxygen-containing gas, in particular an exhaust gas (e.g. from a gas turbine, there for determining the residual oxygen content), and to which a measuring system according to the invention is assigned, as well as a process engineering plant with such a furnace including measuring system.
- a heating gas is burned with the supply of an oxygen-containing gas, in particular an exhaust gas (e.g. from a gas turbine, there for determining the residual oxygen content), and to which a measuring system according to the invention is assigned, as well as a process engineering plant with such a furnace including measuring system.
- FIG 1 a process engineering plant 100 designed as a steam cracking arrangement with a cracker furnace 10 is shown, on the basis of which the invention is to be explained. It should already be mentioned at this point that this system 100 is only used as an example to explain the invention and that the system can also be configured differently or it could be a different system with a furnace (ie a device with a furnace).
- the cracker furnace 10 or a corresponding furnace unit (here also referred to as a cracking furnace or furnace for short) has a radiation zone 11 and a convection zone 12 .
- the plant 100 for steam cracking can also include several corresponding cracker furnaces 10 .
- System components or units referred to below as central several cracker ovens 10 are available, decentralized units are provided separately for each cracker oven 10.
- a hydrocarbon feed H is heated and process steam P is provided, which is further heated in the convection zone 12 in a manner known per se (not relevant to the present case), combined to form a feed stream F and then the radiation zone 11 are supplied.
- the representation according to figure 1 is greatly simplified and only an example.
- a corresponding feed stream can already be divided into several partial streams in the area of the convection zone, which can then be preheated separately from one another and finally passed through groups of, for example, six or eight cans in the radiation zone 11.
- Centralized units can be replaced here and subsequently by decentralized units and vice versa at any time.
- the cleavage gas C is removed from the radiation zone 11, which is cooled by means of one or more quench gas coolers 13, which can in particular be designed as known quench coolers or can include such quench coolers and which can also function as steam generators at the same time, and then undergo a central cleavage gas separation and cleavage gas treatment 90 is supplied.
- quench gas coolers 13 which can in particular be designed as known quench coolers or can include such quench coolers and which can also function as steam generators at the same time, and then undergo a central cleavage gas separation and cleavage gas treatment 90 is supplied.
- the invention is not limited by a specific embodiment.
- a central feed water system 40 provides feed water W, which in the example shown is also heated in the convection zone 12 and then further heated by means of one or more cracked gas coolers 13 to obtain high-pressure or super-high-pressure saturated steam S (hereinafter also referred to as saturated steam for short) and finally is vaporized.
- saturated steam S is superheated in the convection zone 12 to obtain superheated high-pressure steam or superheated superhigh-pressure steam T (also referred to as superheated steam below) and fed into a central steam system 50 .
- feed heating gas Y is heated to form preheated heating gas X and is fed to the radiation zone 11 or to the burners in this zone, which are not separately illustrated, and thus to the furnace 10.
- combustion air L and thus an oxygen-containing gas—passes via an air intake 79 into the radiation zone 11 or the burners located there.
- Flue gas Z is discharged from the radiation zone 11, which passes through the convection zone 12 and is then discharged into a flue gas treatment system or to a central or decentralized chimney 80, e.g. with a blower, and via this to the atmosphere.
- central heating gas 65 is optional.
- a decentralized heating gas preheating ie separately for the individual cracker ovens 10 or oven units
- the heating gas X is burned in the furnace 10 with the supply of the combustion air L, with flue gas Z (ie a type of exhaust gas) being produced, which is ultimately discharged to the environment.
- flue gas Z ie a type of exhaust gas
- the combustion of the fuel gas X should take place under strict conditions, also to enable safe and efficient operation.
- this includes in particular the measurement of the oxygen content in the furnace or in the combustion chamber in order to be able to detect any excess oxygen. This is where the invention comes in.
- a measuring system 110 that is provided for the furnace 10 is used for this purpose.
- the measuring system 110 comprises, for example, a computing system 112 (eg processor with memory) and several lambda probes, with two lambda probes 114, 116 being shown here by way of example, by means of which measurements of the oxygen content in the flue gas Z can be undertaken.
- the lambda sensors 114, 116 are arranged at two different locations on the furnace 10 at which a measurement is taken.
- flue gas can be diverted--as already mentioned--and fed back into the furnace 10 or into the regular course after the measurement by means of the respective lambda probe.
- several lambda probes can also be provided at one point, each recording a measured value.
- the measured values recorded by the lambda probes 114, 116 are transmitted, for example, via signal lines (indicated with dashed lines with arrows) to the measuring system 112, where the measured values can then be offset in order to determine the oxygen content in the flue gas or in the furnace, possibly also at different places to determine.
- FIG 2 a sequence of such a method according to the invention is shown schematically in a preferred embodiment.
- the lambda probe 114 and the computing system 112 are off figure 1 shown.
- the lambda probe 114 contains a measuring element 120 which is exposed to the flue gas Z of the furnace on one side and to a reference, for example ambient air, on the other side.
- a reference for example ambient air
- O R oxygen content
- a ratio of the oxygen content in the flue gas to the oxygen content in the ambient air is determined by means of the lambda probe. if, for example, the oxygen content in the ambient air is known, the Oxygen content in the flue gas can be determined. This can be done, for example, as part of the calculation mentioned, so that the oxygen content O for a specific point can correspond to the (possibly averaged) oxygen content Oz in the flue gas. It goes without saying that it is also possible to work only with relative values.
- FIG. 14 is yet another view of cracker furnace 10.
- FIG figure 1 shown to explain the invention in more detail, namely with four zones 10A, 10B, 10C and 10D by way of example.
- each of the zones in the wall 140 is a tap 130, only one of the taps being shown in more detail.
- a pipe 132 is guided through the wall 130, on which, for example, three lambda probes 114 are attached on the outside (only one probe is shown).
- cooling fins 134 can be provided in order to ensure sufficient cooling of the gas after the measurement, in order to prevent any damage to materials.
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Abstract
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Bestimmen eines Sauerstoffgehalts in einem Ofen (10) einer verfahrenstechnischen Anlage (100), in dem ein Heizgas (X) unter Zufuhr eines sauerstoffhaltigen Gases (L) und unter Entstehung von Rauchgas (Z) verbrannt wird, wobei mittels mehreren Lambdasonden (114, 116) jeweils ein Messwert in dem Rauchgas (Z) erfasst und mittels eines Rechensystems (112) aus den Messwerten ein Sauerstoffgehalt in dem Ofen (10) bestimmt wird, ein Messsystem (110) hierfür, einen Ofen (10) und eine verfahrenstechnische Anlage (100).The invention relates to a method for determining an oxygen content in a furnace (10) of a process plant (100), in which a heating gas (X) is burned with the supply of an oxygen-containing gas (L) and with the formation of flue gas (Z), using several lambda probes (114, 116) in each case a measured value is recorded in the flue gas (Z) and an oxygen content in the furnace (10) is determined from the measured values by means of a computing system (112), a measuring system (110) for this, a furnace (10) and a processing plant (100).
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und ein Messsystem zum Bestimmen eines Sauerstoffgehalts insbesondere an multiplen Stellen in einem Ofen wie z.B. einem Spaltofen oder Reformer, einer verfahrenstechnischen Anlage, in dem ein Heizgas unter Zufuhr eines sauerstoffhaltigen Gases wie Luft verbrannt wird, einen Ofen mit einem solchen Messsystem sowie eine verfahrenstechnische Anlage mit einem solchen Ofen.The invention relates to a method and a measuring system for determining an oxygen content, in particular at multiple points in a furnace such as a cracking furnace or reformer, a process engineering system in which a fuel gas is burned with the supply of an oxygen-containing gas such as air, a furnace with such a measuring system and a process plant with such a furnace.
In verschiedenen verfahrenstechnischen Anlagen (oder Prozessanlagen) kommen Öfen zum Einsatz, in denen ein Sauerstoffgehalt im Rauchgas ein relevanter Parameter ist. Beispielsweise kommen beim sog. Steamcracken (Dampfspalten, thermisches Spalten, Dampfcracken usw.), das zur Herstellung von Olefinen und anderen Grundchemikalien eingesetzt wird, und das beispielsweise im Artikel "
Für die Einleitung und Aufrechterhaltung der endothermen Reaktionen wird beim Steamcracken die erforderliche Wärmeenergie typischerweise durch die Verbrennung von Heizgas in einer Brennkammer (Feuerraum) bereitgestellt, die die sog. Strahlungszone des Spalt- oder Crackerofens bildet, und durch die sog. Coils (Spaltrohre) geführt sind, durch welche ein umzusetzendes Kohlenwasserstoff-DampfGemisch unter Erhalt eines Produktgemischs, des sog. Roh- oder Spaltgases, geleitet wird. In den häufigsten Anwendungen wird die für die Verbrennung erforderliche Verbrennungsluft ohne Vorwärmung in die Strahlungszone geführt (sog. Naturzug) und dort zusammen mit dem Heizgas verbrannt. Ebenso kommt auch immer mehr eine Luftvorwärmung, ggf. mit Gasturbinenabgas in Betracht, und damit einhergehend ein Bedarf an Bestimmung des Sauerstoffgehaltes im Abgas.For the initiation and maintenance of the endothermic reactions in steam cracking, the thermal energy required is typically provided by the combustion of heating gas in a combustion chamber (combustion chamber), which forms the so-called radiant zone of the cracking or cracking furnace, and guided through the so-called coils (cracking tubes). are, through which a hydrocarbon vapor mixture to be converted to obtain a product mixture, the so-called raw or cracked gas. In the most common applications, the combustion air required for combustion is fed into the radiation zone without preheating (so-called natural draft) and burned there together with the heating gas. Air preheating, possibly with gas turbine exhaust gas, is also increasingly being considered, and with it a need to determine the oxygen content in the exhaust gas.
Beim Betrieb eines Crackerofens sollte die Verbrennung des Heizgases unter Einhaltung strenger Bedingungen erfolgen, um einen sicheren und effizienten Betrieb zu ermöglichen. Dies umfasst z.B. die Messung des Sauerstoffgehalts in der Brennkammer, um etwaigen unterschüssigen Sauerstoff (unterstöchiometrische Verbrennung) erkennen zu können. Hierzu sind allerdings in aller Regel komplexe und/oder teure Messgeräte nötig.When operating a cracker furnace, the fuel gas should be burned under strict conditions to ensure safe and efficient operation. This includes, for example, measuring the oxygen content in the combustion chamber in order to be able to detect any excess oxygen (sub-stoichiometric combustion). However, this generally requires complex and/or expensive measuring devices.
Die vorliegende Erfindung stellt sich vor diesem Hintergrund die Aufgabe, eine Möglichkeit bereitzustellen, bei Crackeröfen oder anderen Öfen in verfahrenstechnischen Anlagen den Sauerstoffgehalt möglichst einfach und kostengünstig, insbesondere an möglichst vielen Stellen, zu bestimmen, insbesondere um eine möglichst umfassende Information der Verbrennung im Brennraum zu erhalten.Against this background, the present invention sets itself the task of providing a possibility of determining the oxygen content in cracker furnaces or other furnaces in process engineering systems as simply and inexpensively as possible, in particular at as many points as possible, in particular in order to obtain the most comprehensive information possible about the combustion in the combustion chamber obtain.
Diese Aufgabe wird durch ein Verfahren, ein Messystem, einen Ofen sowie eine verfahrenstechnische Anlage mit den Merkmalen der unabhängigen Patentansprüche gelöst. Ausgestaltungen sind Gegenstand der abhängigen Patentansprüche sowie der nachfolgenden Beschreibung.This object is achieved by a method, a measuring system, a furnace and a process engineering system with the features of the independent patent claims. Configurations are the subject of the dependent patent claims and the following description.
Die vorliegende Erfindung beschäftigt sich generell mit dem Betrieb eines Ofens (z.B. Spaltofen oder Reformer, allgemein eine Vorrichtung mit Feuerraum) in einer verfahrenstechnischen (insbesondere petrochemischen) Anlage, bei dem ein Heizgas unter Zufuhr von sauerstoffhaltigem Gas wie z.B. Luft (unter Gas kann allgemein auch ein Gasgemisch verstanden werden, grundsätzlich aber in diesem speziellen Fall z.B. auch reiner Sauerstoff) verbrannt wird, wobei ein Rauchgas entsteht, und ein Sauerstoffgehalt z.B. nach der Verbrennung, dann in dem Rauchgas, zu erfassen ist. Insofern beschäftigt sich die Erfindung insbesondere mit dem Bestimmen des Sauerstoffgehalts in bzw. bei einem solchen Ofen.The present invention generally deals with the operation of a furnace (e.g. cracking furnace or reformer, generally a device with a furnace) in a process engineering (in particular petrochemical) plant, in which a heating gas with the supply of oxygen-containing gas such as air (among gas can generally also a gas mixture, but in principle in this special case, for example, also pure oxygen) is burned, with a flue gas being produced, and an oxygen content, for example after the combustion, then in the flue gas, is to be recorded. In this respect, the invention deals in particular with determining the oxygen content in or at such a furnace.
Als ein solcher Ofen kommt insbesondere ein Crackerofen (bzw. Spaltofen) in Betracht, wie er eingangs bereits näher erläutert wurde und insbesondere beim Steamcracken zum Einsatz kommt. Es sei jedoch darauf hingewiesen, dass auch andere Öfen - z.B. Reformer - in Betracht kommen, in denen (insbesondere im industriellen Maßstab) Heizgase verbrannt werden wie z.B. bei der Dampfreformierung (sog. "steam reforming"). Letztlich kommen dabei alle Arten von Verbrennungen in Betracht.In particular, a cracker furnace (or cracking furnace) can be considered as such a furnace, as has already been explained in more detail at the beginning and is used in particular in steam cracking. However, it should be pointed out that other furnaces - e.g. reformers - can also be used in which (especially on an industrial scale) fuel gases are burned, e.g. in steam reforming (so-called "steam reforming"). Ultimately, all types of burns come into consideration.
Eine Möglichkeit, den Sauerstoffgehalt in einem solchen Ofen bzw. in dem Rauchgas zu bestimmen bzw. zu messen, ist z.B. ein sog. "Tunable Diode Laser", also eine durchstimmbare Laserdiode. Die sog. "Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy" (TDLAS, englisch, auf deutsch in etwa "Absorptionsspektroskopie mittels durchstimmbarer Laserdioden") ist ein Verfahren, mit dem aus einer gemessenen Absorption die Konzentration oder Dichte des zu untersuchenden Gases bzw. Gasbestandteils (beispielsweise Methan oder Wasserdampf oder eben auch Sauerstoff) bestimmt wird. Solche Laser sind allerdings sehr kostenintensiv und liefern (nur) einen Mittelwert über die Messstrecke oder einen lokal begrenzten Wert, der nicht über den gesamten Feuerraum Auskunft gibt.One way of determining or measuring the oxygen content in such a furnace or in the flue gas is, for example, a so-called "tunable diode laser", i.e. a tunable laser diode. The so-called "Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy" (TDLAS, English, in German roughly "absorption spectroscopy using tunable laser diodes") is a method with which the concentration or density of the gas or gas component to be examined (e.g. methane or water vapor or even oxygen) is determined. However, such lasers are very expensive and deliver (only) an average value over the measuring section or a locally limited value that does not provide information about the entire combustion chamber.
Im Rahmen der Erfindung wird nun vorgeschlagen, dass mittels mehrerer Lambdasonden - und insbesondere auch mehrerer Entnahmestellen -jeweils ein entsprechender Messwert in dem Rauchgas erfasst bzw. gemessen wird, und dass mittels eines - insbesondere für alle Lambdasonden gemeinsamen - Rechensystems (z.B. eines (Hochleistungs-)Rechensystems, sog. "Edge-Computing") aus den Messwerten ein Sauerstoffgehalt (oder Sauerstoffkonzentration) in dem Ofen bestimmt wird. Dies erfolgt bevorzugt kontinuierlich. Als Rechensystem ist auch eine spezielle zur Erfassung und/oder Auswertung von Messwerten von Lambdasonden geeignete Recheneinheit oder ein Steuergerät oder dergleichen zweckmäßig. Hierbei kann insbesondere mittels der mehreren Lambdasonden an mehreren, verschiedenen Stellen des Ofens jeweils ein Messwert in dem Rauchgas erfasst und an den mehreren verschiedenen Stellen jeweils der Sauerstoffgehalt bestimmt werden. Dies erlaubt es insbesondere, einen örtlichen Verlauf, also ein Profil, des Sauerstoffgehalts in dem Ofen zu bestimmen. Bevorzugten Stellen, an denen gemessen werden soll, sind z.B. entlang der Feuerboxwand am Übergang des Rauchgases vom Verbrennungsraum (abgeschlossene Verbrennung) in die sog. Konvektionszone.In the context of the invention, it is now proposed that a corresponding measured value in the flue gas is recorded or measured by means of a plurality of lambda probes--and in particular also by a plurality of sampling points--and that by means of a computer system--particularly common to all lambda probes--a computer system (e.g. a (high-performance) ) computing system, so-called "edge computing") from the measured values, an oxygen content (or oxygen concentration) in the furnace is determined. This preferably takes place continuously. A special computing unit suitable for acquiring and/or evaluating measured values from lambda probes or a control unit or the like is also expedient as the computing system. In this case, a measured value in the flue gas can be recorded in particular by means of the multiple lambda probes at multiple different points of the furnace and the oxygen content can be determined at each of the multiple different points. In particular, this allows a local course, ie a profile, of the oxygen content in the determine oven. Preferred points at which measurements should be taken are, for example, along the firebox wall at the transition of the flue gas from the combustion chamber (closed combustion) into the so-called convection zone.
Außerdem ist es zweckmäßig, wenn aus den Messwerten von wenigstens zwei oder drei Lambdasonden der Sauerstoffgehalt an einer Stelle des Ofens bestimmt wird, d.h. die Messwerte der wenigstens zwei, insbesondere wenigstens drei Lambdasonden werden dazu verwendet Bei drei Lambdasonden ist z.B. eine gegenseitige Überwachung und Indikation eines Fehlers möglich, mit einer Fehlertoleranz zwei von drei), einen (einzigen) Wert für den Sauerstoffgehalt zu bestimmen. Die wenigstens zwei Lambdasonden können hierbei also insbesondere redundant verwendet werden, d.h. bei Ausfall eines Sensors verbleiben bei insgesamt drei noch zwei Sonden, deren Mittelwert verwendet werden kann bzw. die Messwerte der drei Sonden können miteinander verglichen werden, um einen ungenauen Messwert auszusondern und den Austausch der Sonde zu indizieren. So können z.B. drei Lambdasonden verwendet werden, von deren Messwerte nur die Messwerte der zwei besten Lambdasonden und/oder des mittleren Wertes (Median) zur Bestimmung des Sauerstoffgehalts herangezogen werden. Beispielsweise können die Messwerte von derjenigen Lambdasonde, die am weitesten von einem Mittelwert abweichen, ausgeschlossen werden. Von den verbleibenden Messwerten kann dann der (z.B. arithmetische) Mittelwert gewählt werden. Dies erlaubt eine besonders genaue Bestimmung des Sauerstoffgehalts. Hierzu sind die relevanten Lambdasonden an jeweils derselben Probenahme-Stelle am Ofen angeordnet. Bei insgesamt mehreren Stellen können also je Stelle drei oder mehr Lambdasonden verwendet werden.It is also useful if the oxygen content at one point in the furnace is determined from the readings from at least two or three lambda probes, i.e. the readings from the at least two, in particular at least three, lambda probes are used for this purpose. With three lambda probes, for example, mutual monitoring and indication of a error possible, with an error tolerance of two out of three), to determine a (single) value for the oxygen content. The at least two lambda probes can therefore be used in particular redundantly, i.e. if one sensor fails, there are still two probes out of a total of three, the mean value of which can be used, or the measured values of the three probes can be compared with one another in order to eliminate an inaccurate measured value and replace it to indicate the probe. For example, three lambda probes can be used, from whose measured values only the measured values of the two best lambda probes and/or the middle value (median) are used to determine the oxygen content. For example, the measured values from the lambda probe that deviate the furthest from an average value can be excluded. The (e.g. arithmetic) mean value can then be selected from the remaining measured values. This allows a particularly accurate determination of the oxygen content. For this purpose, the relevant lambda probes are arranged at the same sampling point on the furnace. In the case of a total of several points, three or more lambda probes can therefore be used per point.
Das Rechensystem ("Edge-Device") misst dabei z.B. die an den einzelnen Sonden anliegende Spannung, die im Verhältnis zum Sauerstoff steht. Eine örtliche Messung besteht z.B. immer aus drei Messwerten (Fehlertoleranz), die daraufhin auf die Konsistenz der Daten überprüft wird, bevor aus den gemessenen Spannungen über eine Formel die Sauerstoffkonzentration gerechnet wird. Aus den verschiedenen Messpunkten wird dann wiederum ein Profil bestimmt. Das Edge-Device übernimmt die Kommunikation mit dem Benutzer (Datenweitergabe) und auch die Überwachung der Sensoren (s.o.), überprüft deren ggf. vorhandene Drift und alarmiert bei Bedarf.The computing system ("edge device") measures, for example, the voltage applied to the individual probes, which is in relation to the oxygen. A local measurement, for example, always consists of three measured values (error tolerance), which are then checked for the consistency of the data before the oxygen concentration is calculated from the measured voltages using a formula. A profile is then in turn determined from the various measuring points. The edge device takes over the communication with the user (data transfer) and also the monitoring of the sensors (see above), checks any existing drift and alarms if necessary.
Hier zeigt sich der besondere Vorteil von Lambdasonden (oder auch Lambdasensoren), wie sie an sich in Kraftfahrzeugen zur Messung des Sauerstoffgehalts in den Abgasen verwendet werden. Diese Lambdasonden sind - jedenfalls im Vergleich zu bisher für Öfen in verfahrenstechnischen Anlagen verwendeten Sauerstoffmesssystemen - besonders kostengünstig und können daher auch in einer hohen Anzahl eingesetzt werden. Dies wiederum erlaubt eine redundante Verwendung, was durch Mittelwertbildung der einzelnen Messwerte trotz ggf. schlechterer Messqualität der einzelnen Lambdasonden gegenüber anderen Sauerstoffmesssystemen eine besonders genaue und zuverlässige Bestimmung des Sauerstoffgehalts im Ofen erlaubt.This is where the particular advantage of lambda probes (or also lambda sensors) as they are used in motor vehicles to measure the oxygen content in the exhaust gases becomes evident. These lambda probes are particularly cost-effective—at least in comparison to the oxygen measuring systems previously used for furnaces in process engineering systems—and can therefore also be used in large numbers. This in turn allows redundant use, which allows a particularly accurate and reliable determination of the oxygen content in the furnace by averaging the individual measured values despite possibly poorer measurement quality of the individual lambda probes compared to other oxygen measurement systems.
Die Lambdasonden sind insbesondere in einer Leitung angeordnet, in der Rauchgas aus dem Ofen herausgeführt und insbesondere anschließend wieder in den Ofen zurückgeführt wird. Hierzu kann z.B. eine Rohrinstallation mit Rohren (Leitung) mit einem Durchmesser von zwei oder drei Zoll verwendet werden. Ein Druck von z.B. 0,01 bar für das Rauchgas ist dabei in aller Regel ausreichend. Solche Leitungen können z.B. auf dem Dach des Ofens angeordnet werden, dort dann z.B. auch an verschiedenen Stellen. Dann kann ein Luftzug in einem Konvektionsabschnitt ausgenutzt werden, wobei die Leitung z.B. an eine bereits vorhandene oder auch neu hinzufügende Düse im Konvektionsabschnitt oder vor einem Lüfter bzw. Gebläse angeschlossen werden kann. Alternativ kann das Rauchgas auch extraktiv aus dem Ofen (z.B. über einen Ejektor oder ein Gasringgebläse) gesogen und wieder in den Feuerraum zurückgeführt werden.The lambda probes are arranged in particular in a line in which the flue gas is led out of the furnace and, in particular, is then fed back into the furnace again. For example, a pipe installation with two or three inch diameter pipes (conduit) can be used. A pressure of e.g. 0.01 bar for the flue gas is usually sufficient. Such lines can be arranged on the roof of the furnace, for example, and then also at different points there. A draft in a convection section can then be used, whereby the line can be connected, for example, to an existing nozzle or a new one to be added in the convection section or in front of a fan or blower. Alternatively, the flue gas can also be extracted from the furnace (e.g. via an ejector or a gas ring blower) and fed back into the combustion chamber.
Eine Lambdasonde arbeitet insbesondere derart, dass ein Messwert erfasst wird, der ein Verhältnis eines Sauerstoffgehalts in einem zu messenden Gas - hier also dem Rauchgas des Ofens - zu einem Referenzwert angibt. Als Referenzwert kommt dann insbesondere der Sauerstoffgehalt einer Umgebungsluft in Betracht. Dabei gibt es insbesondere die sog. Nernstsonden als Lambdasonden.A lambda probe works in particular in such a way that a measured value is recorded which indicates a ratio of an oxygen content in a gas to be measured--in this case the flue gas of the furnace--to a reference value. In particular, the oxygen content of an ambient air can then be considered as a reference value. There are in particular the so-called Nernst probes as lambda probes.
Die Nernstsonde nutzt z.B. Zirkoniumdioxid (Zirkonium(IV)-oxid) als permeables Material. Dabei wird die Eigenschaft von Zirkoniumdioxid ausgenutzt, bei Temperaturen ab ca. 350 °C Sauerstoffionen elektrolytisch transportieren zu können, wodurch eine Spannung zwischen den außenliegenden Elektroden entsteht. Durch diese Eigenschaft bestimmen Zirkonium-basierte Lambdasondern (bzw. Sauerstoffsensoren) den Unterschied des Sauerstoffpartialdrucks (dies entspricht einem Sauerstoff-Konzentrationsunterschied) zweier verschiedener Gase. Bei der Lambdasonde wird dann eine Seite des Materials dem Rauchgas bzw. Rauchgasstrom ausgesetzt, während die andere Seite an einer Sauerstoffreferenz liegt, z.B. eben der Umgebungsluft. Die Umgebungsluft (oder auch ein anderes Referenzgas) kann z.B. durch eine Öffnung direkt an der Lambdasonde oder über eine separate Zuleitung herangeführt werden, wodurch eine mögliche Verunreinigung des Referenzgases durch andere Gase oder Wasser erschwert wird. Bei einer Verunreinigung des Referenzgases ist der Sauerstoffgehalt der Referenz verringert, wodurch die Sondenspannung kleiner wird.The Nernst probe, for example, uses zirconium dioxide (zirconium(IV) oxide) as the permeable material. The property of zirconium dioxide is exploited to transport oxygen ions electrolytically at temperatures above approx. 350 °C, which creates a voltage between the external electrodes. Due to this property, zirconium-based lambda probes (or Oxygen sensors) the difference in oxygen partial pressure (this corresponds to a difference in oxygen concentration) of two different gases. In the case of the lambda probe, one side of the material is then exposed to the flue gas or flue gas flow, while the other side is at an oxygen reference, for example the ambient air. The ambient air (or another reference gas) can be fed in through an opening directly on the lambda probe or via a separate supply line, which makes it more difficult for the reference gas to be contaminated by other gases or water. If the reference gas is contaminated, the oxygen content of the reference is reduced, which reduces the probe voltage.
Es kommen auch Lambdasonden bzw. Sensoren in Betracht, die mit einer gepumpten Referenz arbeiten; hier wird kein separates Referenzgas wie Umgebungsluft benötigt, das verunreinigt werden kann. Die Sauerstoffreferenz wird vielmehr eigenständig in der Lambdasonde hergestellt. Hierzu kann z.B. durch das Material ein Strom geleitet und so Sauerstoff aus dem Rauchgas gepumpt werden. Damit wird eine Referenz aus reinem Sauerstoff an der inneren Elektrode erzeugt.Lambda probes or sensors that work with a pumped reference also come into consideration; no separate reference gas such as ambient air, which can become contaminated, is required here. Rather, the oxygen reference is produced independently in the lambda probe. For example, a current can be passed through the material and oxygen can be pumped out of the flue gas. This creates a reference of pure oxygen at the inner electrode.
Denkbar ist auch, dass Zirkonium als YSZ-Keramik (Yttria-stabilized Zirconia) zum Einsatz kommt, wodurch unter anderem die Betriebstemperatur merklich reduziert wird. Schon bei Temperaturen ab etwa 300 °C wird das Yttrium-dotierte Zirkoniumdioxid-Material der Sonde für negative Sauerstoffionen durchgängig.It is also conceivable that zirconium could be used as YSZ ceramic (yttria-stabilized zirconia), which, among other things, would noticeably reduce the operating temperature. The yttrium-doped zirconium dioxide material of the probe becomes penetrable for negative oxygen ions at temperatures of around 300 °C and above.
Bei Nernstsonden kommt es durch den Konzentrationsunterschied (oder Partialdruckunterschied) zu einer lonendiffusion des Sauerstoffs, folglich wandern Sauerstoffionen von der hohen Konzentration (in der Regel bei der Umgebungsluft) zur niedrigen Konzentration (in der Regel das Rauchgas). Die Sauerstoffatome können als doppelt negativ geladene Ionen also durch die Zirkonium-Keramik hindurchdiffundieren. Die zur Ionisierung der Sauerstoffatome erforderlichen Elektronen werden von den elektrisch leitfähigen Elektroden geliefert. Dadurch lässt sich zwischen den innen und außen angebrachten Elektroden (z.B. Platinelektroden) eine elektrische Spannung abnehmen, die Sondenspannung. Diese Spannung wird dann z.B. über Kabel an das Rechensystem (Edge Device) weitergeleitet.With Nernst probes, the difference in concentration (or difference in partial pressure) leads to ion diffusion of the oxygen, as a result of which oxygen ions migrate from the high concentration (usually in the ambient air) to the low concentration (usually the flue gas). The oxygen atoms can therefore diffuse through the zirconium ceramic as doubly negatively charged ions. The electrons required to ionize the oxygen atoms are supplied by the electrically conductive electrodes. As a result, an electrical voltage can be measured between the internal and external electrodes (eg platinum electrodes), the probe voltage. This voltage is then forwarded to the computing system (Edge Device) via a cable, for example.
Durch eine geeignete Eichung kann also mit einer Lambdasonde der Sauerstoffgehalt im Ofen bzw. im Rauchgas des Ofens bestimmt werden. Auch mit der einfachen Lambdasonde kann zumindest in bestimmten Bereichen eine genaue Messung erfolgen. Durch die Erfindung wird es ermöglicht, einen lokal zu niedrigen Sauerstoffwert (lokale Unterstöchiometrie, λ<1) zu erkennen, obwohl der mittlere Sauerstoffgehalt des Rauchgases sich im Gut-Bereich befindet. Oftmals kann es auch ausreichend sein, einen zu hohen oder zu niedrigen Sauerstoffgehalt zu erkennen, ohne dass es auf den konkreten Wert ankommt. Vielmehr kann z.B. der Ofen dann derart angesteuert oder auch eingeregelt werden, dass der Sauerstoffgehalt in einem gewünschten Bereich bleibt. Letztlich kann auf diese Weise eine möglichst weitgehende Reduzierung von unerwünschten Abgasen wie Kohlenstoffmonoxid und Ruß erreicht werden.A suitable calibration can thus be used to determine the oxygen content in the furnace or in the flue gas of the furnace using a lambda probe. Even with the simple lambda probe, an exact measurement can be carried out, at least in certain areas. The invention makes it possible to detect an oxygen value that is locally too low (local sub-stoichiometry, λ<1), although the average oxygen content of the flue gas is in the acceptable range. It can often also be sufficient to detect an oxygen content that is too high or too low, regardless of the specific value. Rather, the furnace can then be controlled or adjusted in such a way that the oxygen content remains within a desired range. Ultimately, in this way, the greatest possible reduction in undesirable exhaust gases such as carbon monoxide and soot can be achieved.
In diesem Sinne ist es auch bevorzugt, wenn der Betrieb des Ofens basierend auf dem bestimmten Sauerstoffgehalt insbesondere automatisch gesteuert oder auch geregelt wird. Dabei kann z.B. ein Volumenstrom an zugeführter Frischluft (oder sonstigem sauerstoffhaltigen Gas) erhöht werden, ggf. auch an individuellen Stellen, wenn der Sauerstoffgehalt im Rauchgas zu niedrig ist. Ebenso ist aber eine bloße Überwachung des Betriebs denkbar. Dann kann z.B. auch eine Maßnahme eingeleitet werden, wenn der Sauerstoffgehalt einen vorgegebenen Bereich verlässt; denkbar ist z.B. ein Hinweis an einen Operateur zum manuellen Eingreifen.In this sense, it is also preferred if the operation of the furnace is in particular automatically controlled or also regulated based on the determined oxygen content. For example, a volume flow of supplied fresh air (or other oxygen-containing gas) can be increased, possibly also at individual points if the oxygen content in the flue gas is too low. However, mere monitoring of the operation is also conceivable. Then, for example, a measure can also be initiated if the oxygen content leaves a specified range; a hint to an operator to intervene manually is conceivable, for example.
Die Erfindung betrifft weiterhin ein Messsystem zum Bestimmen eines Sauerstoffgehalts in einem Ofen bzw. in dem Rauchgas eines Ofens einer verfahrenstechnischen Anlage, in dem ein Heizgas unter Zufuhr eines sauerstoffhaltigen Gases verbrannt wird. Für nähere Erläuterungen des Messsystems sei zur Vermeidung von Wiederholungen auf obige Ausführungen verwiesen. Das Messsystem ist dabei insbesondere dazu eingerichtet, ein erfindungsgemäßes Verfahren durchzuführen.The invention further relates to a measuring system for determining an oxygen content in a furnace or in the flue gas of a furnace of a process engineering plant, in which a fuel gas is burned with the supply of an oxygen-containing gas. For more detailed explanations of the measuring system, to avoid repetition, reference is made to the above statements. The measuring system is set up in particular to carry out a method according to the invention.
Die Erfindung betrifft ebenfalls einen Ofen für eine verfahrenstechnischen Anlage, in dem ein Heizgas unter Zufuhr eines sauerstoffhaltigen Gases, insbesondere eines Abgases (z.B. aus einer Gasturbine, dort zur Ermittlung des Rest-Sauerstoffgehaltes) verbrannt wird, und dem ein erfindungsgemäßes Messsystem zugeordnet ist sowie eine verfahrenstechnischen Anlage mit einem solchen Ofen inkl. Messsystem.The invention also relates to a furnace for a process plant, in which a heating gas is burned with the supply of an oxygen-containing gas, in particular an exhaust gas (e.g. from a gas turbine, there for determining the residual oxygen content), and to which a measuring system according to the invention is assigned, as well as a process engineering plant with such a furnace including measuring system.
Für nähere Erläuterungen (z.B. auch die Möglichkeit der Positionierung bzw. Anordnung der Lambdasonden) sowie weitere Ausgestaltungen und Vorteile sei zur Vermeidung von Wiederholungen auf obige Ausführungen zum Verfahren verwiesen, die hier entsprechend gelten.For more detailed explanations (e.g. also the possibility of positioning or arranging the lambda probes) as well as further configurations and advantages, to avoid repetition, reference is made to the above statements on the method, which apply here accordingly.
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend unter Bezugnahme auf die beigefügte Zeichnung näher erläutert, welche verschiedene Anlagenteile zeigt, anhand derer die erfindungsgemäßen Maßnahmen erläutert werden.The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the attached drawing, which shows various parts of the system, with the aid of which the measures according to the invention are explained.
Kurze Beschreibung der Zeichnung
Figur 1- zeigt eine verfahrenstechnische Anlage mit Crackerofen, bei dem ein erfindungsgemäßes Verfahren durchführbar ist.
- Figur 2
- zeigt schematisch einen Ablauf eines solchen erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens in einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform.
- Figur 3
- zeigt eine Ansicht des Crackerofens aus
Figur 1 zur näheren Erläuterung der Erfindung.
- figure 1
- shows a process plant with a cracker furnace, in which a method according to the invention can be carried out.
- figure 2
- shows schematically a sequence of such a method according to the invention in a preferred embodiment.
- figure 3
- shows a view of the cracker furnace
figure 1 for a more detailed explanation of the invention.
In
Der Crackerofen 10 bzw. eine entsprechende Ofeneinheit (hier auch kurz als Spaltofen oder Ofen bezeichnet) weist eine Strahlungszone 11 und eine Konvektionszone 12 auf. Die Anlage 100 zum Steamcracken kann auch mehrere entsprechende Crackeröfen 10 umfassen. Nachfolgend als zentral bezeichnete Anlagenkomponenten bzw. Einheiten stehen mehreren Crackeröfen 10 zur Verfügung, dezentrale Einheiten sind für jeden Crackerofen 10 gesondert vorgesehen.The
Mittels einer beispielhaft gezeigten zentralen Einsatzvorwärmung 20 und einer zentralen Prozessdampferzeugung 30 werden ein Kohlenwasserstoffeinsatz H erwärmt und Prozessdampf P bereitgestellt, welche in der Konvektionszone 12 in an sich bekannter Weise (für die vorliegende nicht weiter relevant) weiter erwärmt, zu einem Speisestrom F vereinigt und danach der Strahlungszone 11 zugeführt werden. Die Darstellung gemäß
Der Strahlungszone 11 wird das Spaltgas C entnommen, das mittels eines oder mehrerer Spaltgaskühler 13, die insbesondere als bekannte Quenchkühler ausgebildet sein können bzw. solche Quenchkühler umfassen können, und die zugleich auch als Dampferzeuger fungieren können, abgekühlt und danach einer zentralen Spaltgastrennung und Spaltgasaufbereitung 90 zugeführt wird. Die Erfindung ist nicht durch eine spezifische Ausgestaltung beschränkt.The cleavage gas C is removed from the
Mittels eines zentralen Speisewassersystems 40 wird Speisewasser W bereitgestellt, das im dargestellten Beispiel ebenfalls in der Konvektionszone 12 erwärmt und danach mittels des einen oder der mehreren Spaltgaskühler 13 unter Erhalt von Hochdruck- oder Superhochdrucksattdampf S (nachfolgend auch kurz als Sattdampf bezeichnet) weiter erhitzt und schließlich verdampft wird. Der Sattdampf S wird im dargestellten Beispiel in der Konvektionszone 12 unter Erhalt von überhitztem Hochdruckdampf oder überhitztem Superhochdruckdampf T (nachfolgend vereinfacht auch als überhitzter Dampf bezeichnet) überhitzt und in ein zentrales Dampfsystem 50 eingespeist.A central
Mittels eines z.B. zentralen Heizgassystems 60, dem eine mögliche zentrale Heizgasvorwärmung 65 nachgeschaltet ist, in der Prozess- oder Hilfsmittel wie beispielsweise überhitzter Dampf auf Hoch-, Mittel- oder Niedrigdruck, Waschwasser und/oder Quenchöl, aber auch elektrischer Strom als Heizmedien bzw. Wärmequellen genutzt wird, wird Speiseheizgas Y zu vorgewärmtem Heizgas X erwärmt und der Strahlungszone 11 bzw. nicht gesondert veranschaulichten Brennern in dieser - und damit dem Ofen 10 - zugeführt.For example, by means of a central
Verbrennungsluft L - und damit ein sauerstoffhaltiges Gas - gelangt in der hier veranschaulichten Ausgestaltung über eine Luftansaugung 79 in die Strahlungszone 11 bzw. die dortigen Brenner. Aus der Strahlungszone 11 wird Rauchgas Z ausgeführt, das die Konvektionszone 12 passiert und danach in eine Rauchgasbehandlung bzw. an einen zentralen oder dezentralen Kamin 80 z.B. mit Gebläse und hierüber an die Atmosphäre abgegeben wird.In the embodiment illustrated here, combustion air L—and thus an oxygen-containing gas—passes via an air intake 79 into the
Die in
Wie erwähnt, wird in dem Ofen 10 das Heizgases X unter Zufuhr der Verbrennungsluft L verbrannt, wobei Rauchgas Z (also eine Art Abgas) entsteht, das letztlich an die Umgebung abgeführt wird. Aus Umweltschutz- und auch Energieeffizienzgründen ist es dabei wünschenswert, eine möglichst optimale Verbrennung in dem Ofen 10 zu erreichen. Hierzu sollte die Verbrennung des Heizgases X unter Einhaltung strenger Bedingungen erfolgen, auch um einen sicheren und effizienten Betrieb zu ermöglichen. Dies umfasst, wie schon erwähnt, insbesondere die Messung des Sauerstoffgehalts in dem Ofen bzw. in der Brennkammer, um etwaigen überschüssigen Sauerstoff erkennen zu können. Hier setzt die Erfindung an.As mentioned, the heating gas X is burned in the
Im Rahmen der Erfindung wird hierzu ein Messsystem 110 verwendet, das für den Ofen 10 vorgesehen ist. Das Messsystem 110 umfasst beispielsweise ein Rechensystem 112 (z.B. Prozessor mit Speicher) sowie mehrere Lambdasonden, wobei hier beispielhaft zwei Lambdasonden 114, 116 gezeigt sind, mittels welcher Messungen des Sauerstoffgehalts im Rauchgas Z vorgenommen werden können. In dem gezeigten Beispiel sind die Lambdasonden 114, 116 an zwei verschiedenen Stellen am Ofen 10 angeordnet, an denen eine Messung vorgenommen wird. Beispielsweise kann hierzu Rauchgas - wie schon erwähnt - abgezweigt und nach der Messung mittels der jeweiligen Lambdasonde wieder in den Ofen 10 bzw. in den regulären Verlauf zurückgeführt werden. Wie schon erwähnt, können an einer Stelle auch mehrere Lambdasonden vorgesehen werden, die jeweils einen Messwert erfassen.Within the scope of the invention, a
Die von den Lambdasonden 114, 116 erfassten Messwerte werden z.B. über Signalleitungen (mit gestrichelten Linien mit Pfeilen angedeutet) an das Messsystem 112 übermittelt, wo die Messwerte dann verrechnet werden können, um den Sauerstoffgehalt im Rauchgas bzw. im Ofen, ggf. auch an verschiedenen Stellen, zu bestimmen.The measured values recorded by the lambda probes 114, 116 are transmitted, for example, via signal lines (indicated with dashed lines with arrows) to the
In
Beispielhaft sind fünf weitere Messwerte M von (hier nicht dargestellten) Lambdasonden gezeigt, die ebenfalls an das Rechensystem 112 übermittelt werden. Es ist vorgesehen, dass jeweils drei Lambdasonden an (zumindest näherungsweise) derselben Stelle (Entnahmestelle) des Ofens angeordnet sind und den Messwert erfassen. Diese drei Messwerte werden dann verarbeitet, z.B. kann der (objektiv) schlechteste Messwert von der Verrechnung ausgeschlossen werden. Auf diese Weise wird für jede der beispielhaft zwei Stellen am bzw. im Ofen ein Sauerstoffgehalt O bestimmt.By way of example, five further measured values M from lambda probes (not shown here) are shown, which are also transmitted to the
Wie erwähnt, wird mittels der Lambdasonde zunächst nur ein Verhältnis des Sauerstoffgehalts im Rauchgas zum Sauerstoffgehalt in der Umgebungsluft ermittelt. wenn z.B. der Sauerstoffgehalt in der Umgebungsluft bekannt ist, kann damit der Sauerstoffgehalt im Rauchgas bestimmt werden. Dies kann z.B. im Rahmen der erwähnten Verrechnung erfolgen, sodass der Sauerstoffgehalt O für eine bestimmte Stelle dem (ggf. gemittelten) Sauerstoffgehalt Oz im Rauchgas entsprechend kann. Es versteht sich, dass aber auch nur mit relativen Werten gearbeitet werden kann.As mentioned, initially only a ratio of the oxygen content in the flue gas to the oxygen content in the ambient air is determined by means of the lambda probe. if, for example, the oxygen content in the ambient air is known, the Oxygen content in the flue gas can be determined. This can be done, for example, as part of the calculation mentioned, so that the oxygen content O for a specific point can correspond to the (possibly averaged) oxygen content Oz in the flue gas. It goes without saying that it is also possible to work only with relative values.
In
An einer Entnahmestelle 130 ist ein Rohr 132 durch die Wand 130 geführt, an dem auf der Außenseite z.B. drei Lambdasonden 114 angebracht sind (nur eine Sonde ist gezeigt). Zudem können z.B. Kühlrippen 134 vorgesehen sein, um eine ausreichende Kühlung des Gases nach der Messung zu gewährleisten, um ggf. Schäden an Materialien zu verhindern. Hier kann eine Messung wie in Bezug auf
Claims (12)
wobei mittels mehrerer Lambdasonden (114, 116) jeweils ein Messwert (M) in dem Rauchgas (Z) erfasst und mittels eines Rechensystems (112) aus den Messwerten ein Sauerstoffgehalt (O) in dem Ofen (10) bestimmt wird.Method for determining an oxygen content in a furnace (10) of a process plant (100), in which a heating gas (X) is burned with the supply of an oxygen-containing gas (L) and with the formation of flue gas (Z),
a measured value (M) in the flue gas (Z) being recorded by means of a plurality of lambda probes (114, 116) and an oxygen content (O) in the furnace (10) being determined from the measured values by means of a computer system (112).
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CH624204A5 (en) * | 1975-03-12 | 1981-07-15 | Friedrichsfeld Gmbh | Device on a gas, oil or coaldust furnace for controlling the fuel/air quantity ratio |
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2021
- 2021-06-16 EP EP21020322.0A patent/EP4105297A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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CH624204A5 (en) * | 1975-03-12 | 1981-07-15 | Friedrichsfeld Gmbh | Device on a gas, oil or coaldust furnace for controlling the fuel/air quantity ratio |
WO2006124422A2 (en) * | 2005-05-16 | 2006-11-23 | Dow Global Technologies Inc. | Excess air control for cracker furnace burners |
DE102009016695A1 (en) * | 2009-04-07 | 2010-10-14 | Linde Ag | Process and apparatus for the cracking of hydrocarbons |
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